#Vue.js - Common Questions (and Answers!)

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Comprehensive Guide to Full Stack Development Interview Questions for Aspiring Developers

Full Stack Development is one of the most sought-after skills in the tech industry today. As companies increasingly rely on web and mobile applications to drive their businesses, the demand for full stack developers is growing exponentially. Whether you’re an experienced developer or a fresh graduate, preparing for a full stack development interview requires a combination of technical knowledge, problem-solving skills, and a deep understanding of both front-end and back-end technologies.

In this comprehensive guide, we will walk you through the key full stack development interview questions, helping you ace your next interview and land that dream job.

What is Full Stack Development?

Before diving into interview questions, let’s quickly clarify what full stack development entails. A Full Stack Developer is someone who can work on both the front-end (client-side) and back-end (server-side) of a web application. The front-end is what users interact with, while the back-end handles the logic, database, and server interactions.

A full stack developer typically works with:

Front-end technologies: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, frameworks like React, Angular, or Vue.js

Back-end technologies: Node.js, Express.js, Ruby on Rails, Django, or Spring Boot

Databases: SQL (MySQL, PostgreSQL) or NoSQL (MongoDB, Firebase)

Version control systems: Git

Deployment: Docker, Kubernetes, cloud platforms like AWS, Google Cloud, and Azure

Key Full Stack Development Interview Questions

Here are some of the most common interview questions you can expect during your full stack development interview, categorized by topic:

1. General Questions

These questions test your overall knowledge and understanding of the full stack development process.

What is the difference between front-end and back-end development?

What are the responsibilities of a full stack developer?

Can you describe the architecture of a web application?

How do you approach debugging an application with both front-end and back-end issues?

2. Front-End Development Questions

Front-end skills are essential for building engaging and user-friendly interfaces. Expect questions like:

What are the differences between HTML5 and HTML4?

Explain the box model in CSS.

What are the differences between JavaScript and jQuery?

What is a responsive design, and how do you implement it?

What are the key features of modern JavaScript frameworks (like React, Angular, or Vue.js)?

3. Back-End Development Questions

These questions evaluate your ability to build and maintain the server-side logic of applications.

What is RESTful API, and how do you implement one?

What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases?

Can you explain how a Node.js server works?

How would you handle authentication and authorization in a web application?

4. Database Questions

Database management is a critical aspect of full stack development. Be prepared to answer:

What is normalization, and why is it important in database design?

Explain the ACID properties of a database.

What is an ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) and how is it used?

What are the different types of joins in SQL?

5. Version Control and Deployment Questions

Proficiency with version control and deployment is a must-have for full stack developers. You may be asked:

What is Git, and how do you use it?

Explain the concept of branching in Git.

How do you deploy a web application?

What is Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD), and why is it important?

6. Problem-Solving and Coding Questions

Coding challenges are a standard part of the interview process. Be prepared to solve problems on the spot or in a coding test.

Write a function to reverse a string in JavaScript.

How would you find the second-largest number in an array?

How do you handle asynchronous operations in JavaScript?

Tips for Preparing for Full Stack Development Interviews

To increase your chances of success in your full stack development interview, consider these tips:

Master both front-end and back-end skills: You must be well-versed in technologies used in both the front-end and back-end. Hands-on practice is essential.

Stay up to date with the latest technologies: The field of web development is constantly evolving. Be sure to keep up with the latest trends, libraries, and frameworks.

Practice coding challenges: Use platforms like LeetCode, HackerRank, and Codewars to sharpen your problem-solving skills.

Build a portfolio: Showcase your work through personal projects or contributions to open-source projects. A portfolio will demonstrate your practical experience.

Prepare for behavioral questions: Interviewers often ask behavioral questions to gauge how you work in a team, handle stress, and deal with challenges. Practice answering these questions in a clear and concise manner.

Bonus: Watch This Video for More Insights

If you're looking for more guidance and expert insights on acing your full stack development interview, be sure to check out this helpful YouTube video: Comprehensive Full Stack Development Interview Guide.

This video provides valuable tips and real-world examples to help you succeed in your interview preparation.

Conclusion

Full stack development is a rewarding career, but it requires dedication, a strong understanding of both front-end and back-end technologies, and the ability to problem-solve effectively. By mastering the key concepts, preparing for common interview questions, and practicing your coding skills, you’ll be well on your way to impressing your interviewers and securing a job as a full stack developer.

Good luck with your interview preparation!

[himanshu123]

How to Build Web Apps? A Step-by-Step Guide 

In today’s digital-first world, web application development has become a vital skill for businesses, startups, and individual developers alike. Whether you’re building a web app for personal use, as a business tool, or to create a product for the public, knowing how to approach the development process is essential. From the initial planning phase to deployment, building a web app involves a series of steps that, when executed properly, result in an intuitive and functional online application. 

In this step-by-step guide, we’ll walk you through the process of creating your own web app, from understanding the basics of web app development to the final launch. If you're new to web development or looking to enhance your knowledge, this guide will provide a solid foundation. 

Step 1: Define the Purpose and Scope of Your Web App 

Before jumping into the development process, it’s crucial to define the purpose and scope of your web application. Ask yourself: What problem will this web app solve? Who is the target audience? Is the goal to provide a service, sell products, or offer a platform for users to engage with? The answers to these questions will shape the overall architecture of your app. 

Additionally, you should define the features your web app will include. Start with the core functionalities and consider future expansions. Sketch out your app’s user flow and design wireframes, as these early visuals will help communicate your app’s structure to developers and designers. 

Step 2: Choose the Right Tech Stack 

Choosing the right technology stack is one of the most critical decisions you'll make during web application development. The tech stack defines the tools, languages, and frameworks that will power your app. Here are some key components to consider: 

Frontend Development: This is the part of the app users will interact with. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are essential for creating the user interface (UI). Frameworks like React, Angular, or Vue.js can be used to build dynamic and responsive web pages. 

Backend Development: This part handles the business logic, databases, and server-side functions. Popular backend technologies include Node.js, Ruby on Rails, Django, and Flask. 

Database: Choose a database that matches your app’s needs. Relational databases like MySQL or PostgreSQL are common for data-heavy applications, while NoSQL options like MongoDB are used for more flexible data structures. 

Hosting & Deployment: Platforms like AWS, Heroku, and DigitalOcean are popular for deploying web applications. 

Your tech stack decision will be influenced by factors such as the complexity of the app, expected traffic, and available resources. 

Step 3: Design the User Interface (UI) 

The user interface (UI) is the face of your web app. It should be intuitive, user-friendly, and responsive. When designing your UI, consider your target audience’s preferences and needs. Tools like Figma, Adobe XD, and Sketch are excellent for designing prototypes and wireframes. 

Focus on creating clean, minimalistic layouts that allow users to navigate easily. Make sure the app is mobile-friendly, as many users access web apps from their phones or tablets. Responsive design ensures that your app adapts to different screen sizes, improving the overall user experience. 

Step 4: Develop the Web Application 

Once your design is in place and your tech stack is chosen, it’s time to start coding. Divide the development process into manageable stages: 

Frontend Development: Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript (along with any chosen frontend framework), you’ll implement the design and make the app interactive. This includes creating forms, buttons, and other UI elements. 

Backend Development: Write the server-side logic that powers your app. This could involve user authentication, payment processing, data handling, and more. You’ll also connect your app to the database and ensure secure data storage. 

APIs & Integrations: Many web apps need to interact with external services (such as payment gateways, social media platforms, or email services). This is where APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) come in. You’ll need to integrate third-party APIs for features like payments, user authentication, or notifications. 

Step 5: Test the Web App 

Testing is crucial in web app development to ensure your app functions as expected and is free from bugs. Perform different types of testing: 

Unit Testing: Testing individual components of your app for functionality. 

Integration Testing: Ensuring that the components work together as a whole. 

User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Testing the app from a user’s perspective to ensure it meets their needs. 

Automated testing tools like Jest, Mocha, and Selenium can help streamline this process. 

Step 6: Launch and Monitor Your Web App 

After rigorous testing, it’s time to deploy your web app to a live server. Choose a reliable hosting provider, and make sure your web app is scalable and secure. Once launched, monitor performance to ensure everything is running smoothly. 

Use analytics tools like Google Analytics, Hotjar, or Mixpanel to track user behavior, identify any potential issues, and gather data to improve future iterations of your app.    If you're interested in exploring the benefits of web application services for your business, we encourage you to book an appointment with our team of experts. 

Book an Appointment 

Step 7: Maintain and Update Your Web App 

Web app development doesn’t end after launch. Regular updates and maintenance are necessary to keep the app secure, functional, and aligned with user needs. Ensure that you’re fixing bugs, updating libraries, and adding new features based on user feedback. 

For businesses, understanding the mobile app cost calculator can be helpful when deciding whether to expand your web app into a mobile app. By estimating the cost of developing a mobile version of your web app, you can better allocate resources and plan your next steps. 

Web App Examples: What Can You Build? 

If you're still unsure about the kinds of web apps you can create, here are some web app examples that might inspire you: 

E-commerce Platforms: Build an online store with features like product catalogs, shopping carts, and payment processing. 

Social Media Apps: Create a platform where users can interact, share content, and engage with each other. 

Project Management Tools: Develop an app to help teams collaborate, track tasks, and manage deadlines. 

Content Management Systems (CMS): Build a platform that allows users to create, manage, and publish digital content. 

By starting small and gradually expanding your web app, you can create something truly unique and valuable for your users. 

Conclusion 

Building a web app is a multi-step process that requires careful planning, development, and ongoing maintenance. By following this guide, you can navigate the complexities of web application development and create a successful, user-friendly product. If you're looking to develop a robust, scalable web app, consider reaching out to experts who can help guide you through the process and ensure your project’s success. 

[fancystarlightstudent]

How Should I Prepare For a Full Stack Developer interview?

How to Prepare for a Full Stack Developer Interview

Preparing for a full stack developer interview involves a combination of technical knowledge, problem-solving skills, and familiarity with common tools and technologies. Here are some steps you can follow to prepare effectively:

Understand the Job Description: Carefully read the job description to understand the specific skills, technologies, and responsibilities required for the position.

Review Core Concepts: Brush up on fundamental programming concepts such as data structures, algorithms, object-oriented programming, and design patterns. Ensure you're comfortable with both front-end and back-end technologies.

Learn Relevant Technologies: Familiarize yourself with the technologies mentioned in the job description. This may include programming languages (e.g., JavaScript, Python, Java, etc.), front-end frameworks (e.g., React, Angular, Vue.js), back-end frameworks (e.g., Node.js, Django, Flask), databases (e.g., SQL, NoSQL), version control systems (e.g., Git), and deployment tools (e.g., Docker, Kubernetes).

Practice Coding: Practice coding challenges on platforms like LeetCode, HackerRank, or CodeSignal. Focus on algorithms, data structures, and problem-solving techniques. Also, practice implementing CRUD operations, authentication, and authorization in a full stack application.

Build Projects: Create or contribute to projects that showcase your full stack development skills. This could be personal projects, open-source contributions, or projects from online coding courses. Be prepared to discuss the architecture, technologies used, challenges faced, and your contributions to these projects.

Prepare for System Design: For senior-level positions, be ready to discuss system design principles. Practice designing scalable and efficient systems, considering aspects like database design, caching strategies, load balancing, and microservices architecture.

Mock Interviews: Conduct mock interviews with friends, colleagues, or mentors. Practice explaining your thought process, solving coding problems on a whiteboard or online platform, and answering technical questions related to full stack development.

Research the Company: Learn about the company's products, services, culture, and technology stack. Tailor your answers during the interview to demonstrate how your skills and experience align with the company's needs and goals.

Prepare Questions: Prepare thoughtful questions to ask the interviewer about the company, team structure, projects, and future opportunities. This shows your interest and engagement in the role.

Stay Updated: Keep abreast of the latest trends, updates, and best practices in full stack development by reading blogs, following industry experts, attending webinars, and participating in relevant online communities.

Introduction to Full Stack Development

Full stack development is a term used to describe the comprehensive skill set required to develop both the front end and back end of web applications. It involves working with both client-side and server-side technologies to create fully functional and interactive web applications. A full stack developer is someone who is proficient in various programming languages, frameworks, databases, and other tools necessary for building the different components of a web application.

Let's break down the key components of full stack development:

Front End Development: This involves everything that users interact with directly in a web application. It includes the user interface (UI) design, user experience (UX) optimization, and client-side programming. Technologies commonly used in front end development include HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, along with frameworks/libraries like React, Angular, or Vue.js for building dynamic and responsive user interfaces.

Back End Development: This part of development focuses on the server-side logic, databases, and server management required to power the web application. Back end developers work with server-side languages like Node.js, Python (with frameworks like Django or Flask), Ruby (with Rails), or Java (with Spring Boot). They also interact with databases such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, or Firebase for data storage and retrieval.

Database Management: Full stack developers should have a good understanding of database management systems (DBMS) and how to design efficient database schemas. They work with SQL (Structured Query Language) for relational databases and NoSQL databases like MongoDB for non-relational data storage.

Version Control Systems: Full stack developers use version control systems like Git to manage and track changes in the codebase, collaborate with other developers, and maintain a history of code revisions.

Deployment and DevOps: Understanding deployment processes, continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipelines, and basic DevOps principles is crucial for full stack developers. They deploy applications to hosting platforms like AWS, Heroku, or Azure and ensure the application runs smoothly in production environments.

Soft Skills: In addition to technical skills, full stack developers should possess good problem-solving abilities, communication skills, teamwork skills, and the ability to adapt to new technologies and tools quickly.

Preparing for a Full Stack Developer Interview

Before diving into the interview process, it's crucial to:

Preparing for a Full Stack Developer interview requires a solid understanding of both frontend and backend technologies, as well as concepts related to web development, databases, version control, and deployment. Here are some key steps to help you prepare effectively:

Review Core Concepts:

Make sure you have a strong understanding of programming languages such as JavaScript, Python, Java, or others commonly used in full-stack development.

Familiarize yourself with frontend frameworks like React, Angular, or Vue.js, as well as backend frameworks like Node.js, Flask, Django, Spring Boot, etc.

Understand RESTful API principles, HTTP protocols, and web development concepts such as DOM manipulation, responsive design, and browser compatibility.

Database Knowledge:

Brush up on database concepts including SQL queries, database design, normalization, indexing, and transactions.

Familiarize yourself with popular database management systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, etc.

Understand how to integrate databases with backend applications using ORM tools like Hibernate, Sequelize, or SQLAlchemy.

Version Control and Collaboration:

Practice using version control systems like Git and platforms like GitHub or GitLab.

Understand branching strategies, merging, resolving conflicts, and collaborating with other developers using Git workflows.

Data Structures and Algorithms:

Review fundamental data structures such as arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs, and hash tables.

Practice algorithmic problem-solving techniques and understand time complexity, space complexity, and Big O notation.

Web Development Tools and Technologies:

Familiarize yourself with frontend build tools like Webpack, Babel, npm, or yarn.

Understand CSS preprocessors like Sass or Less, and frontend testing frameworks like Jest, Mocha, or Jasmine.

Learn about backend testing frameworks such as JUnit, Pytest, or Jasmine for Node.js.

Deployment and DevOps:

Understand deployment strategies including containerization with Docker and orchestration with Kubernetes.

Learn about Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines using tools like Jenkins, Travis CI, or GitHub Actions.

Familiarize yourself with cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, Google Cloud Platform, or Heroku for deploying and managing applications.

Soft Skills and Communication:

Practice communicating technical concepts clearly and concisely, both verbally and in writing.

Prepare to discuss your past projects, experiences, and problem-solving approaches during the interview.

Demonstrate your ability to work in a team, collaborate with others, and adapt to new technologies and challenges.

Mock Interviews and Practice Questions:

Conduct mock interviews with friends, colleagues, or through online platforms to simulate real interview scenarios.

Practice answering common interview questions related to your technical skills, problem-solving abilities, project experiences, and teamwork.

Stay Updated:

Keep up-to-date with industry trends, new technologies, and best practices in full-stack development through blogs, forums, online courses, and conferences.

By following these steps and dedicating time to study and practice, you'll be well-prepared to ace your Full Stack Developer interview. Good luck!

Java Full Stack Developer Course Syllabus

For aspiring Java Full Stack Developers, a comprehensive course syllabus may include:

   Week 1-2: Introduction to Python for Web Development

Introduction to Python programming language

Setting up development environment (Python, text editor/IDE)

Basic syntax, data types, and control structures in Python

Introduction to web development with Python (Flask or Django)

Week 3-4: Frontend Development

HTML5 fundamentals

CSS3 for styling web pages

Introduction to JavaScript and DOM manipulation

Frontend frameworks/libraries (e.g., Bootstrap, React)

Week 5-6: Backend Development with Python

Introduction to backend development concepts

Using Flask or Django for backend development

Routing, views, and templates

Handling HTTP requests and responses

Week 7-8: Database Management

Introduction to databases (SQL and NoSQL)

Using SQLite with Python

ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) with SQLAlchemy

Database design and normalization principles

Week 9-10: Building RESTful APIs

Understanding RESTful architecture

Creating RESTful APIs with Flask or Django REST framework

Authentication and authorization for APIs

Consuming APIs using HTTP client libraries

Week 11-12: Deployment and DevOps

Introduction to cloud platforms (e.g., AWS, Heroku)

Deployment strategies for web applications

Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)

Monitoring and scaling web applications

Week 13-14: Project Development

Collaborative project work in teams

Applying concepts learned throughout the course

Version control with Git/GitHub

Final project presentations and demonstrations

Assessments:

Quizzes and exams covering theoretical and practical concepts

Programming assignments and projects

Peer code reviews and project evaluations

Final project presentation and report

Recommended Resources:

"Flask Web Development" by Miguel Grinberg

"Django for Beginners" by William S. Vincent

Online documentation for Flask, Django, SQLAlchemy, etc.

Web development tutorials and forums (e.g., Stack Overflow, GitHub)

Note: This syllabus is subject to change based on instructor discretion and course updates. Students are expected to actively engage in discussions, seek clarification when needed, and participate in all course activities.

Java Full Stack Developer Course Syllabus

Certainly! Here's an example of a Java Full Stack Developer course syllabus. This syllabus covers a range of topics from frontend development using Java-related technologies to backend development and database management.

This course is designed to equip students with the skills and knowledge required to become a proficient full-stack developer using Java-based technologies. Students will learn frontend development, backend development, database management, and deployment strategies to build dynamic web applications.

Week 1-2: Introduction to Java for Web Development

Introduction to Java programming language

Setting up Java Development Kit (JDK) and Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Basic syntax, data types, and control structures in Java

Introduction to web development with Java (e.g., Spring Boot)

Week 3-4: Frontend Development with Java

HTML5 and CSS3 fundamentals

Introduction to JavaScript and DOM manipulation

Frontend frameworks/libraries (e.g., Thymeleaf, Angular, React)

Integrating frontend with Java backend using RESTful APIs

Week 5-6: Backend Development with Java

Introduction to backend development concepts

Using Spring Boot for backend development

Building RESTful APIs with Spring MVC or Spring WebFlux

Handling HTTP requests and responses

Week 7-8: Database Management

Introduction to databases (SQL and NoSQL)

Using MySQL or PostgreSQL with Java applications

ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) with Hibernate or JPA

Database design and normalization principles

Week 9-10: Advanced Java Concepts

Exception handling and error management

Multithreading and concurrency in Java

File I/O operations and serialization

Java design patterns and best practices

Week 11-12: Deployment and DevOps

Introduction to cloud platforms (e.g., AWS, Azure)

Deployment strategies for Java web applications

Containerization with Docker

Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) pipelines

Week 13-14: Project Development

Collaborative project work in teams

Full-stack application development using Java technologies

Version control with Git/GitHub

Final project presentations and demonstrations

Assessments:

Quizzes and exams covering theoretical and practical concepts

Programming assignments and projects

Peer code reviews and project evaluations

Final project presentation and report

Recommended Resources:

"Spring Boot in Action" by Craig Walls

"Java: The Complete Reference" by Herbert Schildt

Online documentation for Spring Framework, Hibernate, Docker, etc.

Web development tutorials and forums (e.g., Stack Overflow, GitHub)

Full Stack Python Syllabus

On the other hand, a full stack python syllabus may cover:This course provides an in-depth exploration of full-stack web development using the Python programming language. Students will learn to build dynamic web applications by combining frontend technologies with backend frameworks and databases.

Week 1-2: Introduction to Python for Web Development

Introduction to Python programming language

Setting up development environment (Python, text editor/IDE)

Basic syntax, data types, and control structures in Python

Introduction to web development with Python (Flask or Django)

Week 3-4: Frontend Development

HTML5 fundamentals

CSS3 for styling web pages

Introduction to JavaScript and DOM manipulation

Frontend frameworks/libraries (e.g., Bootstrap, React)

Week 5-6: Backend Development with Python

Introduction to backend development concepts

Using Flask or Django for backend development

Routing, views, and templates

Handling HTTP requests and responses

Week 7-8: Database Management

Introduction to databases (SQL and NoSQL)

Using SQLite with Python

ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) with SQLAlchemy

Database design and normalization principles

Week 9-10: Building RESTful APIs

Understanding RESTful architecture

Creating RESTful APIs with Flask or Django REST framework

Authentication and authorization for APIs

Consuming APIs using HTTP client libraries

Week 11-12: Deployment and DevOps

Introduction to cloud platforms (e.g., AWS, Heroku)

Deployment strategies for web applications

Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)

Monitoring and scaling web applications

Week 13-14: Project Development

Collaborative project work in teams

Applying concepts learned throughout the course

Version control with Git/GitHub

Final project presentations and demonstrations

Assessments:

Quizzes and exams covering theoretical and practical concepts

Programming assignments and projects

Peer code reviews and project evaluations

Final project presentation and report

Recommended Resources:

"Flask Web Development" by Miguel Grinberg

"Django for Beginners" by William S. Vincent

Online documentation for Flask, Django, SQLAlchemy, etc.

Web development tutorials and forums (e.g., Stack Overflow, GitHub)

Note: This syllabus is subject to change based on instructor discretion and course updates. Students are expected to actively engage in discussions, seek clarification when needed, and participate in all course activities.

By following a structured course syllabus and practicing hands-on coding, you can gain the necessary skills to excel as a Full Stack Developer in either Java or Python ecosystems.

Conclusion

Preparing for a Full Stack Developer interview requires a combination of technical knowledge, practical skills, and preparation strategies. By focusing on the key skills, understanding course syllabi, and practicing interview scenarios, you'll be well-equipped to showcase your expertise and land your dream job as a Full Stack Developer.

Unique FAQs

**What is the average salary of a Full Stack Developer?

The average salary of a Full Stack Developer varies based on location, experience, and company size. In general, Full Stack Developers command competitive salaries due to their in-demand skills.

**Do I need a degree to become a Full Stack Developer?

While a degree in Computer Science or a related field can be beneficial, many Full Stack Developers are self-taught or have completed coding bootcamps. What's essential is a strong grasp of programming fundamentals and practical experience.

**Are there online courses available for Java Full Stack Development?

Yes, numerous online platforms offer comprehensive courses on Java Full Stack Development, covering everything from core Java concepts to advanced frameworks and deployment strategies.

**How can I stay updated with the latest trends in Full Stack Development?

To stay updated, follow industry blogs, participate in online communities like Stack Overflow and GitHub, attend webinars and conferences, and continuously upskill through online courses or self-directed learning.

**What are some common challenges faced by Full Stack Developers?

Common challenges include managing multiple technologies, staying updated with evolving frameworks and tools, debugging complex issues, and ensuring seamless integration between frontend and backend components.

[mdhasansblog]

easy captcha job app

Creating an easy CAPTCHA job app involves developing a user-friendly application where users can complete CAPTCHA tasks. CAPTCHAs are used to distinguish between human users and automated bots, and these tasks usually involve identifying distorted text or selecting specific images.

Here's a simple outline of how you might create such an app:

1. App Design and Framework: Choose a programming language and framework for app development. Popular choices include Python (using frameworks like Flask or Django), JavaScript (using frameworks like React or Vue.js), or others based on your familiarity and requirements.

2. User Registration and Authentication: Implement user registration and login functionality. Users need to create accounts and log in to access CAPTCHA tasks and receive rewards.

3. CAPTCHA Task Generation: Integrate a CAPTCHA task generation library or API. Google's reCAPTCHA is a common choice. Tasks could involve tasks like identifying distorted text, selecting specific images from a set, or solving simple puzzles.

4. Task Display and Submission: Design an interface to display CAPTCHA tasks to users. Users should be able to complete the tasks and submit their answers.

5. Reward System: Implement a reward system where users earn points or tokens for completing tasks. These rewards could be redeemable for cash, gift cards, or other incentives.

6. Anti-Cheating Measures: Implement measures to prevent users from cheating or using automated scripts to complete tasks. This might include timers, behavior analysis, and IP tracking.

7. User Profiles: Create user profiles where users can track their completed tasks, earned rewards, and overall progress.

8. Payment Integration (Optional): If you're offering monetary rewards, integrate a payment gateway to transfer funds to users' accounts upon reaching a minimum withdrawal threshold.

9. Analytics and Reporting: Incorporate analytics to track user engagement, completed tasks, and other relevant metrics. This data can help you improve the app over time.

10. User Support: Include a contact or support feature where users can reach out with questions or concerns.

11. Testing: Thoroughly test the app to identify and fix any bugs or usability issues.

12. Deployment: Deploy the app on a server or a cloud platform, making it accessible to users.

[laravelvuejs]

Vuejs Interview Questions and Answers 2019 |Javascript| - VueJs

Vuejs Interview Questions and Answers 2019 |Javascript| – VueJs

Vuejs Interview Questions and Answers 2019 |Javascript| – VueJs

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Vue.js Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers or Beginners 2019

#Vuejs #Javascript #Vue #Framework #Questions #Answers #Tips

For Nodejs: https://youtu.be/CIPY8mEWmOg

For Javascript : https://youtu.be/niqMp3PSjj0

For React Native: https://youtu.be/_kthzrV4h-k

Subscribe To Our Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/Interviewgig

[synsoft]

Key Benefits of Vue Js

Vue.js is a popular JavaScript framework for building user interfaces. Vue.js is an open-source JavaScript framework for building user interfaces and single-page applications. It is a progressive framework that is quickly gaining popularity among developers due to its powerful features and ease of use.

The key benefits of Vue.js include its small size, which makes it ideal for lightweight applications, its reactive components, which save time and effort when creating complex data-driven user interfaces, its reactive components, which enable developers to easily create interactive user experiences, its composable architecture, which allows developers to structure their code in a highly organized and maintainable way, and its comprehensive documentation and vibrant community, which make it easy to find answers to questions and resources to help with development.

Some of the key benefits of using Vue.js include:

Lightweight: Vue.js is a lightweight framework that can be easily integrated into existing projects. It is also easy to learn, making it an ideal choice for developers who want to quickly build complex applications.

Flexible: Vue.js allows developers to write templates in HTML or JavaScript, giving them the flexibility to choose the approach that works best for their project. Vue.js also supports a variety of tools and libraries, making it easy to customize and extend.

Performance: Vue.js is designed to be fast and efficient, with a small footprint and minimal overhead. This means that it can deliver high performance even on low-powered devices.

Reactive data binding: Vue.js uses reactive data binding to automatically update the view when the model changes, making it easy to create dynamic and responsive user interfaces.

Community: Vue.js has a large and active community of developers who contribute to the framework and create useful plugins and libraries. This means that developers can easily find support, resources, and solutions to common problems.

Looking to hire Vue.js developer? Our experienced team of Vue.js developers can develop custom-made applications tailored to your requirements. We specialize in creating custom web apps, mobile apps, and complex back-end systems. Our developers have expertise in the latest development trends, technologies, and tools. Get in touch today for a free consultation.

[izicodes]

I think I can answer these questions the best I can 🥰💗

Java Frontend Dev

Mmmh, it is less common to find Frontend Development jobs that exclusively require Java for Frontend Development.

Java is traditionally used for backend development and server-side programming. There are frameworks that touched on Frontend Dev that you can use with Java but they’re not common as well.

I don’t know where you live but I’ll just reference the UK’s job market on Java Developers, this is what they’re asking from candidates to know:

Java 8+

AWS

SQL Databases

Spring Framework

Hibernate

See? It’s all mainly backend development knowledge.

Maybe you meant JavaScript? Because HTML, CSS, and JavaScript it way more common for Frontend Development as they are the 3 basics of Frontend Development, then you have your frameworks and libraries to work with too! But if you meant Java the programming language for sure then no, it’s not common for Frontend Dev.

If you want to do Frontend Dev, try learning JavaScript and then a framework or two e.g. React.js or Vue.js and go from there!

Website builders, CMS and E-Commerces

In my experience when I was job hunting and my casual browsing to see what’s on the market these days, I see a lot of companies wanting people who know how to work these sites you mentioned, especially Wordpress and Shopfiy. So if you know how to use them, maybe in the past you tried Wordpress, if you add that to your CV/Resume it would be a plus.

For instance, I seen job descriptions and where it asks for your skills and tech stack, they would ask the programming languages they want, the frameworks they want and then would say “Should have experience using Shopfiy/WordPress”. The company might have existing projects or plans to build or maintain Shopify-based websites or online stores. By mentioning Shopify in the job description, they are seeking candidates who can contribute to these projects effectively. Same goes for WordPress and SqaureSpace (haven’t seen a lot a SqaureSpace requirements though).

I don’t think these sites will take developer jobs away as companies still need developers who know their way around it for their projects, unless they get Rachel from marketing to learn the whole thing - unlikely. So I wouldn’t worry too much 🥰👍🏾

Useless Frontend Experience

No experience is useless! But if you mean “will my chances of getting a job decrease if I only know Frontend Development” then I would say it all depends. There are a lot of freelancers out there e.g. on Upwork, who are solely Frontend developers and offer their services, so you can make some income from that!

In terms of working in a company, you can get a job will Frontend Dev experience. An example tech stack could look like this:

HTML, CSS, JavaScript

Framework: Bootstrap, React.js, Vue.js, Django

APIs

Libraries

Package Managers: npm, Yarn

CSS preprocessors: SCSS, LESS

Other programming languages: Python, TypeScript

Number 7 is really optional… Nowadays I’m see more Node.js being in there too. It’s a backend JavaScript runtime environment. It allows you to execute JavaScript code on the server-side, enabling you to build server applications, APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), and other backend services using JavaScript. Some companies see it as a plus to know this as well! I learnt it in my Frontend Development bootcamp, they said it’s a plus to know this even if you’re applying for Frontend jobs~!

Here is an example Frontend Developer “skills and experience” section from a job opening I found - LINK:

2+ years of experience with component-based architecture (Angular).

Excellent command of HTML, CSS, vanilla Javascript and Typescript.

Proficient with web browser APIs and HTTP.

Pragmatic engineer who actively avoids over-engineering solutions.

Maintains high quality code in a delivery focused environment.

Experience building shared code libraries (NPM packages).

Experience with automated testing frameworks such as Jest, Karma, Cypress, or Protractor (we use Jest and Cypress).

Understanding of CI / CD pipeline to safely and effectively release software.

Then again I’ve seen some jobs like “You know HTML, CSS, JavaScript and Bootstrap 4? Please apply” so it really all depends! 😅

I always say look at the job market around you and see what’s popping up the most in terms of what a Frontend Developer must have in their skill set! Hope this helps! 💗🙌🏾

Can you get a job with just html, css and Java? Basically just as a front end developer ? With square space, Shopify, and WordPress does this take away a lot of need for front end developers?

Also with ai becoming more prominent is it "useless" to just have front end experience and are more companies wanting more people with back end experience?

[itservicesprovider]

Which is Better for Web Development: AngularJS or ReactJS?

Should I create my online or mobile app using Angular or React? If they want to keep up with the rapidly changing field of front-end web development, it's a question that both newcomers and seasoned professionals will eventually have to answer.

What’s the difference between AngularJS and ReactJS?

Even while it would be easy to write off the distinction between Angular and React as one of frameworks and libraries, the majority of developers that use React as a view library will also use other libraries in the React ecosystem to transform it into a full framework. React is sometimes paired alongside other JavaScript frameworks like Angular and Vue.js because of this. It's crucial to delve into the details in order to fully comprehend the distinctions.

A complete JavaScript framework based in TypeScript is called Angular (a superset of JavaScript). The original version of AngularJS, dubbed AngularJS 2, was first made available by Google in 2016 under the name Angular 2. By embracing components and keeping the dependency injection (DI) and two-way data binding features that Angular developers had grown to appreciate, the new Angular was created to compete with React.

Key features of AngularJS include:

TypeScript

Angular CLI

Dependency injection

Two-way data binding

Routing with @angular/router

Forms with @angular/forms

XSS protection

HTML templates

Component CSS encapsulation

React was first made available as an open-source JavaScript library for generating views in 2013. It is also known as React.js or ReactJS. React just offers the view, as opposed to the model, view, and controller that the previous version of AngularJS offered. React made the components-based architecture for web and mobile development popular and gave developers the freedom to use other libraries and frameworks for state management. React favoured using libraries that promoted working with immutable data and one-way data binding to achieve unidirectional data flow to handle state management.

 

Key features of ReactJS include:

Virtual DOM (Document Object Model)

JSX files

XSS protection

Functional components

Basic state management with setState and Context API

Read More About: 7 Advantages of ReactJS For Building Interactive User Interfaces

 

Data Binding

Data binding is the process that links the view or user interface to the data model. The virtues of two-way data binding (Angular) versus one-way data binding have been hotly contested in the literature (React).

In actuality, Angular and React allow you to accomplish both. The main distinction is that two-way data binding comes standard with Angular, whereas with React, choosing the appropriate state management library is necessary.

Data only flows from the model to the display in one direction when one-way data binding is used. The benefit of unidirectional data flow is that managing state throughout your application is much simpler. You are aware that any modifications made by the state to a specific component can only have an impact on components above it. Any alterations to the state of a component will not affect its siblings or parents.

Data travels from the model to the view in both directions when two-way data binding is used. The model will be updated whenever the view is modified, and vice versa. The rapid updates and simpler data administration for the developer are two-way data binding's main benefits (you know your view and model are in sync). The number of watchers and watched parts required to provide two-way data binding will inevitably rise as applications become more complicated and large, therefore this convenience comes with a performance cost.

 

Performance

Since the release of Angular 2 in 2016, the two front-end technologies have been neck and neck in terms of performance benchmarks, despite the fact that React was the obvious winner over AngularJS. The majority of common measures have comparable performance. Depending on the test or version, React or Angular might occasionally win. When subjected to task-based benchmark tests, Angular typically outperforms competitors.

When you consider the entire site load speeds, React does appear to have an advantage. This makes sense because Angular directly modifies the DOM, whereas React uses a virtual DOM to efficiently load particular elements of a webpage (which is resource intensive). When a page must refresh multiple views simultaneously, such as in image and video galleries common in social media apps like Facebook and Instagram, this speed advantage becomes most apparent.

The bottom line is that choosing between React and Angular shouldn't primarily be based on performance. Both of these are top-tier JavaScript front-end technologies that may be utilised to build effective websites and mobile applications. If performance is a problem, specific architectural design decisions will be more important.

 

React vs. Angular: Mobile development

There are two ways for developers using Angular or React to create mobile applications:

Integrate a framework like Ionic into your app to create a hybrid one. You develop a native WebView Component-hosted Angular or React application (wrapper).

Integrate a framework like React Native app development to create a compiled app (for Angular). You build an application with UI elements that translate code into the language of the target device.

Performance and productivity of the programmer are sacrificed in favour of hybrid programmes. Because you are essentially creating a web app and porting it to mobile, the hybrid app is simpler to build.

Although the compiled app promises performance that is nearly as good as native, you must adapt your web app's code to work with the compiled app framework. Large libraries of pre-built components are available in compiled app frameworks like NativeScript and React Native that you may utilise to put together your mobile apps, which can speed up the process.

Both React Native and Angular with NativeScript are capable of achieving 60 frames per second animation rates on iOS and Android devices. The mobile development framework you choose should fit with your current workflow.

 

Take Away

Choosing a ReactJS Development Company can be difficult, but you can still find the ideal match for your solution.

The most crucial step in the process is knowing the demands or applicability of your project, though. Without your precise guidance, the project won't result in an excellent final outcome.

The aforementioned information is used as the main criterion for choosing the best AngularJS development company. After all, wise financial decisions are usually advantageous.

[psychicanchortimemachine]

TOP 11 MOBILE APP DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKS

1. React Native

React Native is a very famous framework which builds for each Android or iOS apps. React Native permits cell app developers to construct high-performance apps in shorter construct cycles with quicker deployment times, it's far a budget-friendly option. One of the major benefits of React Native framework is that it helps you to develop definitely local apps but would not compromise on user experience (UX) React Native offers a middle set of platform-agnostic local additives like Views, Text, Images all mapped to a platform’s local UI constructing block. It helps JavaScript which is a have to for the total stack. Facebook owns React and meaning a massive pool of builders in an energetic online community that never stops optimising & debugging. Some of the React Native features are: • Low-code • Compatible third-party plugins • Declarative API for predictive UI • Supports iOS and Android

2. Xamarin

Xamarin is an intelligent manner to build an app, builders can use C# for Android, iOS, and Universal for Windows apps. It is one of the dependable equipment that provide flexible native overall performance. Backed with Microsoft technology, it has approx. 1.four million builders of the community. With an tremendous native user interface, it not most effective helps builders to build a native app with ease but also controls the app to give ultimate user enjoy.

Some of the Xamarin functions are: • A strong community of 60,000 contributors • Versatile backend infrastructure • Diagnostic tools • Application loader • Android SDK manager • Storyboard files • Google emulator manager

3. Flutter

Flutter is a software improvement kit from the house of Google that attracts developers with the aid of leveraging them for faster coding. It makes the app improvement procedure more convenient by way of offering a single code base for Android and iOS. Flutter offers an advantage of enhancing the vintage widgets and developing a new one effortlessly. Thus, helps to construct responsive cellular packages that interact your target market within a short period. • Built-in cloth design • Built-in Cupertino (iOS-flavor) widgets • Rich movement APIs • Supports both iOS & Android • Strong widget support • High-performance application

4. PhoneGap

PhoneGap is a broadly followed framework for cross-platform mobile app development. The core of the framework runs on HTML5, CSS3 which gives it the capabilities to get admission to underlying hardware like your camera, accelerometer, and GPS. It additionally makes use of Javascript to render the backend common sense for applications. This gives aggressive edge as Javascript may be very broadly utilized in programming. It allows you to write down a unmarried app that is hooked up as a local app across a couple of devices. PhoneGap became powered through Adobe Systems but then exceeded over to Apache to maintain & keep it open-source. It's a distribution from Apache Cordova.

Some of the Adobe PhoneGap functions are: • Open Source • Flexibility • Compatible on all of the platforms • Ease of Development • Strong Backend

5. Ionic

Ionic is an open-supply, cross-platform cell UI toolkit for local Android, iOS and internet apps.

The main gain of an Ionic framework is templates. You can make use ofmore than one hundred default UI additives like forms, filters, action sheets, listing views, tab bars, and navigation menu in their design. It encourages devs to cognizance on developingpackagesin preference to getting bogged down operating on UI components. On the off risk that the designers realizeabout CSS, JavaScript, or HTML, using the Ionic shapeturns out to be extensivelymore reasonable. It helps Android 4.1+ & iOS 7 and above versions. Additionally, if engineers make use of Ionic with a neighborhood versatile software in PhoneGap, it really works even higher than hybrid packages.

Some of the Ionic features are:

• Intuitive UI components • Faster development time • Powerful & stable improvement platform • Evergreen community of 5 Million builders • Complete manage over app constructing

6. Corona SDK

Instead of huge development teams, Corona SDK enables builders in building solitary code base that capabilities amazingly-well with Android, iOS, and Nook. Utilizing its features, Corona SDK consists of interactivity and exquisite pics content into the apps. Also, Corona SDK app development scales content material routinely across multiple devices. Gaming APIs are effortlessly covered on your app and permit you monetize app easily and quickly. • Lua-based platform, a effective & light-weight scripting language for games • Multiple plugins for all needs • Strong API aid to combine with any native library • Faster development system • Exceeding 500,000 Corona builders

7. jQuery

jQuery is a ready-to-use JavaScript library having numerous plugins like Image Slider, Content Slider, and Pop-Up Boxes, etc. The jQuery is less complicated than JavaScript libraries, as much less code is written to obtain the same features in contrast to other libraries. It makes internet pages simpler, interactive and person-friendly. It is absolutely readable by using all search engines like google and is optimized in phrases of SEO.

Some JQuery features are: • Built on JQuery Core • Lightweight size • Configured with HTML5 • Automatic initialization • Powerful theming framework • Simple API

8. Appcelerator Titanium

If you are searching out a one-stop mobile software framework, Appcelerator Titanium is the right desire. It functions unbiased APIs that make accessing cellular device hardware relatively smooth and reliable. Appcelerator Titanium uses native UI additives hence delivers right performance to its consumer base. After considering various factors like development time period, budget, operating systems, and much more, we have provided the listing of Mobile App Frameworks For 2019–20. You can also consult a dependable cell app development company to select the right framework in your app project.

9. Mobile Angular UI

Mobile Angular UI includes many interactive components like switches, overlays, and sidebars for this reasondeliver a robust cellularenjoy to its users. There are loads of benefits of this structural framework which makes it a smart desire for modernwebprograms. It is an open-supply framework that enables in developing wealthyinternetprograms. Being a cross-browser compliant, Mobile Angular UI routinely handles JavaScript code appropriate for every browser.

Some of the Mobile Angular UI capabilities are:

• Build HTML5 hybrid desktop & mobile apps • No jQuery dependencies • Build absolutely responsive interfaces with a super-small CSS file

10. Framework 7

Framework 7 is a full-featured cellular app dev framework for Android, iOS and web improvement. Mostly used as a prototyping tool inside the industry, this framework has had its share in full-fledged app development as well. With its rich surroundings of plugins, this framework allows you to apply gear of your preference along with HTML, CSS, and Javascript. It also comes with the powerful assist of Vue.Js and React that's icing on the cake. It’s open-source with updates rolled out regularly. A framework with a surprisingly energetic network of developers is constantly the way to head for many builders

We will be happy to answer your questions on designing, developing, and deploying comprehensive enterprise web, mobile apps and customized software solutions that best fit your organization needs. As a reputed Software Solutions Developer we have expertise in providing dedicated remote and outsourced technical resources for software services at very nominal cost. Besides experts in full stacks We also build web solutions, mobile apps and work on system integration, performance enhancement, cloud migrations and big data analytics. Don’t hesitate to

get in touch with us!

[wewilllikeit]

Choosing New Tools and Technology for Your Web Projects

Are you planning to create a website or mobile app for your business but don’t know how to start? Choosing a technology is simultaneously one of the most exciting and dreaded tasks when building a software product.

Creating a product is about stability, security, and maintainability. In order to select the right technology, you should answer the following questions:

Who will use my product and in what context?

Who will buy my product and what will they pay?

What third party systems will my product need to interoperate with?

Selecting an appropriate technology for your software is critical. You must understand the implications of that technology landscape to make relevant decisions.

So, with no further ado, let’s get straight to the point. How do you figure out which technology is the most suitable for you? To make your choice a little easier, here some factors to consider when choosing your tools.

Requirements of your project

Technologies are heavily dependent on each other. The type of app you’re developing influences the technology you should select.

It’s common practice to rely on your developers for technology suggestions. However, it’s important to take into account all the important features that will be implemented.

Project size

The complexity of your project will affect the choice of technology.

Small projects include single page sites, portfolios, presentations, and other small web solutions

Medium-sized projects, such as online stores, financial, and enterprise apps require more complex tools and technologies.

Large projects, such as marketplaces require much more scalability, speed, and serviceability.

Time to market

It's all about being the first to hit the market. Use technologies that can help you to get your web solution to the market in the shortest time.

Security of the tools

Security is crucial for web applications. Ensure that you're using technologies with no known vulnerabilities.

Maintenance

When selecting technologies for your web app, think about how you’ll support the app in the long run. Your team must be able to maintain the application after it is released.

Cost

Cost is important as a constraint, not as an objective. There is a delicate balance between price and value. Thriving in today’s competitive environment requires understanding the trends in software development. There are open-source IT frameworks and tools that are free. However, some tech stacks come with subscription fees and demand a high salary for developers.

Scalability

When you're choosing the technology, ensure that the components are scalable.

Top 6 technology stacks

Just like building a house, there are different “building materials” and tools, to build a solid ground for your software you need a finely selected technology stack.

What is a technology stack? It is a set of tools, programming languages, and technologies that work together to build digital products. A technology stack consists of two equally important elements:

Frontend (client-side) is the way we see web pages.

Backend (server-side) is responsible for how web and mobile applications function and how the internal processes are interconnected.

It’s absolutely essential to choose the right technology stack that will let you build solid ground for your software. For example, Facebook’s tech stack includes PHP, React, GraphQL, Cassandra, Hadoop, Swift, and other frameworks.

So, what are the leading stacks of software development in 2021?

1. The MEAN stack

MEAN stack is a combination of four major modules, namely:

MongoDB

Express.js

AngularJS

Node.js

Being an end-to-end JavaScript stack, you use a single language throughout your stack. You can reuse code across the entire application and avoid multiple issues that usually occur with the client and server-side matching.

Companies using MEAN stack: YouTube, Flickr, Paytm, Tumblr

2. The MERN stack

MERN is nearly identical to MEAN with a bit of technological change – the difference is that React is used instead of Angular.js. React is known for its flexibility in developing interactive user interfaces.

Companies using MERN stack: Facebook, Instagram, Forbes, Tumblr

3. The MEVN Stack

MEVN is another variation of MEAN. It uses Vue.js as a front-end framework instead of Angular.js.

Vue.js combines the best features of Angular and React and offers a rich set of tools. It is fast and easy to learn.

Companies using MEVN stack: Alibaba, Grammarly, Behance, TrustPilot

4. The LAMP stack

LAMP is industry standard when it comes to tech stack models. It is a time-tested stack of technologies that includes:

Linux

Apache

MySQL

PHP

Apps developed using the LAMP stack run smoothly on multiple operating systems. LAMP is the preferred choice for large-scale web applications.

Companies using LAMP stack: Facebook, Google, Wikipedia, and Amazon

5. The Serverless Stack

Developing applications on cloud infrastructure is a popular web development trend. Up to hundreds of thousands of users can quickly be scaled overnight with serverless computing systems. AWS Lambda and Google cloud are among significant providers of serverless services.

Companies using Serverless stack: Coca-Cola, Netflix

6. Flutter

Flutter is a revolutionary stack for cross-platform development. Flutter employs the same UI and business logic on all platforms.

Companies using Flutter stack: Delivery Hero, Nubank

What is left is finding the right assistant on this journey

The choice of the right tool depends on what requirements you face. When selecting a technology, consider the short and long-term goals of your project. For instance, web applications need different sets of tools from mobile apps. Even within mobile applications, you need different technologies for Android and iOS development.

While the prospect of a new project can create a buzz around your team like nothing else can, it can also cause a lot of anxiety. There is no one-size-fits-all solution in web development. Finally, when in doubt, it’s always better to consult a web design company near you for a second opionion.

We feel you. The technological building blocks of your software product are of course fundamentally important. Technology selection could be overwhelming, but you have to keep up to keep ahead.

[subb01]

Navigating Full Stack Development Interviews: Critical Questions You Must Be Ready to Answer

Securing a position as a Full Stack Developer requires more than just knowledge of coding; it demands proficiency in both front-end and back-end technologies, problem-solving abilities, and the capacity to think like an architect. Full stack development interviews are designed to assess a candidate’s versatility, depth of knowledge, and practical skills across various programming languages and frameworks. To succeed, it's essential to be prepared for the most critical questions that can come your way.

In this blog, we'll explore the key questions you must be ready to answer during a full-stack development interview and provide tips on how to approach them.

1. What is Full Stack Development?

Understanding the basics is crucial for any technical interview. Full Stack Development involves both the front-end (client-side) and back-end (server-side) of web applications. Interviewers want to ensure you are familiar with the entire development process, from building user interfaces to managing databases and servers.

Tip: Be prepared to explain the role of a Full Stack Developer and give examples of how front-end and back-end technologies work together to create a seamless web application.

2. Explain the Difference Between Front-End and Back-End Development

Expect this question to evaluate your fundamental knowledge. Front-end development focuses on the user interface (UI) and user experience (UX), while back-end development handles databases, servers, and application logic.

Tip: Prepare to discuss popular front-end technologies (like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React, or Angular) and back-end technologies (such as Node.js, Python, Java, and databases like MySQL, MongoDB).

3. What is the MVC Architecture? How Does It Work?

The Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture is a software design pattern commonly used in full-stack development to separate concerns. Understanding MVC is essential for structuring web applications effectively.

Tip: Be ready to explain how the model (data), view (UI), and controller (business logic) components interact in an MVC framework. Provide examples from your experience with frameworks like Django, Express.js, or Ruby on Rails.

4. How Do You Manage State in a Web Application?

State management is key to ensuring that data flows correctly within a web application. Interviewers will want to know how you handle state, especially in modern single-page applications (SPAs).

Tip: Prepare to discuss tools and libraries like Redux, Context API (React), or Vuex (Vue.js), and demonstrate how they help manage state across various components.

5. Explain the RESTful API Principles

Full-stack developers need to communicate between the client and server via APIs. RESTful APIs are widely used to create robust and scalable systems. Be ready to explain what REST (Representational State Transfer) is and how it works.

Tip: Understand the key concepts behind RESTful APIs, such as HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE), status codes, and how to design them for efficient data exchange.

6. What is CORS and How Do You Handle It?

Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) is a security feature implemented by web browsers to prevent unauthorized access to resources on different domains. It's important to understand how to configure CORS for smooth communication between client-side and server-side applications.

Tip: Be ready to explain CORS and how to resolve common issues by configuring the server to allow cross-origin requests.

7. How Do You Optimize the Performance of a Web Application?

Performance optimization is critical for providing users with a smooth experience. Full-stack developers need to ensure that both the front-end and back-end run efficiently.

Tip: Discuss strategies for performance optimization such as lazy loading, code splitting, image compression, efficient database queries, caching, and utilizing CDN services.

8. Explain the Process of Handling Authentication and Authorization

Security is a top priority in full-stack development, and understanding how to implement proper authentication and authorization is crucial.

Tip: Be prepared to explain how you manage user authentication with JWT (JSON Web Tokens) or OAuth, and how to protect routes and resources using role-based access control (RBAC).

9. What Are Microservices, and How Do They Relate to Full Stack Development?

Microservices is a design pattern used to develop small, independent services that can communicate with each other. Full-stack developers should understand how microservices work and their role in creating scalable, maintainable applications.

Tip: Provide a clear explanation of microservices and how they contrast with monolithic architecture. Discuss how tools like Docker and Kubernetes are used for deploying microservices in a production environment.

10. How Do You Test a Full Stack Application?

Testing is an integral part of full-stack development. Interviewers will want to know your approach to ensuring that both the front-end and back-end of an application are well-tested.

Tip: Mention various testing techniques such as unit testing, integration testing, and end-to-end testing. Familiarize yourself with testing frameworks like Jest (JavaScript), Mocha, and Cypress.

11. How Do You Deploy and Maintain a Full Stack Application?

Deployment and maintenance of full-stack applications require knowledge of tools, services, and best practices for scaling, monitoring, and ensuring reliability.

Tip: Be ready to discuss deployment pipelines, cloud services (like AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud), CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment), containerization (Docker), and orchestration (Kubernetes).

12. Explain Version Control and Git Best Practices

Git is the most commonly used version control system for software development. Full-stack developers need to understand Git workflows and collaborate effectively using version control.

Tip: Ensure you can explain Git concepts such as branching, merging, pull requests, and resolving conflicts. Discuss Git best practices and how they enhance teamwork and code quality.

Final Thoughts

As you prepare for your Full Stack Development interview, focus on honing both your technical and problem-solving skills. Being well-versed in the above topics will help you stand out as a capable and knowledgeable candidate.

If you’re looking for additional insights and tips on preparing for technical interviews, check out this detailed video to help you further hone your skills: Navigating Full Stack Development Interviews.

Good luck on your journey to becoming a successful Full Stack Developer!

[zzzmisa]

Interview

How to Answer the 31 Most Common Interview Questions

Can you tell me a little about yourself?

I'm Misa and I have 8 years of experience of working as a software engineer. I like programming and giving presentations.

I like front-end technologies. However I can use server side technologies too. Recently I have been using Vue.js, Tableau, and Ruby on Rails.

I have been working at __ Corp for 3 years.

Why do you want this job?

I think that there are a lot of brilliant engineers from all over the world who work in your company and I would like to work with them.

Why should we hire you?

I am not only good at engineering but also in giving presentations. I was awarded with some presentation prizes. Therefore I can make products and appeal as to how wonderful products are.

Do you have any questions for us?

Is this position the same as software engineer? My respected company's engineer introduced himself as a software engineer. So, I aspire to be like him.

I have no experience with external client communications. I usually communicate only coworkers and outsourcing partners. Would it be okay to apply for the position?

[trueanomaly]

What the heck am I supposed to learn? How to pick a path to learn app development

I know. It’s overwhelming. Just look at all the obscure names and acronyms: Python, PHP, JavaScript, Java, Swift, Objective-C, C++, Angular.js, and on and on! You want to learn app development, but where do you even start!?

Worse yet, so much seems to be duplicated: Swift is for iOS apps but so is Objectjve-C? Java is for Android but so is Kotlin? JavaScript is everywhere but Python is all the rage? When you learn that Angular.js is a framework for JavaScript apps, but so is React.js, and so is Vue.js and so is... and just when you think you found a pattern (I get it! All the names that end in .js are JavaScript UI frameworks...) you discover an exception (Node.js, a Javascript server)! Ahhhh!

Let me do what I can to sort out some of this mess. First, some definitions.

There are programming languages (that write the instructions that power the app), frameworks (many many lines of premade code that make it substantially easier to build an app) and libraries (groups of functions that do common tasks).

Frameworks are written in a language and provide a solution to a common programming task, such as building a User Interface (UI). This is so common that there are many UI frameworks out there, remember that you don’t need to learn more than one. In the end, they all do the same thing in different ways. At all times, remember that there are many ways of doing something and that programmers love to iterate on others’ work to make it simpler, solve more complex problems than it was originally designed to, just for the fun of it. If you follow one of the many JavaScript channels on Twitter you will see a constant stream of new stuff released and may feel overwhelmed. Do you need to learn all of it? The short answer: no.

Also, a good framework can sometimes replace a library. React and Angular JavaScript frameworks have made the old staple library jQuery nearly obsolete, and you only have to learn React or Angular, not both. Also, the names can be displayed different ways, all meaning the same thing. React, React.js, and ReactJS all refer to the same framework for example.

Why are there so many languages, and why do they change? Languages are built to solve specific problems, and sometimes those problems become really popular, making the language very popular. A big following can lead to a language adopting new features (as developers invent new engines to interpret it) thus exposing new features. A language is only as powerful as it’s environment, that is, the context under which the code is executed. This environment differs depending on what we are programming: it could be a microcontroller, an operating system, or an operating system and a web browser or an operating system and some other runtime environment.

Lower level compiled languages like the C family of languages generally have the most capability as they give the programmer access to memory on the bit level, and do not require an operating system as an environment. Thus they can program electronics and microcontrollers as well as PCs. On the hand, this power makes these languages difficult to learn and leads to even simple apps requiring lots of boilerplate (repeated code). Thus programmers wrote thousands of languages on top of these lower level languages that get interpreted on the fly. Interpreted languages are generally easier to learn although are often tailored to specific tasks.

Programming languages fall into and out of favor. Stack Overflow, a programmer help website tracks the usage of languages based on the number of questions posted on their site. Currently, Python is king due to new applications of the language in the AI and IoT fields, not to mention it’s one of its original applications for web servers. PHP on the other hand, once the darling of the web, the language that built Facebook and so many other database driven apps, is on its way out due to a lack of support for real time web apps and the advent of Node, which allows a server to be programmed in the same language as websites (JavaScript).

Eventually, even the best languages get rewritten as their applications change. Sometimes this happens as an adaptation of the language, in which case the name is kept but a version number added, as in PHP 5 for example. Other times, a language is reworked to the point it is not recognizable and given a new name. Swift, which remains interoperable with its predecessor, Objective-C, makes it much easier to build iOS apps by fixing difficulties with the old language. Essentially all new iOS apps will use Swift. Android did something similar when they switched to Kotlin over Java.

If you want to learn one biased-but very potent-path forward for app development in multiple environments, check out my book, Learning to Build Apps https://www.amazon.com/Learning-Build-Apps-Nathaniel-McMahon/dp/1732928800/ or follow my blog for more tips!

[t-baba]

How to Build a Chrome Extension with Vue

Browser extensions are small programs that can modify and enhance the functionality of a web browser. They can be used for a variety of tasks, such as blocking ads, managing passwords, organizing tabs, altering the look and behavior of web pages, and much more.

The good news is that browser extensions aren’t difficult to write. They can be created using the web technologies you’re already familiar with — HTML, CSS and JavaScript — just like a regular web page. However, unlike regular web pages, extensions have access to a number of browser-specific APIs, and this is where the fun begins.

In this tutorial, I’m going to show you how to build a simple extension for Chrome, which alters the behavior of the new tab page. For the JavaScript part of the extension, I’ll be using the Vue.js framework, as it will allow us to get up and running quickly and is a lot of fun to work with.

The code for this tutorial can be found on GitHub.

The Basics of a Chrome Extension

The core part of any Chrome extension is a manifest file and a background script. The manifest file is in a JSON format and provides important information about an extension, such as its version, resources, or the permissions it requires. A background script allows the extension to react to specific browser events, such as the creation of a new tab.

To demonstrate these concepts, let’s start by writing a “Hello, World!” Chrome extension.

Make a new folder called hello-world-chrome and two files: manifest.json and background.js:

mkdir hello-world-chrome cd hello-world-chrome touch manifest.json background.js

Open up manifest.json and add the following code:

{ "name": "Hello World Extension", "version": "0.0.1", "manifest_version": 2, "background": { "scripts": ["background.js"], "persistent": false } }

The name, version and manifest_version are all required fields. The name and version fields can be whatever you want; the manifest version should be set to 2 (as of Chrome 18).

The background key allows us to register a background script, listed in an array after the scripts key. The persistent key should be set to false unless the extension uses chrome.webRequest API to block or modify network requests.

Now let’s add the following code to background.js to make the browser say hello when the extension is installed:

chrome.runtime.onInstalled.addListener(() => { alert('Hello, World!'); });

Finally, let’s install the extension. Open Chrome and enter chrome://extensions/ in the address bar. You should see a page displaying the extensions you’ve installed.

As we want to install our extension from a file (and not the Chrome Web Store) we need to activate Developer mode using the toggle in the top right-hand corner of the page. This should add an extra menu bar with the option Load unpacked. Click this button and select the hello-world-chrome folder you created previously. Click Open and you should see the extension installed and a “Hello, World!” popup appear.

Congratulations! You just made a Chrome extension.

Overriding Chrome’s New Tab Page

The next step will to have our extension greet us when we open up a new tab. We can do this by making use of the Override Pages API.

Note: before you progress, please make sure to disable any other extensions which override Chrome’s new tab page. Only one extension at a time may alter this behavior.

We’ll start off by creating a page to display instead of the new tab page. Let’s call it tab.html. This should reside in the same folder as your manifest file and background script:

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>My New Tab Page!</title> </head> <body> <h1>My New Tab Page!</h1> <p>You can put any content here you like</p> </body> </html>

Next we need to tell the extension about this page. We can do so by specifying a chrome_url_overrides key in our manifest file, like so:

"chrome_url_overrides": { "newtab": "tab.html" }

Finally, you need to reload the extension for the changes to take effect. You can do this by clicking the reload icon for the Hello World extension on Chrome’s extensions page.

Now, when you open a new tab, you should be greeted by your custom message.

Adding Vue to the Extension

Now we have a very basic implementation of our extension up and running, the time has come to think about what the rest of the desired functionality will look like. When a user opens a new tab, I would like the extension to:

Fetch a joke from the wonderful icanhazdadjoke.com.

Display that joke in a nicely formatted manner to the user.

Display a button for the user to favorite the joke. This will save the joke to chrome.storage.

Display a button for the user to list favorited jokes.

You could, of course, do all of this with plain JavaScript, or a library like jQuery — and if that’s your thing, feel free!

For the purposes of this tutorial, however, I’m going to implement this functionality using Vue and the awesome vue-web-extension boilerplate.

Using Vue allows me to write better, more organized code faster. And as we’ll see, the boilerplate provides several scripts that take the pain out of some of the common tasks when building a Chrome extension (such as having to reload the extension whenever you make changes).

vue-web-extension-boilerplate

This section assumes that you have Node and npm installed on your computer. If this isn’t the case, you can either head to the project’s home page and grab the relevant binaries for your system, or you can use a version manager. I would recommend using a version manager.

We’ll also need Vue CLI installed and the @vue/cli-init package:

npm install -g @vue/cli npm install -g @vue/cli-init

With that done, let’s grab a copy of the boilerplate:

vue init kocal/vue-web-extension new-tab-page

This will open a wizard which asks you a bunch of questions. To keep this tutorial focused, I answered as follows:

? Project name new-tab-page ? Project description A Vue.js web extension ? Author James Hibbard <jim@example.com> ? License MIT ? Use Mozilla's web-extension polyfill? No ? Provide an options page? No ? Install vue-router? No ? Install vuex? No ? Install axios? Yes ? Install ESLint? No ? Install Prettier? No ? Automatically install dependencies? npm

You can adapt your answers to suit your preferences, but the main thing to be certain of is that you choose to install axios. We’ll be using this to fetch the jokes.

Next, change into the project directory and install the dependencies:

cd new-tab-page npm install

And then we can build our new extension using one of the scripts the boilerplate provides:

npm run watch:dev

This will build the extension into a dist folder in the project root for development and watch for changes.

To add the extension to Chrome, go through the same process as outlined above, making sure to select the dist folder as the extension directory. If all goes according to plan, you should see a “Hello world!” message when the extension initializes.

Project Setup

Let’s take a minute to look around our new project and see what the boilerplate has given us. The current folder structure should look like this:

. ├── dist │ └── <the built extension> ├── node_modules │ └── <one or two files and folders> ├── package.json ├── package-lock.json ├── scripts │ ├── build-zip.js │ └── remove-evals.js ├── src │ ├── background.js │ ├── icons │ │ ├── icon_128.png │ │ ├── icon_48.png │ │ └── icon.xcf │ ├── manifest.json │ └── popup │ ├── App.vue │ ├── popup.html │ └── popup.js └── webpack.config.js

As you can see, from the config file in the project root, the boilerplate is using webpack under the hood. This is awesome, as this gives us Hot Module Reloading for our background script.

The src folder contains all of the files we’ll be using for the extension. The manifest file and background.js should be familiar, but also notice a popup folder containing a Vue component. When the boilerplate builds the extension into the dist folder, it will pipe any .vue files through the vue-loader and output a JavaScript bundle which the browser can understand.

Also in the src folder is an icons folder. If you look in Chrome’s toolbar, you should see a new icon for our extension (also known as the browser action). This is being pulled from this folder. If you click it, you should see a popup open which displays “Hello world!” This is created by popup/App.vue.

Finally, note a scripts folder containing two scripts — one to remove eval usages to comply with the Content Security Policy of Chrome Web Store and one to package your extension into a .zip file, which is necessary when uploading it to the Chrome Web Store.

There are also various scripts declared in the package.json file. We’ll be using npm run watch:dev for developing the extension and later on npm run build-zip to generate a ZIP file to upload to the Chrome Web Store.

The post How to Build a Chrome Extension with Vue appeared first on SitePoint.

by James Hibbard via SitePoint http://bit.ly/2HN1fjr

[dorothydelgadillo]

Privacy By Design: How To Sell Privacy And Make Change

Privacy By Design: How To Sell Privacy And Make Change

Joe Toscano

2018-09-28T13:50:13+02:002018-09-28T12:29:38+00:00

Privacy is a fundamental human right that allows us to be our true selves. It’s what allows us to be weirdos without shame. It allows us to have dissenting opinions without consequence. And, ultimately, it’s what allows us to be free. This is why many nations have strict laws concerning privacy. However, in spite of this common understanding, privacy on the Internet is one of the least understood and poorly defined topics to date because it spans a vast array of issues, taking shape in many different forms, which makes it incredibly difficult to identify and discuss. However, I’d like to try to resolve this ambiguity.

In the United States, it is a federal offense to open someone’s mail. This is considered a criminal breach of privacy that could land someone in prison for up to five years. Metaphorically speaking, each piece of data we create on the Internet — whether photo, video, text, or something else — can be thought of as parcel of mail. However, unlike opening our mail in real life, Internet companies can legally open every piece of mail that gets delivered through their system without legal consequence. Moreover, they can make copies of it as well. What these companies are doing would be comparable to someone opening our mail, copying it at Kinkos, then storing it in a file cabinet with our name on it and sharing it with anyone willing to pay for it. Want to open that file cabinet or delete some of the copies? Too bad. Our mail is currently considered their property, and we have almost no control over how it gets used.

Could you imagine the outrage the public would experience if they found out that the postal service was holding their mail hostage and selling it to whoever was willing to pay? What’s happening with data on the Internet is no different, and it’s time this changes.

It’s more than just a matter of ethics that this happens, it’s a matter of basic human rights.

The problem with making the changes that need to be made (without changes being forced into place by regulation) is putting dollar signs to the issues. What is the financial return on a 20,000-hour engineering investment to improve consumer privacy standards? Are consumers demanding these changes? Because if it doesn’t make a fiscal return and consumers aren’t demanding it, then why should change be made? And even if they are and there is a return, what does 20,000 hours of investment even look like? What is going to be put on the product roadmap and when? These are all valid concerns that need to be addressed in order to help us move forward effectively. So, let’s discuss.

Recommended reading: Using Ethics In Web Design

Meet SmashingConf New York 2018 (Oct 23–24), focused on real challenges and real front-end solutions in the real world. From progressive web apps, Webpack and HTTP/2 to serverless, Vue.js and Nuxt — all the way to inclusive design, branding and machine learning. With Sarah Drasner, Sara Soueidan and many other speakers.

Check all topics and speakers ↬

Do Consumers Want It?

The answer to this question is a hard yes. Findings by Pew Research Center show that 90 percent of adults in the United States believe it is important that they have control over what information is collected about them, 93 percent believe it’s important they can control who has access to this information, and 86 percent have taken steps to remove or mask their digital footprints. Similar numbers were discovered about Europeans in doteveryone’s 2018 Digital Attitudes report. Despite these numbers, 59 percent still feel like it is impossible to remain anonymous online, 68 percent believe current laws do not do enough to protect their privacy, and only 6 percent are “very confident” that government agencies can keep them secure.

Now, I know what you’re thinking. This is consumer demand, and until those consumers start leaving old products behind, there’s no fiscal reason to make any change. And (although I don’t agree with your logic) you’re right. Right now there is little fiscal reason to make any change. However, when consumer demand reaches a critical mass, things always change. And the businesses that lead the way before the change is demanded always win in the long run. Those who refuse to make a change until they’re forced to always feel the most pain. History shows this to be the truth. But what’s going to happen in legislation that will change business so much? Great question.

What’s about to happen to data protection and privacy standards across the world, through regulation, will not be so different than what occurred less than a decade ago when consumers demanded protection from spam emails, which resulted in the CAN-SPAM Act in the United States — but on a much greater scale, and with exponentially greater impact. This legislation, which was created because consumers were sick of getting spam emails, set the rules for commercial email, established requirements for commercial messages, gave recipients the right to have individuals and companies stop emailing them, and spelt out tough penalties for violations. As we enter a period where consumers are beginning to understand just how badly they’ve been deceived (for years, giving people intimate control of their data will undoubtedly be the future of data collection) — whether that be through free will or legislation. And those who choose to move first will win. Don’t believe me?

Consider the fact that engineers can get in legal trouble for the code they write. Apple Watch, Alexa, and FitBit data, among others have been used as evidence in court, changing consumer perception of their data. Microsoft and the Supreme Court of the United States went to court earlier this year to define where physical borders extend in cloud-based criminal activity, the beginning of what will be a long fight. These examples are just a peek into what’s coming. The people are demanding more, and we’re reaching the tipping point.

The first to take steps to respond to this demand is the EU, which established the GDPR, and now policymakers in other countries are beginning to follow suit, working on laws in their country to define our cyber future. For example, United States Senate Intelligence Committee Vice Chairman, Mark Warner recently laid out some of ideas in a summary report just a couple months ago, demonstrating where legislation may soon be headed in the States. But it’s not just the progressives who believe this to be the future; even right-wing influencers like Steve Bannon think we need regulation.

What we’re seeing is a human reaction to incredible manipulation. No matter how domesticated we may be compared to previous generations, people will always push back when they feel they’re being threatened. It’s a natural reaction that has allowed us to survive for millennia. Today, tech has become more than just a consumer-facing industry. It is now also becoming a matter of national security. And for this reason, there will be a reaction whether we like it or not. And it will be better if we come out with a strategy to prepare instead of getting swept under the rug. So, what’s the financial return you ask? Well, how much is your business worth? That’s how much.

Recommended reading: How GDPR Will Change The Way You Develop

For a simple framework of what exactly needs to be addressed and why, we can hold several truths to be foundational in the creation of digital systems:

Privacy must be proactive, not reactive, and must anticipate privacy issues before they reach the user. These issues are not issues that we want to deal with after a problem has come to life but are instead issues we want to prevent entirely, if possible.


Privacy must be the default setting. There is no “best for business” option in regards to privacy; this is an issue that is about what’s best for the consumer, which, in the long run, will be better for the business. We can see what happens when coercive flaws are exposed to the public through what happened to Paypal and Venmo in August 2018 when Public by Default was released to the public, bringing a smattering of bad press to the brand. More of this is sure to come to the businesses that wait for something bad to happen before making a change.


Privacy must be positive sum and should avoid dichotomies. There is no binary relationship to be had with privacy; it is a forever malleable issue that needs constant oversight and perpetual iteration. Our work doesn’t end at the terms and service agreement, it lasts forever, and should be considered a foundational element of your product that evolves with the product and enables consumers to protect themselves — not one that takes advantage of their lack of understanding.


Privacy standards must be visible, transparent, open, documented and independently verifiable. There’s no great way to define a litmus test for your privacy standards, but a couple of questions we should all ask ourselves as business people are: First, if the press published your privacy agreement, would it be understandable? Second, if it were understandable, would consumers enjoy what they read? And last but not least, if not, what do you need to change?


These principles will be highly valuable foundations to keep in mind as products are built and evolve. They represent quick and easy questions to ask yourself and your team that will allow you to have a good baseline of ethics, but for a lengthier piece on legal foundations you can read more from Heather Burns, who outlined several additional principles last year on Smashing. And for a full list of things to inspect during a Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA), you can also check out how assessments are done according to:

The United Kingdom’s Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO)

The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada

The United States Department of Homeland Security

But before rushing off to make changes in your product, first let’s point out some of the current flaws out in the wild and talk about what change might look like once they are implemented properly.

How To Make Change

One of the biggest problems with US privacy practices is how hard it is to understand terms and service agreements (T&S), which play a major role in defining privacy but tend to do so very poorly. Currently, users are forced to read long documents full of legal language and technical jargon if they hope to understand what they’re agreeing to. One study actually demonstrated that it would take approximately 201 hours (nearly ten days) per year for the average person to read every privacy policy they encounter on an annual basis. The researchers estimated that the value of this lost time would amount to nearly $781 billion per year, which is beyond unacceptable considering these are the rules that are supposed to protect consumers — rules that are touted to be easy and digestible. This puts consumers in a position where they’re forced to opt-in without truly understanding what they’re getting into. And in many cases it’s not even the legal language that’s coercive, it’s the way options are given, in general, as clearly proven across various experiences:

When consent is collected this way, it is assumed. (Large preview)

The example given above is generic wireframe, but I chose to do this because we’ve all seen patterns like this and others like it that are related to collecting more specific types of data. I could list specific examples, but the list would go on forever and there’s no reason to list off specific companies demonstrating manipulative patterns because these patterns (and other, very similar patterns) can be found on nearly every single website or app on the Internet. There’s one major problem with asking for consent this way: Consumers aren’t allowed to not accept terms and services without several extra steps, lots of reading, and often much more. This is a fundamental flaw that needs to be addressed because asking for consent means there needs to be an option to say no, and in order to know whether “no” is the best option, consumers need to understand what they’re consenting to. However, products aren’t built that way. Why? Well, it’s best for business.

If we really sit and think about this, what’s easy to see but let go unrecognized is that companies spend more time creating splash pages to explain how to use the app than we do to explain what data is being collected and why. Why? Simple changes to the way T&S agreements are made would not only make consumers more aware of what they’re signing up for, but also allow them to be more responsible consumers. We can see some of these changes already being made due to the impact the GDPR has been having across the world. In many European nations, it is not uncommon for consent to be asked through modals like these:

In this image, the benefits of giving consent have been recognized. (Large preview)

This first example is a good step forward. It tells the consumer what their data will be used for, but it’s still lacking transparency about where the data will be going and giving priority to the agreement without an option to decline. It also jams everything into a single body of text, which makes the information much less digestible.

A better example of how this might be designed is something like the modal below, which is now common among many European sites:

After GDPR compliance became an issue, many more options were given but improvements could still be made. (Large preview)

This gives consumers a comprehensive understanding of what their data will be used for and does it in a digestible manner. However, it still lacks any significant information about where the data will be going after they consent. There’s not a single clue as to where their data will be shared, who it will be shared with, and what limitations exist within those agreements. While this is much better than the majority of options on the web, there are still improvements to be made.

Third-Party Login Prompt

For example, when using a third-party service to log into your platform, consumers should be made well aware of the following:

What data is going to be taken from the third-party;

What it’s being used for and how it might affect their experience if you don’t have access to it;

Who else has or might have access to it.

To implement this in a way that gives the consumer control, this experience should also allow consumers to opt-in to individual parts of the collection, not be forced to agree to everything or nothing at all.

By forcing consumers to check off at each point, it adds friction to the process, yes, but also makes sure the content is digestible. (Large preview)

This would make the T&S digestible and allow consumers to opt into what they truly agree to, not what the company wants them to agree to. And to make sure it’s truly opt-in, the default should be set to opt-out. This would be a small change that would make a dramatic difference in the way consent is asked for. Today, most companies blanket this content in legal jargon to hide what they’re really interested in, but the days of asking for consent in this way are quickly coming to an end.

If you’re providing consumers with a meaningful service, and doing so ethically, these changes shouldn’t be an issue. If there is a true value to the service, consumers are not going to resist your ask. They just want to know who they can and cannot trust, and this is one simple step that can help your business prove its trustworthiness.

Single- And Multi-Point Data Collection Requests

Next, when it comes to creating understandable T&S agreements for your platform, we have to consider how this might play out more contextually — within the application experience. Keep in mind that if it’s all given up front, that’s not digestible. For this reason, data collection request should happen contextually, when the consumer is about to use part of your service that requires an extra layer of data to be collected.

To demonstrate how this ask may occur, here are a couple of examples of what a single- and multi-point data collection request might look like:

Single- and multi-point data requests can be designed to reduce the complexity of current terms of service agreements. (Large preview)

Breaking the T&S down into digestible interaction points within the experience instead of asking the user for everything up front allows them to get a better understanding of what’s going on and why. If you don’t need the data to improve the experience, why is it being collected? And if it’s being collected for frivolous reasons that only benefit the company, then be honest. That’s just basic honesty, which unfortunately is considered revolutionary, progressive customer service in the modern world.

The biggest key to these initial asks is that none of this should be opt-in by default. All initial triggers should give the people using the tool to opt-in if they choose and use it without opting in if they choose. The days of forced opt-in (or, worse yet, coercive opt-in) are coming to an abrupt halt, and those who lead the way will stay ahead of the pack for a long time to come.

Data Control Center

Beyond asking for consent in a meaningful way, it will also be important that we give consumers the ability to control their data post-hoc. Consumers’ access to control their data should not end at the terms and service agreement. Somewhere in their account controls, there should also be a place (or places) where consumers can control their data on the platform after they’ve invested time with the service. This area should show them what data is being collected, who it’s being shared with, how they can remove it, and much more.

While we can often download our data now, we generally have no, or very little, control over it. This needs to change. (Large preview)

The idea of full data control may seem incredibly liberal, but it is no doubt the future. And as the property of the consumer creating the data, it should be considered a basic human right. There’s no reason why this should be a debate at this point in history. Data represents the story of our lives — collectively — and combined it creates vast amounts of power against those who create it, especially if we allow the systems to remain black boxes. So, beyond giving consumers access to their data, as we’ve discussed in the previous sections, we’ll also need to make the experience more understandable so that consumers can defend themselves.

Create Explainable AI

While it is incredible to get a suggested result that shows us things we want before we even knew we wanted them, this also puts machines in a powerful position they are not yet ready to uphold alone. When machines are positioned as experts and perform at a level that is intelligent enough to pass as such, the public will generally trust them until they fail. However, if machines fail in ways the public is incapable of understanding, they will remain expert despite their failure, which is one of the greatest threats to humanity.

For example, if someone were to use a visual search tool to identify the difference between an edible mushroom and a poisonous mushroom, and they didn’t know that the machine told them a poisonous mushroom was safe, that person could die. Or what happens when a machine determines the outcome of a court case and isn’t required to provide an explanation for its decision? Or worse yet, what about when these technologies are used for military purposes and are given the right to use lethal force? That last situation might sound extreme, but it is an issue that is currently being debated within the United Nations.

To ensure the public is capable of understanding what’s happening behind the scenes we need to create what DARPA calls explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) — tools that explain how machines make their decisions and the accuracy with which these tasks have been achieved. This isn’t about giving trade secrets away but allowing consumers to feel like they can trust these machines and defend themselves if an error were to occur.

Although it is not based in artificial intelligence, a good example of what this might look like is CreditKarma, which allows people to have a better understanding of their credit score — a system that used to be hidden just like algorithms are today. This tool allows consumers to have a better understanding of what’s happening behind the scenes and debate the legitimacy of their results if they believe the system has failed. Similar tools are being created with systems like Google’s Match score on Maps and Netflix Percent Match on shows but these systems are just beginning to scratch the surface of explainable AI.

Here we see systems that attempt to explain the machine’s decision on a very superficial level. This is a good start, but we need better. (Large preview)

Despite these efforts, most algorithms today dictate our experience based on what a company thinks we want. But consumers should no longer be invisibly controlled by large, publicly traded corporations. Consumers should have the right to control their own algorithm. This could be something as simple as letting them know what variables are used for what parts of the experience and how changing the weights of each variable will impact their experience, then giving them the ability to tweak that until it fits their needs — including turning the algorithm off completely, if that’s what they prefer. Whether this would be a paid feature or a free feature is still up for debate, but what is not debatable is whether this freedom should be offered.

Algorithm controls will be the future of business. Could this be a way to generate service revenue instead of relying solely on ads? Should it be free? (Large preview)

While the example above is a generic proposal, it begins to imagine how we might make the experience in more specific situations. By giving consumers the ability to understand their data, the way it’s being used, and how that affects their lives, we will have designed a system that puts consumers in control of their own freedom.

However, no matter how well these changes are made, we must also realize that giving people better control of their privacy does not automatically imply a safer environment for consumers. In fact, it may make things worse. Studies have shown that giving people better control of their data actually makes it more likely that they’ll provide more sensitive information. And if the consumer is unaware of how that data may be used (even if they know where it's being shared), this puts them in harm’s way. In this sense, giving consumers better control of their data and expecting it to make the Internet safer is like putting a nutrition label on a Snickers and expecting it to make the candy bar less fattening. It won’t, and people are still going to eat it.

While I do believe that consumers have a fundamental right to better privacy controls and greater transparency, I also believe it is our job, as data-literate technologists to not only build better systems but also to help the public understand Internet safety. So, the last step in bringing this together is to bring awareness to the fact that control isn’t all consumers need. They also need to understand what is happening on the backend — and why. This doesn’t necessarily mean providing them with source code or giving away their IPs, but at least providing them with enough information to understand what’s going on at a base level, as a matter of safety. And in order to achieve this, we’ll need to push beyond our screens. We’ll need to extend our work into our communities and help create that future.

Recommended reading: Designing Ethics: Shifting Ethical Understanding In Design

Incentivize Change

Giving up privacy is something the population has been corralled into due to the monopolies that exist in the tech world, consumers’ misunderstanding of why this is so dangerous within, and a lack of tactical solutions associated with fiscal returns. However, this is a problem that needs to be solved. As Barack Obama noted in his administration’s summary of concerns about internet privacy:

“One thing should be clear: Even though we live in a world in which we share personal information more freely than in the past, we must reject the conclusion that privacy is an outmoded value. It has been at the heart of our democracy from its inception, and we need it now more than ever.”

Creating trustworthy and secure data-sharing experiences will be one of the biggest challenges our world will face in the coming decades.

We can look at how Facebook’s stock dropped 19 percent in one day after announcing they’re going to re-focus on privacy efforts as proof of how difficult making these changes may be. This is because investors who have recently been focused on the short-term revenue growth know how badly companies need to implement better strategies, but also realize the cost involved if the public starts to question a business — and Facebook’s public statement admitting this startled the sheep.

While the process will not be easy (and at many times may be painful), we all know that privacy is the soft underbelly of tech and it’s time to change that. The decisions being made today will pay off big in the long run; a stark difference to the short-term, quarterly mindset that has come to dominate business in the past decade or so of growth. Thus, discovering creative ways to make these issues a priority for all stakeholders should be considered essential for businesses and policymakers alike, which means our job as technologists needs to extend beyond the boardroom.

For example, a great way to incentivize these changes beyond discussing the numbers and issues brought up in this article would be through tax breaks for companies that allocate large amounts of their budget to improving their systems. Breaks could be given to companies that decide to supply regular training or workshops for their staff to help make privacy and security a priority in the company culture. They could be given to companies that hire professional hackers to find loopholes in their systems before attacks occur. They could be given to those who allocate large amounts of hours to restructuring their business practices in a way that benefits consumers. In this sense, such incentives would not be so different than tax breaks given to businesses that implement eco-friendly practices.

The idea of tax breaks may sound outrageous to some, but incentives such as these would represent a more proactive solution than the way things are handled now. While it may feel good to read a headline stating “Google fined a record $5 billion by the EU for Android antitrust violations,“ we must keep in mind that fines like this only represent a small fraction of such companies’ revenue. Combine this with the fact that most cases take several years or decades to conclude, and that percentage only gets smaller. With this for consideration, the idea of tax breaks can be approached from a different perspective, which is that they are not about rewarding previously negligent behavior but about increasing public safety in a way that is in the best interest of everyone involved. Maintaining our current system, which allows companies to string out court cases while they continue their malpractices is just as, if not more, dangerous than having no laws at all.

If you enjoyed reading this article and think others should read it as well, please help spread the word.

This article is the beginning of a series of articles I will be writing about dedicated to Internet safety, in which I will work to put fiscal numbers to ethical design patterns so that we, as technologists can change the businesses we’re building and create a better culture surrounding the development of internet-connected experiences.

(il, ra, yk)

[riichardwilson]

Understanding Client-Side GraphQl With Apollo-Client In React Apps

About The Author

Blessing Krofegha is a Software Engineer Based in Lagos Nigeria, with a burning desire to contribute to making the web awesome for all, by writing and building … More about Blessing …

Ever tried interacting with a GraphQL server in a client-side application and felt like giving up even before getting anywhere? Ever declined an invitation to join a code base that requires working with GraphQL API because you had no idea? Ever felt like the only front-end engineer who hasn’t learned how to consume GraphQL APIs? If you answered yes to any of these questions, then this tutorial is for you. We’ll be taking a closer look at a few basics of GraphQL and Apollo Client, as well as how to work with both of them. By the end, we’ll have built a pet shop app that uses Apollo Client. Then, you can go on to build your next project.

According to State of JavaScript 2019, 38.7% of developers would like to use GraphQL, while 50.8% of developers would like to learn GraphQL.

Being a query language, GraphQL simplifies the workflow of building a client application. It removes the complexity of managing API endpoints in client-side apps because it exposes a single HTTP endpoint to fetch the required data. Hence, it eliminates overfetching and underfetching of data, as in the case of REST.

But GraphQL is just a query language. In order to use it easily, we need a platform that does the heavy lifting for us. One such platform is Apollo.

The Apollo platform is an implementation of GraphQL that transfers data between the cloud (the server) to the UI of your app. When you use Apollo Client, all of the logic for retrieving data, tracking, loading, and updating the UI is encapsulated by the useQuery hook (as in the case of React). Hence, data fetching is declarative. It also has zero-configuration caching. Just by setting up Apollo Client in your app, you get an intelligent cache out of the box, with no additional configuration required.

Apollo Client is also interoperable with other frameworks, such as Angular, Vue.js, and React.

Note: This tutorial will benefit those who have worked with RESTful or other forms of APIs in the past on the client-side and want to see whether GraphQL is worth taking a shot at. This means you should have worked with an API before; only then will you be able to understand how beneficial GraphQL could be to you. While we will be covering a few basics of GraphQL and Apollo Client, a good knowledge of JavaScript and React Hooks will come in handy.

GraphQL Basics

This article isn’t a complete introduction to GraphQL, but we will define a few conventions before continuing.

What Is GraphQL?

GraphQL is a specification that describes a declarative query language that your clients can use to ask an API for the exact data they want. This is achieved by creating a strong type schema for your API, with ultimate flexibility. It also ensures that the API resolves data and that client queries are validated against a schema. This definition means that GraphQL contains some specifications that make it a declarative query language, with an API that is statically typed (built around Typescript) and making it possible for the client to leverage those type systems to ask the API for the exact data it wants.

So, if we created some types with some fields in them, then, from the client-side, we could say, “Give us this data with these exact fields”. Then the API will respond with that exact shape, just as if we were using a type system in a strongly typed language. You can learn more in my Typescript article.

Let’s look at some conventions of GraphQl that will help us as we continue.

The Basics

Operations In GraphQL, every action performed is called an operation. There are a few operations, namely:

Query This operation is concerned with fetching data from the server. You could also call it a read-only fetch.

Mutation This operation involves creating, updating, and deleting data from a server. It is popularly called a CUD (create, update, and delete) operation.

Subscriptions This operation in GraphQL involves sending data from a server to its clients when specific events take place. They are usually implemented with WebSockets.

In this article, we will be dealing only with query and mutation operations.

Operation names There are unique names for your client-side query and mutation operations.

Variables and arguments Operations can define arguments, very much like a function in most programming languages. Those variables can then be passed to query or mutation calls inside the operation as arguments. Variables are expected to be given at runtime during the execution of an operation from your client.

Aliasing This is a convention in client-side GraphQL that involves renaming verbose or vague field names with simple and readable field names for the UI. Aliasing is necessary in use cases where you don’t want to have conflicting field names.

GraphQL basic conventions. (Large preview)

What Is Client-Side GraphQL?

When a front-end engineer builds UI components using any framework, like Vue.js or (in our case) React, those components are modeled and designed from a certain pattern on the client to suit the data that will be fetched from the server.

One of the most common problems with RESTful APIs is overfetching and underfetching. This happens because the only way for a client to download data is by hitting endpoints that return fixed data structures. Overfetching in this context means that a client downloads more information than is required by the app.

In GraphQL, on the other hand, you’d simply send a single query to the GraphQL server that includes the required data. The server would then respond with a JSON object of the exact data you’ve requested — hence, no overfetching. Sebastian Eschweiler explains the differences between RESTful APIs and GraphQL.

Client-side GraphQL is a client-side infrastructure that interfaces with data from a GraphQL server to perform the following functions:

It manages data by sending queries and mutating data without you having to construct HTTP requests all by yourself. You can spend less time plumbing data and more time building the actual application.

It manages the complexity of a cache for you. So, you can store and retrieve the data fetched from the server, without any third-party interference, and easily avoid refetching duplicate resources. Thus, it identifies when two resources are the same, which is great for a complex app.

It keeps your UI consistent with Optimistic UI, a convention that simulates the results of a mutation (i.e. the created data) and updates the UI even before receiving a response from the server. Once the response is received from the server, the optimistic result is thrown away and replaced with the actual result.

For further information about client-side GraphQL, spare an hour with the cocreator of GraphQL and other cool folks on GraphQL Radio.

What Is Apollo Client?

Apollo Client is an interoperable, ultra-flexible, community-driven GraphQL client for JavaScript and native platforms. Its impressive features include a robust state-management tool (Apollo Link), a zero-config caching system, a declarative approach to fetching data, easy-to-implement pagination, and the Optimistic UI for your client-side application.

Apollo Client stores not only the state from the data fetched from the server, but also the state that it has created locally on your client; hence, it manages state for both API data and local data.

It’s also important to note that you can use Apollo Client alongside other state-management tools, like RedUX, without conflict. Plus, it’s possible to migrate your state management from, say, Redux to Apollo Client (which is beyond the scope of this article). Ultimately, the main purpose of Apollo Client is to enable engineers to query data in an API seamlessly.

Features of Apollo Client

Apollo Client has won over so many engineers and companies because of its extremely helpful features that make building modern robust applications a breeze. The following features come baked in:

Caching Apollo Client supports caching on the fly.

Optimistic UI Apollo Client has cool support for the Optimistic UI. It involves temporarily displaying the final state of an operation (mutation) while the operation is in progress. Once the operation is complete, the real data replaces the optimistic data.

Pagination Apollo Client has built-in functionality that makes it quite easy to implement pagination in your application. It takes care of most of the technical headaches of fetching a list of data, either in patches or at once, using the fetchMore function, which comes with the useQuery hook.

In this article, we will look at a selection of these features.

Enough of the theory. Tighten your seat belt and grab a cup of coffee to go with your pancakes, as we get our hands dirty.

Building Our Web App

This project is inspired by Scott Moss.

We will be building a simple pet shop web app, whose features include:

fetching our pets from the server-side;

creating a pet (which involves creating the name, type of pet, and image);

using the Optimistic UI;

using pagination to segment our data.

To begin, clone the repository, ensuring that the starter branch is what you’ve cloned.

Getting Started

Install the Apollo Client Developer Tools extension for Chrome.

Using the command-line interface (CLI), navigate to the directory of the cloned repository, and run the command to get all dependencies: npm install.

Run the command npm run app to start the app.

While still in the root folder, run the command npm run server. This will start our back-end server for us, which we’ll use as we proceed.

The app should open up in a configured port. Mine is http://localhost:1234/; yours is probably something else.

If everything worked well, your app should look like this:

Cloned starter branch UI. (Large preview)

You’ll notice that we’ve got no pets to display. That’s because we haven’t created such functionality yet.

If you’ve installed Apollo Client Developer Tools correctly, open up the developer tools and click on the tray icon. You’ll see “Apollo” and something like this:

Apollo Client Developer Tools. (Large preview)

Like the RedUX and React developer tools, we will be using Apollo Client Developer Tools to write and test our queries and mutations. The extension comes with the GraphQL Playground.

Fetching Pets

Let’s add the functionality that fetches pets. Move over to client/src/client.js. We’ll be writing Apollo Client, linking it to an API, exporting it as a default client, and writing a new query.

Copy the following code and paste it in client.js:

import { ApolloClient } from 'apollo-client' import { InMemoryCache } from 'apollo-cache-inmemory' import { HttpLink } from 'apollo-link-http' const link = new HttpLink({ uri: 'https://localhost:4000/' }) const cache = new InMemoryCache() const client = new ApolloClient({ link, cache }) export default client

Here’s an explanation of what is happening above:

ApolloClient This will be the function that wraps our app and, thus, interfaces with the HTTP, caches the data, and updates the UI.

InMemoryCache This is the normalized data store in Apollo Client that helps with manipulating the cache in our application.

HttpLink This is a standard network interface for modifying the control flow of GraphQL requests and fetching GraphQL results. It acts as middleware, fetching results from the GraphQL server each time the link is fired. Plus, it’s a good substitute for other options, like Axios and window.fetch.

We declare a link variable that is assigned to an instance of HttpLink. It takes a uri property and a value to our server, which is https://localhost:4000/.

Next is a cache variable that holds the new instance of InMemoryCache.

The client variable also takes an instance of ApolloClient and wraps the link and cache.

Lastly, we export the client so that we can use it across the application.

Before we get to see this in action, we’ve got to make sure that our entire app is exposed to Apollo and that our app can receive data fetched from the server and that it can mutate that data.

To achieve this, let’s head over to client/src/index.js:

import React from 'react' import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' import { BrowserRouter } from 'react-router-dom' import { ApolloProvider } from '@apollo/react-hooks' import App from './components/App' import client from './client' import './index.css' const Root = () => ( <BrowserRouter> <ApolloProvider client={client}> <App /> </ApolloProvider> </BrowserRouter> ); ReactDOM.render(<Root />, document.getElementById('app')) if (module.hot) { module.hot.accept() }

As you’ll notice in the highlighted code, we’ve wrapped the App component in ApolloProvider and passed the client as a prop to the client. ApolloProvider is similar to React’s Context.Provider. It wraps your React app and places the client in context, which allows you to access it from anywhere in your component tree.

To fetch our pets from the server, we need to write queries that request the exact fields that we want. Head over to client/src/pages/Pets.js, and copy and paste the following code into it:

import React, {useState} from 'react' import gql from 'graphql-tag' import { useQuery, useMutation } from '@apollo/react-hooks' import PetsList from '../components/PetsList' import NewPetModal from '../components/NewPetModal' import Loader from '../components/Loader' const GET_PETS = gql` query getPets { pets { id name type img } } `; export default function Pets () { const [modal, setModal] = useState(false) const { loading, error, data } = useQuery(GET_PETS); if (loading) return <Loader />; if (error) return <p>An error occured!</p>; const onSubmit = input => { setModal(false) } if (modal) { return <NewPetModal onSubmit={onSubmit} onCancel={() => setModal(false)} /> } return ( <div className="page pets-page"> <section> <div className="row betwee-xs middle-xs"> <div className="col-xs-10"> <h1>Pets</h1> </div> <div className="col-xs-2"> <button onClick={() => setModal(true)}>new pet</button> </div> </div> </section> <section> <PetsList pets={data.pets}/> </section> </div> ) }

With a few bits of code, we are able to fetch the pets from the server.

What Is gql?

It’s important to note that operations in GraphQL are generally JSON objects written with graphql-tag and with backticks.

gql tags are JavaScript template literal tags that parse GraphQL query strings into the GraphQL AST (abstract syntax tree).

Query operations In order to fetch our pets from the server, we need to perform a query operation.

Because we’re making a query operation, we needed to specify the type of operation before naming it.

The name of our query is GET_PETS. It’s a naming convention of GraphQL to use camelCase for field names.

The name of our fields is pets. Hence, we specify the exact fields that we need from the server (id, name, type, img).

useQuery is a React hook that is the basis for executing queries in an Apollo application. To perform a query operation in our React component, we call the useQuery hook, which was initially imported from @apollo/react-hooks. Next, we pass it a GraphQL query string, which is GET_PETS in our case.

When our component renders, useQuery returns an object response from Apollo Client that contains loading, error, and data properties. Thus, they are destructured, so that we can use them to render the UI.

useQuery is awesome. We don’t have to include async-await. It’s already taken care of in the background. Pretty cool, isn’t it?

loading This property helps us handle the loading state of the application. In our case, we return a Loader component while our application loads. By default, loading is false.

error Just in case, we use this property to handle any error that might occur.

data This contains our actual data from the server.

Lastly, in our PetsList component, we pass the pets props, with data.pets as an object value.

At this point, we have successfully queried our server.

To start our application, let’s run the following command:

Start the client app. Run the command npm run app in your CLI.

Start the server. Run the command npm run server in another CLI.

VScode CLI partitioned to start both the client and the server. (Large preview)

If all went well, you should see this:

Pets queried from the server.

Mutating Data

Mutating data or creating data in Apollo Client is almost the same as querying data, with very slight changes.

Still in client/src/pages/Pets.js, let’s copy and paste the highlighted code:

.... const GET_PETS = gql` query getPets { pets { id name type img } } `; const NEW_PETS = gql` mutation CreateAPet($newPet: NewPetInput!) { addPet(input: $newPet) { id name type img } } `; const Pets = () => { const [modal, setModal] = useState(false) const { loading, error, data } = useQuery(GET_PETS); const [createPet, newPet] = useMutation(NEW_PETS); const onSubmit = input => { setModal(false) createPet({ variables: { newPet: input } }); } if (loading || newPet.loading) return <Loader />; if (error || newPet.error) return <p>An error occured</p>; if (modal) { return <NewPetModal onSubmit={onSubmit} onCancel={() => setModal(false)} /> } return ( <div className="page pets-page"> <section> <div className="row betwee-xs middle-xs"> <div className="col-xs-10"> <h1>Pets</h1> </div> <div className="col-xs-2"> <button onClick={() => setModal(true)}>new pet</button> </div> </div> </section> <section> <PetsList pets={data.pets}/> </section> </div> ) } export default Pets

To create a mutation, we would take the following steps.

1. mutation

To create, update, or delete, we need to perform the mutation operation. The mutation operation has a CreateAPet name, with one argument. This argument has a $newPet variable, with a type of NewPetInput. The ! means that the operation is required; thus, GraphQL won’t execute the operation unless we pass a newPet variable whose type is NewPetInput.

2. addPet

The addPet function, which is inside the mutation operation, takes an argument of input and is set to our $newPet variable. The field sets specified in our addPet function must be equal to the field sets in our query. The field sets in our operation are:

id

name

type

img

3. useMutation

The useMutation React hook is the primary API for executing mutations in an Apollo application. When we need to mutate data, we call useMutation in a React component and pass it a GraphQL string (in our case, NEW_PETS).

When our component renders useMutation, it returns a tuple (that is, an ordered set of data constituting a record) in an array that includes:

a mutate function that we can call at any time to execute the mutation;

an object with fields that represent the current status of the mutation’s execution.

The useMutation hook is passed a GraphQL mutation string (which is NEW_PETS in our case). We destructured the tuple, which is the function (createPet) that will mutate the data and the object field (newPets).

4. createPet

In our onSubmit function, shortly after the setModal state, we defined our createPet. This function takes a variable with an object property of a value set to { newPet: input }. The input represents the various input fields in our form (such as name, type, etc.).

With that done, the outcome should look like this:

Mutation without instant update.

If you observe the GIF closely, you’ll notice that our created pet doesn’t show up instantly, only when the page is refreshed. However, it has been updated on the server.

The big question is, why doesn’t our pet update instantly? Let’s find out in the next section.

Caching In Apollo Client

The reason our app doesn’t update automatically is that our newly created data doesn’t match the cache data in Apollo Client. So, there is a conflict as to what exactly it needs to be updated from the cache.

Simply put, if we perform a mutation that updates or deletes multiple entries (a node), then we are responsible for updating any queries referencing that node, so that it modifies our cached data to match the modifications that a mutation makes to our back-end data.

Keeping Cache In Sync

There are a few ways to keep our cache in sync each time we perform a mutation operation.

The first is by refetching matching queries after a mutation, using the refetchQueries object property (the simplest way).

Note: If we were to use this method, it would take an object property in our createPet function called refetchQueries, and it would contain an array of objects with a value of the query: refetchQueries: [{ query: GET_PETS }].

Because our focus in this section isn’t just to update our created pets in the UI, but to manipulate the cache, we won’t be using this method.

The second approach is to use the update function. In Apollo Client, there’s an update helper function that helps modify the cache data, so that it syncs with the modifications that a mutation makes to our back-end data. Using this function, we can read and write to the cache.

Updating The Cache

Copy the following highlighted code, and paste it in client/src/pages/Pets.js:

...... const Pets = () => { const [modal, setModal] = useState(false) const { loading, error, data } = useQuery(GET_PETS); const [createPet, newPet] = useMutation(NEW_PETS, { update(cache, { data: { addPet } }) { const data = cache.readQuery({ query: GET_PETS }); cache.writeQuery({ query: GET_PETS, data: { pets: [addPet, ...data.pets] }, }); }, } ); .....

The update function receives two arguments:

The first argument is the cache from Apollo Client.

The second is the exact mutation response from the server. We destructure the data property and set it to our mutation (addPet).

Next, to update the function, we need to check for what query needs to be updated (in our case, the GET_PETS query) and read the cache.

Secondly, we need to write to the query that was read, so that it knows we’re about to update it. We do so by passing an object that contains a query object property, with the value set to our query operation (GET_PETS), and a data property whose value is a pet object and that has an array of the addPet mutation and a copy of the pet’s data.

If you followed these steps carefully, you should see your pets update automatically as you create them. Let’s take a look at the changes:

Pets updates instantly.

Optimistic UI

A lot of people are big fans of loaders and spinners. There’s nothing wrong with using a loader; there are perfect use cases where a loader is the best option. I’ve written about loaders versus spinners and their best use cases.

Loaders and spinners indeed play an important role in UI and UX design, but the arrival of Optimistic UI has stolen the spotlight.

What Is Optimistic UI?

Optimistic UI is a convention that simulates the results of a mutation (created data) and updates the UI before receiving a response from the server. Once the response is received from the server, the optimistic result is thrown away and replaced with the actual result.

In the end, an optimistic UI is nothing more than a way to manage perceived performance and avoid loading states.

Apollo Client has a very interesting way of integrating the Optimistic UI. It gives us a simple hook that allows us to write to the local cache after mutation. Let’s see how it works!

Step 1

Head over to client/src/client.js, and add only the highlighted code.

import { ApolloClient } from 'apollo-client' import { InMemoryCache } from 'apollo-cache-inmemory' import { HttpLink } from 'apollo-link-http' import { setContext } from 'apollo-link-context' import { ApolloLink } from 'apollo-link' const http = new HttpLink({ uri: "http://localhost:4000/" }); const delay = setContext( request => new Promise((success, fail) => { setTimeout(() => { success() }, 800) }) ) const link = ApolloLink.from([ delay, http ]) const cache = new InMemoryCache() const client = new ApolloClient({ link, cache }) export default client

The first step involves the following:

We import setContext from apollo-link-context. The setContext function takes a callback function and returns a promise whose setTimeout is set to 800ms, in order to create a delay when a mutation operation is performed.

The ApolloLink.from method ensures that the network activity that represents the link (our API) from HTTP is delayed.

Step 2

The next step is using the Optimistic UI hook. Slide back to client/src/pages/Pets.js, and add only the highlighted code below.

..... const Pets = () => { const [modal, setModal] = useState(false) const { loading, error, data } = useQuery(GET_PETS); const [createPet, newPet] = useMutation(NEW_PETS, { update(cache, { data: { addPet } }) { const data = cache.readQuery({ query: GET_PETS }); cache.writeQuery({ query: GET_PETS, data: { pets: [addPet, ...data.pets] }, }); }, } ); const onSubmit = input => { setModal(false) createPet({ variables: { newPet: input }, optimisticResponse: { __typename: 'Mutation', addPet: { __typename: 'Pet', id: Math.floor(Math.random() * 10000 + ''), name: input.name, type: input.type, img: 'https://via.placeholder.com/200' } } }); } .....

The optimisticResponse object is used if we want the UI to update immediately when we create a pet, instead of waiting for the server response.

The code snippets above include the following:

__typename is injected by Apollo into the query to fetch the type of the queried entities. Those types are used by Apollo Client to build the id property (which is a symbol) for caching purposes in apollo-cache. So, __typename is a valid property of the query response.

The mutation is set as the __typename of optimisticResponse.

Just as earlier defined, our mutation’s name is addPet, and the __typename is Pet.

Next are the fields of our mutation that we want the optimistic response to update:

id Because we don’t know what the ID from the server will be, we made one up using Math.floor.

name This value is set to input.name.

type The type’s value is input.type.

img Now, because our server generates images for us, we used a placeholder to mimic our image from the server.

This was indeed a long ride. If you got to the end, don’t hesitate to take a break from your chair with your cup of coffee.

Let’s take a look at our outcome. The supporting repository for this project is on GitHub. Clone and experiment with it.

Final result of our app.

Conclusion

The amazing features of Apollo Client, such as the Optimistic UI and pagination, make building client-side apps a reality.

While Apollo Client works very well with other frameworks, such as Vue.js and Angular, React developers have Apollo Client Hooks, and so they can’t help but enjoy building a great app.

In this article, we’ve only scratched the surface. Mastering Apollo Client demands constant practice. So, go ahead and clone the repository, add pagination, and play around with the other features it offers.

Please do share your feedback and experience in the comments section below. We can also discuss your progress on Twitter. Cheers!

References

(ks, ra, al, yk, il)

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source http://www.scpie.org/understanding-client-side-graphql-with-apollo-client-in-react-apps/ source https://scpie.tumblr.com/post/625015311855419392