#agricultural tenancy

[step-by-step-plodding-along]

Question for any legal types that know UK agricultural law:

I have an allotment. Well. I’m on the committee for a UK cooperative allotment society. Our landlords are being dicks and have decided they want to kick the Society off the land, appoint their own managers, and then get our plot holders back and charge them effectively double. The Society has been there in one form or another since the 1800s so this pisses us all off.

Our copy of the lease has mysteriously gone missing while in the care of the previous secretary, who also happened to be on our landlords board of directors, at the same time as the landlords lost their copy. All very coincidental I’m sure. As is the fact this only came to light when said secretary was removed from his post by the membership on the charge of not acting in the interest of the Society.

After some back and forth, the generally agreed position is this:

- the ‘original’ lease is from the 1950s

- the 1950s lease has been extended in 5 / 2 / 1 year chunks until 1991

- The 1991 extension lapsed in 1996 when a verbal agreement was made to extend it on a rolling basis

So. Would our current tenancy be under the Agricultural Holdings Act 1986, because the original lease / lease extension was signed before 1 September 1995? Or would we be a farm business tenancy (FBT) under the Agricultural Tenancies Act 1995?

Our landlords want to say - oops no lease let’s make a new one. I’m wondering if this is a way around the extra tenure based protections we would get under the 1986 act… Help?

[indizombie]

Historically, Dalits were prohibited from holding productive and knowledge resources, especially land, because of their caste status. Land reforms failed except in a few states: the tenancy reforms primarily benefited the middle-castes but the distribution of ceiling-surplus land to the landless failed miserably.The National Sample Survey Office reveals that more than 58% of all rural Dalit households in India were landless in 2013. The list of top three states in this regard — Haryana (92%), Punjab (87%) and Bihar (86%) — suggests that Dalit landlessness remains unaffected by agricultural development (or the lack of it).

Awanish Kumar, ‘Ambedkar and his idea of the caste of land’, Indian Express

[scorebetter]

India Agriculture

Indian agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for India’s population. As of 2018, agriculture employed more than 50% of the Indian work force and contributed 17–18% to country's GDP.

Indian agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for India’s population. As of 2018, agriculture employed more than 50% of the Indian work force and contributed 17–18% to country’s GDP. The history of agriculture in India dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization. India ranks second worldwide in farm outputs. There are hymns in Vedic literature dedicated to – Agriculture. Consumer…

[centrally-unplanned]

Gonna make this a quick one since I just don’t have the spoons for a really big effort post: Pre-CCP 20th Century China Did Not Have Feudal or Slave-like Land Tenancy Systems

Obviously what counts as “slave-like” is going to be subjective, but I think it's common, for *ahem* reasons, for people to believe that in the 1930’s Chinese agriculture was dominated by massive-scale, absentee landlords who held the large majority of peasant workers in a virtual chokehold and dictated all terms of labor.

That is not how Chinese land ownership & agricultural systems worked. I am going to pull from Chinese Agriculture in the 1930s: Investigations into John Lossing Buck’s Rediscovered ‘Land Utilization in China’ Microdata, which is some of the best ground-level data you can get on how land use functioned, in practice, in China during the "Nanjing Decade" before WW2 ruins all data collection. It looks at a series of north-central provinces, which gives you the money table of this:

On average, 4/5ths of Chinese peasants owned land, and primarily farmed land that they owned. Tenancy was, by huge margins, the minority practice. I really don’t need to say more than this, but I'm going to because there is a deeper point I want to make. And it's fair to say that while this is representative of Northern China, Southern China did have higher tenancy rates - not crazy higher, but higher.

So let's look at those part-owner farmers; sounds bad right? Like they own part of their land, but it's not enough? Well, sometimes, but sometimes not:

A huge class (about ~1/3rd) of those part-owners were farming too much land, not too little; they were enterprising households renting land to expand their businesses. They would often engage in diversified production, like cash crops on the rented land and staple crops on their owned land. Many of them would actually leave some of their owned land fallow, because it wasn’t worth the time to farm!

Meanwhile the small part-owners and the landless tenant farmers would rent out land to earn a living…sometimes. Because that wasn’t the only way to make a living - trades existed. From our data, if you are a small part-owner, you got a substantial chunk of your income from non-farm labor; if you owned no land you got the majority of your income from non-farm labor:

(Notice how that includes child labor by default, welcome to pre-modernism!)

So the amount of people actually doing full-tenancy agriculture for a living is…pretty small, less than 10% for sure. But what did it look like for those who do? The tenancy rates can be pretty steep - 50/50 splits were very common. But that is deceiving actually; this would be called “share rent”, but other systems, such as cash rents, bulk crop rents, long-term leases with combined payment structures, etc, also existed and were plentiful - and most of those had lower rent rates. However, share rent did two things; one, it hedged against risk; in the case of a crop failure you weren't out anything as the tenant, a form of insurance. And two, it implied reciprocal obligations - the land owner was providing the seed, normally the tools as well, and other inputs like fertilizer.

Whether someone chose one type of tenancy agreement or the other was based on balancing their own labor availability, other wage opportunities, the type of crop being grown, and so on. From the data we have, negotiations were common around these types of agreements; a lot of land that was share rent one year would be cash rent another, because the tenants and market conditions shifted to encourage one or the other form.

I’m doing a little trick here, by throwing all these things at you. Remember the point at the top? “Was this system like slavery?” What defines slavery? To me, its a lack of options - that is the bedrock of a slave system. Labor that you are compelled by law to do, with no claim on the output of that work. And as I hit you with eight tiers of land ownership and tenancy agreements and multi-source household incomes, as you see that the median person renting out land to a tenant farmer was himself a farmer as a profession and by no means some noble in the city, what I hope becomes apparent is that the Chinese agricultural system was a fully liquid market based on choice and expected returns. By no means am I saying that it was a nice way to live; it was an awful way to live. But nowhere in this system was state coercion the bedrock of the labor system. China’s agricultural system was in fact one of the most free, commercial, and contract-based systems on the planet in the pre-modern era, that was a big source of why China as a society was so wealthy. It was a massive, moving market of opportunities for wages, loans, land ownership, tenancy agreements, haggled contracts, everyone trying in their own way to make the living that they could.

It's a system that left many poor, and to be clear injustices, robberies, corruption, oh for sure were legion. Particularly during the Warlord Era mass armies might just sweep in and confiscate all your hard currency and fresh crops. But, even ignoring that the whole ‘poverty’ thing is 90% tech level and there was no amount of redistribution that was going to improve that very much, what is more important is that the pre-modern world was *not* equally bad in all places. The American South was also pretty poor, but richer than China in the 19th century. And being a slave in the American South was WAY worse than being a peasant in China during times of peace - because Confederate society built systems to remove choice, to short-circuit the ebb and flow of the open system to enshrine their elite ‘permanently’ at the top. If you lived in feudal Russia it was a good deal worse, with huge amounts of your yearly labor compelled by the state onto estates held by those who owned them unimpeachably by virtue of their birthright (though you were a good deal richer just due to basic agriculture productivity & population density, bit of a tradeoff there).

If you simply throw around the word “slavery” to describe every pre-modern agricultural system because it was poor and shitty, that back-doors a massive amount of apologia for past social systems that were actively worse than the benchmarks of the time. Which is something the CCP did; their diagnosis of China’s problem for the rural poor of needing massive land redistribution was wrong! It was just wrong, it was not the issue they were having. It was not why rural China was often poor and miserable. It could help, sure, I myself would support some compensated land redistribution in the post-war era as a welfare idea for a fiscally-strapped state. But that was gonna do 1% of the heavy lifting here in making the rural poor's lives better. And I don’t think we should continue to the job of spreading the CCP's propaganda for them.

There ya go @chiefaccelerator, who alas I was not permitted to compel via state force into writing this for me, you Qing Dynasty lazy peasant.

[readytomoveflatsdelhincr]

Land ownership is a matter of significant importance in any country, serving as the foundation for various economic and social activities. In Karnataka, India, the Bhoomi Project has revolutionized the management of land records, making them easily accessible to citizens through Bhoomi Online RTC 2024.

What is Bhoomi Online RTC?

Bhoomi Online RTC (Record of Rights, Tenancy, and Crops) is an initiative by the Government of Karnataka aimed at digitizing land records and making them available online to the citizens of the state. RTC provides crucial information about land ownership, tenancy, and cultivation details.

History of Bhoomi Project

The Bhoomi Project was launched in 2000 with the objective of computerizing land records to minimize disputes and enhance transparency in land transactions. Over the years, it has evolved into a sophisticated platform offering real-time access to land records.

Features of Bhoomi Online RTC 2024

The latest version of Bhoomi Online RTC comes with several features designed to streamline the process of accessing land records. Its user-friendly interface allows citizens to easily navigate through the portal and obtain the required information. Moreover, it offers real-time updates, ensuring that users have access to the most recent data.

Advantages of Bhoomi Online RTC

The implementation of Bhoomi Online RTC has brought about numerous benefits for both citizens and the government. It has significantly increased transparency in land transactions, reducing the scope for corruption and fraudulent practices. Additionally, it has made land records more accessible to citizens, saving them time and effort.

How to Access Bhoomi Online RTC 2024?

Accessing Bhoomi Online RTC is a straightforward process. Citizens need to register on the portal and follow the prescribed steps to access land records. The platform provides detailed guidelines to help users navigate through the registration and authentication process.

Benefits for Farmers

Farmers, in particular, have benefited greatly from Bhoomi Online RTC. They can now quickly access their land records, enabling them to make informed decisions regarding their agricultural activities. Moreover, it has facilitated land transactions, making it easier for farmers to buy, sell, or lease land.

Impact on Karnataka's Land Administration

The implementation of Bhoomi Online RTC has led to a significant improvement in Karnataka's land administration system. It has increased efficiency in land management processes and empowered citizens by providing them with direct access to land records.

Future Prospects of Bhoomi Online RTC

Looking ahead, there is immense potential for further enhancements to Bhoomi Online RTC. The government is exploring options to incorporate advanced technologies such as blockchain to enhance the security and reliability of land records. Moreover, there are plans to expand the initiative to other states, thereby benefiting a larger population.

Challenges and Limitations

Despite its success, Bhoomi Online RTC faces certain challenges, including technical issues and the need for greater awareness among the rural population. Addressing these challenges will be crucial for ensuring the continued success of the initiative.

Success Stories

Numerous success stories have emerged from the implementation of Bhoomi Online RTC, with users praising the platform for its efficiency and reliability. These testimonials serve as a testament to the positive impact of the initiative on the lives of citizens.

Comparison with Traditional Methods

The adoption of Bhoomi Online RTC has revolutionized the process of accessing land records, offering significant advantages over traditional methods. It has improved efficiency and accuracy while reducing the time and cost associated with obtaining land records.

Government Initiatives and Support

The government has been actively supportive of initiatives like Bhoomi Online RTC, recognizing their role in promoting transparency and efficiency in governance. It has allocated resources and invested in technology to ensure the success of such initiatives.

Testimonials from Users

Users of Bhoomi Online RTC have shared their positive experiences, highlighting the convenience and reliability of the platform. These testimonials serve as a source of encouragement for the continued improvement of the initiative.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Bhoomi Online RTC has emerged as a game-changer in Karnataka's land administration system, offering numerous benefits to citizens and the government alike. Its user-friendly interface, real-time updates, and transparency have made it a valuable tool for accessing land records. With ongoing support and innovation, Bhoomi Online RTC is poised to further revolutionize land management in Karnataka and beyond.

[topfreelistingsiteindelhincr]

Bhoomi – Karnataka Land Records (RTC) Online

Bhoomi RTC plays a crucial role in promoting agricultural activities by providing accurate and up-to-date information about land holdings, crop patterns, and tenancy details. This helps farmers make informed decisions about land cultivation and enhances productivity in the agricultural sector.

Overall, Bhoomi RTC has revolutionized land management in Karnataka by harnessing the power of technology to improve transparency, efficiency, and accessibility in land record maintenance and administration.

[commitbizbusinesssetup]

Setting Up Business In Abu Dhabi - Detailed Guide

Abu Dhabi is the UAE's federal capital and the largest of the 7 Emirates. If you want a barrier-free growth opportunity for your business then this post will assist you.

What are the Benefits of Setting Up a Business in Abu Dhabi?

Fast immigration process.

Simple company incorporation process.

One-window operation for government services.

Enough number of educated and skilled professionals.

And many free zones are offering the following perks:

Corporate, and personal income tax exemption.

Full repatriation of capital and profits.

100% foreign ownership.

Business Licenses in Abu Dhabi -

Abu Dhabi has the provision of 6 types of business licenses for investors setting up a firm. These are:

Tourism license

Industrial license

Agricultural license

Commercial license for conducting trading activities

Occupational License for consultants, lawyers, journalists

Professional license for individuals (e.g., carpentry, services)

Step-By-Step Process for Setting Up Your Abu Dhabi Business -

Get a trade name approval from the Department of Planning and Economy.

Complete a tenancy agreement.

Conclude a notarized partnership agreement or a services agency agreement.

Get your license from the relevant authority.

Submit the above documents to the Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Abu Dhabi.

What is the Next Step?

Now you know about the steps for setting up business in Abu Dhabi. But the road is going to be draining. As a foreigner, you cannot expect to get your way through the authorities and approvals.

Which is why you should reach out to a business consultant. They will have an understanding of the Abu Dhabi market better than you. They will help you navigate this journey in less time and with less effort.

If you want to know something about the Abu Dhabi market, ask me in the comment ↓

[fortunatelybeardedcheesecake]

“Land Records and Agriculture” by D.R. Patil Audiobook- Audicate

Download the App

Unveiling Agricultural Wisdom: "Land Records and Agriculture" by D.R. Patil

"Land Records and Agriculture" by D.R. Patil stands as a beacon for those navigating the intricate realms of land management and agriculture. This comprehensive guide delves into the symbiotic relationship between land records and agricultural practices, offering valuable insights for scholars, farmers, and administrative aspirants.

Key Highlights of the Book:

Land Records Decoded:

The book meticulously breaks down the complexities of land records, aiding readers in understanding the nuances of property ownership, boundaries, and historical data.

Agricultural Dynamics:

D.R. Patil provides a profound exploration of agricultural principles, encompassing crop patterns, irrigation systems, and modern farming techniques.

Legal Perspectives:

Understanding the legal aspects of land ownership is crucial, and the book navigates through property laws, tenancy issues, and the evolving landscape of agricultural regulations.

Revenue Management:

Revenue generation in agriculture is explored, shedding light on taxation, subsidies, and the economic facets that influence both farmers and the administrative structure.

Audiobook Resources on Audicate App:

In addition to the traditional book format, Audicate app offers a dynamic learning experience through audiobooks tailored to complement "Land Records and Agriculture" by D.R. Patil.

"Land Records Management - Audiobook":

An auditory journey through the intricacies of land records management, providing a comprehensive understanding of the administrative processes.

"Agricultural Practices Unveiled - Audiobook":

Dive into the world of agriculture through engaging audio content, exploring traditional and modern practices for sustainable farming.

"Legal Insights in Agriculture - Audiobook":

Understand the legal dimensions of agriculture, property rights, and relevant laws, all presented in an accessible and informative audio format.

"Revenue Strategies in Farming - Audiobook":

Gain insights into revenue generation strategies in agriculture, including discussions on subsidies, taxation, and economic considerations, delivered through captivating audio sessions.

Advantages of Audiobooks for Agricultural Learning:

Accessible Learning: Audiobooks provide a flexible learning option, allowing enthusiasts to grasp agricultural concepts while on the go or during daily activities.

Multisensory Comprehension: Auditory learning complements traditional methods, enhancing comprehension and retention of agricultural knowledge.

Inclusivity: Audiobooks cater to various learning preferences, making agricultural resources accessible to a broader audience.

Conclusion:

"Land Records and Agriculture" by D.R. Patil serves as a foundational resource for anyone involved in agriculture or land administration. The inclusion of audiobook resources on the Audicate app enhances the accessibility and versatility of this valuable agricultural guide. Whether in the fields or on the move, individuals can now immerse themselves in the wisdom of agricultural practices through the power of audio learning.

[wikiuntamed]

Five steps of Wikipedia for Tuesday, 3rd October 2023

Welcome, Benvenuta, Velkommen, Bienvenida 🤗 Five steps of Wikipedia from "Ontario New Democratic Party candidates in the 1981 Ontario provincial election" to "Administrative law". 🪜👣

Start page 👣🏁: Ontario New Democratic Party candidates in the 1981 Ontario provincial election "The New Democratic Party of Ontario ran a full slate of candidates in the 1981 provincial election and won 21 seats out of 125 to become the third-largest party in the legislature. Many of the party's candidates have their own biography pages; information about others may be found here...."

Step 1️⃣ 👣: Conflict of interest "A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another. Typically, this relates to situations in which the personal interest of an individual or..."

Step 2️⃣ 👣: Adverse authority "Adverse authority or adverse controlling authority, in United States law, is some controlling authority based on a legal decision and opposed to the position of an attorney in a case before the court. The attorney is under an ethical obligation to disclose that legal decision, which is an adverse..."

Step 3️⃣ 👣: Due diligence "Due diligence is the investigation or exercise of care that a reasonable business or person is normally expected to take before entering into an agreement or contract with another party or an act with a certain standard of care. Due diligence can be a legal obligation, but the term more commonly..."

Image licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0? by

Original:

MisterMatt

 

Vector:

MesserWoland

Step 4️⃣ 👣: Agricultural law "Agricultural law, sometimes referred to as Ag Law, deals with such legal issues as agricultural infrastructure, seed, water, fertilizer, pesticide use, agricultural finance, agricultural labour, agricultural marketing, agricultural insurance, farming rights, land tenure and tenancy system and law on..."

Step 5️⃣ 👣: Administrative law "Administrative law is a division of law governing the activities of executive branch agencies of government. Administrative law includes executive branch rule making (executive branch rules are generally referred to as "regulations"), adjudication, and the enforcement of laws. Administrative law is..."

[dbs-superleggera]

Agricultural Law: Cash Lease vs Crop Share • AZ Lawyers LLP

Salut Félix Tshisekedi Andry Rajoelina Pope Francis Bernard Arnault,

In contrast, a crop share involves the landowner in the process of farming, including marketing, equipment acquisition, and even crop choice.

Real Estate Model for Java Culture & Sephora.

Salut,

Adrien Blake-Trotman

[nkonson]

What do you know about real estate?

What do you know about real estate?

What do you know about real estate?

Exploring the Dynamic Realm of Real Estate: A Comprehensive Overview

Real estate is a multifaceted and ever-evolving industry that plays a pivotal role in economies around the world. It encompasses a wide range of activities involving the buying, selling, leasing, and development of properties, both residential and commercial. From humble beginnings as basic shelters, real estate has evolved into a complex sector that involves legal intricacies, financial nuances, and societal implications. This article delves into the fundamentals of real estate, its various facets, and its significance in the modern world.

The Basics of Real Estate

At its core, real estate refers to tangible property, primarily land and any structures permanently attached to it. These structures can range from single-family homes, apartment buildings, and office complexes to industrial facilities and retail spaces. Real estate can also be categorized into residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural properties, each serving distinct purposes.

Key Concepts in Real Estate

Property Ownership: Property ownership comes in various forms, including fee simple ownership, leasehold ownership, and co-ownership (joint tenancy or tenancy in common). Each form has unique rights, responsibilities, and implications for owners.

Valuation: Determining the value of a property is crucial for various purposes, such as buying, selling, and financing. Property valuation takes into account factors like location, size, condition, and market trends.

Investment: Real estate is often considered a lucrative investment avenue. Investors can earn income through rental properties or capital gains by buying properties at lower prices and selling them when their value appreciates.

Real Estate Agents: Real estate agents act as intermediaries between buyers and sellers. They assist with property listings, negotiations, and legal processes, streamlining transactions for clients.

Financing: Real estate transactions often require substantial financial investments. Financing options include mortgages, loans, and partnerships.

Types of Real Estate Markets

Residential Real Estate: This segment involves properties designed for personal living, such as single-family homes, condominiums, townhouses, and apartment buildings.

Commercial Real Estate: Commercial properties are intended for business purposes, including office buildings, retail spaces, hotels, and warehouses.

Industrial Real Estate: Industrial properties encompass manufacturing facilities, warehouses, distribution centers, and research facilities.

Agricultural Real Estate: This category includes farmland and ranches used for cultivating crops, raising livestock, or other agricultural activities.

Real Estate Development

Real estate development involves the process of transforming land into valuable assets. It encompasses activities like land acquisition, zoning approvals, design, construction, and marketing. Developers play a crucial role in shaping urban landscapes and meeting the evolving needs of communities.

Challenges and Trends

The real estate industry faces a range of challenges and is influenced by global trends:

Housing Affordability: Balancing housing demand with affordable options remains a challenge in many regions, leading to issues of homelessness and social inequality.

Sustainability: Increasing emphasis on environmental concerns has led to the integration of sustainable practices in real estate, including energy-efficient design, green building materials, and renewable energy sources.

Technology: Technological advancements, such as virtual reality property tours, online property listings, and smart home systems, have transformed how real estate transactions are conducted.

Urbanization: Rapid urbanization has spurred the need for innovative urban planning, mixed-use developments, and smart city initiatives.

Conclusion

Real estate is a vast and intricate sector that influences economies, societies, and individuals. From property ownership and valuation to various market segments and development processes, understanding the fundamentals of real estate is essential for anyone engaging with the industry. As the world continues to evolve, real estate will remain a dynamic force shaping our living spaces and economic landscapes.

NEXT TO >>>

[filipino-homes]

Understanding Real Property: Definitions and Types

A piece of ground and everything that is affixed to it permanently is considered real property. Real estate owners are entitled to full ownership privileges, including the freedom to use, own, sell, and lease their property.

Depending on its general use, real estate can be categorized as residential, commercial, agricultural, industrial, or particular purpose. Knowing what rights you do and do not have in the property is necessary to determine whether you have the right to sell your house.

What is real property?

Real estate includes land, everything above and below its surface, and any permanent structures or features, whether natural or human-made.

Therefore, all manmade, long-lasting enhancements to the property, including streets, utilities, sewers, fences, and buildings, are included in the definition of real estate.

Real property is a more inclusive phrase than real estate solutions since it includes the rights, benefits, and interests of real estate ownership.

Real property, in its broadest sense, refers to the actual land, including everything permanently affixed to it, whether natural or manmade, as well as all ownership rights, such as the ability to acquire, sell, lease, and use the land.

Estates of Real Estate

"Estate in the land" refers to the size and nature of a person's interest in real estate. The two main categories of estates in the land are freehold estates and non-freehold estates.

Freehold Properties

Estates with a freehold include ownership. They can endure a lifetime or eternity and have an illimitable duration. Freehold estate examples include:

Simple fee: All rights to the property belong to the proprietor of an estate in fee simple. It is the highest kind of real estate interest permitted by law. The estate has an indefinite lifespan and is transferred to the owner's heirs upon death.

Life estate: A life estate has a lifespan that is either restricted to that of the owner or the life(s) of another designated person(s). A life estate is not regarded as an estate of inheritance, in contrast to a fee simple estate.

Estates with No Freehold

Leases are a part of non-freehold estates. They are "without seisin"—without ownership—and cannot be handed on to heirs.

Non-freehold estates include, for instance:

A long-term lease is an estate established by a lease with a set start and end date. At the predetermined expiration date, the lease expires automatically. The estate has also been used for years.

A tenancy that changes over time: Unless the owner or tenant ends it with prior notice, this estate exists when the tenancy is for a specific starting duration and is automatically renewed for an unlimited period. Also known as an estate on an annual basis.

Personal property vs. real property

Real estate cannot be moved. The land, everything permanently affixed to it, and the rights that "run with" the ground are all included.

Personal property can be moved, on the other hand. Everything that is not real property, including your clothes, furniture, cars, boats, and other movable possessions not affixed to real estate, is referred to as personal property.

Real Estate vs. Real Property

Real estate is land, including everything permanently affixed to it, whether natural or artificial, at, above, and below the earth's surface. Real property includes all the elements of real estate and ownership rights, such as the ability to hold, sell, lease, and use the land.

What Kinds of Real Property Are There?

Real property can include a hill or pond that is a natural formation. The same applies to artificial additions like houses, driveways, and garden sheds. The right to use, manage, and dispose of the land on which any or all of these things are located belongs to whoever owns the land.

Bottom line 

Real property, including land, buildings, and fixtures, is a valuable asset that offers revenue generation and long-term appreciation. Understanding its legal implications, ownership options, and restrictions is crucial to make informed decisions. 

Seeking consultancy services can provide expert guidance in navigating the complexities of real estate investments. Investors can reduce risks and increase rewards by conducting extensive research and diligence. It can add financial stability and growth potential to their diversified portfolios.

[leftistfeminista]

"From Bryan to Stalin,"by William Z. Foster

A Marxist analysis of  William Jennings Bryan.

The Bryan Free Silver Campaign

While the workers were thus resisting American capitalism so militantly. the small farmers of the Middle West were also ta a high state of political discontent. They were suffering many hardships: their erstwhile free homestead lands had become loaded with mortgages, tenancy was rapidly on the increase among them, and they were heavily burdened with taxes and increasingly falling under the pressure of the rail- roads and various trusts which preyed upon them. To make their conditions unendurable came the great economic crisis of the nineties, which knocked the bottom out of agricultural prices.

There was also much discontent among the urban petty bourgeoisie, or small manufacturers, merchants, etc. They were feeling the crushing power of the growing trusts and monopolies. Already they had succeeded in having the Sherman Anti-Trust Law passed in 1890 in a vain attempt to stifle the growth of monopoly. Their cup of unrest was also filled to overflowing by the deep industrial crisis of this period.

It was upon this general background of discontent of the workers, farmers and city middle class that the Bryan Demo¬ cratic Party campaign of 1896 developed. It originated in the Populist Party of the farmers, and the farmers remained the backbone of the movement, although large numbers of workers and city middle class elements also participated in it.

The program of the Bryan movement showed that it was basically of a petty bourgeois character, a fruitless attempt to stem the swift advance of the trusts and finance capital and to maintain the traditional competitive system and civil liberties. Its central plank, the free coinage of silver at the rate of sixteen ounces of silver to one of gold, was an inflationary scheme of the farmers to rid themselves of their increasing debts by creating cheap money, an illusion that still prevails among them. Other planks of Bryan called for government owner¬ ship of the railroads and telegraphs, abolition of the national

banks, tariff for revenue only, graduated income tax, postal savings bank, government loans on real estate, popular elec¬ tion of U. S. Senators, initiative and referendum, Australian ballot system, one term for the President, eight hours for government employees, abolition of detective agencies, re¬ striction of immigration, abolition of injunctions in labor disputes. But the center of the whole movement was "free silver,” the rest of the program being largely ignored in the election agitation.

Although many of Bryan’s proposals were of importance to Labor, the mass of the workers did not rally to them. True, the A. F. of L. gave Bryan a roundabout endorsement and Debs, already widely known from the A. R. U. strike, supported him openly. But the great bulk of workers, who had no organized mass party and who for the most part felt their grievances to be economic rather than political, were caught by the McKinley big capitalist slogans of sound money, high tariffs, high wages and the full dinner pail. Bryan was overwhelmingly defeated by the combined big capitalist forces of the industrial East and the Middle West, who boldly announced they would close their factories if Bryan were elected. Thus the door was flung still wider open for the retreat of the middle class and the advance of triumphant monopoly capital.

[villageandcottage]

What is a Tied Cottage?

If you spy a quaint cottage while on your travels in the countryside, you may have spotted what could originally have been a tied cottage. Yes, cottages, those quaint symbols of British rural life that now have a market value of hundreds of thousands, were likely to have housed the poor working families of yesteryear. 

So what makes a cottage tied?  

What is Meant by a Tied Cottage?

Cottages are small dwellings that are often found in rural locations. They are likely to have two or three bedrooms and be simple in design.

Older cottages may be thatched. And despite their attraction to modern house buyers, cottages of the past were often quickly constructed using the cheapest of methods. Why? That comes down to the purpose of the cottage being ‘tied’.

A tied cottage is a cottage that was constructed by a landowner to provide housing for agricultural workers. And in fact, the concept of the tied cottage is still very much connected to agriculture.

Tied cottages would have been built for rural workers in order to ‘tie’ them to their place of work – hence the name. And the landowner was rarely interested in wasting too much money on their employees by giving them state-of-the-art homes. Tied cottages were therefore cheap and simple.  

Historically, a tied cottage would have been provided rent-free by the landowner or for a peppercorn rent. This would have made staying at one place of work much more attractive for workers.

Especially those that may have travelled around the countryside to do different jobs at different times of the year. 

Are Tied Cottages a thing of the Past?

Tied cottages are still around. And they are still associated with accommodation for agricultural workers and some other industries.

And it’s easy to see why this type of accommodation might seem an attractive option today with higher wages and improved worker’s rights. 

But nowadays, a worker’s tied accommodation is just as likely to be a caravan as a cottage and is rarely ‘free’. And, rather than a tied cottage a modern worker might get tied tenancy which means their accommodation can be highly variable. 

What is a Tied Tenancy?

Unlike a tied cottage, modern workers in agriculture and some other industries may be offered a ‘tied tenancy’ as part of their work contract.

And while it may seem attractive to have reduced rates on accommodation, it may ultimately cost more than private renting and be a less stable form of housing in the long term. 

Simply put, tied tenancy is a tenancy agreement for accommodation that is provided by the employer for the duration of your employment. Some employers may seem to provide housing that comes ‘free’ as part of your working contract.

Be careful here. The housing is unlikely to be free as the cost will probably be taken from your wages before you get paid. 

But whether your employer requires you to pay rent directly to them or not, a tied tenancy is almost always linked to your job.

There are a few types of tied tenancy types. Two of which are ‘service occupier’ and ‘service tenant’. But for both types of tenancy, if you leave that employment or are unable to continue working, you will be required to give up your property or risk eviction. 

It’s always best to read the small print on any paperwork, but with tied tenancies, it’s extra important. And it’s best to know as much as possible about your agreement before you sign any contracts.

If you can afford it, get a property lawyer to cast an eye over the tenancy agreement before you sign. Their experienced eye will spot any potential loopholes that could be missed.  

As tied accommodation is still linked closely to farming, it may not come as a surprise that agricultural workers have more rights under tied tenancy laws than other tied tenants from other industries. Although, this doesn’t make it fair. 

But what exactly are those rights? 

Let’s look into some of the basics of tied cottages or tied tenancy rights in more detail.

What Are Tied Cottage Tenant Rights?

Tied cottage tenant rights or, indeed, any tied tenancy rights are a bit of a minefield. 

So if you are offered a tied cottage tenancy as part of your agricultural work package – read the small print and find out about your Agricultural worker’s rights on the gov.uk website. 

If you are thinking about taking up a tied cottage offer, we’d recommend getting legal advice first. Because all tenancies are different and agricultural workers’ tenancy rights vary. But below you will find some general information to give you an idea of some things to be aware of regarding your tied cottage tenancy rights. 

You may receive a written notice at the start of your tenancy which gives you a shorthold tenancy. This is for short-term or temporary farm workers. But even if this is the case, make sure you carefully read through your tenancy agreement from your employer. This will explain the rights the employer grants you with regard to your tenancy. 

These include things like:

Property maintenance

Safety measures

Duration of the lease

Notice period

Rental costs 

Increase/Review of rental costs – dates/times/notice period for rent review

Deposit amounts and protection of the deposit

Terms of the tenancy with regards to employment

The name of the owner of the rental property and the account you’re paying into or how the rental costs will be deducted and how this will show up on your wage slip.

If you have been given no tenancy agreement you risk being unprotected by law. So, ask for a tenancy agreement if you are a short-term worker. 

If you are a longer-term farm worker, you may have rights to your tied cottage or accommodation if you have been working in agriculture for 91 weeks out of 104. This includes holiday and sick leave.

You also need to have worked 35 hours a week or more and the accommodation you are provided with is owned or arranged by the farmer. 

The tenant also needs to meet the following criteria:

Be a serving farmer worker (or a farm manager)

Be a retired farm worker

Have been a farm worker but had to give up farm work 

Have taken up other employment but were formerly a farm worker

Are the widow, widower, or were living with the farm worker when they died

Have worked for the farm that provided the accommodation

If you fulfil this criterion, your tenancy or accommodation may automatically be classed as ‘assured agricultural occupancy’. This gives you more protection over your continued right to stay in your tied cottage or property. 

Whatever type of tied accommodation you are provided with, it’s best to become as informed as possible about Agricultural workers’ rights. This will help ally any fears surrounding your living arrangements and make your working life more stable and enjoyable. 

What Types of Cottages Can be Tied?

Like most things, opinions vary as to what constitutes a cottage. Cottages of the past vary greatly from what might be considered a cottage for a new build. 

You may recognise very old cottages in rural areas by how small they are. These older types can be thatched too – just like the nostalgic images you can find about the UK’s rural heritage. These types of cottages are often originally linked to agriculture in rural areas. 

They may seem idyllic but they have their problems too. Upkeep is the biggest probably with older cottages.

Re-thatching, heating costs and general upkeep are things to consider. An employer or landlord may be responsible for this, but they may expect the tenant to perform general maintenance, so it’s good to check this. 

But quaint thatched cottages are not the only types. You might find more modern cottages in terraces or semi-detached properties that were built during periods of agricultural growth in certain areas. If fact, whole villages were created by large-scale landowners for their tied workers.  

Sometimes, tied cottages would extend to service personnel like village policemen. And during the industrial revolution and times industrial growth tied cottages extended to other trades.

For example, early coal miners and their families were housed in tied cottages. 

The mechanisation of modern farming has changed the agricultural landscape almost entirely. So a modern tied cottage may not be on or even near a farmer’s property. Some of these modern tied cottages can also vary greatly in their size and aesthetics. 

One thing has not changed though. Farm owners are just as likely to want to save money on creating tied cottages as they were in the past. So if you’re considering taking up tied accommodation, have a viewing of the cottage first. You don’t want a nasty surprise.

Having said that, some tied cottages offer security and are financially beneficial to the tenant if the employer is ethical and considerate – and many are. 

source https://villageandcottage.com/cottages/what-is-a-tied-cottage/

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