#and no tools designed for syntax trees do not work for this

[tower-of-hana]

I am once again begging linguists to make a tool for rendering feature geometry trees on the computer.

[peggycatrerr]

i think it’s really really important that we keep reminding people that what we’re calling ai isn’t even close to intelligent and that its name is pure marketing. the silicon valley tech bros and hollywood executives call it ai because they either want it to seem all-powerful or they believe it is and use that to justify their use of it to exploit and replace people.

chat-gpt and things along those lines are not intelligent, they are predictive text generators that simply have more data to draw on than previous ones like, you know, your phone’s autocorrect. they are designed to pass the turing test by having human-passing speech patterns and syntax. they cannot come up with anything new, because they are machines programmed on data sets. they can’t even distinguish fact from fiction, because all they are actually capable of is figuring out how to construct a human-sounding response using applicable data to a question asked by a human. you know how people who use chat-gpt to cheat on essays will ask it for reference lists and get a list of texts that don’t exist? it’s because all chat-gpt is doing is figuring out what types of words typically appear in response to questions like that, and then stringing them together.

midjourney and things along those lines are not intelligent, they are image generators that have just been really heavily fine-tuned. you know how they used to do janky fingers and teeth and then they overcame that pretty quickly? that’s not because of growing intelligence, it’s because even more photographs got added to their data sets and were programmed in such a way that they were able to more accurately identify patterns in the average amount of fingers and teeth across all those photos. and it too isn’t capable of creation. it is placing pixels in spots to create an amalgamation of images tagged with metadata that matches the words in your request. you ask for a tree and it spits out something a little quirky? it’s not because it’s creating something, it’s because it gathered all of its data on trees and then averaged it out. you know that “the rest of the mona lisa” tweet and how it looks like shit? the fact that there is no “rest” of the mona lisa aside, it’s because the generator does not have the intelligence required to identify what’s what in the background of such a painting and extend it with any degree of accuracy, it looked at the colours and approximate shapes and went “oho i know what this is maybe” and spat out an ugly landscape that doesn’t actually make any kind of physical or compositional sense, because it isn’t intelligent.

and all those ai-generated voices? also not intelligent, literally just the same vocal synth we’ve been able to do since daisy bell but more advanced. you get a sample of a voice, break it down into the various vowel and consonant sounds, and then when you type in the text you want it to say, it plays those vowel and consonant sounds in the order displayed in that text. the only difference now is that the breaking it down process can be automated to some extent (still not intelligence, just data analysis) and the synthesising software can recognise grammar a bit more and add appropriate inflections to synthesised voices to create a more natural flow.

if you took the exact same technology that powers midjourney or chat-gpt and removed a chunk of its dataset, the stuff it produces would noticeably worsen because it only works with a very very large amount of data. these programs are not intelligent. they are programs that analyse and store data and then string it together upon request. and if you want evidence that the term ai is just being used for marketing, look at the sheer amount of software that’s added “ai tools” that are either just things that already existed within the software, using the same exact tech they always did but slightly refined (a lot of film editing software are renaming things like their chromakey tools to have “ai” in the name, for example) or are actually worse than the things they’re overhauling (like the grammar editor in office 365 compared to the classic office spellcheck).

but you wanna real nifty lil secret about the way “ai” is developing? it’s all neural nets and machine learning, and the thing about neural nets and machine learning is that in order to continue growing in power it needs new data. so yeah, currently, as more and more data gets added to them, they seem to be evolving really quickly. but at some point soon after we run out of data to add to them because people decided they were complete or because corporations replaced all new things with generated bullshit, they’re going to stop evolving and start getting really, really, REALLY repetitive. because machine learning isn’t intelligent or capable of being inspired to create new things independently. no, it’s actually self-reinforcing. it gets caught in loops. "ai” isn’t the future of art, it’s a data analysis machine that’ll start sounding even more like a broken record than it already does the moment its data sets stop having really large amounts of unique things added to it.

[korshubudemycoursesblog]

Unlock Your Future: Learn Data Science Using Python A-Z for ML

Are you ready to take a deep dive into one of the most in-demand skills of the decade? Whether you're looking to switch careers, boost your resume, or just want to understand how machine learning shapes the world, learning Data Science using Python A-Z for ML is one of the smartest moves you can make today.

With Python becoming the universal language of data, combining it with data science and machine learning gives you a major edge. But here’s the best part—you don’t need to be a math genius or have a computer science degree to get started. Thanks to online learning platforms, anyone can break into the field with the right course and guidance.

If you’re ready to explore the world of predictive analytics, AI, and machine learning through Python, check out this powerful Data Science using Python A-Z for ML course that’s crafted to take you from beginner to expert.

Let’s break down what makes this learning journey so valuable—and how it can change your future.

Why Data Science with Python Is a Game-Changer

Python is known for its simplicity, readability, and versatility. That's why it’s the preferred language of many data scientists and machine learning engineers. It offers powerful libraries like:

Pandas for data manipulation

NumPy for numerical computing

Matplotlib and Seaborn for data visualization

Scikit-learn for machine learning

TensorFlow and Keras for deep learning

When you combine these tools with real-world applications, the possibilities become endless—from building recommendation engines to predicting customer churn, from detecting fraud to automating data analysis.

The key is learning the skills in the right order with hands-on practice. That’s where a well-structured course can help you move from confusion to clarity.

What You’ll Learn in This A-Z Course on Data Science with Python

The course isn’t just a theory dump—it’s an actionable, practical, hands-on bootcamp. It covers:

1. Python Programming Basics

Even if you’ve never written a line of code, you’ll be walked through Python syntax, data types, loops, functions, and more. It’s like learning a new language with a supportive tutor guiding you.

2. Data Cleaning and Preprocessing

Raw data is messy. You’ll learn how to clean, transform, and prepare datasets using Pandas, making them ready for analysis or training machine learning models.

3. Data Visualization

A picture is worth a thousand rows. Learn how to use Matplotlib and Seaborn to create powerful charts, graphs, and plots that reveal patterns in your data.

4. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

Before jumping to models, EDA helps you understand your dataset. You’ll learn how to identify trends, outliers, and relationships between features.

5. Statistics for Data Science

Understand probability, distributions, hypothesis testing, and correlation. These concepts are the foundation of many ML algorithms.

6. Machine Learning Algorithms

You’ll cover essential algorithms like:

Linear Regression

Logistic Regression

Decision Trees

Random Forests

Support Vector Machines

k-Nearest Neighbors

Naïve Bayes

Clustering (K-Means)

All with practical projects!

7. Model Evaluation

Accuracy isn’t everything. You’ll explore precision, recall, F1-score, confusion matrices, and cross-validation to truly assess your models.

8. Real-World Projects

Theory only goes so far. You’ll build actual projects that simulate what data scientists do in the real world—from data collection to deploying predictions.

Who Is This Course Perfect For?

You don’t need a Ph.D. to start learning. This course is designed for:

Beginners with zero coding or data science background

Students looking to enhance their resume

Professionals switching careers to tech

Entrepreneurs wanting to use data for smarter decisions

Marketers & Analysts who want to work with predictive analytics

Whether you're 18 or 48, this course makes learning Data Science using Python A-Z for ML accessible and exciting.

What Makes This Course Stand Out?

Let’s be real: there are hundreds of data science courses online. So what makes this one different?

✅ Structured Learning Path

Everything is organized from A to Z. You don’t jump into machine learning without learning data types first.

✅ Hands-On Projects

You’ll work on mini-projects throughout the course, so you never lose the connection between theory and practice.

✅ Friendly Teaching Style

No dry lectures or overwhelming jargon. The instructor talks to you like a friend—not a robot.

✅ Lifetime Access

Once you enroll, it’s yours forever. Come back to lessons any time you need a refresher.

✅ Real-World Applications

You’ll build models you can actually talk about in job interviews—or even show on your portfolio.

Want to start now? Here’s your shortcut to mastering the field: 👉 Data Science using Python A-Z for ML

Why Data Science Skills Matter in 2025 and Beyond

Companies today are drowning in data—and they’re willing to pay handsomely for people who can make sense of it.

In 2025 and beyond, businesses will use AI to:

Automate decisions

Understand customer behavior

Forecast market trends

Detect fraud

Personalize services

To do any of this, they need data scientists who can write Python code, manipulate data, and train predictive models.

That could be you.

From Learner to Data Scientist: Your Roadmap

Here’s how your transformation might look after taking the course:

Month 1: You understand Python and basic data structures Month 2: You clean and explore datasets with Pandas and Seaborn Month 3: You build your first ML model Month 4: You complete a full project—ready for your resume Month 5: You start applying for internships, freelance gigs, or even full-time roles!

It’s not a pipe dream. It’s real, and it’s happening to people every day. All you need is to take the first step.

Your Investment? Just a Few Hours a Week

You don’t need to quit your job or study 12 hours a day. With just 4–5 hours a week, you can master the foundations within a few months.

And remember: this isn’t just a skill. It’s an asset. The return on your time is massive—financially and intellectually.

Final Thoughts: The Future Belongs to the Data-Literate

If you've been waiting for a sign to jump into data science, this is it.

The tools are beginner-friendly. The job market is exploding. And this course gives you everything you need to start building your skills today.

Don’t let hesitation hold you back.

Start your journey with Data Science using Python A-Z for ML, and see how far you can go.

[douchebagbrainwaves]

AND IT HAS TO BE THERE

Nerds got computers because they liked them. You may save him from writing a badly designed program to solve the wrong problem.1 Let yourself be second guessed. The state of the art in programming languages doesn't stand still. When it was first developed, Lisp embodied nine new ideas. Here's a tip for governments that want to encourage startups you should have a low rate on capital gains. Number 1, languages vary in power.2 The famously rigid labor laws hurt every company, but startups especially, because startups that succeed either become big companies or are acquired by them. People tend to; I'm skeptical about the idea of the greatest generation. Fifty years later, startups are ubiquitous in Silicon Valley face an unpleasant choice: either live in the boring sprawl of the valley proper, or live in San Francisco and endure an hour commute each way.3

Lexical closures provide a way to finesse our way out of the problem. Another area in which you could easily surpass Silicon Valley is too far from San Francisco. But fortunately so have the jumpsuits with badges indicating our specialty and rank.4 But fortunately so have the jumpsuits with badges indicating our specialty and rank. But it's an important technicality, because it has a strange syntax as because it has no syntax; you express programs directly in the parse trees that get built behind the scenes when other languages are better than either of them?5 Here is what McCarthy said about it later in an interview: Steve Russell said, look, why don't I program this eval. Is it worth trying to define a plus for a new language, but both seem to me more complex than the first version as simple as possible. Human knowledge seems to grow fractally.6 The test of whether people love what they do. I'm such a good athlete, why do I feel so tired? A lot of the advances that happen in programming languages in the next twenty years got fast.

But she never does.7 Part of the problem.8 I made for a panel discussion on programming language design at MIT on May 10,2001. So I think it is a standard. They're tools, designed for people, and there I find the ancient rule still works: try to understand the situation as well as Lisp, so they did. Because in fact the implication of what Eric is saying. If wisdom and intelligence stands up to scrutiny. You do need to be better at this than others.

Notes

Most don't try to avoid that.

Though you should be working on that? I'm not claiming founders sit down and calculate the expected value calculation for potential founders, and everyone's used to end investor meetings too closely, you'll be well on your own morale, you will fail.

But you couldn't possibly stream it from a 6/03 Nielsen study quoted on Google's site. The brand of an early funding round usually reflects some other contribution by the customs of the potential magnitude of the reign Thomas Lord Roos was an assiduous courtier of the most difficult part for startup founders, and this trick, and that you should always absolutely refuse to give you 11% more income, or b to get something for a market of one investor who says he's interested in you, it tends to be naive in: it's not the shape of the word as in e. The Mac number is a way in which case immediate problem solved, or black beans n cubes Knorr beef or vegetable bouillon n teaspoons freshly ground black pepper 3n teaspoons ground cumin n cups dry rice, preferably brown Robert Morris says that clothing brands favored by urban youth do not try too hard to imagine cases where you wanted it? Since I now have on the Internet, like arithmetic drills, instead of reacting.

Tell the investors agree, and those where the second type to.

There are successful women who don't care about may not be if Steve hadn't come back; Apple can change them instantly if they had that we wouldn't have understood users a lot better to be spread out geographically. This argument seems to be limits on the side of being watched in real time, default to some abstract notion of fairness or randomly, in which internal limits are expressed.

But you can't expect you'll be able to hire, and Reddit is derived from Slashdot, while Reddit is derived from the conventional wisdom on the other hand, he tried to motivate them. There's probably also intelligence. If an investor makes you much more fun in college.

Professors and politicians live within socialist eddies of the advantages of not starving then you should push back on the x axis and returns on the other seed firms. I. And maybe we should be. I'm not saying all founders who take the line?

I was living in a reorganization.

[subb01]

R for Data Science: The Essential Guide to Start Your Data Science Journey

R is a powerhouse programming language for data analysis and visualization, making it a go-to tool for data scientists and statisticians worldwide. Whether you’re a beginner looking to break into data science or an experienced analyst wanting to sharpen your skills, understanding how to leverage R effectively can be a game-changer.

Table of Contents

Introduction to R for Data Science

Why Choose R for Data Science?

Setting Up R: Tools and Environment

Basic Data Manipulation in R

Data Visualization with ggplot2

Statistical Analysis in R

Machine Learning in R

Tips for Learning R Efficiently

Conclusion and Next Steps

1. Introduction to R for Data Science

R was initially developed for statistical computing and has evolved into a comprehensive language used for data analysis, machine learning, and data visualization. Its user-friendly syntax and the availability of numerous packages make it an ideal choice for data professionals.

2. Why Choose R for Data Science?

Rich Ecosystem of Packages: With packages like dplyr, tidyr, ggplot2, and caret, R makes it easy to handle complex data manipulation and visualization tasks.

Statistical Strength: R was designed with statistics in mind, allowing for advanced statistical models and tests.

Community and Resources: R boasts a vibrant community with countless forums, tutorials, and resources available online, including the famous R for Data Science book by Hadley Wickham and Garrett Grolemund.

3. Setting Up R: Tools and Environment

To get started with R, follow these simple steps:

Install R: Download and install R from CRAN (The Comprehensive R Archive Network).

Install RStudio: RStudio is an integrated development environment (IDE) that provides a more intuitive interface for coding in R. Download it from RStudio’s official website.

4. Basic Data Manipulation in R

R’s power lies in its data manipulation capabilities. Here’s a brief overview of essential packages:

dplyr: Simplifies data manipulation tasks with functions like filter(), select(), mutate(), and summarize().

tidyr: Helps organize data into tidy formats using functions like pivot_longer() and pivot_wider().

Example: Using dplyr to filter and summarize data.

library(dplyr)

# Sample data frame data <- data.frame(Name = c(“A”, “B”, “C”, “D”), Score = c(85, 92, 78, 90))

# Filter and summarize filtered_data <- data %>% filter(Score > 80) %>% summarize(Mean_Score = mean(Score))

print(filtered_data)

5. Data Visualization with ggplot2

Visualization is a key part of data analysis. The ggplot2 package is one of R’s most powerful visualization tools.

Basic ggplot2 Example:

library(ggplot2)

# Create a simple bar chart ggplot(data, aes(x = Name, y = Score)) + geom_bar(stat = “identity”) + theme_minimal() + labs(title = “Student Scores”, x = “Name”, y = “Score”)

6. Statistical Analysis in R

R’s capabilities in statistical modeling make it the preferred tool for statisticians. From basic hypothesis testing (t.test(), anova()) to complex regression models (lm(), glm()), R covers it all.

Example: Simple Linear Regression

# Linear model model <- lm(Score ~ Name, data = data) summary(model)

7. Machine Learning in R

R provides robust support for machine learning through packages such as caret, randomForest, and xgboost.

Example: Training a Decision Tree Model

library(caret) library(rpart)

# Split data and train model model <- train(Score ~ ., data = data, method = “rpart”) print(model)

8. Tips for Learning R Efficiently

Hands-on Practice: The best way to learn is by doing. Work on datasets like mtcars, iris, or your data.

Explore Tutorials: Websites like R-bloggers and platforms like Coursera offer in-depth courses.

Join Forums: Engage in R communities on platforms like Stack Overflow and Reddit for peer support and advanced discussions.

9. Conclusion and Next Steps

Mastering R for data science opens doors to comprehensive data analysis, visualization, and predictive modeling. Start by practicing with real-world datasets and explore more advanced packages as you grow your expertise.

Ready to take your data science skills to the next level? Explore comprehensive courses and resources to deepen your knowledge and become proficient in R for data science.

Explore More on Data Science

For an in-depth look at R programming and live tutorials, be sure to check out this insightful YouTube session. This video provides practical guidance and additional tips to enhance your understanding of R and data science concepts. Don’t miss it!

[careerguide1]

Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners to Start with AI and Machine Learning

If you're new to AI classes in Pune and machine learning and looking to kickstart your journey, this step-by-step guide is tailored for you. For those in Pune, our machine learning classes in Pune provide hands-on learning experiences to build a solid foundation in these technologies. Here's how you can get started:

1. Understand the Basics of AI and Machine Learning

Before diving deep, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the fundamental concepts. AI refers to machines mimicking human intelligence, while machine learning is a subset of AI focused on data-driven learning and decision-making.

What You Can Do: Start by exploring introductory materials like articles, YouTube videos, or free online courses that explain the basics of AI and machine learning. This will help you get a clear picture of what these fields involve.

2. Learn a Programming Language

Python is the most widely used language for AI and machine learning due to its simplicity and rich libraries like NumPy, Pandas, TensorFlow, and Scikit-learn. In our machine learning training in Pune, we emphasize Python, ensuring that beginners gain both practical and theoretical knowledge.

What You Can Do: Focus on learning Python if you haven't already. Work on basic syntax, data structures, and OOP (Object-Oriented Programming). Our classes provide a step-by-step Python tutorial to build your coding confidence.

3. Get Comfortable with Math

Machine learning relies heavily on mathematics. Linear algebra, calculus, statistics, and probability are vital for understanding how algorithms work. These math concepts help you interpret data, optimize models, and design algorithms.

What You Can Do: Start with basic tutorials or math refresher courses on platforms like Khan Academy. In our machine learning classes in Pune, we provide resources to brush up on the mathematical foundations necessary for machine learning.

4. Study Key Machine Learning Algorithms

There are numerous machine learning algorithms, each suited to specific tasks like classification, regression, or clustering. As a beginner, focus on understanding core algorithms like Linear Regression, Decision Trees, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Neural Networks.

What You Can Do: Begin by understanding what each algorithm does, how it works, and its applications.

5. Work on Projects

Hands-on experience is the best way to reinforce what you’ve learned. Start with small projects that allow you to apply machine learning concepts, such as building a predictive model using publicly available datasets.

What You Can Do: Platforms like Kaggle and UCI Machine Learning Repository offer datasets where you can practice. In our machine learning classes in Pune, we help you work on real-life projects, from data collection to model deployment.

6. Explore Machine Learning Libraries and Tools

Python offers several libraries that make machine learning easier to implement. Tools like Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, and Keras simplify the process of training and testing models.

What You Can Do: Begin by using Scikit-learn for smaller projects, and as you advance, experiment with TensorFlow for deep learning projects.

7. Build a Portfolio

As you work on projects, compile them into a portfolio that showcases your skills. Having a GitHub repository with your code and explanations will set you apart when looking for job opportunities.

What You Can Do: Keep track of your projects and upload them to GitHub. In our machine learning classes in Pune, we offer guidance on how to build a portfolio that will impress potential employers.

8. Stay Updated and Join Communities

AI and machine learning are rapidly evolving fields. Joining a community of learners and professionals will help you stay updated with the latest trends and research.

What You Can Do: Engage in forums like Stack Overflow, Reddit, or LinkedIn groups focused on AI and machine learning. Our machine learning classes in Pune also encourage collaborative learning and networking with industry professionals.

Starting with AI and machine learning can be challenging but exciting. By following these steps, you can steadily build your expertise. Our machine learning classes in Pune provide a comprehensive roadmap for beginners, from understanding the basics to implementing advanced algorithms in real-world projects.

[abiinnovate]

Which topic are taught under c++ course

A C++ course typically covers a range of topics designed to introduce students to the fundamentals of programming, as well as more advanced concepts specific to C++. Here's a breakdown of common topics:

1. Introduction to Programming Concepts

Basic Programming Concepts: Variables, data types, operators, expressions.

Input/Output: Using cin, cout, file handling.

Control Structures: Conditional statements (if, else, switch), loops (for, while, do-while).

2. C++ Syntax and Structure

Functions: Definition, declaration, parameters, return types, recursion.

Scope and Lifetime: Local and global variables, static variables.

Preprocessor Directives: #include, #define, macros.

3. Data Structures

Arrays: Single and multi-dimensional arrays, array manipulation.

Strings: C-style strings, string handling functions, the std::string class.

Pointers: Pointer basics, pointer arithmetic, pointers to functions, pointers and arrays.

Dynamic Memory Allocation: new and delete operators, dynamic arrays.

4. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Classes and Objects: Definition, instantiation, access specifiers, member functions.

Constructors and Destructors: Initialization of objects, object cleanup.

Inheritance: Base and derived classes, single and multiple inheritance, access control.

Polymorphism: Function overloading, operator overloading, virtual functions, abstract classes, and interfaces.

Encapsulation: Use of private and public members, getter and setter functions.

Friend Functions and Classes: Use and purpose of friend keyword.

5. Advanced Topics

Templates: Function templates, class templates, template specialization.

Standard Template Library (STL): Vectors, lists, maps, sets, iterators, algorithms.

Exception Handling: try, catch, throw, custom exceptions.

File Handling: Reading from and writing to files using fstream, handling binary files.

Namespaces: Creating and using namespaces, the std namespace.

6. Memory Management

Dynamic Allocation: Managing memory with new and delete.

Smart Pointers: std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr, std::weak_ptr.

Memory Leaks and Debugging: Identifying and preventing memory leaks.

7. Algorithms and Problem Solving

Searching and Sorting Algorithms: Linear search, binary search, bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort.

Recursion: Concepts and use-cases of recursive algorithms.

Data Structures: Linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs.

8. Multithreading and Concurrency

Thread Basics: Creating and managing threads.

Synchronization: Mutexes, locks, condition variables.

Concurrency Issues: Deadlocks, race conditions.

9. Best Practices and Coding Standards

Code Style: Naming conventions, commenting, formatting.

Optimization Techniques: Efficient coding practices, understanding compiler optimizations.

Design Patterns: Common patterns like Singleton, Factory, Observer.

10. Project Work and Applications

Building Applications: Developing simple to complex applications using C++.

Debugging and Testing: Using debugging tools, writing test cases.

Version Control: Introduction to version control systems like Git.

This comprehensive set of topics equips students with the skills needed to develop efficient, robust, and scalable software using C++. Depending on the course level, additional advanced topics like metaprogramming, networking, or game development might also be covered.

C++ course in chennai

Web designing course in chennai

full stack course in chennai

[ittraining1]

Web Development Course in rajkot

1. What is the importance of responsive design in web development?

Answer: Responsive design is crucial because it ensures that websites are usable and visually appealing on a variety of devices, including desktops, tablets, and smartphones. By using flexible grids, layouts, images, and CSS media queries, responsive design enhances the user experience and improves SEO rankings since search engines prefer mobile-friendly websites. This is a fundamental topic in any Web Design Course in ahmedabad.

2.  Can you explain the concept of a CSS preprocessor and name a few?

Answer: A CSS preprocessor extends the default capabilities of CSS by adding features such as variables, nested rules, and mixins, which help to write reusable and maintainable CSS code. Popular CSS preprocessors include Sass (Syntactically Awesome Stylesheets), Less, and Stylus. These preprocessors compile the extended syntax into standard CSS that browsers can understand. Learning about CSS preprocessors is a key part of any website development course

 3. What is the difference between a fixed layout and a fluid layout in web design?

Answer: A fixed layout has a set width in pixels and does not change regardless of the screen size. This can cause issues on smaller screens, as content may be cut off. A fluid layout, on the other hand, uses percentage-based widths, making it more flexible and able to adapt to different screen sizes. Fluid layouts are more user-friendly on various devices.

�� 4.  Describe the box model in CSS

Answer: The CSS box model describes the rectangular boxes that are generated for elements in the document tree and consists of four parts: content, padding, border, and margin. The content is the innermost part where text and images appear. Padding is the space between the content and the border. The border encloses the padding and content. Margin is the outermost part, providing space between the element and other elements. Understanding the box model is essential in Web Designing in ahmedabad.

  5.   What are media queries, and how do they work?

Answer: Media queries are a feature of CSS3 that allow the application of different styles based on the characteristics of the user's device, such as screen width, height, orientation, and resolution. By using media queries, developers can create responsive designs that adjust the layout and styling of a website to provide an optimal viewing experience on various devices.

   6.   How do you ensure that your web design is accessible to users with disabilities?

Answer: Ensuring web accessibility involves several practices, including using semantic HTML tags, providing alternative text for images, ensuring sufficient color contrast, making content navigable via keyboard, and using ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and properties to enhance the information provided to assistive technologies. It's also important to test the website with screen readers and other assistive tools. Accessibility is a key topic in any Website Development Course.

   7.  What is the purpose of a wireframe in web design?

Answer: A wireframe is a visual guide that represents the skeletal framework of a website. It outlines the structure, layout, and key elements of a web page without including detailed design or content. Wireframes are used to plan the layout, ensure a logical flow of information, and serve as a blueprint for the design and development process. They help stakeholders and developers understand the basic structure before adding visual design elements. Wireframing is an essential skill in Website Design Training.  

    8.  Can explain the difference between UX (User Experience) and UI (User Interface) design?

Answer: UX design focuses on the overall experience a user has when interacting with a product or website, including usability, functionality, and satisfaction. It involves research, prototyping, and testing to create a user-centered design. UI design, on the other hand, is concerned with the visual and interactive elements of a product, such as buttons, icons, typography, and color schemes. UI design aims to create an aesthetically pleasing and intuitive interface that enhances the user experience. Both UX and UI design are covered in-depth.

    9.  What are some common web design trends you follow?

Answer: Some common web design trends include:-

Minimalism and simplicity

Responsive and mobile-first design

Use of bold typography

Micro-interactions and animations

Dark mode design

Asymmetrical layouts

Use of gradients and vibrant colors

Incorporating illustrations and custom graphics

Accessibility and inclusive design

Voice user interface (VUI) integration

Keeping up with these trends is important for anyone involved in web designing.

     10.  How do you approach a web design project from start to finish?

Answer: Approaching a web design project involves several key steps:-

Discovery and Research: Understand the client's goals, target audience, and competitors. Gather requirements and define the project scope.

Planning: Create a project plan, including timelines and milestones. Develop a site map and user flow diagrams.

Wireframing and Prototyping: Design wireframes to outline the structure and layout. Create interactive prototypes to visualize the user experience.

Visual Design: Develop the visual style, including color schemes, typography, and graphics. Design high-fidelity mockups.

Development: Convert the design into a functional website using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and other technologies. Ensure the site is responsive and accessible.

Testing: Conduct thorough testing, including usability, compatibility, performance, and accessibility testing. Fix any issues that arise.

Launch: Deploy the website to a live server. Monitor for any post-launch issues and make necessary adjustments.

Maintenance: Provide ongoing support, updates, and improvements based on user feedback and analytics.

[qservicesinc1]

Essential Skills for React Web Developers

Are you at the drop of a hat to know the most essential skills a well-trained react web developer should possess? But what efforts do you need to take to get there? Before barking up the wrong tree, let’s walk through the five skills you should build before providing react development services. 

Enhance Website with CSS and HTML 

The front end includes tools like HTML and CSS. This is the most immediate part to the user, where all interaction between user and website occurs, and all features are under the browser’s control. The Front-end side is more multicolored and has better visuals since this is the “look” of the application where the user interacts. Alongside primary languages like HTML CSS, front-end developers are required to be able to use frameworks like Bootstrap and Angular. To be regarded as a front-end developer is quite complex since this career is not taken to a level to make a college degree. Therefore, most front-end designers are self-taught or are a crossover from developers or programmers. 

 

JSX: extension of the ReactJS  

Similar to HTML, JSX is the attachment of the ReactJS conditions and is also a magnetic part of React. When working with react JS, it’s hard for a developer to develop deep into HTML. Instead, much of the interaction is via JSX, the syntax extension of ReactJS. JSX is a language that lets you determine the DOM elements before the elements right inside JavaScript files. With the ReactJS framework, the developers who provide react development services generally do not make use of HTML properly. Thus, JSX extended code syntax is essential for the ReactJS ecosystem. This JSX arising much as HTML actually allows creators with just the understanding of HTML and CSS. 

 

Command of JavaScript along with ES6 

React functions details do write with Pascal casing – words are capitalized in this. There are two modes to write a function in JavaScript:  The standard way, using the function keyword, called a function declaration, and like an arrow function, introduced in ES6, and both these functions can be utilized to write function components in React. 

 

React Core Architecture  

React Virtual manipulation is very influential for modern interactive web technologies. It is frequently called the heart of the modern web. It is an inference of the structured text. But it performs slower than other JavaScript functions because most JavaScript frameworks usually modernize the DOM even if they do not need to. That signifies that those updates are not directed to perform the actions but are still accomplished by default. But manipulating Virtual DOM is more secure because it has nothing to do with the other view part and does not make any modifications to the screen.  

 

 

Data Flow Management in React   

Many web users worldwide demand more prosperous, more immediate, and more interactive web applications. The web is a bustling zone at this present age. Millions of websites and applications are upholding the web busy with massive data. The react web developer has already developed many frameworks to fulfill all users with dedicated and more innovative services. However, most modern JavaScript frameworks are hard to master, sometimes scary, and not very easy to maintain. 

 

Flux VS Redux?   

Redux is an execution of Flux. Facebook uses Flux for developments. It is recommended by reacting development services to architecture for creating web applications. Redux is not even a pure library or framework. Redux is entirely like Flux but only reduces some complexity by using functional compositions where Flux designing is based on callback registers. They are almost similar, but some inferences are made less complicated and possible to implement that would be challenging or, in some cases, impossible to be implemented in Flux. Among the many amazing features of Redux is that it is assembled with tools, and there is only one way to do that. Accordingly, Redux reduces complexity and confusion while developing.  

 

 

 

   there are more core skills you can build in yourself as an experienced react developer. Beyond these five major skills, note that working with many experienced developers can improve your skills; as you all know, getting knowledge is not enough. You need to practice that knowledge too. For example, knowing about browsers, APIs, and HTTP. But if you practice all these steps, you’ll have a solid experience of React and be able to provide Custom Web Development Services at any scale.  

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ReactJS: Why is it Taking over Front-end Development?

One of the most prominent libraries in web development is React JS. When discussing cutting-edge tools for creating user interfaces or making front-end development , React JS is often mentioned. As a library for creating dynamic online content and user interfaces, React JS is a common tool for developers. JavaScript Libraries are used to manage the site's dynamic content. It's a set of pre-written JS scripts that make development faster by including useful features and libraries right out of the box. Therefore, these libraries are a significant aid for reactjs experts. Let us understand why it is taking over front-end development. 

What is ReactJS? Before the creation of libraries, the developers had to write code manually.  They had to build everything from scratch. 

However, with the introduction of libraries development became much easier. Libraries are pre-written code that developers can use.

ReactJS is one such library that has pre-written front-end codes of Javascript Language. The reactJS programmers use it for building interactive web elements. 

In simple words, ReactJS is a library of pre-written JS code that makes development faster for reactJS development company or reactjs experts by offering them commonly-used functionality that can be used from anywhere in the code.

Popularity of ReactJS for Front-End Development

React was chosen as a top JS library for app development by 69.4 percent of developers in the 2018 StackOverflow Survey.

As of August 2018, 109,313 people had starred in React on Github, and 1,227 people had contributed to it. Thus, making it the most popular Javascript Library for reactjs programmers.

More than 334,251 webpages are powered by ReactJS, says SimilarTech. Over 1200 contributors actively work to improve the UI library by adding new features and fixing bugs.

One can easily hire reactJS developers or a reactJS Development Company as it is the most common library used for Front-end development of business websites.

Top Reasons why ReactJS is Popular and Taking Over Front-End Development

It offers Accelerated Development through reuse of Components.

With ReactJS, you can create a web app or a Single Page Application (SPA) with modular, reusable, and independently deployable features. To put it simply, a React component is a UI element. When put together, these parts provide a sophisticated and complete user interface. In a ReactJS application, the root component acts as the starting point for a tree structure made up of child components. Let’s understand it through an example. 

Components of a Facebook-like programme include Profile, Feeds, Status Updates, and Photos, among others. Additionally, a Status Update might include parts like a Like, Comment, or Share. Once created, these parts or components may be repurposed across several app screens to cut down on development time. 

Thus, ReactJS stands out from other similar front-end development frameworks due to its emphasis on reusable components. 

It provides Code Simplification and makes coding easier.

All front-end programmers have struggled with the challenges posed by a language's strict syntax. In general, designing logic becomes more challenging the more obscure the syntax and structure are. However, that is not a limitation of ReactJS. 

Because of its declarative nature, it allows for computing logic to be expressed without detailed descriptions of control flow. Thus, reactJS experts or reactJS programmers do not worry much about writing code. It makes their life simpler as they have to write less code and bugs can be easily fixed. 

There Is a Rich Variety of Tools for Developers in the React Ecosystem.

There is a lot of support for React, making it a popular choice for a reactJS Development Company. Front-end developers have access to a large library of pre-made charts and images that can be easily modified.

Furthermore, there is extensive documentation for novice developers to examine. The library's rapidly expanding user base and all of its features are open to explore anyone. 

ReactJS Can Easily Be Added to Preexisting Code

Scaling a project is possible with ReactJS since it is easy to integrate React components into live code. Further, many other libraries and frameworks (such as jQuery and Backbone) may be used with ReactJS to help developers increase the app's scalability.

Strong Community for Support during Development

There are millions of programmers working on ReactJS. Popular developer communities like Stackoverflow provide a place to discuss and troubleshoot code-related issues. The future of React, as well as its current and future best practices in application architecture, are frequently discussed in prominent online forums. Besides, an option to hire a ReactJS Development Company is also available.  There is a large and active community behind the ReactJS technology, making it easy for developers to get in and begin creating applications and complicated user interface components.

ReactJs is easier to learn. 

Developers readily adopt front-end development solutions with a lower learning curve, such as React JS. The problem is that nobody has time to master a brand new piece of technology from the start. As a result, Developers are less inclined to use a technology with a high learning curve. However, this isn't the case with ReactJS.  

The front-end developer or JavaScript Programmers may quickly become proficient with ReactJS and become reactJS experts. It is simpler for developers to understand and practise it through an internship or on a project with reactjs development company.

Multiple Uses of ReactJs

The potential applications of Reactjs are limitless. This is because React is a flexible library with many potential applications. Some of the uses or applications of ReactJs are as follows:

Blog Websites/Blogs

E-Commerce Websites

Portfolios of Freelancers/Business Portfolios

Websites for Amazon Affiliates

Online Educational Websites

Websites like Facebook, Quora Youtube

Auction and Coupon Websites

Conclusion

ReactJs is one of the best libraries for  Front-end web-development. The above reasons are making it popular and the most-used library for front-end development. Having a website developed through ReactJs development company can significantly benefit you. Or, If you are interested in learning web-development, learning it from Reactjs Experts will help you learn quickly. Therefore, if you want to quickly make engaging front-ends, especially Single Page Websites, devote sufficient effort to learning the syntax and functionalities of React.

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How to Use Themes to Share Colors and Font Styles in Flutter?

Flutter is a free and open-source UI framework for mobile devices, created by Google and launched in May 2017. In a nutshell, it lets you create a native mobile app from a single piece of code.

As a result, you may design two separate apps with only one set of code and one set of tools (for iOS and Android). There are various agencies out of which the best flutter app development company like Flutter Agency helps you design an app.

Dart is the programming language you’ll need to work with Flutter. Google first developed the language in October 2011, although it has evolved significantly in the intervening years.

It’s possible to create mobile and web apps with Dart, which focuses on front-end development. Dart is a typed object programming language if you have some programming experience. The syntax of Dart is comparable to that of JavaScript.

What are the Themes in Flutter?

We may utilize themes in Flutter App to share colors and font styles throughout the app. They may be defined in two ways in Flutter: Color schemes and font styles may be applied system-wide or to specific program sections through Theme Widgets.

When it comes to app-wide themes, MaterialApp is responsible for creating them! We need to create a Theme before utilizing it in the Widgets. App Bars, Buttons, Checkboxes, and other Material Widgets will use the Theme to change their background colors and font styles.

Making a Flutter App Theme:

ThemeData must be sent to the MaterialApp function Object() { [native code] } if you want to make the app’s colors and fonts consistent throughout. Flutter automatically generates a default theme if none is supplied.

MaterialApp(title: title,theme: ThemeData(// Define the default Brightness and Colorsbrightness: Brightness.dark,primaryColor: Colors.lightBlue[800],accentColor: Colors.cyan[600],// Define the default Font FamilyfontFamily: 'Montserrat',// Define the default TextTheme. Use this to specify the default// text styling for bodies of text, titles, headlines, etc.textTheme: TextTheme(headline1: TextStyle(fontSize: 72.0, fontWeight: FontWeight.bold),headline2: TextStyle(fontSize: 36.0, fontStyle: FontStyle.italic),bodyText2: TextStyle(fontSize: 14.0, fontFamily: 'Hind'),),));

Using Flutter App themes is a feature of an app:

We may use a ThemeWidget to enclose a region of our app and override the app-wide theme.

We may either create our own ThemeData or extend the parent theme to achieve this.

How to make a Flutter app’s ThemeData unique:

We may construct a ThemeData() object and provide it to the Theme Widget if you don’t want any current application properties, like colors or font styles, to be inherited.

Theme(// Create a unique theme with "ThemeData"data: ThemeData(accentColor: Colors.yellow,),child: FloatingActionButton(onPressed: () {},child: Icon(Icons.add),),);

Flutter App: Extending the parent theme

Rather than overriding everything, it’s common sense to extend the parent theme. The copy with technique may be used to do this.

Theme(// Search and Enhance the main theme using "copyWith". Please see the next// section for more info on `Theme.of`.data: Theme.of(context).copyWith(accentColor: Colors.yellow),child: FloatingActionButton(onPressed: null,child: Icon(Icons.add),),);

Flutter’s Theme-Based Property Sharing:

Theme.of(context) may be used in our Widget construction methods to apply our defined theme! Theme.of(context) searches the Widget tree and returns the Theme that is closest to the current location in the Widget hierarchy.

We get this if we have a different Theme specified above our Widget. Unless a match is made, it falls back to the App theme. All of us are well aware that the floating action button employs the exact mechanism to choose the accent color.

Container(color: Theme.of(context).colorScheme.secondary,child: Text('Welcome',style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline2,),);

Flutter Using Themes To Share Colors and Font Styles is seen in the code below.

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';void main() {runApp(const MyApp());}class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {const MyApp({Key? key}) : super(key: key);@overrideWidget build(BuildContext context) {const appName = 'Custom Themes';return MaterialApp(title: appName,theme: ThemeData(// Define the default Brightness and Colorsbrightness: Brightness.light,primaryColor: Colors.lightBlue[800],// Define the default Font FamilyfontFamily: 'Montserrat',// Define the default TextTheme. Use this to specify the default// text styling for headlines, titles, bodies of text, and more.textTheme: const TextTheme(headline1: TextStyle(fontSize: 72.0, fontWeight: FontWeight.bold),headline2: TextStyle(fontSize: 36.0, fontStyle: FontStyle.italic),bodyText2: TextStyle(fontSize: 14.0, fontFamily: 'Hind'),),),home: const MyHomePage(),);}}class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {const MyHomePage({Key? key}) : super(key: key);@overrideWidget build(BuildContext context) {return Scaffold(appBar: AppBar(title: const Text("Display Text using theme class"),),body: Center(child: Container(color: Theme.of(context).colorScheme.secondary,child: Text('Welcome',style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.headline2,),),),floatingActionButton: Theme(data: Theme.of(context).copyWith(splashColor: Colors.yellow),child: FloatingActionButton(onPressed: () {},child: const Icon(Icons.add),),),);}}

Output:

Conclusion

This article showed how to use Themes to Share Colors and Font Styles in Flutter. We hope it helped.

What about Flutter Development Support? Dedicated to Flutter technology and Flutter developers, Flutter Agency is a gateway platform for all things. In addition to the Flutter Widget Guide and other valuable materials from the Flutter team.

If you are looking for help, you can hire experienced Flutter experts from Flutter Agency. Daily, we attracts thousands of unique visitors eager to learn more about Flutter and its applications.

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Importance of jQuery in Designer's Career

Importance of jquery in the web designing

In this blog, we will discuss what is jQuery and why should we use jQuery? So let’s proceed with the intro part initially.

Required Skills

Before learning jQuery you must have knowledge of CSS, HTML, and JavaScript. One should understand what DOM is, how DOM is manipulated, and how CSS is applied. Overall a basic understanding of front-end development along with these skills is required.

History of jQuery

jQuery came into existence in January 2006 at bar camp NYC. It was developed by John Resig. John wanted to separate JavaScript from HTML tag so that the code looks clean and becomes easier to understand. This gave him the reason to start the work on JavaScript to start the work on a JavaScript library which he named jQuery.

The first jQuery code:

<button id="test">Click</button> $("#test").click(function() { alert("Button is clicked" ); });

Popularity of jQuery

In the year 2015, jQuery was used on 63% of the top 1 million websites (according to BuiltWith), and 17% of all Internet websites.

In the year 2017, jQuery was used on 69.2% of the top 1 million websites (according to Libscore).

In the year 2018, jQuery was used on 73% of the top 1 million websites, and by 22.4% of all websites (according to BuiltWith).

As of May 2019, jQuery is used by 73% of the 10 million most popular websites (according to W3Techs).

Even the percentage of usage is so high, it's discouraged to use the library in new projects, in favor of declarative frameworks like React, Angular, or Vue. There are even websites that show how to use native APIs and that you don't need jQuery. Also, the 73% usage doesn't correlate with actual interest that is constantly dropping.

What is jQuery?

jQuery is not a new programming language, it is built on top of JavaScript. In fact, JQuery is a lightweight JavaScript library that simplifies programming with JavaScript. According to the jQuery.com website, jQuery is a fast, small and feature-rich JavaScript library. It simply makes things like HTML document traversal and manipulation even handling the animation, and Ajax much simpler with an easy-to-use API that works across a multitude of browsers.

jQuery is a JavaScript library that renders some beneficial features and protects some incompatibilities between different browsers' JavaScript implementations.

The major draw of jQuery is that it's more accessible to grasp and easier to scribble than plain JavaScript. Besides, let’s take a dive to know something about the usage of jQuery in the below section. How to use jQuery?

Why jQuery?

The most important reason behind developing jQuery is to simplify client-side scripting (i.e. coding JavaScript).

Now if you are familiar with coding JavaScript you might have faced a lot of difficulties in some situations like:

Selecting or targeting elements,

applying the style to them,

supplementing effects,

creating animations,

event handling,

navigating and manipulating DOM tree &

Developing AJAX application etc.

In other words, jQuery makes all those things simpler than JavaScript. jQuery has changed the way how JavaScript is written by millions of designers and developers all around the world.

As we discussed, jQuery helps us to focus on doing things instead of focusing on how things are done. jQuery has simplified the way of coding JavaScript.

Today most of the websites over the internet use jQuery. jQuery has a really wide community and forum. You can visit the jQuery forum by visiting this given link:

https://forum.jquery.com

There you can get help from professionals. You can ask questions and help others by just answering the questions. jQuery is continuously getting updated. A lot of professionals are developing easy-to-use plugins, which make the designer's and developers' life easy while developing websites or web applications.

So, Why you have to learn jQuery?

jQuery is easy to learn, one of the most popular JavaScript libraries. It simplifies a lot of JavaScript tasks. Moreover, it holds a wide community forum.

How to use jQuery in HTML?

Usually, jQuery comes as a single JavaScript file holding everything that comes out of the box with jQuery. Now, you know what can be included with a web page using the following markup language:

To Load Local jQuery File

<script type="text/javascript" src="jQuery-1.4.1-min.js"></script>

Ideally, this markup is kept under the <head> </head> tag of your web page, however, you are free to keep it anywhere you want.

How to link jQuery to an HTML Page?

To link a separate JS file in HTML is quite an easy task for the designers. We will see here how to link jQuery on the HTML web page.

Below is an example of HTML File which links jQuery file to a new.js

<html>   <head>      <style>         div {          height: 100px;          width: 100px;          background-color: red;          border-radius: 5px;          border: 2px solid blue;          margin-left: 50px;          margin-top: 50px;          display: none;         }      </style>      <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js"></script>      <script src="new.js"></script>   </head>   <body>      <div></div>   </body> </html>

5 Reasons you should be using jQuery?

There are a lot of other JavaScript frameworks out there, but jQuery seems to be the most popular, and also the most extendable.

Many of the biggest companies on the web use jQuery are:

Microsoft

Google

IBM

Netflix

All based on the manipulation of the HTML, DOM (Document Object Model) and designed only to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML, jQuery incorporates parts of HTML & CSS. Many companies are on the jQuery bandwagon, and your company should be, as well.

Let’s proceed over those 5 reasons and grasp something amusing.

jQuery is cross-browser: When we write JavaScript by using jQuery, we don’t have to worry about is this code going to work in IE7, is it going to work in a chrome browser, or is it going to work in safari? We don’t have to worry about all those browsers compatibility issues. All that is taken care of by jQuery for us. So when we write JS using jQuery we can be assured that it is going to be worth it across all browsers. So the greatest advantage of jQuery is that it is cross-browser.

jQuery is a lot easier to use than raw JS

jQuery is extensible

jQuery simplifies and has rich Ajax support

jQuery has a large development community and many free plugins. For example- within your application, if you want to implement an auto-mate textbox. You can either write code for that from scratch or you use one of the free jQuery plugins that are available already, tested, and proven to work in.

Now let’s see how to use jQuery in our application, how to use it with your application. Here, all you have to do is:

Downloading jQuery

Navigate to your jQuery.com website

Download development jQuery file

And reference that just like any other JavaScript file within your application.

So, we navigate to jQuery.com, notice that we have this download jQuery button. Once we click on that, then we go to the download page and note on this page you will see the download button.

There are two versions of jQuery available for downloading:

Production Version- This is for your live website because it has been minified and compressed.

Development Version- This is for testing and development (uncompressed and readable code)

Note: Both versions can be downloaded from jQuery.com

The jQuery library is a single JavaScript file, and you reference it with the HTML <script> tag.

Notice that the <script> tag should be inside the <head> section.

ead> <script src="jquery-3.4.1.min.js"></script> </head>

Advantages of jQuery

When it comes to programming there is no dearth of options that are available today. jQuery is a concise cross-browser JavaScript library that is mainly used to simplify HTML scripting. jQuery is a ready-to-use JavaScript library having several visual functions such as ease-in, ease-out effects. These useful features make it one of the most preferred choices for web designers. With jQuery, you can do almost any kind of effects and animation on your website. It is also SEO-friendly and cross-browser compliant. It’s the right time to take a dive and grasp the advantages of jQuery one by one.

JavaScript enhancement without the overhead of attaining new syntax.

It holds the ability to keep the code simple, clear, readable, and usable.

The main advantage of using jQuery is that it is a lot easier to use when compared to any other javascript library.

It supports Ajax and lets you develop the templates easily.

Through some jQuery effects that are almost identical to flash, the major advantage of jQuery is that it can be optimized in terms of SEO.

Disadvantages of jQuery

It’s obvious that jQuery is not to be the Pink of Perfection. It holds many drawbacks as well. jQuery is a tool or a library of tools. It can solve problems or create problems. As said nothing is perfect so it is.

Bandwidth

Not to compatible

Better alternatives

Increased technology stack

How does jQuery help you in career growth?

If you are a front-end developer, then jQuery will add value to your profile. jQuery offers a great deal of flexibility and more power to web designers. It is widely used, it is lightweight and clean, and open-source.

Having this kind of skill will be a major advantage to web developers in the growth of career.

Features of jQuery

Now, we are going to provide you the essential features of jQuery. A designer must have knowledge regarding its features as well. Here are the features that we are going to discuss:

HTML manipulation

DOM element selection

DOM manipulation

AJAX

CSS manipulation

Animations & Effects

JASON parsing

Utilities

Extensibility through plug-ins

HTML event methods

Cross-browser support

All in All

jQuery is worth the effort, money, and time. This library can have stunning & eye-catching effects on the website. With a little coding, it will be a colossal part of web development. It holds all the impeccable tools needed to build a website that is interactive and highly engaging. Overall, this is a game-changing technology to use.

[abiinnovate]

Which topics are taught under c++ course

A C++ course typically covers a range of topics designed to introduce students to the fundamentals of programming, as well as more advanced concepts specific to C++. Here's a breakdown of common topics:

1. Introduction to Programming Concepts

Basic Programming Concepts: Variables, data types, operators, expressions.

Input/Output: Using cin, cout, file handling.

Control Structures: Conditional statements (if, else, switch), loops (for, while, do-while).

2. C++ Syntax and Structure

Functions: Definition, declaration, parameters, return types, recursion.

Scope and Lifetime: Local and global variables, static variables.

Preprocessor Directives: #include, #define, macros.

3. Data Structures

Arrays: Single and multi-dimensional arrays, array manipulation.

Strings: C-style strings, string handling functions, the std::string class.

Pointers: Pointer basics, pointer arithmetic, pointers to functions, pointers and arrays.

Dynamic Memory Allocation: new and delete operators, dynamic arrays.

4. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Classes and Objects: Definition, instantiation, access specifiers, member functions.

Constructors and Destructors: Initialization of objects, object cleanup.

Inheritance: Base and derived classes, single and multiple inheritance, access control.

Polymorphism: Function overloading, operator overloading, virtual functions, abstract classes, and interfaces.

Encapsulation: Use of private and public members, getter and setter functions.

Friend Functions and Classes: Use and purpose of friend keyword.

5. Advanced Topics

Templates: Function templates, class templates, template specialization.

Standard Template Library (STL): Vectors, lists, maps, sets, iterators, algorithms.

Exception Handling: try, catch, throw, custom exceptions.

File Handling: Reading from and writing to files using fstream, handling binary files.

Namespaces: Creating and using namespaces, the std namespace.

6. Memory Management

Dynamic Allocation: Managing memory with new and delete.

Smart Pointers: std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr, std::weak_ptr.

Memory Leaks and Debugging: Identifying and preventing memory leaks.

7. Algorithms and Problem Solving

Searching and Sorting Algorithms: Linear search, binary search, bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort.

Recursion: Concepts and use-cases of recursive algorithms.

Data Structures: Linked lists, stacks, queues, trees, and graphs.

8. Multithreading and Concurrency

Thread Basics: Creating and managing threads.

Synchronization: Mutexes, locks, condition variables.

Concurrency Issues: Deadlocks, race conditions.

9. Best Practices and Coding Standards

Code Style: Naming conventions, commenting, formatting.

Optimization Techniques: Efficient coding practices, understanding compiler optimizations.

Design Patterns: Common patterns like Singleton, Factory, Observer.

10. Project Work and Applications

Building Applications: Developing simple to complex applications using C++.

Debugging and Testing: Using debugging tools, writing test cases.

Version Control: Introduction to version control systems like Git.

This comprehensive set of topics equips students with the skills needed to develop efficient, robust, and scalable software using C++. Depending on the course level, additional advanced topics like metaprogramming, networking, or game development might also be covered.

C++ course in chennai

Web designing course in chennai

full stack course in chennai

[cladeymoore]

Introducing Solidify — a tool to automatically detect and classify smart contract security risks

Introducing Solidify — a tool to automatically detect and classify smart contract security risks

By Peter Kacherginsky, Principal Blockchain Security Engineer

When our blockchain security team started doing a few smart contract security reviews in 2018, we had no idea that we would be doing hundreds of reviews in 2021.

To grow the open financial system, Coinbase is committed to expanding its list of supported cryptocurrencies. Recently, we launched the Asset Hub to streamline our diligence process for new listings. One of the critical factors we consider is smart contract security, especially with regard to Ethereum-based tokens which can vary greatly in technical complexity. Therefore, we created a smart contract security tool called Solidify to help automate, standardize, and scale this process.

Manual smart contract analysis is a time intensive and error prone process. Experienced teams miss occasional vulnerabilities which can lead to significant monetary loss. To keep our customers and Coinbase safe, our token listing process requires security reviews and risk mitigation recommendations for every smart contract. Consider our challenge of figuring out how to do this specialty risk identification and recommendation process at scale. We identified existing smart contract security scanners that are geared toward manual reviews. But these tools do not offer the required safety guarantees and standardized risk scoring for fully automated analysis.

To solve this problem we developed a tool called Solidify (a play on Solidity) to increase the rate of new asset security reviews without lowering our high security standard that Coinbase customers have come to expect for protecting their tokens. Solidify uses a large signature database and a pattern matching engine to reliably detect contract features and their risks, standardize and score smart contract risks, suggest mitigation strategies, and generate detailed reports to help inform our decision on whether or not Coinbase should list the asset. Solidify evaluates security risks of hundreds of smart contracts either fully automatically or through identification of unique functions that require additional manual review.

How Solidify Works

Most smart contract risks come from operations design choices by asset issuers that introduce potentially dangerous functionality (e.g. freezing, upgrading, etc.) or non-standard function implementations that are insufficiently tested (e.g. custom withdrawal logic). On the design side, we observe most asset issuers using standard patterns such as OpenZeppelin’s contracts library to implement features like asset pausing:

contract Pausable is Ownable { event Pause(); event Unpause();

bool public paused = false;

modifier whenNotPaused() { require(!paused); _; }

modifier whenPaused() { require(paused); _; }

function pause() onlyOwner whenNotPaused public { paused = true; Pause(); }

function unpause() onlyOwner whenPaused public { paused = false; Unpause(); } }

Source: openzeppelin-contracts-1.3.0/contracts/lifecycle/Pausable.sol

By using the above pause() functions, the owner of the smart contract can halt all send/receive operations and, in some cases, negatively impact the contract utility. By the presence of the pause library and respective transfer functions which use them, we can reliably classify the contract having a risk of getting paused. Solidify does this by aggregating all known instances and possible variations on the pause() function and automatically checking if the currently analyzed contract has it. Unique signatures are generated using AST (Abstract Syntax Tree) structures to avoid duplicates produced by slight variations in syntax while ensuring grammatical accuracy of what the function actually does.

The above sample AST tree for the pause() function will be processed to generate a unique hash which will be used as a signature to match against other smart contracts:

Below is a sample entry in the signature database generated by Solidify for the pause() function:

{

"Hash":

"05654d81921af71079698aff1b4be500d1405ece9364a05915b738376c0250b5",

"Name": "pause()",

"Mutability": "nonpayable",

"Source": ["signatures/openzeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-1.10.0/contracts/lifecycle/Pausable.sol:666:90:0",

"signatures/openzeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-1.11.0/contracts/lifecycle/Pausable.sol:666:90:0",

"signatures/openzeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-1.9.0/contracts/lifecycle/Pausable.sol:666:90:0" [.. redacted ..]

],

"Doc": "@dev called by the owner to pause, triggers stopped state\r", "Features": [ "pausing"

]

},

Notice that the same pause() function signature is present across 3 different releases of the OpenZeppelin library and other tokens that included that code verbatim. The above signature also includes a list of features such as “pausing” which allows us to automatically evaluate asset’s risk and suggest mitigations (e.g. robust multi-sig for the owner account). Solidify performs similar signature matching against every single function in an analyzed contract until all functions are either detected or added to our signature database so we never need to analyze the same code twice.

Solidify currently has about 6,000 unique signatures which are used to efficiently match risks against any given smart contract. A manual review which took up to 2 work days in 2018 can be performed in just a few minutes in 2021. Solidify’s capabilities and detection rates are continuously growing as our security engineers add new signatures and record associated risks.

How to Use Solidify

Let’s analyze a sample smart contract to illustrate the signature matching engine in action. Let’s look at ChainLink Token (LINK) and see how secure it is by running Solidify on its smart contract deployed at 0x514910771af9ca656af840dff83e8264ecf986ca:

% ./solidify -a 0x514910771af9ca656af840dff83e8264ecf986ca

2021/05/20 15:16:22 Loaded 5777 function signatures

2021/05/20 15:16:22 Processing 0x514910771af9ca656af840dff83e8264ecf986ca

2021/05/20 15:16:23 Loading signatures from: contracts/LINK_0x514910771af9ca656af840dff83e8264ecf986ca/LinkToken.sol

2021/05/20 15:16:23 Generating AST for contracts/LINK_0x514910771af9ca656af840dff83e8264ecf986ca/LinkToken.sol

2021/05/20 15:16:24 Installing solidity version 0.4.21

2021/05/20 15:16:28 Set solc version to 0.4.21

2021/05/20 15:16:29 Detected 19 signatures

2021/05/20 15:16:29 Storing report in reports/LINK_0x514910771af9ca656af840dff83e8264ecf986ca/LINK.yml

2021/05/20 15:16:29 Storing report in reports/LINK_0x514910771af9ca656af840dff83e8264ecf986ca/ChainLink Token (LINK) Security Memo.md

It took only a few seconds for Solidify to automatically download the contract source code, generate ASTs using an appropriate Solidity version, detect and match 19 unique function signatures. Below is a snippet of the Markdown report produced by the tool:

ERC-20 Security Assessment: ChainLink Token (LINK)

Auditor: Peter Kacherginsky Solidify version: 1.2.3 Contract Source: 0x514910771af9ca656af840dff83e8264ecf986ca

Executive Summary

Date: 2021–05–20 Residual Security Risk Score: 2 Inherent Security Risk Score: 2

Risk Score: 2 Risk Description: External address call

Risk Score: 1 Risk Description: Use of assembly instructions ** Asset risks are calculated on the scale of 1–5 with 5 being the most severe.

No mitigations are necessary for this asset.

Risk Details

ChainLink Token has the following risks:

2 | External address call The contract may invoke another function on a different smart contract in order to trigger functionality not defined within the contract itself

External address calls increase complexity and risk of the smart contracts. External calls are a prerequisite to re-entrantrancy vulnerabilities.

The following functions triggered this risk:

contractFallback(address,uint256,bytes memory)

transferAndCall(address,uint256,bytes memory)

transferAndCall(address,uint256,bytes memory)

1 | Use of assembly instructions Assembly instructions use low level interface to directly manipulate the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) as opposed to using the high level Solidity language. For example, inline assembly can make low level calls to other contracts, manipulate storage slots directly, and circumvent developer protections offered by higher level languages.

The use of assembly instructions increases complexity and obfuscates functionality of the smart contract while circumventing some of the inherent compiler protections.

The following functions triggered this risk:

isContract(address)

Mitigation Details

Implementation of the following risk mitigations drive the residual security risk score: N/A

Monitoring

Slack Monitoring: N/A Slack and Pagerduty Monitoring: N/A

Matching Function Signatures

062afb9e84bbfded288268dcd3860be4fac7576697e563970dbfedd29dd9f5ff — add(uint256,uint256)

0f5d6c18af8bfe45551aea6c08ee36f2388d40721a399a99210754fb5b5d4fcc — isContract(address)

27711ded0a7898d7ac3feca9c539c7660909efcc5bf12c8e8b8612d522be6ac4 — contractFallback(address,uint256,bytes memory)

2d299e0f7d2ea990e5ca714c04fbac5ae68615d9404bf447f42234f28891fcd5 — transferFrom(address,address,uint256)

3ee09ec574744840001f024d57db0a57f4986733e71f8355bf8cd7af08e03ef4 — transferAndCall(address,uint256,bytes memory)

504201695c6fb08bebd3aaa9ccc252afd104cedddc5a5db8785ff1ec93e3255d -

[.. REDACTED ..]

Matching Function Sources:

signatures/openzeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-1.1.0/contracts/token/BasicToken.sol

signatures/openzeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-1.1.0/contracts/token/StandardToken.sol

signatures/openzeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-1.10.0/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol

signatures/openzeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-1.11.0/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol

signatures/openzeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts-1.3.0/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol

[.. REDACTED ..]

Most of the contract was taken from standard OpenZeppelin libraries or other known smart contracts which makes the function matching easy. There were only two informational findings related to the use of custom assembly code and making external function calls; however, those do not pose a security risk on their own. Based on the output above, the token would be rated with a risk score of (2) which is considered low risk from a security perspective.

Limitations

Solidify is purpose built to address our need to quickly and securely review ERC-20 and similar tokens. Having standardized token interfaces and a relatively limited functionality necessary to manage accounts is great for building signature databases which match a large percentage of contracts out there. But more complex assets such as AMMs and other DeFi applications require additional manual analysis because of the large percentage of custom code. However, Solidify is still beneficial for these applications when analyzing DeFi clones or for eliminating standard libraries from the manual review scope so analysts can focus on the custom logic.

Although Solidify is currently limited to Ethereum blockchain and Solidity, there are plans to expand the tool to other EVM-based platforms and support additional languages like Vyper.

Since all data in Solidify is manually populated by analysts there also exists a risk where we miss or misclassify features for a signature resulting in an incorrect assessment. We are concerned about deployed contracts trying to hide backdoors through malicious constructors, code obfuscation, exploiting the tool itself, and other techniques. Additional controls are built internally to validate signatures, detect anomalies and malicious behavior.

Future Development

We plan to open source Solidify later this year. In the meantime, additional development is focused on:

Improving accuracy of signature generation and detection logic

Integrating formal verification techniques to reduce the need for manual analysis

Conclusion

In this blog we have shared a novel tool and techniques used to automatically detect and classify smart contract risks. Solidify is a powerful and highly configurable tool that can be used by smart contract auditors, asset issuers, and other exchanges to help make digital asset ecosystems more secure. As the cryptoeconomy grows, tools like Solidify will become increasingly vital.

If you are interested in securing the future of finance, Coinbase is hiring.

Introducing Solidify — a tool to automatically detect and classify smart contract security risks was originally published in The Coinbase Blog on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

from Money 101 https://blog.coinbase.com/introducing-solidify-a-tool-to-automatically-detect-and-classify-smart-contract-security-risks-73a1338fdbbe?source=rss----c114225aeaf7---4 via http://www.rssmix.com/

[joeyrob1]

Intro Primer For WEKA Machine Learning Software

Contents

1 Intro Primer For WEKA Machine Learning Software

2 Why Weka?

2.0.1 Data Preprocessing

2.0.2 Classification

2.0.3 Clustering

2.0.4 Attribute Selection

2.0.5 Data Visualization

2.0.6 Time Series Forecasting

3 Intro to the Weka GUI

3.0.1 1. Download and Install

3.0.2 2. Weka Explorer

3.0.3 3. Weka Experimenter

3.0.4 4. Knowledge Flow

4 References

5 Conclusion

Intro Primer For WEKA Machine Learning Software

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Weka is a machine learning software and data mining workbench. It’s an acronym for the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis. It contains a collection of visualization tools and algorithms for data analysis and predictive modeling. It is a very convenient tool with wonderful graphical user interfaces for you to experiment with machine learning and data mining models on your data.

Hoang Pham Truc Phuong, hptphuong@gmail.com, is the author of this article and he contributes to RobustTechHouse Blog for our Machine Learning column. RobustTechHouse is a web & mobile app development house focusing on Financial (Fintech) and ECommerce sectors and likes to dabble with data analysis and machine learning too.

[Updated on 25 May 2015] Also see our follow up post on Intro Primer To WEKA Explorer For Machine Learning

Why Weka?

Weka supports several standard data mining tasks with many standard data mining algorithms ranging from normal ones to really complex ones. All of Weka’s techniques are predicated on the assumption that the data is available as a single flat file or relation, where each data point is described by a fixed number of attributes. Here are some main features of Weka:

Data Preprocessing

Weka supports various file formats e.g, CSV, Matlab etc and its own file format (ARFF). It also supports most common database management systems (DBMS) including HSQL, SQL SERVER, MySQL, PostgreSQL etc through java connections. For data processing, Weka has over 75 methods for filtering, ranging from basic to advanced operators eg principal component analysis.

Classification

Weka has a lot of classification methods. Classifiers can be divided into “Bayesian” methods (Naive Bayes, Bayesian nets etc.), lazy methods (nearest neighbor and variants), rule-based methods (decision tables, OneR, RIPPER), tree learners (C4.5, Naive Bayes trees, M5, J.48 etc), function-based learners (linear regression, SVMs, Multilayer Perceptron, Gaussian processes) and miscellaneous methods.

Clustering

Weka has most classic algorithms for clustering such as: Simple KMeans, Hierarchical class clustering, simple expectation maximization (EM).

Attribute Selection

The set of attributes used is essential for classification performance. Various selection criteria and search methods are available.

Data Visualization

Data can be inspected visually by plotting attribute values against the class, or against other attribute values. Classifier output can be compared to training data in order to detect outliers and observe classifier characteristics and decision boundaries. For specific methods, there are specialized tools for visualization, such as a tree viewer for any method that produces classification trees, a Bayes network viewer with automatic layout, and a dendrogram viewer for hierarchical clustering

Time Series Forecasting

This is a new function in Weka from version 3.7.x (version for Developers). Weka supports many methods for predicting time series as function-based learning (Gaussian processing, linear regression, Multilayer perceptron neural network, SMOreg-support vector machine for regression), lazy method (K-nearest neighbours, Locally weighted learning and KStar) and trees (Random forest, random tree)

From my experience, here are some reasons which make Weka a good toolbox for Machine Learning: 1. Easy to use graphical user interfaces. 2. Contains most of the powerful algorithms published for machine learning. 3. Free availability under the GNU General Public License. 4. Portability, since it is fully implemented in the Java programming language and runs on almost any modern computing platform. 5. A comprehensive collection of data pre-processing and modelling techniques.

Intro to the Weka GUI

1. Download and Install

Download from Weka Download Link. There are two versions of Weka: Stable version (3.6.12) and developer version (3.7.12). I personally prefer the developer version because it allows me to install more packages, e.g, time series forecasting.

After downloading, unzip the zip file and run this command: > java -Xmx1000M -jar weka.jar

Weka version 3.6 (Stable Version)

Weka Version 3.7 (Developer Version)

The above shows the subtle differences between the standard and developer versions.

To connect to a DBMS, you should to do the following steps:

1. Download java connection compatible with your DBMS,e.g, mysql-connector-java, sql-connector-java 2. Use this syntax to run weka with DBMS:

> java -Xmx1000M -cp weka path:java_connection_path weka.gui.GUIChooser.

Here is the example I used to connect to mysql: > java -Xmx1000M -cp /home/phuong/weka-3-7-12/weka.jar:/home/phuong/java_conn/mysql-connector-java-5.1.34-bin.jar weka.gui.GUIChooser

2. Weka Explorer

In, Weka explorer, you can visualize, clean your data and try some algorithms for clustering, classification and forecasting. Some features are different between the stable version & developer version of Weka. Here, I am using “Weka Explorer” in the developer version.

Weka Explorer

The explorer interface is divided into 11 different tabs in two tab lines (top line contain 5 features and the other have 6 features) . The top line is only have in the developer version.

RConsole: It is an extension which combines Weka with R language and reuses some a lot of the awesome functions from R.

RConsole

Parallel Coordinates Plot: a common way of visualizing high-dimensional geometry and analyzing multivariate data.

Parallel Coordinates Plot

Projection Plot: To apply algorithms such as clustering algorithms and visualize the results on the graph directly.

Visualize 3D: Plot your data in 3D space!

Visualize 3D

Forecasting: This function is used for time series forecasting. You will find some famous algorithms such as SVM, regression in here.

Forecast: Graph

Forecast: Output & Evaluation

Preprocess: Load a dataset and manipulate the data into a form that you want to work with.

Preprocess

Classify: Select and run classication and regression algorithms to operate on your data.

Cluster: Select and run clustering algorithms on your dataset.

Associate: Run association algorithms to extract insights from your data.

Select Attributes: Run attribute selection algorithms on your data to select those attributes that are relevant to the feature you want to predict.

Visualize: Visualize the relationship between attributes.

3. Weka Experimenter

Unlike Weka Explorer that is used for analysis and experimenting with algorithms, “Weka Experimenter” is for designing experiments with your selection of algorithms and datasets, running experiments and analyzing the results. For example, the user can create an experiment that runs several schemes against a series of datasets and then analyse the results to determine if one of the schemes is statistically better than the other schemes.

Weka Experimenter

4. Knowledge Flow

Knowledge Flow helps you create a process to apply machine learning. It helps you graphically design your process and run the design that you created. The analysis process goes like this: loading and transforming of input data, followed by running of algorithms and then presentation of results.

Weka Knowledge Flow Environment

References

You can review some links below for more information about Weka.

An Introduction To The WEKA Data Mining System

Data Mining With Weka

More Data Mining With Weka

WEKA Documentations

Conclusion

Here we provided an Intro Primer For WEKA Machine Learning Software. Hope you found it useful.

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Intro Primer For WEKA Machine Learning Software was originally published on RobustTechHouse - Mobile App Development Singapore