#arbitrator vs interrogator

[dairine-bonnet]

Tbh I expect Heinrix and Solomorne to be having arguments about which of them has more authority, while my RT Lynette will be standing aside and watching them with a big bucket full of popcorn...

[waynejay]

Voltrium Systems - Unravelling the Nuances: Line Scan vs. Hyperspectral Cameras

Understanding the fundamental disparities between line scan and hyperspectral cameras is paramount in today's tech-driven landscape. These two imaging marvels, although serving analogous purposes, harbour intrinsic differences that can significantly influence their application scope and efficacy. 

Let's traverse these disparities and unearth the practical implications of each camera type.

Line Scan Cameras

Line scan cameras, a stalwart in industrial imaging, operate on a simplistic yet potent premise. Unlike conventional cameras capturing entire scenes in a single frame, line scan cameras meticulously scan objects line by line, akin to a scanner traversing a document. This incremental approach enables line scan cameras to capture high-resolution images of objects in motion, rendering them indispensable in myriad industrial settings.

The operational essence of line scan cameras lies in their capability to capture continuous streams of data, facilitating seamless integration into production lines for quality assurance and process monitoring. From inspecting conveyor belts in manufacturing plants to scrutinising web materials in printing presses, line scan cameras emerge as stalwart sentinels, meticulously scanning for imperfections with unwavering precision.

The utilisation of line scan cameras extends beyond industrial precincts, infiltrating realms such as medical imaging and aerial surveillance. In the medical domain, these cameras facilitate precise diagnostics by capturing intricate details of anatomical structures with unparalleled clarity. Similarly, in aerial reconnaissance, line scan cameras aid in mapping terrains and monitoring environmental changes with remarkable acuity.

Hyperspectral Cameras

Venturing into the realm of hyperspectral cameras unveils a paradigm shift in imaging capabilities, characterised by spectral enlightenment. Unlike their conventional counterparts, hyperspectral cameras transcend the boundaries of RGB imaging, delving into the spectral intricacies of objects to unravel a cornucopia of compositional insights.

Harnessing the power of hyperspectral imaging entails a meticulous interrogation of the electromagnetic spectrum, dissecting objects into a multitude of spectral bands for exhaustive analysis. This granular approach enables hyperspectral cameras to discern subtle differences in materials, unveiling concealed details imperceptible to the naked eye or conventional imaging systems.

The applications of hyperspectral cameras span a diverse spectrum, ranging from precision agriculture and environmental monitoring to pharmaceutical analysis and food quality assessment. In precision agriculture, these cameras serve as discerning arbitrators, detecting crop stress, nutrient deficiencies, and pest infestations with unparalleled precision. Similarly, in environmental monitoring, hyperspectral cameras unveil the ecological tapestry, delineating pollutant concentrations and ecosystem dynamics with remarkable acuity.

Implementation Considerations

Implementing hyperspectral and line scan cameras necessitates a nuanced understanding of their operational requisites and application nuances. In industrial settings, factors such as conveyor speed, lighting conditions, and object geometry profoundly influence camera selection and deployment. Calibration procedures and image processing algorithms play pivotal roles in maximising the efficacy of these cameras, ensuring optimal performance and reliability.

Innovations in camera technology continue to burgeon, ushering in a new era of imaging prowess. However, navigating this deluge of advancements mandates a judicious evaluation of application requirements and technological capabilities. Whether it's harnessing the precision of line scan cameras for quality assurance or delving into the spectral intricacies with hyperspectral imaging, the quest for imaging excellence beckons.

Performance Evaluation

Assessing the performance of line scan and hyperspectral cameras entails a multifaceted evaluation encompassing various metrics:

Spatial resolution: Evaluate the ability of cameras to capture fine details and discern objects with clarity.

Spectral resolution: Assess the spectral fidelity and discrimination capabilities of hyperspectral cameras across different wavelength bands.

Temporal resolution: Measure the speed and efficiency of cameras in capturing dynamic scenes and fast-moving objects.

Signal-to-noise ratio: Gauge the signal quality relative to background noise, indicative of imaging fidelity and reliability.

Image processing efficiency: Analyse the computational prowess of cameras in processing and analysing captured data, facilitating rapid decision-making and insights extraction.

Future Perspectives

The trajectory of line scan and hyperspectral imaging holds promise for continued innovation and evolution:

Advancements in sensor technology and image processing algorithms will enhance the performance and capabilities of cameras, unlocking new frontiers in imaging excellence.

Integration with artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms will augment the analytical capabilities of cameras, enabling autonomous decision-making and predictive insights generation.

Miniaturisation and cost-reduction efforts will democratise access to advanced imaging technologies, fostering widespread adoption across diverse industries and applications.

Synergistic integration with complementary technologies such as LiDAR and thermal imaging will enable comprehensive multi-modal sensing solutions, enriching the depth and breadth of insights gleaned from imaging data. Embark on a journey of imaging excellence with Voltrium Systems. Explore our comprehensive range of machine vision products, meticulously crafted to elevate your imaging endeavours to unparalleled heights.

[careycuprisin]

Who counts as a female athlete?

This tweet set off several long discussions about which people should and should not meet the criteria of being a ‘woman’ for the sake of women’s athletic events. There were discussions about testosterone levels, and about chromosomal status, and other things. I found most of it very disgusting.

The reason this issue came up at all is because Caster Semenya of South Africa just lost her challenge to the International Association of Athletics Federations before the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The IAAF had issued a rule that athletes with testosterone levels above a certain level could not compete in women’s track events between 400m and a mile. Semenya dominates the women’s 800m, and presumably has natural testosterone levels higher than the IAAF rule would permit. Under the rule, therefore, she would either have to stop competing in her preferred event entirely, or do something to artificially lower her testosterone levels to satisfy the rule. The IAAF, in effect. demanded that Semenya engage in reverse doping if she wanted to compete, and the CAS just ruled that this was OK.

There are many problems with this.

Over the years we’ve learned a tremendous amount (thanks to what people broadly refer to as ‘science’) about the factors that affect athletic performance. We’ve advanced from an ability to identify only the crudest differences between athletes (that guy has longer legs; that woman has bigger muscles; that guy is more limber) to an ability to precisely measure a myriad of biochemical and other physiologic characteristics of athletes. We can measure their relative percentages of different types of muscle fibers; we know their hematocrits and hemoglobins, we know their VO2max and lactate thresholds.

As this process of measurement and analysis advances, we continue to speculate about how these measured differences affect athletic performance. And, just like in the past when the best we could do was identify the guy with the longest legs, there is some controversy over exactly how determinative each difference in a measured characteristic is for athletic success. At very elite levels, where the differences in performance between the champion and the fourth-place finisher are very small, the cause-and-effect relationships between subtle differences in measured characteristics and marginally superior performance are still a matter of debate.

Simultaneously with our scientific advancements in our ability to measure and describe the bodies of athletes, we’ve maintained a general ethical commitment that athletic competitions ought to be ‘fair.’ We mandate that everyone follow the same rules during a competition, and we impose rules on everyone in their training and preparation as well (e.g., no doping).

We also continue to attempt, both for the sake of fairness and for the sake of promoting fierce competition, to segregate different kinds of athletes into different pools for the sake of picking winners and losers. Our judgments about what physical factors matter for athletic performance are crucial here. This is why we have age-group awards in marathons. We judge that being 40 years old puts a person at an unfair disadvantage in a marathon against a person who is 25 years old, all else assumed to be equal. Similarly, this is one of the reasons* why we have separate events and awards for men and women.

But alongside our general sense that broad categories of athletes should be sorted into various pools, we’ve also been very willing to accept that certain naturally-occurring physical differences should simply be taken as given, even if we think they matter for success in a sport. We think, generally, that being tall might confer an advantage for a basketball player, but we don’t set up separate leagues for tall vs short basketball players. There’s no separate hockey league for people with low muscle mass.

Indeed, what we consider ‘fair’ in sports has always involved some balance of artificial segregation on the basis of naturally-occurring differences in physical characteristics, and some passive but explicit acceptance of these differences. If we didn’t accept some naturally-occurring differences, we’d be forced to absurdities like permitting only the most identical people in terms of physical measurements to compete against one another, which in the extreme case would be races between only two people (and even this might be criticized as unfair, as I can always find some distinguishing characteristic between two people and come up with some argument why that difference matters for performance). If we didn’t accept naturally-occurring differences at all, our competitions might be reduced solely to determining ‘who worked hardest for it.’ Just turn in your training logs and whoever ‘trained hardest’ is the winner.

But we don’t want to do that for another reason, and that is, we explicitly want to be able to marvel at the natural gifts that some athletes have. We marvel at LeBron James not just for his attitude and his work ethic, but because it’s amazing to see the stars aligning and Providence being moved (or however you want to describe this uncontrollable and ‘given’ nature of great athletes) in order to produce the amazing athlete that is LeBron James.

So, to summarize. First, in sports we’re trying to maintain a rough sense of fairness, which means balancing toleration and admiration for natural physical differences, with some artificial segregation based on natural physical differences. At the same time, we’re constantly expanding our scientific abilities to identify and characterize these physical differences. It used to be we could measure the length of a guy’s legs, now we can measure their serum testosterone, their chromosomal makeup, and their maximum oxygen consumption per minute.

Which brings us to Caster Semenya. She presents problems for our accustomed habits with regard to sports, and requires that we make some decisions. The IAAF made a bad decision when it required Semenya to artificially lower her testosterone levels in order to compete in the 800m, and the CAS made a bad decision when it failed to overturn the IAAF’s rule.

First and overwhelmingly most important, the decision is profoundly unfair to Caster Semenya herself, individually. She identifies as (and is, as far as I’m concerned) a woman, even though she has some biological traits that differ in some ways from other women (to the extent that some people refer to her as ‘intersex’). Our extensive technological ability to describe physical characteristics has in Semenya’s case led people to question whether she is really enough of a woman for the sake of running the women’s 800m. It has highlighted a ‘scientific’ truth that gender and sex aren’t binary, and because gender and sex are one of our longstanding accepted categories of differentiation for athletes, some people feel justified in saying that Semenya’s measurements are too non-female to permit her to compete.

Using this extensive interrogation of Semenya’s body as a justification for excluding her from her event unless she reverse-dopes and artificially lowers her naturally-occurring testosterone levels is unjust and morally wrong. It’s wrong because it treats Semenya differently from other athletes in unjustified ways. No one has ever accused Semenya of doping or trying to obtain an artificially high testosterone level. Like every other presumably clean athlete, she’s competing with her natural physiological gifts refined by diligent training and preparation. In every other athlete, this is celebrated. In Semenya’s case, almost uniquely, it’s punished. Despite the fact that she has competed fairly in every way we commonly mean when we say ‘fair.’ 

The rule against *artificially* high testosterone has now morphed into a rule against anyone with testosterone levels above a certain level whether naturally-occurring or artificial. This, in my opinion, strikes the wrong balance between the acceptance of naturally-occurring physical differences and artificial segregation of athletes. Even worse, this rule has morphed and changed post-hoc, in explicit reaction to essentially one successful athlete, Caster Semenya, and it’s now being wielded by the IAAF against essentially one athlete, Caster Semenya. General rules, if they’re going to be considered fair, must not be reactive like this.

There are many other decisive arguments against this bad outcome, which I’ll either make later in another post or let others make. I’m certain that there is a strong element of racism involved here, similar to the controversies surrounding Serena Williams. There is also a strong element of sexism here: the consequences of this rule are that successful female athletes who don’t conform at a glance to social understandings of femininity are at risk of having to prove that they are woman enough to have earned their victories.

As a precedent, this rule is bad in every way. It should be treated with contempt and eliminated as soon as possible.

*other reasons being cultural habits, broader notions of gender norms, etc.

[aniyanewjackson]

069 to support underprivileged kids in July

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