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andnogimmicks · 7 years

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A Portrait of Britain in 1964

Warning: This post contains an extremely unpleasant racial slur and descriptions of the oppressive behaviour and laws in Britain in the 1960s.

Update: This post was edited on 2017-10-01 to add supporting empirical data and four new photographs. It was edited on 2017-10-02 to add detail to its account of the Profumo Affair, and on 2017-10-03, to add a photograph of a giant cake. On 2017-10-12, I added an anecdote about a trapped kangaroo, and on 2017-11-03, I significantly embellished several passages of the text.

Manchester, 1964. Photograph © Shirley Baker Estate, used here without permission, and taken from the BBC on 2017-09-10. Above is a black-and-white photograph in landscape. It shows four small black children playing in the street in front of a terraced house in a poor urban area. The doorway to the house is open. In the foreground, the oldest boy, facing left, pouts with concentration as he bends to hit a moving ball with his cricket bat. Another boy, wearing a striped T-shirt, watches from behind him. In the background, two more children look on lazily from their perch on top of the front boundary wall.

During the 1950s, having endured a period of post-war economic austerity and national exhaustion, Britain developed into an optimistic and increasingly affluent society of hire purchase for domestic appliances, increased leisure time, and improved housing.1 The years following have been characterised by a loss of innocence brought on by increased media scrutiny on elites, changing British self-conception, and a new assertiveness among working people. By 1964, the buoyant mood of the previous decade was in freefall, replaced by ‘self-doubt and angry introspection’.2 The emerging society would be characterised by social conflict, technological change, and a desire for glamour and pleasure.

The shape of the stuff of life was shifting. The first American-style 'superstore' (a very large supermarket, built away from residential areas, and accessible by car) was opened by GEM International Supercentres in November 1964, in West Bridgford, just outside Nottingham. (It became an Asda in 1966.)3 Having suffered bland and limited food during extensive rationing, which only finally ended for meat in 1954,4 British people had by 1960 the fifth highest sugar consumption in the world, and new methods of production, together with the development of freezing and drying techniques, allowed for broad access to tinned goods and conveniences.5 What they ate was largely traditional British food, with no pasta or curry, and eating ‘out’ (i.e., at a restaurant) was still a luxury. Higher wages allowed many families to replace fish with chicken, beef, and pork.6 Elizabeth David’s A Book of Mediterranean Food had been published in 1950, but many of the ingredients she had listed, including figs, olive oil, myzithra cheese, fresh salmon, and Malaga, had been unavailable for years. Even now, they could be found only at specialist stockists in London.7 (In her preface to the book's 1988 reprint, David admitted that even as she had been writing it, she and her friends lived on a diet consisting of 'an awful lot of beans and potatoes'.8)

The Bakers & Giant Cake, CHAD 13784-13 (1965). Photograph unsourced. Retrieved from Our Mansfield and Area on 2017-10-03. Above is a black-and-white landscape photograph of five white men smiling into the camera. In front of them is a colossal novelty cake, made to look like the GEM superstore in West Bridgford, complete with car park, GEM logo, and individual cars. Four of the men wear white bakers' livery, including small paper hats. The two men in the centre are management, and wear dress shirts with ties. One man is wearing a white T-shirt. The cake was produced by Landers Bakery, in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, to commemorate the first anniversary of the opening of the superstore, in 1965.

The old values of deference and tradition were eroding. National Service was finally abolished in 1960.9 Although capital punishment would remain on the statute books until the next year, by the 1964 General Election, the last legal hanging in Britain had already taken place, on the 13th of August.10 The 1960 Betting and Gambling Act legalised the opening of betting shops and bingo parlours. Society was secularising, and slowly opening up about gender and sex. Church attendance was collapsing.11 By 1964, John Robinson, an Anglican bishop, had sold a quarter of a million copies of his book, Honest to God, which espoused a libertarian conception of morality within a framework of Christian ethics.12 More women were in work than ever before: having made up 31% of the workforce in 1951, they climbed to 33% in 1961, and would hit 37% by 1971.13 The contraceptive pill had been available since 1963, although it was not yet widely in use.14 Childbirth outside marriage was slowly increasing, and 1964 was also the year the UK hit peak fertility, at 2.94 children per couple.15 As a consequence of the high birth rate, the population was very young, dominated by teenagers and children born in the post-war baby boom.

There was a sense that the future belonged to ordinary, less well-off people. Luxuries were becoming more affordable. Fabrics exploded with colour, and miniskirts and minidresses appeared for the first time.16 The British took 34 million holiday trips in 1961, up from 27 million in 1951.17 Growing fleets of commercial jets, increased affluence at home, and economic changes abroad (especially in Franco’s Spain) meant that more Britons could now afford to travel outside the UK.18 British cultural identity had a new glamour, associated with iconic cars like the Jaguar E-Type (released in 1961), rising British pop musicians, new clothing fashions (frequently photographed by David Bailey), and films like Dr. No and Lawrence of Arabia, both released in 1962. Specialist boutiques began to appear, where the increasingly wealthy could spend their disposable income. Mary Quant's Bazaar had opened on King's Road in 1955 to sell fashionable modern clothes. Terence Conran's Habitat and Barbara Hulanicki's Biba launched in 1964. By January that year, 14.2 million households, or 84% of homes, had a black-and-white CRT television set,19 although over two thirds of homes still lacked a telephone, and refrigerators had only reached 33% of households in 1962, up from 8% in 1956.20 As of April 1964, with the launch of BBC2, there were now three television channels. Commercial television, available since the passing of the 1954 Television Act, carried [advertising for new appliances and other consumer goods](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcKuOMVcqfI.21 Doctor Who had been on air for a year, and Coronation Street since 1960.

BBC2's launch had been a total disaster. A fire at Battersea Power Station caused a power outage which left the station unable to broadcast its opening programming. A live kangaroo, which the studio had borrowed from London Zoo, was trapped in a lift. Eventually, some highly awkward and hastily assembled news footage was shown, but to save face, BBC2 relaunched the following night, with a quick sight gag about using a candle to light the studio. The first night's amateurish footage, having been thought lost for decades, was discovered in an archive in 2003. Here's some brief clips from the first night and the relaunch, from YouTube:22

youtube

Working- and middle-class people were more visible in public life. British pop acts like The Beatles and The Kinks were world-famous. A new generation of working-class playwrights had emerged, focussed on social realities, including John Osborne, Shelagh Delaney, Harold Pinter, and Arnold Wesker. In 1963, a 17 year-old working-class boy from Belfast named George Best made his First Division debut for Manchester United. Since 1948, 2.2 million social homes had been built.23 Although not everyone was satisfied with their new flats and houses, living conditions broadly improved as slums had been cleared on a huge scale. With the exception of 1947, unemployment had been consistently low (under 2.6%) since 1940.24 Smaller cars like the Mini were less expensive to buy and run than their predecessors. The young adults of 1964 were the first generation to grow up with the unconditional support of a healthcare system which was free at the point of use, under the shadow of the NHS, set up in 1948.

Minnie Caldwell (left), Ena Sharples (centre), and Martha Longhurst (right), famous Coronation Street characters in the 1960s, undated. Photograph unsourced, used here without permission, and taken from the Coronation Street Blog on 2017-10-01. Above is a black-and-white photograph in landscape. In it, three middle-aged working-class white women sit in an urban pub, with three drinks in half-pint glasses, and very sour, conspiratorial looks. All three women wear distinctive headgear. The one in the middle is wearing a hairnet.

But progressive social change was not universal. Britain remained a prison of sexual and gender conformity. The Homosexual Law Reform Society was founded in 1958 to campaign against the continuing illegality of sexual activity between men, but queer people were still overwhelmingly deeply closeted.25 Abortion was against the law. Those who found themselves unexpectedly pregnant were forced either to carry the foetus to term, or seek a dangerous illegal termination.26 The Matrimonial Causes Act of 1937 had made divorce more easily attainable for women, but only provided they could prove their husband’s adultery, extensive domestic abuse, incest, or sodomy. Women received lower wages than their male counterparts, and were frequently sidelined in unions. Housework was, as it remains, overwhelmingly unpaid and unrecognised. And women were less visible at all levels of society. At the Olympics in 1964, only 21% of British participants, and 11% of the officials, were female.27 At the 1959 General Election, the House of Commons had returned only 25 female MPs, out of 630 seats. This was still the largest number in its history.28 The same election saw Labour’s third concurrent electoral defeat, exacerbating socialist anxieties about the long-term relevance of their political project.29

Britain's racial demographics were changing, as a result of increased immigration from Britain's former empire. Immigrants of colour came from India and Pakistan, the West Indies (especially Jamaica, and these in particular are remembered as the Windrush Generation), and Commonwealth realms in Africa. Many did low-paid, low-status work in the centres of cities like Bradford, Birmingham, and London.30 Mainstream attitudes to race were explicitly prejudiced, although the numbers of immigrants remained relatively low, at 800,000 (including white migrants) in 1964.31 White people were unafraid to use slurs or make people of colour unsafe. In 1958, there had been intensely violent racialised attacks in Notting Hill and Nottingham, stirred up by explicit white supremacists against black West Indian immigrants. In both cases, the violence was triggered by white disgust at inter-racial relationships.32

Politicians now began to argue openly for immigration controls and the exclusion of black people from British society. Since 1948, residents of Commonwealth member nations had been entitled to full British citizenship, but in 1962, the Conservative Government passed the Commonwealth Immigrants Act. The new law introduced a quota for migrants of colour, among other restrictions. Labour’s leadership intially opposed the law, but came to support immigration controls, based on the perception of pressure from white working-class voters.33 During the 1964 General Election, in the constituency of Smethwick, the Conservative candidate, Peter Griffiths, allowed his campaign to be associated with the slogan, ‘if you want a nigger neighbour vote Labour,’34 and campaigned for the forcible repatriation of black migrants.35

One way or another, deference was beginning to give way to cynicism and individualism. Veneration for the respectable past had become deeply unfashionable. The Victorian Society had been founded in 1958 to protect and celebrate late 19th century architecture, but this was a reaction by a select group of enthusiasts to a hostile national climate. The failure of their campaign to prevent the 1961 demolition of Euston Arch, built in austere neoclassical style in 1837, was characteristic of the era. In 1960, Penguin won the right to publish Lady Chatterley's Lover, D. H. Lawrence's banned 1928 novel, in a much-publicised obscenity trial. Private Eye, first published in 1961, That Was the Week That Was, first broadcast in 1962, and the burgeoning careers of several comedians, including Peter Cook, and journalists like David Frost, constituted a new 'satire boom' in the early 1960s. In reaction against such irreverence and social liberalism, Mary Whitehouse launched her Clean Up TV campaign in early 1964, to promote respect for authority and conservative family values.

Old hierarchies and ways of making sense of things no longer seemed to fit in this new mood. The world appeared to be increasingly chaotic. In 1962, the US and the Soviet Union narrowly avoided nuclear war in the Cuban Missile Crisis. In November 1963, US President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. At home, there was a sense of rising criminality and social stagnation. The Great Train Robbery of 1963 saw a small, organised group steal the (then enormous) sum of £2.6 million from Royal Mail. Recorded violent crimes were increasing: up from 5,869 in 1955 to 15,976 in 1964.36 Three of the killings which would be come to be known as the Moors Murders had already been committed. The Kray Twins, brothers who worked as violent crime bosses, had celebrity status, and were well known for their night club business and protection racketeering. In 1964, The Sunday Mirror furtively insinuated that Ronnie Kray and Robert Boothby, a member of the House of Lords, were involved in a sexual relationship. Though the allegations were likely true, the paper paid Boothby off to avoid a libel suit.37 The British Establishment, including the Conservative government, had become associated with sleaze and elderly incompetence, exacerbated by the comparison with the youthful and confident President Kennedy. The Cabinet of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was a close-knit clique of aristocrats, almost all of whom had attended Eton. Of the 85 ministers in the Government, 35 were personally related to Macmillan by marriage.38

President John F. Kennedy and Prime Minister of Great Britain Harold Macmillan with their Cabinet Members and Advisors, 1961. Public domain photograph by White House staffer Robert Knudsen, held by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Boston, and retrieved 2017-10-02. Seated at the centre are US President 1960-63, John F. Kennedy (left), and Conservative UK Prime Minister 1957-63, Harold Macmillan (right). To the right of Macmillan is the earl who will soon become his short-lived successor, Alec Douglas-Home. (Seated at the far left is Adlai Stevenson, repeated US Democratic Presidential candidate in the 1950s, and the basis for Peter Sellers' President Merkin Muffley character in Dr. Strangelove, released January 1964.) Above is a full-colour landscape photograph taken on a sunny day on the lawn behind the White House. In the foreground, six suited white men are seated, and looking into the camera. Behind them are two dozen more suited white men. Most of them are middle-aged.

This elite world of corrupt cliques inevitably exploded, in a series of scandals which were to help bring down the Government. In 1962, following a series of economic failures and by-election losses to the Liberal Party, Macmillan sacked a suite of Cabinet ministers in a transparently desperate PR move satirised in the press as the Night of the Long Knives. The leader of the Liberals memorably quipped, 'greater love hath no man than this, that he lay down his friends for his life.' Later that year, civil servant John Vassall was arrested on suspicion of being a Soviet spy. He had been feeding the KGB British military secrets for years.

These events were soon eclipsed by a much greater outrage. It emerged in March 1963 that the War Minister, John Profumo, had had sex with a 19 year-old woman, Christine Keeler, who had also been sleeping with a Soviet military attaché. An osteopath called Stephen Ward had apparently acted as a pimp, profiting socially and financially from sexual relationships which he set up between young women such as Keeler, and several powerful men. One of these men, William Astor, another member of the House of Lords, denied that he had ever met Mandy Rice-Davies, the woman he was accused of having slept with, prompting her famously cynical reply, 'well, he would, wouldn't he?'. Although Profumo appeared not to have shared any sensitive information with Keeler, the fallout from the revelations badly damaged the credibility of Macmillan's administration. In July, there was another spy scandal. Kim Philby, a former MI6 employee who had previously been cleared of suspicion of being a Russian double agent, defected to the Soviet Union. Then, on the 3rd of August, Stephen Ward (the osteopath who had introduced Keeler and Profumo) committed suicide, with his trial still ongoing. Later that year, Macmillan stood down.

Mandy Rice-Davies (left) and Christine Keeler (right) in 1963. Photograph © PA, used here without permission, and taken from The Telegraph on 2017-10-01. Above is a black-and-white photograph in landscape. It shows the heads and shoulders of two young women sitting in the back of a car, from through a side-window. The woman on the left has blonde hair up in a beehive. The woman on the right has flowing dark hair, worn down. Both are made up and dressed in glamorous, high-gloss 1960s style.

Macmillan’s replacement, Alec Douglas-Home (pronounced ‘Hume’), a member of the unelected House of Lords, was selected under contentious and undemocratic circumstances, without input from Conservative MPs, Party members, or the British electorate.39 While convalescing from an operation, Macmillan took soundings on the ability of each of his potential successors to unite the party as they competed for the limelight at the 1963 Conservative conference. Home’s announcement of Macmillan’s retirement, and his speech on foreign affairs, were particularly notable, while others came off less well. Having made his decision, Macmillan quietly advised the Queen to ask Home to form a Government. Home was a slight, mild-mannered, and affable Scottish aristocrat whose political career had specialised in foreign relations. He had been Neville Chamberlain’s parliamentary private secretary from 1936 until the latter’s death in 1940, and had been with Chamberlain when the famous Munich Agreement was signed. He had served as a junior minister in the Scottish Office from 1951, and as Commonwealth Secretary since 1955. Macmillan had made him Foreign Secretary in 1960. Home’s selection was controversial within the party. He was seen to lack dynamism, had previously insisted that he didn’t consider himself a candidate, and was not well-known among the electorate. The other main contenders, Quintin Hogg (then Conservative Leader in the Lords, under the name Hailsham, and Lord President of the Council), and Rab Butler (Deputy PM and First Secretary of State), felt passed over. In the event, two ministers (Iain Macleod and Enoch Powell refused to serve in Home’s Cabinet, but Butler and Hogg fell in line.40

The Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain raises his hat outside 10 Downing Street, accompanied by the Conservative politician and future leader Alec Douglas-Home, then Alec Dunglass, 1939. © Getty Images, and retrieved from there on 2017-10-21. Above is a black-and-white portrait photograph of two thin white men in suits. On the left is the elderly and moustachioed Neville Chamberlain, who raises his hat. Behind him is a young Alec Douglas-Home, smiling as he carries a box under his arm and a leather pouch in his hand. His hat is on his head.

In order to credibly hold the office of Prime Minister, though, Home had to become an MP in the House of Commons. He was able to renounce his peerage and stand for election in the House of Commons under the provision of the recently enacted 1963 Peerage Act, which had been passed to prevent further embarrassment of the Government by Anthony Wedgwood Benn (later Tony Benn). Benn had been elected as MP for Bristol South East in 1950, following Stafford Cripps’ resignation, but had been expelled from the Commons in 1960 when he inherited his father’s place in the House of Lords. He was re-elected to the seat in the by-election of 1961, but the Commons again refused to admit him, until the Government changed the law under pressure from Labour, and some of its own Members, who themselves stood to inherit peerages.41 Benn returned to the House in 1963, following yet another by-election.

Tony Benn, and his wife Caroline, after winning the 1961 Bristol South East by-election. A photograph © Getty Images, used here without permission, and taken from the BBC on 2017-10-01. Above is a black-and-white photograph in landscape. It shows a man and a woman, both white and young, celebrating outside a grand, old-fashioned building. The man, on the right, holds up a sheet of paper.

But roles weren’t only shifting for elites: the world of work looked increasingly different, and in some limited cases, a small number of working-class people now had unprecedented social mobility. The Professional Footballers' Association abolished its maximum wage in 1961, opening the door to huge salaries for the most sought-after players. A sense of the broader-scale changes in work during this period is given by the difference between the employment figures in the censuses of 1951 and 1971. Employment in raw materials production was already declining. Of 22.7 million total jobs in the UK in 1951, mining accounted for 843,000, but by 1971 it had shrunk to 394,000 of 24.1 million. The textiles industry was shrinking too: it went from employing over a million people in 1951, to only 581,000 people twenty years later. But not all sectors were on a downturn. The 1960s was the great age of the engineer and the technocrat, and the number of mechanical and electrical engineering jobs rose from 1,468,000 to 1,943,000. Altogether, though, the picture is one of steady stagnation: industry accounted for 41.7% of all British jobs in 1951, but had fallen to 37.7% in 1971.42 And there were other losses: five national newspapers folded in the early 1960s. Labour's national mouthpiece, The Daily Herald, shut down in 1964. Its former presses would eventually produce The Sun.

The spending power of the worker's wage was also changing. Average weekly earnings for men over 21 rose 34% from 1955 to 1960. They stood at £15.35 in 1961, about £313.56 in 2016 money (equating to a salary of just over £16,000), according to the Bank of England's Inflation Calculator, although the prices of many commodities have not maintained a fixed value relative to inflation. Food and fuel were becoming dramatically more expensive, but the cost of appliances and small cars was dropping in real terms.43 Eggs and vegetables became less expensive 1963-4, but the price of meat and dairy rose. A pint of milk cost at most 9d during the second half of 1964,44 which was around 70p in 2016, adjusting for decimalisation and inflation. That’s expensive, but it is the maximum reported price. (At the time of writing, I can say anecdotally that a pint of milk tends to cost between 45p and 60p in local supermarkets.) Beef was about 4s 10d per lb,45 or £4.49 in 2016. (Beef is usually priced per kg now, and varies a lot by cut, but from personal observation, a cheap roasting joint of beef can be £4.60 per lb.) The price of a gallon of petrol averaged 60.5d in 1964, or around 13.3d per litre,46 which would be 101p in 2016 money. (Unleaded petrol is currently around 119p a litre in the UK.) A pint of Guinness cost 2s 1d as of April 1964, which was around £3.80 in 2016.47 (So, depending on where you drink, the price of a pint remains roughly consistent with 1964, at the time of writing.)

Neighbours chatting in Footdee, Aberdeen, 1964. Unsourced photograph, used here without permission. Retrieved from Pinterest on 2017-10-03. Above is a black-and-white photograph in portrait. A terrace of granite bungalows in Aberdeen stretches away and leftwards, to the seafront. In the foreground, two white, working-class housewives talk cheerily together. The woman on the left is tall, with dark curly hair, and carries a handbag. The woman on the right is plump and has her hair tied up in a cloth. She is wearing a pinny and holding a basket. She is resting against a wooden post for support. (In the spring of 1964, there was a major outbreak of typhoid in Aberdeen caused by contaminated Fray Bentos corned beef. Jonathan Meades’ wonderful Off Kilter begins with an account of this episode.)

Membership figures for mass organisations give a picture of the class stratification of British society. The population stood at 52.8 million at the 1961 Census.48 Nearly a fifth of that, some 10.2 million people, belonged to trade unions,49 many of which were affiliated to the Labour Party. Labour also had just short of one million individual members. Conservative Party membership was just over 2 million, down from 2.8 in 1953.50 There are no national membership figures for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) during this period, but despite the low figure of 1,500 in 1967, opinion polls suggested that up to a third of British people supported the organisation's goals. More than 100,000 people participated in the 1961 and 1962 marches to the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston, and the movement’s political momentum caused Labour to temporarily adopt an official policy of disarmament between the Party Conferences of 1960 and 1961.51 At the same time, industrial radicalism was increasing dramatically. Between 1955 and 1964, 3.9 million worker days were lost to strikes per year. This was up from 2.1 million in the period 1945 to 1954.52

This was also the peak year for the number of grammar schools, at 1,298. 26% of all secondary pupils in the state sector attended grammar schools that year. The figure had been steadily climbing since 1944.53 Only 7% of state secondary pupils attended comprehensives (so-called because they combined the standards of the three types of secondary school in one ‘comprehensive’ institution); most of the remaining 67% were at ‘secondary moderns’, with a small minority attending technical or non-standard schools. Just under 8% of all secondary pupils attended ‘independent’ (i.e., fee-paying) schools.54 The newly skeptical national mood extended to views on schooling: in one example of the many contemporary assaults on British education, John Vaizey’s 1962 work, Britain in the Sixties: Education for Tomorrow, the author argued that the existing system was ‘inefficient, divided, selective, and class-ridden.’55

Of the 16.2 million dwellings recorded in Great Britain (thereby excluding Northern Ireland) in 1961, 6.9 million were owner-occupied, 5.0 million rented privately, and 4.4 million were in social housing provided by local authorities.56 (In estimated figures from 2015, of 23.5 million dwellings, 14.8 million were owner-occupied, 4.7 million rented privately, and 4.0 million were housed by local authorities or housing associations.)57

The first part of the M1 had opened in 1959. Car ownership soared from 2.3 million in 1950 to 9.1 million in 1965.58 According to the Conservative Minister of Transport, the nationalised British Railways (soon to become British Rail) was hopelessly inefficient, haemorrhaging £300,000 a day.59 It was on these grounds that Richard Beeching had been appointed as an efficiency specialist, to make savings. His first report appeared in 1963, recommending extensive line closures. The same year, the Traffic in Towns report appeared, which recommended the construction of inner-city motorways for car traffic, and use of 'pedestrian precincts' in city centres.

The M1 in 1959. Photograph © Getty Images, used here without permission, and taken from the Have Bag, Will Travel on 2017-10-01. Above is a black-and-white photograph in landscape. It shows an almost completely empty new motorway curving away into the horizon. The sky above is clement, with fluffy white clouds.

British self-conception was changing. The Blue Streak independent nuclear deterrent programme had to be cancelled due to cost in 1960, embarrassing Britain on the world stage.60 After the assassination in November 1963 of President Kennedy, with whom he had got on well, Home found himself falling out with President Johnson over continued British trade with Cuba, and powerless to stop the rise of the separatist and white supremacist Rhodesian Front in what is now Zimbabwe.61 The success of the European Economic Community, which came into being after the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and had since seen rapid growth, reflected poorly on the sluggish British economy. After the Suez Crisis of 1956, it was clear that Britain had lost its superpower status. The Empire had collapsed since 1945. During 1964, Malta became independent of the British Empire, but by then it was following the lead of a dozen other states. India and Pakistan left in 1947. Burma (now Myanmar), Sri Lanka, Palestine, Israel, and Malaya (now part of Malaysia) became independent in 1948, Sudan in 1956, the Gold Coast (now Ghana) in 1957, and Cyprus in 1959. Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago declared themselves sovereign states in 1962. Some of these states had joined the UK’s flagship post-colonial intergovernmental cooperation body, the Commonwealth of Nations. Britain remained one of four nuclear powers, a core NATO member, and permanent occupant of a seat on the United Nations Security Council. But the narrative of decline was irresistible. In 1945, the British Empire had ruled over some 500 million people. By 1964, the figure was under 15 million.62 Britain’s place in the world was now a matter of debate. The charitable view was that the UK was uniquely placed within NATO, UN, European, and Commonwealth spheres, and could therefore act as an international broker. Increasingly, though, Britain was seen as an ailing power, acting in the US’ shadow.

The might of the British economy and military might have been in decline, but demographic, technological, legal, and cultural changes brought new hope. Yet for all its developing freedoms, the new libertarianism had a toxic component. From the late 1970s, Thatcherites and the New Right were to market themselves as correctives for a ‘permissive culture’ which they believed had been generated in the 1960s. Thatcherite government was itself to oversee a period of rampant individualism, conspicuous consumption, and antisocial behaviour. The extent to which you believe this was caused by the lurch to the ‘there is no such thing as society’ right after 1979, or by the white-hot combustion of Britain’s traditional hierarchies during the 1960s, will depend in part on your ideological perspective.

It all feels very foreign to me. In 1964, my parents were six and five years old. My granddad owned a necktie made from Tyvek. There was no Internet, and there were no mobile phones or reality TV shows. Nobody had ever stood on the Moon. Men had dirty hands and smelled of Brylcreem. Their wives, or mothers, cooked their meals and cleaned their clothes. How much physical effort this took depended on how wealthy they were; washing machine ownership was to hit 65% of households in 1970.63 But coercive misogyny and class conformity were a way of life for almost everyone. In many spheres of life, tradition remained strong. In 1964, the top baby names for boys were largely Biblical: David, Paul, Andrew and Mark occupied the top four spots, and John, beginning its decline from decades-long primacy, was down to number five. Mohammed, the only non-traditional British name in the top 100, was now 73rd, up from 84th in 1954. For girls, the picture was a little different. Margaret and Mary, favourites since the 19th century, were now increasingly unfashionable, falling to 39th and 37th. The top four names were all new. Although Susan had also topped the 1954 poll, both it and Julie had first appeared in the top 100 in only 1944. The third and fourth most popular names, Karen and Jacqueline, had first hit the list in 1954 and 1934.64

D E Butler and Anthony King's account of the 1964 election calls that event 'the climax to a period of almost convulsive political change.'65 But the direction of change was far from settled, and whether things were improving was as yet unclear. Into this mix comes a round-faced man from Huddersfield, with a warbling voice.

Arthur Marwick, British Society Since 1945 (London: Penguin, 2003), p. 85. ↩︎

D E Butler and Anthony King, The British General Election of 1964 (London: Macmillian, 1965), p. 30. ↩︎

BBC, Magazine: How first out-of-town superstore changed the UK (London: BBC, 2013) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23900465 [accessed 03 October 2017]. ↩︎

BBC, ON THIS DAY 1954: Housewives celebrate end of rationing (London: BBC, [n.d.]) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/4/newsid_3818000/3818563.stm [accessed 17 September 2017]. ↩︎

Anne Murcott, 'Food and nutrition in post-war Britain', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 157. ↩︎

Marwick, p. 86. ↩︎

Elizabeth David, 'Preface to the Penguin Edition', in A Book of Mediterranean Food (London: Penguin, 1998). ↩︎

Elizabeth David, 'Introduction to the 1988 Edition', ibid. ↩︎

Marwick, p. 51. ↩︎

Francesca Cookney, Tragedy of the last man hanged in Britain - as discovered by his son (London: Mirror Online, 2014) http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/tragedy-last-man-hanged-britain-4134915 [accessed 17 September 2017]. ↩︎

Edward Royle, 'Trends in post-war British social history', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 15. ↩︎

Butler and King, p. 31. ↩︎

Penny Summerfield, 'Women in Britain since 1945: companionate marriage and the double burden', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 62. ↩︎

Royle, p. 10. ↩︎

Richard M. Smith, 'Elements of demographic change in Britain since 1945', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 21. ↩︎

Fashion: The Ultimate Book of Costume and Style, ed. Kathryn Hennessy (London: Dorling Kindersley, 2012), pp. 352-3. ↩︎

Marwick, p. 208. ↩︎

BBC History Magazine, The package holiday revolution (London: Immediate Media Company, 2016) http://www.historyextra.com/article/feature/package-holiday-revolution-history [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎

BARB, Television ownership in private domestic households 1956-2017 (millions) (London: BARB, 2017) http://www.barb.co.uk/resources/tv-ownership/ [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎

Marwick, p. 91. ↩︎

ibid, p. 86. ↩︎

BBC News, BBC Two's 50th anniversary: Disastrous launch remembered (London: BBC, 2014) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-27033129 [accessed 2017-10-12]. ↩︎

Shelter, the housing and homelessness charity, Housing facts and figures: housing supply (London: Shelter, 2017) http://england.shelter.org.uk/campaigns_/why_we_campaign/housing_facts_and_figures/subsection?section=housing_supply#hf_3 [accessed 20 September 2017]. ↩︎

The National Archives, Labour Market Trends Special Feature: Unemployment statistics from 1881 to the present day (London: The Government Statistical Service, 1996) http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160106181901/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/lms/labour-market-trends--discontinued-/january-1996/unemployment-since-1881.pdf [accessed 20 September 2017]. ↩︎

The Observer, Coming out of the dark ages, (London: The Guardian, 2007) https://www.theguardian.com/society/2007/jun/24/communities.gayrights [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎

Marwick, p. 118. ↩︎

Celia Brackenridge and Diana Woodward, 'Gender inequalities in leisure and sport in post-war Britain', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 198. ↩︎

UK Political Info, Women MPs & parliamentary candidates since 1945 (London: UK Political Info, [n.d.]) http://www.ukpolitical.info/FemaleMPs.htm [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎

Butler and King, p. 30. ↩︎

Marwick, p. 133. ↩︎

Butler and King, p. 40. ↩︎

David Olusoga, Black and British (London: Macmillan, 2016), pp. 509-11. ↩︎

Marwick, pp. 132-3. ↩︎

Butler and King, p. 361. ↩︎

Olusoga, p. 512. ↩︎

Marwick, p. 116. ↩︎

The Telegraph, Letters shed new light on Kray twins scandal (London: The Telegraph, 2009) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5907125/Letters-shed-new-light-on-Kray-twins-scandal.html [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎

'The Land of Lost Content' episode two of Andrew Marr's History of Modern Britain, Fatima Salaria (BBC, 2007). ↩︎

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Home, Alexander Frederick [Alec] Douglas- (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004-16) http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/60455?docPos=1 [accessed 2017-10-21]. ↩︎

Hansard, Milk Prices: HC Deb 17 March 1976 vol 907 c527W (London: UK Parliament, 1976) http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1976/mar/17/milk-prices [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎

Gov.uk, Domestic Food Consumption and Expenditure 1964 (London: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food,1964) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/549205/Domestic_Food_Consumption_and_Expenditure_1964.pdf [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎

The AA, PETROL PRICES 1896 TO PRESENT (Cheadle: Automobile Associations Developments Ltd, 2005) http://www.theaa.com/public_affairs/reports/Petrol_Prices_1896_todate_gallons.pdf [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎

Poster, source unknown, found online at http://i.imgur.com/uKwfmbt.jpg, and reportedly hung up in the Dom’s Pier pub in Donegal, Ireland. ↩︎

Butler and King, p. 21. ↩︎

Tony Benn, Out of the Wilderness: Diaries 1963-67 (London: Arrow Books, 1987), p. 9. ↩︎

Christopher M. Law, 'Employment and industrial structure', in Understanding Post-War British Society, ed. James Obelkevich & Peter Catterall (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 90-3. ↩︎

Population Matters, UK population growth (London: Population Matters, [n.d.]) http://www.populationmatters.org/documents/uk_population_growth.pdf [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎

Marwick, pp. 88-9. ↩︎

Gov.uk, Trade Union Membership Tables 2016 (London: Gov.uk, 2017) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/616426/trade-union-membership-tables-2016.xls [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎

House of Commons Library, Membership of UK Political Parties (London: UK Parliament, 2017) http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05125/SN05125.pdf [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎

Marwick, p. 96. ↩︎

ibid, p. 130. ↩︎

House of Commons Library, Grammar School Statistics (London: UK Parliament, 2017) http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN01398/SN01398.pdf [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎

House of Commons Library, Education: Historical Statistics (London: UK Parliament, 2012) http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04252/SN04252.pdf [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎

John Vaizey, Education for Tomorrow, (London: Penguin, 1962), p. 10, as quoted in Butler and King, p. 32. ↩︎

Department for Communities and Local Government, Dwelling stock: by tenure, GB (historical series) (London: Department for Communities and Local Government, 2011) http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919161635/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/housing/xls/table-102.xls [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎

Department for Communities and Local Government, Table DA1101 (SST1.1) Stock profile, 2015 (London: Department for Communities and Local Government, 2011) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/627656/DA1101_Stock_profile_v2.xlsx [accessed 2017-10-03]. ↩︎

Marwick, p. 92. ↩︎

Hansard, BRITISH TRANSPORT COMMISSION (CHAIRMAN) HC Deb 21 March 1961 vol 637 cc223-343 (London: UK Parliament, 1961) http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1961/mar/21/british-transport-commission-chairman [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎

Butler and King, p. 30. ↩︎

Butler and King, p. 12. ↩︎

Statista, Percentage of households with washing machines in the United Kingdom (UK) from 1970 to 2016 (Hamburg: Statista, [n.d.]) https://www.statista.com/statistics/289017/washing-machine-ownership-in-the-uk/ [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎

Office for National Statistics (ONS), Top 100 Baby Names Historical Data (London: ONS, 2014) https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/datasets/babynamesenglandandwalestop100babynameshistoricaldata [accessed 29 September 2017]. ↩︎

Butler and King, p. 1. ↩︎

#1964 #labour #harold wilson #alec douglas-home #harold macmillan #j f kennedy #jfk #notting hill riots #windrush generation #arthur marwick #hansard #uk parliament

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peachscissors · 4 years

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1917-1945: An Exploration of Interwar Cinema, its Social Impacts and Influences

From frivolous pieces of escapist entertainment, to heavy, melodramatic, political commentaries, to state sponsored propaganda, the interwar period, leading into the Second World War, was truly a golden age for cinema as an art form, and as a narrative medium, not just in Hollywood, but around the globe. The omnipresence of technical and thematic innovation within the realm of film throughout the first half of the 20th century mirrors the social changes occurring in the world. In order to comprehend the atmosphere of a society, one must simply observe the art created by said society.

Initially, motion pictures were used as a simple means of escapism, films by vaudevillian performers such as Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin, continuing the traditions of their stage acts, using simple, yet timeless physical comedy to entertain the viewer, in a time before massive production budgets and cinematic expectations. Both Keaton and Chaplin’s work, however, quickly matured. As the roaring 20s progressed, and the world economy boomed, so demand for larger scale productions, bigger and better sets, and higher stakes. Though they maintained their Vaudeville camp, Chaplin’s seminal 1925 comedy The Gold Rush and Keaton’s 1926 film The General featured complex sets and matte paintings. The Gold Rush taking place primarily in the snowy mountains of the Yukon, the lavish wintery slopes were constructed in the backlots of Chaplin’s Studio. The General‘s action occurs primarily aboard a moving locomotive, even going so far as to blow up a bridge while the train crosses. Charlie Chaplin, of course, would go on to have a lengthy career as a Hollywood actor and director, but the time for thoughtless slapstick was nearing an end alongside the 1920s.

Prior to the stock market crash of 1929, cinematic ventures began to tread into darker territories, as the age of Vaudeville in cinema came to a close. German director Fritz Lang’s 1927 masterpiece Metropolis marked a pivotal point for the art of the silent film. With overbearing themes of dystopian conformity, and oligarchic rule by aristocratic dictators, the film reflects Lang’s views on modernity, as well as idealistic and extremist politics. Though ahead of it’s time thematically and cinematically, the dystopia depicted in Metropolis harshly represented many of the fears held by the populace of the then unstable Weimar Republic. Continuing the trend of thematically darker movies spreading across Europe, Danish director Carl Theodor Dreyer’s 1928 film The Passion of Joan of Arc depicts the story in a ground-breaking feat of filmmaking and cinematography. This film helped push the dramatic genre from stage plays on film to cinematic motion pictures, and set the groundwork for films to come. Perhaps the most influential and emotionally poignant parts is the last act, a visual montage juxtaposing shots of Jeanne’s torture with the town festivities, eliciting visceral emotional reactions from the audience, regardless of their language or culture. The use of montage, however, made its debut in Russian propaganda, years prior.

Soviet film director Sergei Eisenstein first demonstrated the art of film montage in his 1925 experimental film Battleship Potemkin, about the 1905 Russian revolution cutting together various shots of crowds running down stairs, and cutting to close ups of a mother and her son, as they get separated, and the boy gets trampled. This horrifying scene is quickly intercut with shots of the enemy Cossacks, creating a parallel between the death of the innocent child and the army of Cossacks. This same technique is used in Einenstein’s later film October, another propaganda piece about the October Revolution. Sergei Einenstein and his soviet contemporaries were not the only film propogandists, however, nor were they the only artful propogandists, using their work to push advancements in the realm of cinema. In 1935, seven years after the release of October, Leni Riefenstahl releases her highly controversial Triumph of the Will to the German public. Commissioned by Adolf Hitler himself, who is billed as executive producer, this propaganda film artfully depicts the 1934 Nuremburg rally, a major gathering of Nazis and Nazi supporters. Pioneering new cinematographic techniques while using live footage from the rally, Triumph is widely considered to be one of the greatest propaganda pieces of all time.

Of course, it wasn’t just the Soviets and the Germans producing propaganda, the United States created their fair share of propaganda as well, though none quite as innovative as that of the Soviets, or the Germans. Though the American government didn’t directly commission directors the way Hitler did, nor did they have filmmakers directly on their staff as did Stalin, they did heavily encourage many Hollywood producers to create films with triumphant, pro-ally messages, most of whom naturally complied. All the big studios of the era joined in, from more serious endeavours such as Casablanca, or Mrs. Miniver, too goofier flicks, like Walt Disney’s Der Fuehrer’s Face, or the Three Stooges’ You Nazty Spy! Even Charlie Chaplin joined in, creating his first ever talkie, a political satire starring himself as a fictionalized version of Hitler, Adenoid Hynkel. Though American propaganda films weren’t as direct, as innovative, or as poignant as their German and Russian counterparts, Hollywood nonetheless released some excellent pieces of cinema during the Second World War, both from and artistic and a historical standpoint.

The manner in which a society depicts itself in art, whether self-critical, escapist, or propagandist, reflects the attitude of the society. From the optimistic escapades of the early 1920s, to the dystopian depictions of the Weimar Republic, from the experimental, nearly hypnotic propaganda pieces of totalitarian dictatorships, to the slightly more subtle American dramas and romances, containing pro-war elements, cinema encapsulates the emotions, philosophies, and outlook of it’s parent country at the time of release.

Works Cited:

The Battleship Potemkin. Dir. Sergei Eisenstein. Goskino, 1925.

The General. Dir. Buster Keaton. United Artists, 1926.

The Gold Rush. Dir. Charlie Chaplin. United Artists, 1925.

The Great Dictator. Dir. Charlie Chaplin. United Artists, 1940.

Marwick, Arthur, and Wendy Simpson. Primary Sources 2: Interwar and World War II. Milton Keynes: Open U, 2001. Print.

Metropolis. Dir. Fritz Lang. Reel Images, 1926.

The Passion of Joan of Arc. Dir. Carl Theodor Dreyer. Société Générale Des Films, 1928.

Taylor, Richard. Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. London: Croom Helm Ltd., 1979.

Triumph of the Will. Dir. Leni Riefenstahl. 1934.

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vieclam365vn · 5 years

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Big 4 là gì? Tại sao Big 4 lại thu hút các bạn trẻ đến vậy?

1. Big 4 là gì? Trên thế giới, big 4 là một thuật ngữ dùng để mô tả về 4 công ty lớn nhất về một lĩnh vực nào đó. 4 ông lớn với mạng lưới kiểm toán đứng đầu trên thế giới. Và khi nhắc đến big 4 trên thế giới người ta sẽ nghĩ ngay đến 4 công ty lớn mạnh, 4 hãng kiểm toán lớn nhất trên thế giới đó là: PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC), Deloitte, Ernst and Young (E&Y), KPMG 2. Big 4 trên thế giới Với bề giày hơn 100 năm lịch sử, các hãng được coi như big 4 đã hình thành từ lúc kiểm toán còn khá sơ khai, sau đó họ cùng nhau phát triển với sự phát triển của nghề kiểm toán đọc lập riêng. Khoảng hơn 150 năm nay kể từ cái ngày William Welch Deloitte, là một trong những người cha đẻ của ngành công nghiệp về kiểm toán, họ thành lập ra hàng kiểm toán được coi là chuyên nghiệp lúc bấy giờ trên con đường Basinghall Street tại Luân Đôn. Big 4 là gì 2.1. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited Với cách phát âm là /dəˈlɔɪt ˈtuːʃ toʊˈmɑːtsuː/, và đây có thể được coi là Deloitte, là một mạng lưới dày đặc với dịch vụ chuyên nghiệp đa quốc giaddax được thành lập ở nước Anh. Deloitte có thể nói nó nằm trong những tổ chức của “Big four” (Bốn ông lớn hàng đầu trên thế giới) chuyên về kế toán và mạng lưới dịch vụ rất chuyên nghiệp lớn nhất trên thế giới theo doanh thu và số lượng được nhiều chuyên gia đánh giá. Không chỉ như vậy Deloitte còn là một nguồn cung cấp các dịch vụ chuyên về tư vấn và kiểm toán, thuế hay doanh nghiệp và dịch vụ tư vấn về tài chính với khoảng 263.900 chuyên gia về lĩnh vực kiểm toán, luật, thuế trên toàn cầu. Trong khoảng những năm 2017, mạng lưới này với tổng doanh thu thu được là 38,8 tỷ USD, đây được coi như là con số đạt kỉ lục. Ở năm 2016, Deloitte đã được công nhận là một trong những tổ chức tư nhân lớn và đứng vị trí thứ 6 ở Hoa Kì. Dựa vào báo cáo được viết ở năm 2012 Deloitte luôn có số lượng khách hàng lớn và được xem như là tổ chức với lượng khách hàng lớn nhất trong tổng số 250 ccong ty lớn nhỏ tại nước Anh, đến năm 2015 thì tập đoàn Deloitte đã chiếm được thị phần cao nhất trong việc kiểm toán và trong số rơi vào khoảng 500 công ty lớn mạnh hàng đầu tại Ấn Độ. Không dừng lại ở đó Deloitte còn có thị phần được xếp hạng cao trong tư vấn của Gartner với nhiều năm liên tiếp đứng ở vị trí cao dựa trên tổng số doanh thu. 2.2. PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) Bắt đầu hoặt động vào năm 1854 có tên lúc đầu là William Cooper với hoạt động là kinh doanh. Chỉ sau 7 thì đổi tên và trở thành Cooper Brothers. Cho mãi đến năm 1874 công ty hoàn toàn được đổi tên thành Price, Waterhouse & Co sau khi có sự đầu tư và tham gia hợp tác của Price, Holyland và Waterhouse. PriceWaterHouseCoopers bắt đầu từ những ngày như thế. Big 4 trên thế giới Nếu nói rõ ràng và chi tiết thì PricewaterhouseCoopers hay gọi tắt là PWC là 1 trong 3 công ty còn lại nằm trong Big 4 của thế giới, đây cũng là một công ty kiểm toán hàng đầu cùng với Deloitte, Ernst & Young và KPMG. PWC tự làm cho mình trở thành một công ty kiểm toán hàng đầu trên thế giới trong 7 năm liền liên tiếp, cũng giống như nhiều công ty lớn khác trên thế giới PWC là một nơi làm việc hàng đầu tại khu vực Bắc Mỹ trong 3 năm liên tiếp. Tính đến thời điểm năm 2016, PWC là một mạng lưới giày đặc với hơn 150 công ty khắp quốc gia với 743 địa điểm và khoảng hơn 200 nghìn nhân viên. Tính đến thời điểm năm 2015 thì công ty có đến 22% nhân sự làm việc ở khu vực Châu Á, 26% khu vực Bắc Mỹ và 32% ở Tây Âu. Tổng doanh thu trên khắp mọi khu vực, toàn cầu của công ty rơi vào khoảng 37 tỷ đô la ở năm tài chính 2017, 16 tỷ đô la trong đó là do Assurance được tạo ra từ dịch vụ, khoảng hơn 9 tỷ đo la từ dịch vụ thuế và 12 tỷ đô là từ tư vấn mà ra. Công ty thành lập vào những năm 1998 bởi sự hợp tác và xác nhập giữa 3 tập đoàn lẻ là Coopers & Lybrand và Price Waterhouse. Do đó để tiện cho việc thu hút nhân lực, đầu tư và kinh doanh nên tập đoàn đã rút ngắn tên gọi thành PWC trong thang 9 của măn 2010, đây cũng là một lý do của việc tái định vị lại thương hiệu. PWC được công nhận là công ty tư nhân lớn thứ 5 ở Mỹ vào năm 2016. 2.3. Ernst and Young (E&Y) E&Y chính là tên gọi của hai người hoàn toàn khác nhau A.C. Ernst và Arthur Young, họ cùng hợp tác với nhau tạo dựng lên công ty và thành lập công ty vào năm 1903. EY (với tên gọi trước đây là Ernst & Young) cũng là một trong số công ty đa quốc gia còn lại trong Big 4, cung cấp mọi dịch vụ chuyên nghiệp liên quan đến kiểm toán, tài chính, dịch vụ khách hàng… và có trụ sở chính tại Luân Đôn, Vương Quốc Anh. EY là một trong bốn công ty thuộc hạng kiểm toán đứng hàng đầu thế giới hiện nay cùng Big 4 gồm Deloitte, PwC và KPMG. Giống với 3 công ty còn lại trong tổn số “4 ông lớn của thế giới” EY chuyên cung cấp dịch vụ kiểm toán, tư vấn tài chính, tư vấn và kiểm soát rủi ro CNTT (ITRA) và thuế. Tài sản ước tính của E&Y vào năm 2015 là 28, 7 tỷ đô la. Các hàng tập đoàn hay tổ chức như này đều hoạt động giống một mạng lưới dày đặc cùng nhiều công ty thành viên và cũng cùng với đó là pháp nhân riêng biệt trong từng lãnh thổ quốc gia. EY có khoảng 200.000 nhân viên tại hơn 700 văn phòng ở 150 quốc gia trên thế giới. Công ty được xây dựng, phát triển và hình thành bởi sự sáp nhập của Ernst & Whinney và Arthur Young & Co vào năm 1989 của thế kỉ trước. Tính đến năm 2015, EY là tổ chức tư nhân lớn thứ 11 ở Hoa Kỳ. 2.4. Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler với tên viết tắt, thu gọn là KPMG. Mãi cho đến sau này khi cuộc đại hợp nhất đầu tiên diễn ra trên thế giới trong ngành kế toán tổng hợp vào những năm 1987 giữa KMG và Peat Marwick, KPMG đã được thành lập và hình thành như vậy. Cho đến mãi năm 1991 mới được đổi tên là KPMG Peat Marwick McClintock nhưng đến năm 1995 lại được quay trở lại với cái tên cũ là KPMG và đã được lấy làm tên thương hiệu cho đến ngày nay. Với số lượng văn phòng và khách hàng thì KPMG Global lại nằm ở Amstelveen, Hà Lan. Ở trên toàn thế giới KPMG có 189,000 nhân viên đang làm việc và cống hiến, họ cùng cam kết mang lại giá trị tại 155 đất nước trên thế giới. Bên cạnh đó luôn đi kèm với một Phương châm hoạt động vô cùng khoa học và thông minh thông minh của KPMG là “Cutting through complexity” – Đơn giản hóa mọi việc phức tạp. Với câu slogan này, KPMG muốn định hướng cho khách hàng và toàn bộ nhân viên của mình hãy cố gắng tìm ra cách xử lí tình huống thông minh nhất, tiện ích nhất cho mọi vấn đề bằng cách nhìn nhận từ các vấn đề phức tập và thể hiên nó một cách rõ ràng và đơn giản để đưa ra quyết định đúng đắn. Big 4 lớn mạnh 3. Big 4 tại Việt Nam Công ty Big 4 là gì? Là một tập đoàn gồm 4 ông lớn với một trong những lĩnh vực mà đứng đầu cả nước gộp vào với nhau. Vậy Big 4 của Việt Nam là Big 4 ngân hàng việt Nam, gồm những ngân hàng: Ngân hàng Đầu tư và Phát triển Việt Nam (BIDV); Ngân hàng Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn Việt Nam (Agribank); Ngân hàng TMCP Công Thương Việt Nam (Viettinbank); Ngân hàng TMCP Ngoại thương Việt Nam (Vietcombank). Tổng tài sản của các ngân hàng đều trên 1 tỷ đồng và đều là ngân hàng thương mại nhà nước. 3.1. Ngân hàng Đầu tư và Phát triển Việt Nam (BIDV) Ngân hàng thương mại cổ phần Đầu tư và Phát triển Việt Nam (tên giao dịch quốc tế là: Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam; tên gọi tắt: BIDV) đây được công nhận là ngân hàng thương mại cổ phần lớn nhất nhì trên đất nước Việt Nam tính đến thời điểm hiện tại được tính theo tổng khối lượng tài sản và doanh thu năm 2016 và xứng đáng là một doanh nghiệp lớn thứ tư tại Việt Nam theo báo cáo mới nhất của UNDP năm 2007. BIDV xứng đáng với vị trí doanh nghiệp thuộc loại doanh nghiệp nhà nước hạng đặc biệt, ngân hàng được tổ chức theo mô hình Tổng công ty Nhà nước. Ngân hangfd đầu tư phát triển Việt Nam hợp tác kinh doanh với hơn 800 ngân hàng lớn nhỏ trên thế giới. 3.2. Ngân hàng Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn Việt Nam (Agribank) Ngân hàng Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn Việt Nam (tên giao dịch quốc tế là Vietnam Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, gọi tắt là AGRIBANK) là ngân hàng thương mại được cho là lớn nhất Việt Nam tính theo tổng khối lượng tài sản, thuộc loại doanh nghiệp nhà nước hạng đặc biệt. Theo thống kê bản báo cáo của UNDP năm 2007, Agribank cũng thuộc loại doanh nghiệp lớn nhất Việt Nam. 3.3. Ngân hàng TMCP Công Thương Việt Nam (Viettinbank) Tên đăng ký tiếng Việt: NGÂN HÀNG THƯƠNG MẠI CỔ PHẦN CÔNG THƯƠNG VIỆT NAM. Tên đăng ký tiếng bằng Anh của ngân hàng: VIETNAM JOINT STOCK COMMERCIAL BANK FOR INDUSTRY AND TRADE. Tên gọi giao dịch: VietinBank Được xây dựng và thành lập vào những năm 1988 của thế kỉ trước sau khi đã tách ra khỏi từ Ngân hàng Nhà nước Việt Nam thời đó. Tên giao dịch buổi sơ cấp của Viettinbank là IncomBank. VietinBank hiện có 1 Sở giao dịch duy nhất với 150 Chi nhánh và trên 1000 Phòng giao dịch/ Quỹ tiết kiệm trải rộng toàn quốc. Theo trang mạng của ngân hàng này thì: Có quan hệ đại lý với trên 900 ngân hàng, định chế tài chính tại hơn 90 quốc gia và vùng lãnh thổ trên toàn thế giới. Tính đến thời điểm này, đây là ngân hàng đầu tiên của Việt Nam được cấp chứng chỉ ISO 9001:2000. Là thành viên của Hiệp hội Ngân hàng Việt Nam, Hiệp hội ngân hàng châu Á, Hiệp hội Tài chính viễn thông Liên ngân hàng toàn cầu (SWIFT), Tổ chức Phát hành và Thanh toán thẻ VISA, MASTER quốc tế. Là ngân hang duy nhất và đầu tiên trên lãnh thổ Việt Nan mở chi nhánh tại các nước châu Âu, đánh dấu một bước phát triển cực kì lớn của nền tài chính Việt Nam trên thị trong nước,thị trường khu vực và cả trên thế giới. 4. Công ty Big 4 là gì? Như đã nói ở trên, công ty Big 4 là một công ty gồm 4 đứng đầu về một lĩnh vực nào đó, có thể là ngân hàng, có thể là dịch vụ, có thể là kế toán, kiểm toán. Big 4 với những ngành nghề đứng đầu, nhưng phải chung mục đich và xu hướng mới được gọi là Big 4. Nhưng dù Big 4, Big 5 hayg Big 6 đi chăng nữa thì điểm quan trọng mà mấy chốt nhất của các Big vẫn là giữ chân được khách hàng, vì vốn đầu tư từ khách hàng mà ra. Có khách hàng mới có vốn đầu tư và phát triển. 5. Tại sao Big 4 lại thu hút các bạn trẻ đến vậy? Big 4 không chỉ là những tập đoàn lớn mạnh mà còn là công ước muốn của nhiều bạn sinh viên trên toàn thế giới. Được làm việc tại Big 4 là cơ hội cũng như mơ ước của bao người. Nó là nơi để các bạn trẻ phát huy năng lực của mình, phát triển bản thân và các bạn trẻ luôn muốn cống hiến cho Big 4. Các chương trình tuyển dụng của Big 4 có thể nói là tạo điều kiện cho các bạn trẻ có năng lực và mong muốn công hiến. Chương trình tuyển dụng bao gồm cho cả thực tập sinh và danh cho các bạn sinh viên đã tốt nghiệp. Không chỉ riêng với sinh viên ngành quốc tế và thu hút với nhiều sinh viên ngành khác. Big 4 tuyển dụng 5.1. Không yêu cầu khinh nghiêm Đó có thể coi là là một lợi thế cho các bạn sinh viên. Không ít doanh nghiệp tại Việt NAm luôn đòi hỏi, yêu cầu kinh nghiệm từ các ứng viên, thế nhưng khi đến với Big 4 thì lại không đòi hỏi phần này. Thậm chí đối với các bạn sinh viên mới ra trường còn tạo cho tập đoàn Big 4 những cái nhìn mới mẻ. 5.2. Có danh tiếng Sẽ là thiếu sót nếu không thể phủ nhận rằng làm việc cho tập Big 4 là cơ hội để tạo danh tiếng cho các bạn trong thời kì cạnh tranh công nghiệp, vậy nên cho dù trước đó chỉ là thực tập sinh cho Big 4 nhưng vẫn sẽ rất có lợi cho các bạn sau này đi xin việc. Với thương hiệu hàng đầu thế giới như như E&Y, Deloitte, KPMG và PwC thì việc để mọi người, các nhà tuyển dụng chú ý đến bạn là điều hoàn toàn bình thường. 5.3. Có cơ hội học tập và phát triển Trong thời buổi kinh tế phát triển hiện nay, có rất nhiều bạn sinh viên không chỉ lựa chọn nghề nghiệp đáp ứng mức lương của mình, mà tiêu chí lựa chọn nghề nghiệp của họ là phù họp để gắn bó ngắn hạn hay lâu dài. Có cơ hội để thăng tiến trong công việc hay cơ hội học hỏi hay không? Tại một tập đoàn lớn như Big 4 thì việc học hỏi được nhiều là điều chắc chắn, học hỏi trong công việc, cách quản lý, cách xử lý tình huống... Hơn nữa làm việc trong Big 4 cũng có lộ trình thăng tiến rõ ràng khi làm việc và gắn bó lâu dài. Ngoài ra chế độ đãi ngộ và lương bổng cũng là điều khiến các bạn trẻ bị thu hút tại đây. Bên trên là toàn bộ những gì có liên quan đến Big4 là gì? Và Công ty Big 4 là gì, mong rằng bài viết của timviec365.vn đã giải đáp phần nào thắc mắc về nghề nghiệp cũng như định hướng tương lai của các bạn. Timviec365.vn là một trang web hàng dầu, chuyên giải đáp thắc mắc về nghề nghiệp cũng như định hướng tương lai của các bạn. Hi vọng có được sự ủng hộ và đón nhận của các độc giả, cùng nhiều gopsm ý để web site timviec365.vn ngày càng phát triển hơn.

Xem nguyên bài viết tại: Big 4 là gì? Tại sao Big 4 lại thu hút các bạn trẻ đến vậy?

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kritikarehani · 5 years

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Top 10 business consulting companies

A consulting firm is a service delivering business comprising a panel of experts or consultants, who provide professional advice to a person or an organization at a specific cost. The firm basically targets the company’s executives and provides them with consultants that are referred as industry specialists. Some of the top notch consultancy firms are:-

1. Accenture

Accenture is a multinational professional services company that delivers services in strategy, consulting, digital, technology and operations.

Established in- 1989

Key people- Pierre Nanterme

Employees- 435,000

https://www.accenture.com/in-en

2. Bain & Company

Bain & Company is a global management consultancy. It is one of the "Big Three" management consultancies, it is observed as one of the most prestigious employers in the industry.

Established in- 1973

Key people- ‎William W. Bain Jr.‎ and Patrick F. Graham

Employees- 8000

https://www.bain.com/

3. Boston Consulting Group (BCG)

Boston Consulting Group is a global management consulting firm and the world's leading advisor on business strategy. We collaborate with clients to deliver the result-oriented outcomes. BCG is known for its work in the areas of retail, health, care, and chemicals.

Established in- 1963

Key people- Bruce Henderson

Employees- 14000

https://www.bcg.com/

4. Booz Allen Hamilton

Booz Allen Hamilton desires to be the best in the work in consulting, analytics, digital solutions, engineering, and cyber, and with industries ranging from defense to health to energy to international development.

Established in- 1914

Key people- Edwin G. Booz, James L. Allen, Carl L. Hamilton

Employees- 22000

https://www.boozallen.com/

5. Deloitte

Deloitte proffers consulting, audit, enterprise risk, tax, and financial advisory services. The company is organized into three service areas: human capital, strategy and operations, and technology.

Established in- 1845

Key people- William Welch Deloitte

Employees- 263,900

https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en.html

6. Ernst & Young

EY delivers advisory, assurance, tax and transaction services to help the clients retain the confidence of investors, manage the risk, strengthen the controls. EY is considered one of the Big Four accounting firms.

Established in- 1989

Key people- Arthur Young and Alwin C. Ernst

Employees- 250000

https://www.ey.com/en_gl

7. KPMG

KPMG offers services in the broad categories of financial audit, advisory (management consulting), and tax. It is a network of professional service firms and one of the Big Four auditors.

Established in- 1987

Key people- Klynveld Goerdeler and Peat Marwick

Employees- 188,982

https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home.html

8. McKinsey & Company

McKinsey is widely considered the most prestigious management consulting firm in the world and is one of the Big Three firms along with BCG and Bain. It addresses strategic, organizational, operational, and technological problems for its client companies.

Established in- 1926

Key people- James O. McKinsey and Marvin Bower

Employees- 27,000

https://www.mckinsey.com/

9. DelveInsight Business Research LLP

The company advises the key decision makers in the industry on critical issues and also apprises them of the various opportunities prevailing in the market. DelveInsight offers expert advisory services in the areas of: Research & Development, Strategy Formulation, Commercials, Operations, Competitive Intelligence, Competitive Landscaping, and Mergers & Acquisitions. In fact, the company is uniquely positioned to leverage the strategic dimensions of the fast growing market.

Established in- 2014

Key people- Dr. Vishal Agrawal

Employees- 50

https://www.delveinsight.com/

10. Mercer

Mercer is the world's largest human resources consulting firm. It is also the world's largest institutional investment advisor. It helps clients around the world in the health, wealth and careers of their most vital asset.

Established in- 1945

Key people- William Manson Mercer

Employees- 21,200

https://www.mercer.com/

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traversetheatre · 6 years

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10 Questions with Xana Marwick

Xana is a writer and theatre director based in Edinburgh. After leaving school aged fifteen, she went on to study at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland. Her work is often collaborative and diverse in both style and content, though often for/inspired by children and young people; particularly those she has met through her work in socially excluded communities.

Head of welcoming the world premiere of her play Nests later this week, we caught up with Xana and set her our 10 Questions...

1. What was your inspiration for creating NESTS?

The Boy comes from many of the young people I have worked with who have shown resilience and commitment, despite their barriers and also children who chatted to my son and I in swing parks, sharing insights into their lives ‘I never cry, cos I’m brave.’ Funny, sweet, damaged, charming kids.

The Father is more inspired by the adults I knew growing up. I was in a world of loving, charismatic, creative people and I think its fair to say that responsibility was not always top of the agenda. There was good stuff but there was also a sprinkling of prison, drug addiction, alcohol dependence, unemployment, violence, financial-hardship and mental illness. When I had my son I became very thoughtful about adult responsibilities and challenges. I also listened to the radio a lot and seemed to tune into to every horrifying story of child neglect and abuse, I did this while staring out the window, breastfeeding my son, and watching a family of crows.

2. Can you tell us a bit about your writing environment?

Sometimes it’s at home, surrounded by all my files, looking out at a view of Arthur Seat. Or it can be in the little studio I share with five other people, staring at a wall but good for stopping me being distracted by the dishes. Often it’s a café or a train.

Nests work-in-progress performance at Imaginate Festival 2016. Image: Jassy Earl.

3. Do you have a favourite line or moment in the play?

I like the end. But that’d be telling…

4. How do you want audiences to feel having watched the show?

I’d like adults to care more about young people, especially young people who they might look at and assume ‘trouble-maker’. I’d like young people to feel like they can achieve things and make changes in their lives if they need to. I’d like everyone to feel like they have a bit more knowledge about the beautiful world of crows.

5. What has been your most memorable theatre experience – either as a member of the audience, or as part of the creative team?

I saw the Riot Group (from New York) in their first year at the Fringe with Wreck the Airline Barrier. I was quite young and it was just this intense, visceral, overwhelming experience in a tiny claustrophobic room. They used incredibly well-crafted text, passionate acting and contemporary staging to really make the audience feel something. That has always stayed with me. Really I want to come out of the theatre an emotional wreck.

6. What’s been the most useful piece of writing advice you’ve been given?

Write the shit version! Basically, stop procrastinating and attempting perfection. Just get it out of your head and on to paper. Then look at it, recognise where it doesn’t work and re-write it (even completely radically changing it) as many times as you need to until its good.

Nests work-in-progress performance at Imaginate Festival 2016. Image: Jassy Earl.

7. Why is the story of Nests important?

I hope it’s important because it questions some ideas and assumptions about young people and especially the idea that young people who live in poverty are unlikely to be educated or bright. If the people who make the decisions (lawyers, doctors, bankers, politicians, judges) are constantly presented with representations of people who are shown to be both poor and stupid (ie in comedy and in reality TV “documentaries”), they are going to make decisions on behalf of those people that hold them back.

8. Can you tell us about the first play you ever wrote?

I kind of wrote my first play when I was in a youth theatre aged nine. It was an under-the-sea adventure and I also got to play the lead role, which looking back seems a little unfair. By the time I left school at 15 I’d lost all confidence in the idea of myself as a writer and I didn’t write another play until 2011. That was a version of Hansel and Gretel at Platform in Glasgow. It had a remote-controlled badger in it and Gretel was a metal-head. I am still really proud of that play!

9. Going on from that, what advice would you give to your younger playwriting self?

I would give advice to my younger non-playwrighting self! And that advice would be: just write some plays. There is no such thing as a standard writer, don’t be held back by the age you left school or the fact that you have never studied Shakespeare, or that you don’t really know what a story is yet. Just try it. Also – take notes from good people, they are so, so valuable. Other people’s ideas are an asset to your creativity!

10. Finally, describe Nests in three words.

Boy. Man. Crow.

Nests World Premiere | Frozen Charlotte & Stadium Rock Fri 7 – Sat 8 Sep, 8pm BOOK NOW

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girllifepower · 6 years

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How Female Beauty is Perceived in Different Cultures of the World..{ Continuation } African Beauty Big is beautiful in Africa. Since most countries have scarcity of food, a fat woman is considered prettier than a skinny one. In fact, thin women are pitied and don't find husbands easily. Obesity is considered as a sign of wealth in most African countries. So much so that, young girls are force fed oily food and camel milk in countries like Mauritania to prepare them for their wedding. Girls are sent to special camps, where they are fed like cattle. They are even made to eat their puke sometimes. Such inhuman practices in the name of "beauty". Some Bizarre Beauty Perceptions Scars are considered as a sign of beauty in Southern Ethiopia. In fact, a girl is considered suitable for marriage only if she has enough scars on her stomach. The skin on the stomach is cut purposely starting from a very young age to ensure she gets lots of scars. Beauty is skin deep here. We all love tattoos, but never really associate them with feminine beauty. But in New Zealand, Maori women have to tattoo their lips blue to be considered attractive. They even have tattoos on their chins. You must know how obsessed the Chinese are with small feet. They go to extreme levels to ensure girls have small feet, and practices like foot binding are prevalent. The bones of the toes are broken and bound using a cloth. Girls as young as 4 years old undergo these cruel procedures. In some groups in South America and Africa, women wear lip plates, that stretch their lower lip to extreme sizes. These plates are huge, and are made of wood. Girls start using these plates from a very young age as the skin is very flexible then. Once the lip has stretched to the desired size, they remove the plate, and wear it occasionally. A slender and graceful neck looks very alluring, but that does not mean you should look like a giraffe. In certain cultures in Africa, women start wearing brass rings on their necks from a very young age. Rings are added as they grow older. These rings push down the collarbone and make the neck look very long and slender. A woman is considered to be ready for marriage after she has a sufficiently long neck. This practice is very harmful, and most women become totally dependent on rings as their necks cannot support their own head. Just reading about these so-called beauty standards makes us cringe, it's hard to imagine what the women have to bear to appear "beautiful". Beauty has always been associated with sexual attraction. All these women who undergo such pain, do it to attract a good husband or be eligible for marriage. As Arthur Marwick said, "The beautiful are those who are immediately exciting to almost all of the opposite sex." All these sky-high expectations of beauty have had an adverse effect on women. Shouldn't women just be beautiful for themselves? Every girl has the right to look good for herself without caring about the society or culture. The modern woman is independent and educated, and she does not need the approval of a man. Women are breaking free from these conventional standards, and accepting themselves for who they are. We need more encouragement and appreciation for such endeavors.

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kpmgtoday · 6 years

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Five things you need to know about the 'Big Four'

Originally the big four was known as "the big eight" (Arthur Andersen, Arthur Young, Coopers and Lybrand, Ernst & Whinney, Deloitte Hankins & Sells, Peat Marwick Mitchell – which became KPMG – Price Waterhouse, and Touche Ross). However it was reduced the "big six" and then "the big five" ... Delivered by KPMG Today (@KPMG_TO) Read more here Follow @KPMG_TO on Twitter to get latest updates

#KPMGToday

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us-thesisstatement-blog · 6 years

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Understanding the Past

William Lund once said, We poll the previous(prenominal) to translate the manifest; we understand the present to pass the future. With this remark, tidy sum need to account the agone, which is the way batch shtup understand others and themselves. Each one-on-one makes up what it is the past: everyone close to us is the sum of every(prenominal) events-good, bad, or indifferent-that happened to us. This idea guides our actions in the present and the future. How do people study and learn chronicle? According to Arthur Marwick, history should be a kind of perception supported by read and based on peaceful analysis[telling] it, as nearly as human can, as it was (Marwick 20-22). Convincingly, Marwicks claim that history is a science showing us what happened in the past (by calm facts and analysis by means of mixing of sources), but how can we understand non-facts in the past? thither be many slipway that we can understand facts. However, taste the non-facts-emotions , feelings-are difficult because there are limited sources that exemplify non-facts thoroughly. Historians study us how to understand the past through analyzing facts, which can retard us from making the aforesaid(prenominal) mistakes in the future. However, for individuals, it is easier to understand the past through non-facts. By approaching the events from different perspectives-through various genres-and planning different kinds of information, individuals can keep a better accord of emotional aspect of the past.\n throng and analyzing evidence to write active history is difficult; however, apprehension a history through approaching the events from many angles, particularly through various genres makes easier to understand history. To understand how history was formed, people need to understand what genre is. So what exactly is a genre in mind history? Genre is a French term that was derived from the Latin words genus, generis, meaning type, sort, or kind. Genre ...

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essaywritingcompany1-blog · 6 years

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Understanding the Past

William Lund at once said, We study the historical(a) to run across the turn in; we envision the present to guide the future. With this remark, sight motive to study the retiring(a), which is the way people disregard visualize others and themselves. distributively individual makes up what it is the past: everyone around us is the rundown of all events-good, bad, or indifferent-that happened to us. This brain guides our actions in the present and the future. How do people study and claim account? According to Arthur Marwick, narration should be a variety show of science supported by evidence and based on dispassionate analysis[telling] it, as about as human endnister, as it was (Marwick 20-22). Convincingly, Marwicks claim that narrative is a science video display us what happened in the past (by collected facts and analysis by means of variety of sources), but how can we experience non-facts in the past? There are umpteen ways that we can infer facts. Howeve r, understanding the non-facts-emotions, feelings-are ticklish because thither are limited sources that instance non-facts thoroughly. Historians teach us how to understand the past through analyzing facts, which can prevent us from devising the same mistakes in the future. However, for individuals, it is easier to understand the past through non-facts. By approaching the events from different perspectives-through unlike genres-and supplying different kinds of information, individuals can have a reveal understanding of emotional flavour of the past.\nGathering and analyzing evidence to draw up about report is difficult; however, understanding a history through approaching the events from many angles, especially through confused genres makes easier to understand history. To understand how history was formed, people need to understand what genre is. So what simply is a genre in understanding history? musical genre is a French limit that was derived from the Latin words gen us, generis, center type, sort, or kind. Genre ...

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pixelsniper · 7 years

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Mind, Matter, Concept in Art after Modernism (Mainz, 14-16 Dec 2017)

SUBLIMATION – MIND, MATTER, CONCEPT IN ART AFTER MODERNISM

International Conference at Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz and Kunsthalle Mainz

http://sublimation.uni-mainz.de

[German version and detailed program below]

During the “long Sixties,” a term coined by Arthur Marwick to describe the period from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s, artists, critics, and theorists criticized established…

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bestdissertationwritingser-blog2 · 7 years

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Understanding the Past

William Lund once said, We study the outgoing to run across the personate; we assure the present to guide the future. With this remark, stack urgency to study the knightly, which is the way people provokenister insure others and themselves. for each one individual makes up what it is the past tense: everyone around us is the affectionateness of all events-good, bad, or indifferent-that happened to us. This view guides our actions in the present and the future. How do people study and take care register? According to Arthur Marwick, register should be a soft of science supported by evidence and based on dispassionate analysis[telling] it, as most as human fuck, as it was (Marwick 20-22). Convincingly, Marwicks claim that write up is a science wake us what happened in the past (by collected facts and analysis by variety of sources), but how can we render non-facts in the past? There are galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) ways that we can understand facts. Howe ver, understanding the non-facts-emotions, feelings-are knotty because there are limited sources that interpret non-facts thoroughly. Historians teach us how to understand the past through analyzing facts, which can prevent us from reservation the same mistakes in the future. However, for individuals, it is easier to understand the past through non-facts. By approaching the events from different perspectives-through discordant genres-and supplying different kinds of information, individuals can have a cave in understanding of emotional grammatical construction of the past.\nGathering and analyzing evidence to relieve about write up is difficult; however, understanding a history through approaching the events from many angles, especially through variant genres makes easier to understand history. To understand how history was formed, people need to understand what genre is. So what hardly is a genre in understanding history? music genre is a French bourne that was derived from the Latin words genus, generis, signification type, sort, or kind. Genre ...

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miriadonline · 7 years

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CFP: Sublimation (Mainz, 14-16 Dec 17)

Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz/Kunsthalle Mainz, December 14 – 16, 2017 Deadline: Sep 1, 2017

Sublimation Mind, Matter, Concept in Art after Modernism

During the “long Sixties,” a period coined by Arthur Marwick to describe the late 1950s to the mid-1970s, artists, critics and theorists criticized established notions regarding works of art as autonomous aesthetic objects designed primarily for visual contemplation in the allegedly neutral space of a gallery. They confronted, in other words, the Modernist conception of art espoused by influential American art critic Clement Greenberg and his followers.

One particular strain in this respect is the tendency to use volatile materials or substances that may evaporate or sublimate, thereby destabilizing notions of the visual character and the objecthood of art. These tendencies are often subsumed within the generalizing notion about the “dematerialization” of art a term introduced in 1968 by critics Lucy R. Lippard and John Chandler. This conference seeks to address the shortcomings of this view by focusing on the complex negotiations between materiality and immateriality informing art practices of the time.

As a frame and a starting point, the conference draws on the philosophical concept of “sublimation” and explores its analytic potential for this critical reflection. In chemistry and physics, sublimation is defined as the “conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without its becoming liquid” (Encyclopedia Britannica). Beyond this literal sense, the term “sublimation” has been used to describe a psychological process with cultural and social impact in philosophy and psychoanalysis. By analyzing practices that engage with volatile materials and chemical processes against the background of contemporary philosophical reflections on sublimation, we intend to highlight the significance of matter and materiality in conceptualism and contemporaneous experimental art practices of the 1950s to 1970s in the United States and elsewhere.

Our basic premise is that the concept of “sublimation” is a key term for an interdisciplinary reflection on such practices and, more fundamentally, contributes to a deeper understanding of conceptualism and other art practices that departed from Greenbergian conceptions of art. Thus, our conference aims for mutual ground upon which the disciplines of art history and philosophy may address important artistic approaches within postwar United States and international communities.

Our planned program comprises four sections that address different aspects of the topic:

(1) Sublimation and Dissolution as Art: This section will be dedicated to artists who consciously choose materials in their work that have a tendency to dissolve or sublimate. Contributions will address important examples of such strategies. We will also seek to establish possible connections with the notion of entropy as a loss of order and form that was highly influential in the period.

(2) Sublimation, Mind, and Body: This section aims at exploring the potential of psychoanalytical theories of sublimation for the analysis of the role of materiality in art after Modernism. While the term “sublimation” is often associated with spiritualization and abstraction, our focus lies on the transformation of matter, following e.g. Gaston Bachelard’s concept of “material imagination.”

(3) Sublimation and the Sublime: The third section focuses on “sublimation” and its relation to the notion of the sublime in art and philosophy. Taking into account the sublime¹s traditional association with the spiritual, and the central role it played in discussions on modernist art, connecting this important concept with the notion of sublimation seems promising in order to shed new light on conceptualism and other practices such as Land Art and their relation to materiality.

(4) Sublimation, Matter, Concept: This section will analyze how matter relates to thought, idea, or concept in conceptual, ephemeral, and process-based artistic projects of the 1950s to 1970s more generally, also addressing the question to what degree some forms of conceptualism could be regarded as strategies towards a sublimation of matter, and thus an ennoblement of art as a mainly intellectual endeavor.

Confirmed speakers: Sabeth Buchmann, Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien Günter Figal, Albert Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg James Nisbet, University of California, Irvine Dominic Rahtz, University for the Creative Arts, Canterbury Philip Shaw, University of Leicester Marin R. Sullivan, Keene State College Dylan Trigg, University College Dublin Friedrich Weltzien, Hochschule Hannover

Paper proposals could address, but are not limited to, the following questions: – What artistic practices are based on notions or processes of sublimation, or can be described using this vocabulary?

– How can the role of the artist, the recipient, or more generally authorship and subjectivity be described in this context?

– How did philosophers of the 20th century (e.g. Julia Kristeva, Jacques Lacan) take up the term “sublimation” in theories of subjectivity? In what way does it relate to matter and what could be its contribution to a better understanding of art?

– What is the specific value of categories such as dissolution, transition, refinement, or ennoblement for the interpretation of art?

– Which connections can be drawn between sublimation and entropy, as a loss of order and form?

– What parallels exist, with respect to the arts, between sublimation and the sublime?

Please send proposals of around 250 words for a 25-minutes paper, along with a short biography (max. 200 words), no later than September 1, 2017, to the conference organizers: Christian Berger, IKM Abteilung Kunstgeschichte, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, [email protected] Annika Schlitte, Philosophisches Seminar, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, [email protected]

If possible, please also indicate the section you would like to join. Announcements of acceptance will be sent by the end of September.

Travel reimbursement depends on the availability of funds.

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writing-services-online-us-blog · 7 years

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Understanding the Past

William Lund erst said, We study the previous(prenominal) to take in the pass on; we take the present to guide the future. With this remark, throng penury to study the bygone, which is the way people tummy make others and themselves. for each one individual makes up what it is the then(prenominal): everyone around us is the hit of all events-good, bad, or indifferent-that happened to us. This motif guides our actions in the present and the future. How do people study and arrest muniment? According to Arthur Marwick, recital should be a strain of science supported by evidence and based on dispassionate analysis[telling] it, as near as human stand, as it was (Marwick 20-22). Convincingly, Marwicks claim that score is a science show us what happened in the past (by collected facts and analysis through with(predicate) variety of sources), but how freighter we gain non-facts in the past? There are umpteen ways that we can understand facts. However, understanding the non-facts-emotions, feelings-are punishing because on that point are limited sources that symbolise non-facts thoroughly. Historians teach us how to understand the past through analyzing facts, which can prevent us from fashioning the same mistakes in the future. However, for individuals, it is easier to understand the past through non-facts. By approaching the events from different perspectives-through various(a) genres-and supplying different kinds of information, individuals can have a stop understanding of emotional tone of the past.\nGathering and analyzing evidence to indite about muniment is difficult; however, understanding a history through approaching the events from some(prenominal) angles, especially through various genres makes easier to understand history. To understand how history was formed, people need to understand what genre is. So what precisely is a genre in understanding history? musical style is a French margin that was derived from the Lati n words genus, generis, message type, sort, or kind. Genre ...

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atticusblog2016-blog · 7 years

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New Post has been published on Atticusblog

New Post has been published on https://atticusblog.com/religion-and-sports-games-people-play/

Religion and sports: games people play

“When Europeans entered North America,” writes Arthur Remillard of the Saint Francis University, “there had been about 500 impartial Indian cultures, each with its very own particular nonsecular world view.” By Indians, Remillard here way the native Americans. The video games that the natives played “additionally carried an air of sacredness”. But the Europeans saw the games or “bodies in movement” as “an affront to Christianity, and a barrier to conversion”. These our bodies in motion were taken as evidence of “superstition”—a demonstration that Western Christianity’s “civilizing” function had but to start.

The complex relationship that game and religion have had over the centuries keeps to this day. Last week, the International Basketball Federation or Fiba, the sector governing body for basketball, ratified a brand new rule permitting players to wear headgear. The selection has been welcomed via many Islamic and Sikh groups as the brand new rule will permit gamers to wear hijab and turbans for the duration of the game. The demand to alternate the regulations in numerous sports to accommodate specific cultures has been developing for a few years now. An impetus to such demands changed into provided by Ibtihaj Muhammad, the United States fencer who has become the primary American athlete in Olympic history to wear a hijab within the Rio video games of 2016.

The media also splashed snapshots of girl seashore volleyball players from Egypt—some of them in hijab and all of them in full sleeves and length pants. This turned into in sharp assessment to their warring parties, who were attired within the bikini fashion apparel one might usually accomplice with seashore volleyball. Following these developments, Nike, one of the pinnacle worldwide sportswear brands, has announced that it’ll be coming out with a “Pro-Hijab” for Muslim athletes.

Sports ought to certainly embrace more variety. If an innocuous change in a rule or two will permit competitors from culturally different elements of the world to show off their talents, then those changes must be made. But changing guidelines can not clear up all the issues. Take the case of Heena Sidhu, the Indian shooter, as an instance. She decided to drag out of the Asian Airgun Shooting Championship in Iran last 12 months due to the compulsory hijab rule for girls contributors. The count, as it could be visible, boils down to preference. And if some choice must be taken away, which of the 2—game or religion—may be the final arbiter?

Religious Tolerance and World Peace

Religious tolerance way accepting others religions of their own way

You ought to receive religious beliefs of others and practices, even though you cannot agree with their practices or beliefs. Religious tolerance is vital as it allows us to honor and admire the differences between our religious practices. Religions every now and then separate us in terms of practices, but on the equal time, it keeps us collectively. Religious tolerance is the street to international peace. In order to construct worldwide peace, we ought to keep away from violence and follow morals which might be preached by the religions.

Alphabetical list of world religions

Both believers and non-believers are residing inside the equal society. So, it is vital to have nonsecular tolerance to hold peace amongst human beings all around the global. By understanding the essence of different religions, you’ll come to know almost all the religions are preaching the same morale. Human rights violations are because of nonsecular intolerance and such violations aggravate misunderstanding among human beings. This will get up several threats to the security globally and domestically. Solutions for nonsecular intolerance can be located within the teachings of any faith and in all spiritual teachings all over the international.

Each spiritual community has a duty in their very own in order that their preaching has to assist in ending conflicts and toughen the safety in order that worry is changed with the aid of belief. The responsibility of each man or woman is important in each religion. If you need to sense oneness and find humanity inside the mind of every individual, there ought to be a universality of religious expressions. Hence, cohesion in the range is critical in religious tolerance. It is crucial to have the sensation of oneness and humanity to preserve cooperation and peace within our globe.

Religious intolerance usually hinders love and peace

Religious intolerance is mostly because of lack of knowledge and restricted know-how. Education assists you to beautify the on secular values inside the human beings. Through education also you could expand spiritual tolerance because simplest authorities laws can’t help to prevent the religious intolerance.

You must eliminate disparity, prejudice, and hostility toward other religions even if you have no belief in the ones. You should understand other scriptures, their ideas and essence so you will recognize that all nonsecular scriptures are preaching the identical factor. Religious intolerance in no way lets you attain everywhere. Hence, it is vital to have nonsecular tolerance to keep global peace and protection.

Financial Issues in Sports Today

In our world, many troubles stand up concerning accounting troubles and techniques used to present monetary statements to the general public and to the traders. Federation International Football Association (FIFA) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association has these days been under the microscope of the general public with reference the monetary statements which have been made to be had to the public.

The World Cup is a football (soccer) tournament that started out in 1930 this is held each 4 years at a number country between qualifying countries. The event is by means of some distance the most considered sporting event in the international with a remarkable twenty-six million plus estimated visitors inside the past activities. As one could believe, u . S . A . This is offered the opportunity to host the World Cup receives an astounding spike of their financial revenue; so, the method of selecting the united states is a very calculated drawn out manner that is held via twenty or so contributors of the FIFA government committee who evaluation shows via every u. S . A . Consultant. To receive the bid a rustic ought to acquire at the least fifty-one percent of the votes; if all the nations are under the fifty-one percentage mark the bottom vote getters are removed and the bidding technique begins again.

Cbs sports march madness

In 2014, there were murmurs of perceived troubles in choosing the host united states Russia for the following World Cup extravaganza in 2018. Shortly thereafter the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) started to check out the bidding manner and determined the 2014 bidding system seemed to were manipulated by way of one or more than one folks that may want to have a connection with FIFA’s inner control. Speculation and different materials of facts have been supplied to the general public that brings inquiries to the system and the previous vote casting years. In 1999 Klynveld Peat Marwick Goeredeler (KPMG) turned into hired as the first outside auditor for FIFA to assist ensure translucently, and honest practices had been getting used. An article from the New York Times states, “Having one of the large auditors of path facilitates to give some credibility to your debts,”. (Browning, NY Times) A recreation at its core that is supposed for satisfaction for the player and viewer respectively also can hold a key part in a communities financial status; The World Cup bid being a super example, giving the winning united states of America an expected eight to twelve billion greenbacks in sales for a 3-month occasion.

A Brief History About Video Games

It is not lengthy that video games were invented

But the video games are an awful lot older than you could consider. The oldest game is the “Tennis of Two”. This game became invented by John Higginbotham in 1958. The video game of that point consisted of a horizontal line on the screen along a perpendicular lie to constitute the internet. The subsequent video game turned into invented in 1960 with “Spacewar”. The next game becomes played using the tv.

The video arcade recreation “Computer Space” got here inside the early 1970’s. So long and soon got here in new inventions of video games. Coming to the present time we now find thousands of games. These are without difficulty available. The makers of the games preserve enhancing them occasionally to manage up with the present day state of affairs.Moshi games for girls.

All the games have emerged as downloadable

Thus, people can play in their telephones and capsules alternatively of buying video games. The sport might have 3-D portraits, sensible moves, and exquisite sound best. The more and most common names of video video games are X-Box, Game Cube, PlayStation 2, and many others.

Some of the common concerns of this industry are youngsters get greater attracted to those video games. Where the video games growth their intellectual interest but reduce their physical activity. Some dad and mom even come responsible the manufacturers. Thus, the makers have added the interactive video games. The dance pads added calls for the gamers to imitate the movements of dance. Several other technology are also being followed to make the device at par with the age of the participant.

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