#card and spin the fiber and then weave it into shirts

[pumpkinpaix]

I am processing nettle to do various fiber craft experiments with and you may notice the terrible stock pot situation which resulted in me setting a towel on fire briefly but hey. I have successfully made nettle cordage. The difference in color is dependent on how much I scraped and cleaned the fiber before use!

Unfortunately the journey is far from over and I expect I shall be in nettle hell for weeks to come

Other nettle projects include spinning, papermaking, dyeing (root and leaf) and eating. I have already eaten it but I think the season is wrong. Not much taste only texture. anyways! Good times and also suffering

[swashbucklery]

I have been thinking about the costuming in Willow a lot, and yes this is for fanfiction reasons but it's also just for fun. As background, my non-fandom hobbies are mostly textile based: I sew garments and teach sewing classes, I'm an experienced knitter and handspinner and I've started to dabble in wool processing from fleece and four-shaft weaving.

So once I get into a Textile Puzzle Hole I can go pretty deep, and this is a fun and important part of understanding the worldbuilding for me.

Because they're doing a thing with Willow that - I actually really enjoy. It's not "classic fantasy" in the sense that it's not period-appropriate or of a specific era that we'd recognize. They're also clearly trying to call back to the 80s roots of the original film with some of the design choices; mostly the elements of armor and clothing that they're pulling from traditional martial arts clothing and the existence of Fun Fantasy Denim.

A lot of my thoughts aren't necessarily about critique, but more about trying to put together a cohesive rubric for myself as to what the costuming aesthetic is. Because it's not "anything goes," it's got a specific vibe and a clear voice and I want to "get it" more for my own writing and for my own understanding.

I think the two rules that I've drilled down so far are:

Textiles As Artisan Material (all-handmade, no fantasy spandex)

Function Over Form

1. Textiles As Artisan Material So to get into this a little, I want to get into the idea of how textiles are made because for me I'm In Deep and know a lot about the raw material to cloth to garment process but the average person does not. (I will say, I'm excepting the Cuirass from all of this - we know metatextually that it's a 3d printed stretch fabric bodysuit; it's also magic so it doesn't count.)

So, the average person is used to textile production that is predicated on post-industrial-revolution technology. Meaning:

power-driven machines for weaving and spinning

computer technology available in spinning and weaving machinery to allow for easy production of highly complex cloth structures and patterning

overabundance and artificially low costs of raw materials

When you are thinking of fabric (and I'd include cloth and leather here but not metal armor) as a skilled artisan material, understanding the reasoning for, for instance, Jade having one shirt for the entire series involves understanding what steps are involved. Then, we can understand how many human beings are involved in fabric and therefore garment production and also how many people need to get paid along the way. A piece of cloth entirely handmade for a garment would involve:

a producer to grow the textile fiber (cotton, flax, wool, hide for leather)

skilled artisans to process the fiber (washing, preparing for spinning which could include combing/carding wool, retting flax, etc, leather tanning)

skilled artisans to add dye. This can be done at the stage of prepared fiber, finished thread/yarn, or finished cloth. In a real-world/modern context, this would have significant impact on the cost of cloth. Certain colours (reds, purples) are much harder to dye true than others or require more expensive dyestuff.

skilled spinners to turn the fiber into fine threads for weaving - depending on the fineness needed for the specific weave of the cloth this could be weeks to months of work. Thinner threads will take more time but have more drape and be less stiff as a cloth, so you'd need thin threads for next-to-skin garments like undershirts, and for fine fabrics in things like dresses or fancy formalware

weavers to weave the threads into cloth. Again, the timing here would depend on the type of thread being used but it would also depend on whether or not there are any woven-in embellishments as components of the cloth. Basic cloth in plain weave would take time but not a lot of extra skill; twills or patterning require more time and weaving skill.

embroiderers to add any embellishments either to the base cloth or to the finished garment

tailors and seamstresses to make garments to measure, which would involve cutting any pieces out of the finished cloth and turning it into a garment the correct size for the wearer. If we are assuming that the mechanical sewing machine has not been invented, then garments would be sewn by hand.

handsewing a correctly finished garment involves more than just tacking the pieces together; seam finishes so that the cloth doesn't unravel often require going over the same seam line one or more times. The labour hours in this step cannot be overstated.

metalworkers or other craftspeople to make fastenings and finishings: buttons, toggles, grommets on lacing that weren't handsewn, etc.

leather garments would be made by a separate type of textile worker, since leatherwork requires different tools and a different skillset to successfully construct garments.

So for a basic garment we're looking at needing to pay six separate types of skilled artisans for their work, up to six or seven if it's a garment with elaborate fittings and/or finishing such as buttons or metal fasteners.

The textile economy is relevant here because it is going to translate directly into style. Cutting fabric into patterned shapes leaves waste; this is fine if you're using mass-produced fabric that you can easily afford to replace but if cloth is the 10/10 most precious thing in your garment, you're going to try to cut it into as low-waste a design as possible. It might also lead to less fussy fitting, so that garments are adjustable and can be used by a person for much longer.

It also translates into textile types. Prior to the advent of mechanical knitting machines, any knit (stretch) fabrics would be hand knit. If you have ever tried knitting yourself, you understand that knitting with thin thread takes more time, and therefore more labour hours.

What this means for clothing in-universe on Willow is:

almost entirely woven fabrics, with the exception of handknitting (see: Elora’s scarf-shawl)

this likely does translate into undergarments; I've been looking at regency and late-Victorian era examples to get my head around. The modern bra and panty set is heavily heavily dependent on not just machine knit fabric but also a TON of petroleum-based synthetic textiles that cannot be produced without modern post-industrial means.

fastened using items that can be handmade! Buttons, toggles, clasps, ties or belts for the most part, with the occasional Fantasy Rivet or Fantasy Grommet.

precious! so precious! Expensive to produce and also worth caring for; we see some examples of visible mending in-show and that would have been the standard for everyone with the exception of Kit and Airk.

2. Function Over Form So this is maybe something that I only think about because I sew, but the modern eye is really used to equating and understanding "woven" fabrics and "stretch woven" fabrics as equivalent. Jeans are the easiest example to think about: they're made with denim, but in things like skinny jeans that denim is usually blended with some kind of spandex. Typical woven fabric doesn't stretch in either direction in a meaningful way; stretch-woven fabrics do so because of the synthetic textile content.

So a lot of the design choices that we see in the show really have to take into account that those textiles won't stretch with movement, and that the wearers need to be able to swordfight:

larger, baggier shirts with cuffs or vests rather than more fitted shirts, to allow for full movement at the elbow and shoulder

trousers that have a bit of extra wearing ease at the hip and thigh, so that when the wearer sits or squats there is room for the change in their body shape with these positions

there are a couple of GREAT leather jackets (Kit's in the early season especially), but if you look closely there's actually a grommet-and-lacing system to attach the sleeve head to the body, so that the shoulder still moves. So clever!

Anyway I have been having a lot of fun thinking about this and deconstructing the garments further. Thinking more about the costuming helps me find the worldbuilding details that make it easy for me to write, and I’d love to chat about this lots and lots! I do have some screenshot receipts for this; I didn’t include them because I mostly just wanted to write and not do ~graphic design today.

[demongrocer]

I want to experiment with posting fiber arts stuff on tumblr more. If you want to avoid my fiber arts posts, filter out the tag #demongrocerFiberArts

I wasn't acquainted with the idea of National Knitting and Crochet Month / NaKniCroMo in March (fashioned after NaNoWriMo / National Novel Writing Month in November). However, I saw a post this year and figured I would try it out

NaKniCroWriMo Week 1: Meet the Maker

Day 1: Introduce yourself

I have been dabbling in random fiber arts like latch hook and pot holder weaving since childhood, but learned knitting and crochet when I was 17. I took to knitting in particular, and knitted on and off for years (mostly basic hats and scarves).

When I was in my late twenties, a coworker was knitting at his desk, which renewed my excitement about knitting. We started a craft club together at work, and I expanded my knitting skills significantly (knitting with double pointed needles, knitting small toys, knitting socks, etc.), and relearned the basics of crochet from a craft group member.

In my mid-thirties I started experimenting with machine knitting, first with round Addi knitting machines, then with flat bed and double bed knitting machines, then with circular sock knitting machines. I found that relearning crochet basics yet again was useful for finishing machine knit pieces. This time crochet finally clicked with my brain, and while I am still at essentially the proficient novice stage, I have made multiple shirts and a hooded cardigan, which has led to me teaching some crochet basics classes locally.

At this point, I have been exposing myself to various fiber arts, and picked up both spinning (drop spindle, manual wheel, and espinner) and weaving (mostly rigid heddle loom weaving, but trying other small looms and cards, and working to get a small 8 shaft floor loom).

Edited to add: I also do some cross stitch and needlepoint here and there, but am usually too impatient to do anything not tiny

[gokultexprint]

From Farm to Fashion: The Fascinating Journey of Natural Fabrics ft. Cotton

Invoking visions of big, soft, white fluffy cotton balls or perhaps a favorite well-worn t-shirt, cotton is that familiar wardrobe staple we can’t seem to live without. It feels good, washes up well, and looks good. It’s also breathable, helps to absorb moisture, is durable, and is hypoallergenic – making it perfect for everyone in the family, even those with the most sensitive of skin. But have you ever wondered about the journey your cotton-sustainable clothing has taken before it reaches your wardrobe?

Invoking visions of big, soft, white fluffy cotton balls or perhaps a favorite well-worn t-shirt, cotton is that familiar wardrobe staple we can’t seem to live without. It feels good, washes up well, and looks good. It’s also breathable, helps to absorb moisture, is durable, and is hypoallergenic – making it perfect for everyone in the family, even those with the most sensitive of skin. But have you ever wondered about the journey your cotton-sustainable clothing has taken before it reaches your wardrobe?

Table of Contents

The Journey of Organic Cotton: Harvesting and Processing

Plantation and growing

Ginning – cleaning the cotton

Cotton spinning

Knitting or weaving

Fabric finishing

Sewing

Conclusion

Let’s dive into the fascinating journey of natural fabrics and discover the incredible process that turns a humble cotton plant into the garments we love.

The Journey of Organic Cotton: Harvesting and Processing

Plantation and growing

The whole idea behind organic cotton farming and sustainable fashion is working with nature. It’s about maintaining ecological balance and sustaining the environment, rather than using chemicals that provide short-term benefits but long-term problems, such as depleting the health of the soil. Organic cotton farmers respect the soil, viewing it as a living system and not just a means to grow plants. They ensure soil health by using natural fertilizers, composting, and crop rotation. Organic cotton is typically rotated with other crops, replenishing the soil and helping farmers economically by avoiding dependency on a single crop.

Ginning – cleaning the cotton

“Ginning” is the term used for the process of turning raw cotton balls into clean fibers. After the cotton is dried to remove moisture content, the ginning machine with its revolving circular saws pushes the lint through a narrow grill to prevent seeds from passing through. Rotating brushes pull the cotton, now called “lint,” from the grill and compress it into large bales.

Cotton spinning

“Spinning” is the stage where cotton fibers turn into “yarn” with a little help from machinery. The cotton bales are opened, blended, and cleaned again to remove any remnants of dirt, leaves, and seeds. Next, the fibers are fed into a “carding” machine, which separates the threads and pulls them into a single, continuous, loose rope. Through the process of drawing, the fibers are blended, straightened, and refined to achieve the desired density, in preparation for the spinning machine. Ring-spinning machines are commonly used worldwide to create long threads of yarn.

Knitting or weaving

Knitting involves looping the threads onto each other to form various fabrics, such as stretchy cotton jerseys. Fabrics can also be woven, creating a structure with overlapping strings that cross each other vertically and horizontally. A simple stretch test can help determine if a fabric is knitted or woven, as knitted fabrics stretch easily along their width, while woven fabrics barely give.

Fabric finishing

Most fabrics undergo one or more finishing touches to make them look and feel more attractive. Cotton brushing, printing, and dyeing are some common finishing techniques. To produce a truly organic end product, the production must avoid the use of harmful chemicals not only in the agricultural stage but also in the finishing stage. Low-impact fiber-reactive dyes are a more environmentally friendly alternative to harmful chemicals, using less water and avoiding toxic mordants.

Sewing

Once the cotton has had its finishes applied, it’s ready to be stitched together. Garment sewing is done by skilled workers who follow pre-specified patterns, showcasing their expertise in the art of sewing, stitching, and operating various machinery.

Conclusion

Next time you slip into your favorite cotton t-shirt or wrap yourself in a cozy cotton blanket, take a moment to appreciate the journey it has taken. From the cotton fields where it grew under the watchful eye of organic cotton farmers, to the intricate processes of cleaning, spinning, knitting or weaving, fabric finishing, and sewing, every step contributes to the creation of a garment that is not only fashionable but also sustainable. By understanding the fascinating journey of natural fabrics, we can make more informed choices as consumers and support environmentally conscious practices in the sustainable fashion industry.

[k00280903]

Garment Observation

Dress:

Research on misguided -

Misguided create looks that are designed by in-house talent that's made to equip millenial women with the fashion they need for all elements of their life

Nitin Passi is the man behind Missguided, starting his career in the New York fashion industry he set up on his own in 2009. With a loan of £50k, passion for product and endless ambition,Passi now runs a global multi platform brand and strives to continuously better the fashion world.

Misguided labels-

Coating- 100% polyurethane, Back : 95% polyester 5% elastane

Side seam: Made in chine

End life of polyurethane: 50+ years

Environment effect: helps to fight climate change, effective insulator.

Where did u get: misguided - online , 1 year old

How is it made: To make polyester fibers, PET plastic pellets are melted and extruded through tiny holes called spinnerets to form long threads, which are then cooled to harden into a fiber. This process is called melt spinning. The shape and qualtity of holes can be altered to create fibers with different qualities.

Shirt:

Research on next -

Next is a British multinational clothing, footwear and home products retailer, which has its headquarters in Enderby England. The company was founded by Joseph Hepworth in Leeds in 1864 as a tailor under the name hemp worth & sons. It has around 700 stores. Next is the largest clothing retailer by sales in the United Kingdom, having overtaken Marks and Spencer in early 2012 and 2014. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index

Next labels -

100% cotton

Side seam - made in turkey

End of life of cotton : 100 years

Environment effect: Cotton cultivation severely degrades soil quality. Despite the global area devoted to cotton cultivation remaining constant for the past 70 years, cotton production has depleted and degraded the soil in many areas. Most cotton is grown on well-established fields, but their exhaustion leads to expansion into new areas and the attendant destruction of habitat.

Where did you get: my dads wardrobe, next, two years ago

How is it made: Cotton fibers come from cotton plants. Specifically, they grow from the outer layer of the cotton plant. Before they can be turned into sheets or t-shirts, the cotton seeds must first be separated from the plant, and then the fibers from the seeds. Bales of cotton fibers are then spun at a facility where they are carded, combed and blended. Before the carding stage, which involves separating the fibers into loose strands, the cotton is taken off a picking machine. The spun cotton is then knit on a loom also knows as the weaving process, into a rough greyish fabric.

[septrainbow]

T-shirt Knowledge Introduction

1. What is grammage? Gram weight is generally used to indicate the thickness of the fabric, the greater the weight, the thicker the clothes. The weight of T-shirt is generally between 160 grams and 220 grams, too thin will be very transparent, too thick will be stuffy, generally choose between 180-260 grams. (Short-sleeved T-shirts are generally based on 180-220 grams. This thickness is just right to wear. Long-sleeved T-shirts generally choose 260 grams of fabric, which is thicker)

2. What is count? Definition: The number of length yards of cotton yarn with a nominal weight of one pound.

Coarse count yarn: pure cotton yarn with 18 counts or less, mainly used for weaving thick fabrics or piled looped cotton fabrics.

Middle count yarn: 19-29 count pure cotton yarn. Mainly used for knitted garments with general requirements.

Fine yarn: 30-60 pure cotton yarn. Mainly used for high-grade knitted cotton fabrics. The higher the count will be softer, In general T-shirts are 21 and 32.

3. What is combing? T-shirt cotton yarn can be divided into carded and combed yarn.

Carded yarn: refers to the yarn spun by the carded spinning process, also called uncombed yarn.

Combed yarn: refers to the yarn produced by using high-quality cotton fiber as raw material and adding a combing process to that of carded yarn during spinning. The surface of the fabric is relatively clean, and the hand feels very soft.

4. What are the processes for T-shirt printing? T-shirt printing is basically divided into screen printing and transfer printing.

Screen printing: The technology is relatively complex, mainly including design, film production, printing, printing, and drying steps. The advantages of screen printing are high color fastness, durability and washability. The screen printing plate-making cost is relatively high, so mass production is needed to reduce the cost, and it cannot meet the printing of single or very small batches.

Transfer printing: Also known as heat transfer. The advantages are bright color and simple technology. The disadvantage is that the pattern is not durable, not resistant to abrasion and can't stand washing.

5. How to singeing treatment ? The characteristic of singeing treatment is to remove the fluff formed on the surface of the yarn due to unwound fibers and protruding fibers, making the fabric more smooth and beautiful, and the fabric color is uniform, and it can print clear and fine patterns.

6. What are the advantages of pure cotton T-shirt ? Why add spandex? Pure cotton fabrics are characterized by good hand feel, comfortable and environmentally friendly, but easy to wrinkle. Adding a small amount of spandex yarn can significantly change the physical properties of the fabric, greatly increase the elasticity of the fabric, while maintaining the texture and comfort of pure cotton. In addition, adding spandex to the collarband can prevent the collarband from becoming loose and deformed and maintain the lasting elasticity of the neckband.

[weaveafinetale]

@royalmagus​ asked: ❝Don’t be afraid. I’m sorry, this wasn’t supposed to happen.❞             

All day she had been busy carding the fibers, preparing them to be spun and used to finish off the last of her brothers’ shirts. Just one more, she repeated to herself, over and over as she did her best to ignore the sting of enchanted fibers cutting into her skin, leaving her with thin ribbons of scars marring once pretty hands. The only sign she gave as to how much pain she was is was an occasional wince as she pushed through. Just this last one and I can be done with it all. They can be free. I can be free. And even if I don’t make it in time to save myself, at least I’ll have saved everyone else.

She supposed she ought to think herself lucky that she was still allowed to continue her weaving, even if it was under unpleasant circumstances. At least, even if she was locked up, and even if the wicked old man got his way, she could use her last moments to weave in peace, uninterrupted by the king and his demands for her company in his court. It’s what she had been telling herself the past few days since the guards barged into her suite and dragged her down into the dungeons, Samar trailing close behind her as she pleaded their innocence. It was what helped soothe the terror pounding in her chest and the tremor in her hands, and what lessened the impotence she felt being unable to speak, when just a few words would have easily put to rest the accusations against her and Samar.

She could do it. Make it all go away. Make the accusations stop, unmask the old man as an ambitious fraud whose only interest was the king’s coffers and eliminating any threats to his lofty position in court. Yet she knew how quickly doing so would undo all her work and sacrifice. In an instant, she’d save her own neck, but destroy the hope that had been looming over her shoulders for the past few years. All the work and pain she endured would have been for nothing. And the thought of that failure she would never survive. Not after all she’d sacrificed to get as far as she had.

She froze at Samar’s words, fibers hanging delicately between her fingers as she began to spin them by hand. Once more, the temptation to break her vow was luring her. There was so much she wanted to say to Samar. Assure her it wasn’t her fault, express her gratitude for having her in her life when she once had no one. Lips pressed together, holding back her words before the parted to let out a shaky breath once she was sure she could still her tongue.

Quietly, she set her work down, moving closer to Samar before her arms wrapped around the woman for a hug, careful to keep her injured hands off her so as not to stain her clothes. She held on as best she could, trying to wrap a goodbye and a thank you all in one gesture of affection before she pulled away, hands now moving to pick up her fibers once more to resume her work. Any moment now, the guards would come for them, and that was the most she could spare if she wanted any hope of having time to save Samar and her brothers.

[texgarmentzone]

How Clothes Are Made In Different Steps?

With industrialization and mass production, we quickly forgot the multitude of steps that hide behind the making of our clothes.

Did you know that no less than nine steps are involved in the manufacturing process of our clothes? From the fiber to the finished product, it is these skills that we have chosen to highlight in this guide.

From the fiber, at least 5 steps are necessary to manufacture a garment. Fiber culture, spinning, weaving, dyeing, making.

Fiber

Whether it is linen, hemp or even cotton, you have to start somewhere. However, the culture of the raw material is at the very basis of making clothes. In the case of natural materials from plants, the operator sows, maintains and then harvests the fibers.

For example, for a garment made predominantly with cotton, after being harvested, the cotton fibers are sorted, cleaned to remove dirt and then spun. In order to facilitate spinning treatments, preparation agents (lubricants and humidifying agents) are used. These agents will then be eliminated and may end up in the wastewater.

Wiring

It is then the turn of the spinner to enter. Its role is therefore to transform raw material into thread. Simple as pie, right? Well, no! To achieve this result, the fibers are successively freed of their impurities, combed, drawn and then braided.

Weaving

There are several weaving methods depending on the desired result, we prefer this or that method. For example, the so-called “classic” weaving will make it possible to obtain more rigid fabrics such as jeans while the mesh will offer a more flexible result, ideal for making t-shirts.

The weaving phase may require synthetic finishes, i.e. all chemical, physical and mechanical treatments, which serve to give textiles the desired end-use properties (touch, visual effect, waterproofing, non-flammability, etc.). This is the finishing phase. Towel manufacturers in Bangladesh are all weaving mills who make towel and sew by themselves.

The Dyeing

As with weaving, there are different skills. Indeed, this step is not frozen in time. Dyeing involves the use of a certain number of chemicals and auxiliary products which are generally found in waste. The environmental impacts considered at this stage are discharges from the dye baths; washing and rinsing baths after dyeing, equipment cleaning water. Textiles can be dyed during any phase of the manufacturing process depending on the presentation of the material (wadding, thread, fabric).

You can either choose to dye the yarn, the fabric, or the finished product “diving”. But that’s not all! When printing a pattern, it can be done in several ways: the frame, the block print from India, the batik, the shibori emblematic of Japan and many other techniques of the 4 corners of the world!

Sewing

This stage brings together all the textile materials, known as tailoring, which allow clothing to come to life. Before the actual sewing, the fabric is cut beforehand, but it is generally the same people who take care of these two stages. The pieces now shaped, are ready for assembly. The final details, such as embroidery or labels are then brought to it.

There are many ways to create different clothes in several forms:

Spinning: The production of a thread requires shelling and cleaning of the raw material (ginning), loosening and parallelization of the fibers (carding, combing) and finally spinning.

Weaving: The fabric is obtained by weaving which is the result of the intertwining, in the same plane, of threads arranged in the warp direction and of threads arranged, perpendicular to the warp threads, in the direction of the frame. The binding obtained between these warp and weft threads is defined by a weave. Jeans manufacturer in Bangladesh do both yarn dying and weaving under same roof.

Knitting: Several knitting methods have been developed.

The best known knitting, also known as weft knitting. It allows the production of jersey, interlock, 1×1 rib, English rib, etc. These knits are frequently used in underwear, T-shirts, pullovers, socks, etc.

via Tex Garment Zone https://texgarmentzone.biz/how-clothes-are-made-in-different-steps/

[anastasiawcm-blog]

Alpaca Farming: The Basics

Spring will deliver new traditional colours, absolutely nothing you gained't like but colours that will trigger you to take a 2nd appear. Uncommon fibers made into unusual yarns and yarn spinning rely (plies) will be front and center. The yarns will be produced up of various sorts of yarn fiber, this kind of as mink and possum.

Mesquite Valley Alpacas , situated at 22625 S. Val Vista Dr.(between Chandler Heights and Ocotillo) in Gilbert is opening their doors for an open house on Saturday, April ll from ten:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. If you have any questions regarding the open house or merely require instructions, get in touch with them at 480-628-4801 and depart a concept.

Summer is just about the corner, and that indicates summer time camp! Jersey Shore Alpacas Orgling in Eco-friendly Creek is now accepting registrations for a bunch of fleece and fun at Alpaca Camp in July. Due to last yr's overwhelming interest, the camp will offer 3 sessions for kids ages nine via 16. Campers will get to appreciate time with the animals and discover alpaca-associated crafts, such as needle felting, knitting and weaving on a floor loom. Craft materials, treats, a souvenir, alpaca ornament, T-shirt and certification are integrated. The three-working day camps consider location Monday through Wednesday from 9 a.m. to one p.m. with begin dates of July 8, fifteen, 22, 2013.

As component of our ongoing attempt to make it simpler for people to choose the correct yarn for them we are writing critiques of every of our yarns. Today we are heading to look at Debbie Bliss Alpaca Silk Aran. We will give you some basic info about it as well as let you know what we believe it is like to knot with.

Adopt an animal with the WWF. For a $50 donation to the World Wildlife Federation you can select from more than eighty endangered animals to adopt. The present consists of a gentle plush edition of the animal you select to adopt, a photograph, undertake an alpaca and much more. The great thing about this gift is that your money goes to a great trigger whilst educating the kid about endangered species.

If you're looking for the very best deal on Alaskan cruises, this is a strike-or-skip method. Sometimes buying direct from the cruise company will provide you with the best deal. And occasionally it doesn't. It's really worth checking out their offers, and registering Alpacas Orgling their e-mail lists. To discover the very best offer, conduct a comprehensive search.

In addition, the child might want to begin gathering the plush animals making much more possibilities for donation. If you are uncertain of which animal the child may like, the WWF even provides a Gift Adoption card that is redeemed precisely like a regular store giftcard. This way the children can choose their own animal to adopt.

Mini-camps for younger animal enthusiasts will also be accessible. For youngsters ages four and five, a "Mommy and Me" camp will be held on July 29 from 9:30 a.m. to midday. Children ages 6 through eight have a camp providing on July thirty, also from nine:30 a.m. to midday. Both sessions will concentrate on chores, creative crafts and fun time with the alpacas.

Raising alpacas carries on to gain popularity with all sorts of people. Some are attracted by the lifestyle of possessing a little ranch. Others see alpacas as an investment opportunity (though we would claim it a business, not an investment!) Those with a specific extravagant for spinning and knitting may be captivated by the concept of growing their personal source of lovely fiber. Whatever the reason, the choice to increase alpacas is not a easy choice. We've place together a established of concerns and solutions that we hope you find helpful.

Wicked Awesome Stuff carries some of the very best searching motion figures available. If the movie enthusiast enjoys a particular movie, you truly ought to consider searching at this store. Other than motion figures they have everything from t-shirts to espresso mugs to statues. This is another great location to find a unique Xmas gift for the film enthusiast in your lifestyle.

Alpaca offspring can deliver in $10,000 or much more as well. So you can begin to see why the breeding feminine is so valuable, and how your farm can become a possible money cow if you handle it nicely and preserve a herd of high high quality animals.

Cotton is the most well recognized fabric in existence today. It can be washed by machine and is very flexible - it can be woven, knitted, and dye any color you can imagine. Usually priced in the $10-$40 variety, it can turn out to be more expensive with adopt an alpaca elaborate style. The packaging may also influence the cost.

First let me say that I am only including the FurReal Friends walking canine toys that are in a position to walk personal. There are several FurReal puppies that permit you to reposition their legs, however these toys are immobile. We'll begin by identifying the various kinds of FurReal Walking Dogs that are available listing them in order by cost most affordable to highest.

[angelomclellan-blog]

Raising Alpacas - Ten Tips That Will Make An Alpaca Smile

Booties for canines are not as silly as they audio either. With the extraordinary dry climate we have, bindies in the park can make that enjoyable walk turn into an agonising tippy toe around a bindy patch. I have also equipped a extremely macho security guards dog with a set of booties as it was exhibiting fairly common obsessive Border Collie conduct and experienced worn it's claws down to bleeding. This assisted repair the issue up immediately. A: alpaca s produce fiber that is, bar none, the finest in the world for spinning and weaving. Do you knit? Then you're probably already conscious of the exceptional characteristics of alpacadirect.Com yarn. Many little mills will consider fleece, wash it, card it, and spin it, with a number of plying choices. Knitting with yarn from animals you own is very rewarding! Do you spin? You can ask the mill to give you clean fleece or rovings. If fiber arts isn't your factor, you can sell your fleece to mills, spinners, or even fiber cooperatives. Once you have selected your theme, the genuine enjoyable begins: buying! Decide if you want just ornaments adopt an alpaca lights or if you also want to include tinsel or other decorations. In addition, your theme will change based on if you have a all-natural green tree or a flocked tree. Make these choices forward of time, if possible. Mesquite Valley Alpacas , located at 22625 S. Val Vista Dr.(in between Chandler Heights and Ocotillo) in Gilbert is opening their doorways for an open house on Saturday, April ll from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. If you have any concerns concerning the open up house or simply need instructions, get in touch with them at 480-628-4801 and leave a message. This brightly coloured boxed Monkey Jungle Donminoe Set is tremendous fun and educational as well. With its pleased and colorful drawling, this Dominoe established is certain to be a hit. Climate they like games or monkeys this is fantastic for each. Would be a fantastic gift for a kid or an grownup. Extremely colorful pieces. When you enter a shop, be sure to first take a look at what's on sale in the revenue racks. Sometimes uncommon measurements that don't sell quick are positioned on the sales racks. Stores do not have a issue promoting the more common sizes, but they do have issues with the uncommon measurements - so that's why you'll discover them on the revenue racks, and frequently! So you see, sometimes getting a size that is not the norm can sometimes save you money. Prepare and provide Mom breakfast in bed. Give Mother a split on Mother's Working day. Repair her breakfast (don't neglect to thoroughly clean up the kitchen) and deliver it to her whilst she is still in mattress. In fact, if you take Exit 5A heading south you will rapidly be in a position to flip south on Route 3 (Nooseneck Hill Street) and find The Center of Nowhere Diner, maybe the very best location in city for eggs and pancakes 24 hours a day. The diner name is not always appropriate, as there is some civilization in this part of town and other choices for a food. For instance, a couple of hundred yards down the other aspect of the street you will discover the Timberstone Tavern where the source of its beef entrees is from cattle raised on its personal farm. Of course, becoming in New England, you will find a Dunkin Donuts nearby as well. Do you have a monkey lover on your buying checklist this year. I have some of the very best presents a monkey lover would be thrilled to obtain. I am a Monkey Lover and I can tell you these are some awsome presents. All of these products can be effortlessly found. Prices are all an average cost taken from a few locations On-line and in stores close to you. However operating a dollar shop in today's atmosphere isn't as simple as it might appear. Certain, more and more shoppers are in the same place. They are searching for fantastic bargains and they are also looking at greenback shops, discount shops and bargain departments as a indicates of easing the pressures today's economic climate locations on their budgets. On the other hand much more and much more merchants are viewing these consumers are a source of revenue they want. So the competitors starts. This is an additional concept park myth that is accurate. Even if you just visit two occasions all through the whole season, you've received your cash's worth. Many theme parks give alpacas for sale on period passes. They know that their genuine cash will come from concessions and souvenirs. Also, numerous theme parks give their period move proprietors reductions at their restaurants. Once you have chosen your theme, the real fun begins: buying! Determine if you want just ornaments adopt an alpaca lights or if you also want to include tinsel or other decorations. In addition, your theme will alter depending on if you have a all-natural eco-friendly tree or a flocked tree. Make these decisions forward of time, if possible. Wicked Awesome Stuff carries some of the very best searching action figures accessible. If the movie enthusiast enjoys a certain movie, you really ought to consider searching at this shop. Other than motion figures they have everything from t-shirts to espresso mugs to statues. This is adopt an alpaca additional fantastic location to find a unique Christmas gift for the film fan in your lifestyle.

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Stop - Prior To You Purchase Your Initial Alpaca

Once dry, touching up with a cool iron is fine. If you have a spill such as ink, crimson wine, chocolate, coffee, etc, thoroughly clean the stained region immediately. The garment ought to be wetted below cold water and soak the stained area with a mixture of lemon juice and water or vinegar and drinking water. Allow to soak as required and clean the area with a gentle detergent. When applying detergent or stain remover, you ought to always apply to a small, unnoticeable area initial to test for color fastness.

Mini-camps for younger animal enthusiasts will also be available. For kids ages 4 and five, a "Mommy and Me" camp will be held on July 29 from nine:30 a.m. to midday. Children ages six through eight have a camp offering on July 30, also from 9:30 a.m. to noon. Both sessions will focus on chores, creative crafts and fun time with the alpacas.

You should be extremely cautious while purchasing your webkinz. It should always arrive with a magic formula code that is connected to the ankle of your webkinz. Incase you have purchased one with out a secret code instantly take it back to the location you purchased it from adopt an alpaca ask for a substitute. This unique code is the important to all the enjoyable that you can have online with your webkinz. And never lose your magic formula code. If you do you will not get a substitute. So make sure to maintain the code in a secure place at all times.

If you've at any time had the desire to personal an alpaca, visit a local farm. This is a great way to see how this fiber is created, what it takes to own these animals and also gives you an insight into the Alpaca business. adopt an visit the following web page owners are fantastic and love to display you about and speak about their babies. So visit a farm these days!

Once an alpaca is loaded into the chute, they seem to calm correct down. This is very important as when an visit the following web page is pressured, it frequently leads to other health issues. Stress is actually the greatest hazard alpacas encounter in our modern globe. Using 1 will maintain you from fumbling or chasing them about out in the area which will cause their tension degree to shoot up.

Think about adoption for a second. Ok.not that kind of adoption, but a animal adoption. You don't want this charity to go out with a bang do you? So let's look at the large picture.if you experienced a symbolic adoption, which means you don't get the genuine polar bear, bald eagle, black bear, Canada lynx (aren't you type of happy you're not obtaining the real McCoy?), grizzly bear, grey wolf, etc. Rather what you do get is a an adopt an visit the following web page with a image of the animal that you have adopted, also cards. These prices begin at $20.00 for adoption and then if you contribute more, you get much more items.

The Sherpa Earflap Hat. Produced in Nepal, these wool knit hats are all unique and extremely well-liked this year. By the way, if you aren't familiar with Recreation Outlet, you ought to rectify that. This is one place you can usually count on to find some alpacas for sale on all sorts of outside equipment.

These woolen rugs are created under the dynasty of Seljuc, with calligraphy borders known as "kufi." The rug also features symmetric geometrical designs that are repeated inside the center. Either method is a great choice if you have a special style in thoughts-particularly if the style is curved. A natural fiber rug can also protect a new wood flooring from extreme use. Before the house owner purchases their Oriental rug, they should know why they're buying it. If a farm is in the region, it could be a great educational outing for the nature buff on your checklist.

They're good for their luxurious fleece. You can spin, weave, and felt alpaca fiber for fantastic goods. Make hats, scarfs, sweaters, socks, and much much more. It's possible to have another aspect business using visit the following web page fleece. The cash you make from fiber associated products can maintain your herd so the price of keeping them is little to nothing.

17. YOUR Capability TO Issue Solve: Did you know prospects would pay just about something visit the following web page to have their issues solved? Discover all about the problems your ideal client experiences and turn out to be a master at fixing them.

Purchasing big and tall males clothes is not truly a problems in any regard. 1 way is to go to your selected large and tall mens clothes store making choices that should go nicely with you. Or possibly looking online and go via the many large and tall polo t shirts merchants or suppliers and make good methods for your self. Lately, your online buying essentially is included with totally free postage to boot. I invite you to have a look at Big and Tall Polo web site the place you can find assessments on big and tall mens clothing along with carefully picked dealers which generally can definitely help you invest much less cash.

Now, you must be wondering why do people store online? Nicely, the first purpose is selection and other 1 comfort. You can discover some of the very best alpacas for sale on the Internet and that too at the comfort of your house. However, you will have to do a lot of study to find the trustworthy web sites where you can explore the cheapest offers.

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Taking The High Road From Cusco To La Paz: Bus Travel In South America

Ozwald Boating. Well known in London, this style designer is looking for to build up his name recognition in The united states adopt an alpaca . Frequently designers are prepared to give absent tons of clothes to stars for totally free, just to have their title advertised. Make yourself about the phrases and circumstances of a website. Get the solutions of these questions such as: Are there any import duties or additional shipping and delivery expenses to be paid? How long the delivery will take? Make certain you know each and every thing about the website. Wicked Cool Stuff carries some of the best searching motion figures available. If the film enthusiast loves a certain film, you really ought to consider looking at this store. Other than action figures they have every thing from t-shirts to coffee mugs to statues. This is another fantastic place to discover a distinctive Christmas present for the film enthusiast in your lifestyle. Nowadays, clients expect high level of service adopt an alpaca so this is the primary reason why on-line buying is expanding at a faster price. From kitchen area staples, vegetables to electronic and clothing you can get all of them delivered at your door inside a stipulated time body. The fiber of the Alpaca is much more beneficial then cashmere. An grownup Alpaca can create between 3-seven lbs of fiber a year. Some people enter the firsts from the sheering into their local county honest! You don't have to take a vendor's phrase for it. If you have gone via a procedure of because of diligence, then you will be able to judge a offer extremely rapidly because you will know your marketplace. So you will be able to make fast decisions, and be confident you have produced the correct choice - with out having to trust anyone else. A: alpaca s create fiber that is, bar none, the finest in the world for spinning and weaving. Do you knit? Then you're most likely already conscious of the outstanding qualities of Alpaca sounds yarn. Many little mills will take fleece, clean it, card it, and spin it, with several plying options. Knitting with yarn from animals you own is extremely rewarding! Do you spin? You can ask the mill to give you clean fleece or rovings. If fiber arts isn't your thing, you can sell your fleece to mills, spinners, or even fiber cooperatives. EMerchandise provides each costly collectibles and products that are just for enjoyable. For example, you'll discover replica swords and stuffed animals. There is really some thing for everyone. Also, you'll find a Xmas gift for each budget. The plus side of this shop is becoming able to search by the title of the movie. But, don't forget to check the clearance segment for alpacas for sale as nicely. The Sherpa Earflap Hat. Made in Nepal, these wool knit hats are all distinctive and extremely popular this year. By the way, if you aren't acquainted with Recreation Outlet, you ought to rectify that. This is one place you can usually count on to find some alpacas for sale on all kinds of outdoor equipment. The easiest way to choose the best apparel for you is to know precisely what you require prior to heading to the retail outlet. At times you can discover alpacas for sale at thrift shops. Often occasions people are merely cleansing via their wardrobe and want to eliminate old goods they no longer need. We loved our "lost in NY Condition" time as much as our prepared visits- leaving me to wonder if there was an artwork to getting misplaced, and just "going with it" rather of obtaining frustrated and cranky- or if NY Condition is just magic in Oct. Maybe a small of both. It also assists to usually have your mobile charger useful, a paper map (just in situation your GPS is not behaving), treats and a water bottle accessible, and a full tank of gasoline- simply because a great road warrior understands that 1 should be ready for the sudden. Rugs made from real bear skins can be big, sometimes more than 6 ft in length. This filter actually prevents microorganisms like mildew, germs, germs and viruses from reproducing. Seagrass rugs are very durable as nicely and also include a natural stain resistance, perfect for a family with children. Consider the time, go on-line, read the critiques that are posted. Jute rugs are produced from a vegetable fiber that can be utilized as a soft and flexible materials or it can be spun into strong and thick weave. Kmart is also getting their women's summer attire sale this week with some alpacas for sale on informal mix and match fashions for summer. On sale are Fundamental Editions crinkle camp shirts, Route 66 scoop-neck tees, Bongo crochet back tanks, Riders polos or shorts, Basic Editions cargo Bermudas, Route sixty six shorts, Bongo shorts, Riders basic jeans, Fundamental Editions graphic tees, Route sixty six hoodies and Dream Out Loud striped tanks. There appear to be over three hundred cool possibilities for mix and match coordinates for summer time! With nine different sensors, Biscuit reacts to how a lot attention it gets as nicely as how a lot petting it receives.Biscuit My Lovin Pup is so endearing simply because he is the dimension of a real pup. To a little child he appears just like a real pup and acts just like 1 as well. This makes him a great hit with children. He can sit, lie down, speak, shake, and beg on command. He barks for attention, whimpers, and wags his tail. Biscuit will even sniff his treat before he chomps down on it.

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Glossary Of Terms

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Glossary Of Terms

We have put together a glossary of terms that will help you better understand any phrases or keywords used on our website while shopping for custom t-shirts or any other custom or personalized gifts.

1-9, A-B

1×1 Rib. This narrow rib has a soft, fine hand and retains its slim fit.

2×1 Rib Knit. Textured rib knit with a comfortable stretch—made to be worn alone or layered.

2-Way Zipper. A zipper with two zipper pulls so the garment can be unzipped from either direction.

3-in-1 Jacket. A jacket that consists of two jacket layers that zip together. You can wear either jacket layer separately, or zip them together for extra warmth and weather protection.

3-in-1 Jacket. A jacket that consists of two jacket layers that zip together. You can wear either jacket layer separately, or zip them together for extra warmth and weather protection.

4-Needle Stitching. A finish commonly used on a sleeve or bottom hem that uses four needles to create parallel rows of visible stitching, giving the garment a cleaner, more finished look, as well as adding durability.

4-Way Stretch. A fabric that stretches both on the crosswise and lengthwise grains of the fabric. Also called a mechanical stretch, except mechanical stretch doesn’t use spandex or other stretch yarns.

Air Jet Yarn. A type of open-end spinning that uses a stationary tube in which jets of air are directed to cause fibers to twist thereby forming a yarn. This process definitely influences the soft hand feel of the fabric while maintaining excellent resistance to pilling.

All-Weather Microfiber. Fabric that is tightly woven from an extremely fine poly thread with a suede finish for a luxuriously supple feel. When combined with waterproof coating and full seam sealing, microfiber is 100% waterproof. 100% polyester.

ANSI. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is an organization that promotes standards for industry and government.

ANSI Class 2. An ANSI designation for garments that are intended for activities where greater visibility is necessary during inclement weather. It also covers workers who perform tasks that divert their attention from approaching traffic or puts them in close proximity to vehicles traveling 25 mph or higher.

ANSI Class 3. An ANSI designation for garments that provide the highest level of visibility and are intended for workers who face more serious hazards than Class 2.

Antimicrobial. A term used for a garment that is able to resist, either naturally or chemically, the effects of microbial secretions put off by the human body, resisting odor and increasing garment life.

Anti-Pill Finish. A treatment applied to garments primarily to resist the formation of little balls on the fabric’s surface due to abrasion during wear. See Pilling.

Arc Rating. A value of the energy necessary to pass through any given fabric to cause with 50% probability a second- or third-degree burn. This value is measured in calories/cm2. Simply put, the Arc rating determines the protective characteristics of the fabric. The higher the Arc rating value, the greater the protection.

Articulation. A design detail usually in the shoulders, elbows or knees where limbs bend to increase mobility for greater ease of movement.

ATPV. Stands for Arc Thermal Protective Value: a rating of the Arc burn protection capability of a garment. The higher the Arc rating, the more protection a garment gives because it has a higher resistance to catching on fire. The ATPV is expressed in calories/cm2 and represents the thermal exposure from an electric arc that will create a second-degree burn in human tissue.

Athleisure. The movement where clothing designed for athletics is worn outside the gym to the office or to socialize.

Baby Pique Knit. A knitting method that creates a fine, small textured surface that appears similar to a very small waffle weave. See Pique Knit.

Back Yoke. A piece of fabric that connects the back of a garment to the shoulders. This allows the garment to lay flat and drape nicely.

Bartack. To reinforce a seam with a bar of stitches, providing a more durable seam end. Commonly used at stress points.

Base Layer. Worn next to the skin, a base layer wicks sweat and keeps the wearer drier and more comfortable.

Bias Cut. A technique used by designers for cutting clothing to utilize the greater stretch in the “bias” or diagonal direction of the fabric, thereby causing it to accentuate body lines and curves and drape softly.

Birdseye Jacquard. A small geometric pattern with a center dot knit into the fabric.

Blanket Stitch. A decorative stitch often used to finish an unhemmed blanket. The stitch can be seen on both sides of the blanket.

Blend. A yarn or a fabric that is made up of more than one type of fiber.

Bonded Fleece. Multiple layers of fleece are bonded together to form a higher functioning garment.

Bonding. The technique of permanently joining together two fabrics or layers of fabrics together by a bonding agent into one unit.

Box Pleat. A single, uniform fold in the center back of a garment to allow for more room and comfort.

Breathability. The movement of air from one side of the fabric to the other to keep the wearer comfortable. The breathability rating is typically expressed in a gram measurement of how much vapor a square meter (G/M2) of fabric will allow passing in a 24-hour period (typically, 1,000G/M2 to 10,000000G/M2). Generally, the higher the number, the more breathable the garment.

Brushed. A finishing process for knit or woven fabrics in which brushes or other abrading devices are used to raise a nap on fabrics or create a novelty surface texture.

Button-Down Collar. Found on many men’s dress wovens, where the collar’s wings can be buttoned to the front of the shirt, minimizing the spread of the wings.

Button-Through Sleeve Placket. A small placket located near the end of the sleeve, by the cuff, which contains a single button closure.

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C-D

CamoHex (Sport-Tek). A sublimated digital camouflage that uses small hexagons in a tonal pattern.

Carded Ring Spun Cotton. Carded yarns have not been combed. They contain a wider range of fiber lengths and, as a result, are not as uniform or as strong as combed yarns.

Casual Microfiber. Tightly woven fabric from a very fine polyester thread, usually with a sueded finish for a soft feel. Inherently water repellent and wind resistant due to its construction. 100% polyester microfiber.

Category 2 Protection (Bulwark). Arc-rated flame-resistant (FR) long sleeve shirt and FR pants or FR coverall with a required minimum ATPV (Arc Thermal Protective Value) of 8 cal/cm2.

Cationic Polyester. A type of polyester fiber that takes deep and brilliant colors without bleeding or fading. Cationic polyester optimizes printability.

Chambray. A plain woven fabric that can be made from silk or manufactured fibers, but is most commonly cotton. It incorporates a colored warp and white filling yarns.

Chin guard. A fold of soft fabric around the end of the zipper that helps prevent abrasion. Also known as a zipper garage.

Coil (OGIO). A metallic colored coil zipper.

Collar. The upright or turned-over neckband of a coat, jacket or shirt.

Collar Stand. On a woven shirt, the collar stand is around the neck and placed between the actual collar and the shirt. This stand raises the collar so its finished edge will fall smoothly back over the neck edge.

Colorfast. A dyed fabric’s ability to resist fading due to washing, exposure to sunlight and other environmental conditions.

Combed Ring Spun Cotton. A process by which the short fibers of a yarn are removed and the remaining longer fibers are arranged in parallel order for a high-quality yarn with excellent strength, fineness and uniformity.

Cool Mesh™ Technology. Similar to a pique knit but with a more open texture for increased breathability. Features a soft hand for better comfort.

Cord Locks. A stopper or toggle on a drawcord that keeps the cord from retracting into the garment.

Corduroy. A cut filling pile cloth with narrow to wide ribs. Usually made of cotton, but can be found in polyester and other synthetic blends.

Cotton. Soft vegetable fiber obtained from the seedpod of the cotton plant.

Cotton Count. A measure of thread density. It is the amount of thread measured in “hanks” (840 yards) needed to create one pound. With this system, the higher the number, the finer the yarn. In the United States, a cotton count between one and 20 is referred to as course counts. A regular single knit t-shirt can be between 15-18 count and a fashion tee is usually in the 30-40 count range.

Cotton Jersey (Alternative). Alternative’s cotton jersey is made from 100% washed cotton for a distinctly soft, beautifully simple product that is rich in color and velvety smooth to the touch.

Cotton Modal (Alternative). By using a self-sufficient process and extracting the finest fibers from beechwood forests, Alternative created an environmentally friendly fabric that is twice as soft as conventional cotton.

Coverseamed. A finish in which two needles are used to create parallel rows of visible stitching. It is used around the neck, armholes, waistband, and wrists of garments to create a cleaner, more durable finish.

Cuff. The part of the sleeve encircling the wrist. Also the turned-back hem of a trouser leg.

Deboss. To depress below the surrounding fabric surface for decoration or lettering. Often confused with embossing which is to raise in relief from a surface.

Denier. A system of measuring the weight of a continuous filament fiber. The lower the number, the finer the fiber; the higher the number, the heavier the fiber.

District Fit. District has a slim fit that is close to the body. The styles have shorter sleeves and tighter and higher armholes than District Made.

District Made Fit. District Made has a comfortable fit with a relaxed waist. The styles have longer sleeves and more relaxed and lower armholes than District.

Dobby. A decorative weave, usually geometric, that is woven into the fabric. Standard dobby fabrics are usually flat and relatively fine or sheer.

Dolman Sleeve. A sleeve tapered from a very large armhole to fit closely at the wrist. Usually cut in one piece with the body of the garment.

Double Knit. A circular knit fabric knitted via double stitch on a double needle frame to provide a double thickness.

Double-Needle Stitching. A finish commonly used on a sleeve or bottom hem that uses two needles to create parallel rows of visible stitching, giving the garment a cleaner, more finished look, as well as adding durability.

Down. The soft, fluffy under feathers of ducks and geese. Serves as an excellent outerwear thermal insulator.

Dri-FIT (NIKE GOLF). Fabric that helps keep the wearer comfortable and dry by moving perspiration from the skin, through the layers of fabric, to the outside layer for rapid evaporation across the outer surface area.

Dri-Mesh® Polyester. The double layer mesh construction releases heat and sweat, while maintaining breathability. 100% polyester double mesh.

Drop Needle. A knit fabric characterized by vertical lines within the cloth. Manufactured by dropping a needle from the knitting cylinder.

Drop Tail. A longer back than front for the purpose of keeping the shirt tucked in. Also referred to as Extended Tail.

Dry Zone® Technology. A double-layer polyester fabrication that wicks moisture away from the body.

Duck Cloth. Tightly woven, plain-weave, bottom-weight fabric with a hard, durable finish that provides wind and snag resistance.

DWR. Durable water repellent. A DWR treatment involves applying a coating to a jacket’s outermost fibers to prevent precipitation from saturating the jacket’s exterior.

Dyed-To-Match. A term which characterizes buttons or trims that are the same color as the garment onto which they are sewn.

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E-H

Eco-Jersey (Alternative). This classic medium-weight jersey features a signature vintage-soft feel and is made from eco ingredients, including recycled polyester, organic cotton and rayon yarns.

Eco-Fleece (Alternative). Alternative’s iconic medium-weight Eco-Fleece is knit on machines calibrated to replicate a vintage-soft look and feel.

Eco-Smart® (Hanes). 50/50 cotton/poly blend tees and sweatshirts made with up to 5% recycled polyester from plastic bottles.

Enzyme Washed. A laundering process in which a catalytic substance is added to create a chemical change in the fabric resulting in a very soft finish, smoother appearing surface and reduced shrinkage.

Epaulet. An ornamental fabric strip or loop sewn across the shoulder of a shirt, dress or coat.

Ergonomic. Design elements incorporated into a garment to improve the design by enhancing the wearer’s comfort, performance or health.

Etched Tone Buttons. A more upscale horn tone button with an etched pattern.

EXCEL FR® ComforTouch® (Bulwark). This practical 88/12 cotton/nylon blend provides long-lasting protection for nearly all work environments. Applications include ferrous metals, electrical utilities and the chemical, oil, gas and petrochemical industries. Every EXCEL FR ComforTouch garment is engineered to provide flame resistance for the life of the garment.

Extended Tail. A longer back than front for the purpose of keeping the shirt tucked in. Also referred to as Drop Tail.

Extreme Heather (District). A soft, durable fabric made of a poly/cotton blend. It has a nicely striated, heathered look.

Eyelets. Small holes or perforations made in a series to allow for breathability. Finished with either stitching or brass grommets.

EZCotton™ Pique. Made from the highest grade of long-staple cotton, this fabric has an innovative finish that provides a consistently softer hand, enhanced smoothness, color fastness, wrinkle resistance and shape retention. 100% cotton.

Fill Power. The measure of the loft or “fluffiness” of a down garment that is loosely related to the insulating value of the down. The higher the fill power, the more trapped air an ounce of the down can trap, and thus the more insulating ability an ounce of the down will have.

Flame-Resistant (FR) These fabrics and garments are intended to resist ignition, prevent the spread of flames away from the immediate area of high heat impingement and to self-extinguish almost immediately upon removal of an ignition source. FR clothing is NOT fireproof.

Flat Collar/Cuffs. A single ply fabric with a finished edge that is used for collars and cuffs on sport shirts and short sleeve garments. Also known as welt.

Flatlock Stitching. Made by bringing two raw fabric edges together and covering them with machine stitching. Often used in activewear.

Flexfit®. Caps that feature a patented technology that weaves spandex into the sweatband and throughout the crown for a superbly comfortable fit.

French Cuff. A shirt cuff that is folded back before fastening, creating a double-layered cuff.

French Terry Cotton. The knit jersey version of terry cloth. It features loops of pile on one side and a smooth, brushed finish on the other for softness and a lived-in, vintage look.

Full Cut. Refers to a garment’s fit as being generous and roomy.

Fully Fashioned. A garment that’s knitted to fit the shape of the body.

Garment Dyed. A dyeing process that occurs after the garment is assembled.

Garment Washed. A wash process where softeners are added to finished garments to help the cotton fibers relax. The result is a fabric with a thicker appearance, reduced shrinkage and a softer hand.

Gravel 50/50 (District). Tees made of 50/50 ring spun combed cotton/polyester that are exceptionally soft and colorful.

Grosgrain. A firm, closely woven fabric with narrow horizontal stripes. Commonly used for ribbons, neckties and trimmings.

Hand. Quality or characteristic of fabrics perceived by sense of touch—softness, firmness or drapability.

Herringbone. A chevron or zig-zag pattern knit into fabric. Commonly used in golf shirts and twill shirts.

High Profile. A term used for a cap or hat silhouette that is less fitted to the head with a high slope. Usually structured with buckram or other stiff fabric lining.

Honeycomb Pique Knit. A pique fabric with a waffle or cellular appearance.

Hook and Loop. A fastener closure system. The rough side is called the hook. Its softer mate is called loop. The hooks engage into the loop and provide the closure. Colloquially known as VELCRO®.

Horn Tone Buttons. Buttons that appear to be manufactured from horn.

Houndstooth. A medium-sized broken check effect that is knit into the fabric.

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I-M

IL50 (Industrial Laundry). Signifies that a garment has been certified to withstand at least 50 industrial launderer washes.

Insulated Jacket. A jacket designed to hold body heat close and buffer surrounding cold air. Down, fleece and synthetic fibers are common insulators. Insulation levels help determine warmth ratings.

Interlock Knit. A two-ply fabric knit simultaneously to form one thicker and heavier ply. It has more natural stretch than a jersey knit, a soft hand, and the same appearance and feel on both sides. Commonly used in knit shirts and turtlenecks.

Iridescent Buttons. Buttons with a lustrous, rainbow-like hue.

Jacquard Knit. Often an intricate pattern knit directly into the fabric during the manufacturing process. Typically, two or more colors are used.

Jersey Knit. The consistent interloping of yarns in the jersey stitch to produce a fabric with a smooth, flat face and a more textured, but uniform back.

Kangaroo Pocket (Alternative). Another name for a front pouch pocket in a sweatshirt or t-shirt. Called a split kangaroo pocket in a full-zip garment.

Linen. A fabric made from linen fibers obtained from inside the woody stem of the flax plant. Linen fibers are much stronger and more lustrous than cotton. Linen fabrics are very cool and absorbent, but wrinkle easily, unless blended with manufactured fibers.

Locker Loop. A looped piece of fabric in the neck of a garment for the convenience of hanging the garment on a hook. Can also be located at the center of the back yoke on the inside or outside of a garment.

Locker Patch. A semi-oval panel sewn into the inside back portion of a garment, just under the collar seam to reinforce the garment and minimize stretching when hung on a hook. The patch also allows for the garment tag or label to be sewn below the neckline to help prevent irritation.

Low Impact Technology (L.I.T.). Enhances the softness and performance of 100% polyester fleece in that the yarns are able to accept dye more readily which uses less water and energy than standard dyeing procedures.

Low Profile. A term used for a cap or hat silhouette that is more closely fitted to the head. Can be either structured or unstructured.

Marled Fleece (District). A ring spun cotton/poly fleece. When cotton is marled, each colored ply of yarn is twisted together and then knitted to create one long, continuous piece of yarn. This gives marled fleece its two-toned, mottled appearance.

Matte Taslan. A durable and water repellent nylon fabric, used mainly in outerwear garments. Same properties and hand as traditional Taslan, but with a dull, matte finish.

Melamine. A highly resistant, exceptionally strong plastic laminate material sometimes used in buttons.

Melange. A mix of different colors of yarns knit together to create a heathered effect.

Melange Burnout (Alternative). Alternative’s burnout fabric was the first in the industry, authentically weathered for a worn-in look and feel.

Mercerized. The result of a process in which cotton yarn or fabric is immersed in a caustic soda solution and later neutralized with an acid bath. This process increases luster, strength and affinity for dyes.

Mesh. A type of fabric characterized by its net-like open appearance and the spaces between the yarns. Mesh is available in a variety of constructions, including wovens, knits, laces or crocheted fabrics.

Microburn® (District/District Made). 75/25 poly/ring spun cotton tees that have a rare blend of shades for an unusually lightweight feel and a one-of-a-kind look.

Microfiber. Tightly woven fabric from a very fine polyester thread, usually with a sueded finish for a soft feel. Inherently water repellent and wind resistant due to its construction.

Microfleece. Crafted from ultra-fine yarn, this lightweight, high-density fleece is brushed less than a regular fleece garment for softness and warmth without bulk.

Mid-Layer. Worn over the base layer, this layer traps warm air, breathes and helps maintain body heat.

Mid Profile. A term used for a cap or hat silhouette that is in between that of a High Profile and Low Profile. Most often structured with buckram.

Mini Rib (District Made). Ultra soft 100% combed cotton tees and tanks that have an elevated, superfine rib for excellent shape retention and a flattering, trimmer fit.

Modal Blend (District/District Made). A super soft fabric made of a blend of ring spun cotton/modal. Modal is soft, smooth and breathable with a texture similar to cotton or silk. It washes well and resists pilling, so the garment looks better, longer.

Modern Stretch Cotton. A breathable fabric made from a blend of cotton and spandex to provide a flattering stretch. 96% cotton. 4% spandex.

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N-R

Nailhead. A jacquard knitting pattern in which the jacquard forms a design similar to small nail heads.

Nap. A fuzzy, fur-like feel created when fiber ends extend from the basic fabric structure to the fabric surface. The fabric can be napped on one or both sides.

Neckband. A strip of fabric sewn around the inside of the neck in a woven shirt.

NFPA® 2112 Compliant (Bulwark). Bulwark Protective Apparel offers flame-resistant protective garments that are certified by Underwriters Laboratories to meet the requirements of NFPA 2112 Standard on Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire, 2012 Edition. NFPA 2113 Standard on Selection, Care, Use and Maintenance of Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire, 2012 Edition, requires that garments cover the upper and lower body and flammable underlayers as completely as possible. Bulwark garments meet this requirement either as a single garment such as a coverall or when worn with another certified garment such as a shirt or pants to provide both upper and lower body coverage.

Non-Iron. A term characterizing fabric that has been chemically treated to resist wrinkles, eliminating the need for ironing.

Notch Lapel. The most common lapel found on blazers. The “notch” is the opening where the bottom of the collar meets the top of the lapel at a 75-90 degree angle.

Nublend® Fleece (JERZEES®). A combined knitting and spinning process developed by JERZEES® for the prevention of pilling.

Nylon. A synthetic fiber with high strength and abrasion resistance, low absorbency and good elasticity.

Open-End Cotton. Open end (OE) spinning is a technology to make yarns without a spindle. OE yarns have less twist but a more uniform, abrasion-resistant surface and are produced at much faster speeds than other spinning technologies. Fabrics made from OE yarns generally have a cleaner appearance, but are less soft than garments made with ring spun yarns.

Ottoman. A tightly woven, horizontal raised rib textured knit.

Outer Layer. Worn over the base and mid-layers, this layer resists water and wind and has comfortable stretch for mobility.

Overdyed. A process in which yarn-dyed fabrics or piece-dyed garments are put through an additional dye color to create unique colors.

Oxford. A fine, lightweight woven cotton or cotton blend fabric with a 2×1 basket weave variation. Typically used for dress shirts.

Patch Pocket. A pocket attached to the outside of a garment.

Peached. A soft hand usually obtained by sanding the fabric lightly. Can be achieved with chemical or laundry abrasion.

Peak Lapel. Traditionally the most formal of blazer lapels, it’s defined by edges pointing upwards to the wearer’s shoulders.

Pearlized Buttons. Buttons that have a pearl-colored hue.

Perfect Blend® (District Made). A 50/50 blend of ring-spun combed cotton and poly which makes Perfect Blend tees as good or better than the finest purebred.

Perfect Tri™ (District Made).  50/25/25 poly/ring spun combed cotton/rayon. The undeniably perfect combination of exceptional softness and laid-back style.

Perfect Weight Cotton® (District/District Made).This extra-fine gauge 32 singles 100% ring spun combed cotton yarn is known for its lightweight softness. It’s then compacted to 4.3 ounces for long-term durability and shrink resistance. The result is garments that look and feel perfect wear after wear.

Pewter Buttons. Buttons that have a dull, metallic hue.

Picot. A series of small embroidered loops forming an ornamental edging on some ribbon and lace.

Pewter and Horn Tone Buttons. Buttons that incorporate pewter and horn tone. Usually one encompasses the other.

Piece Dyed. A dyeing process that occurs when the fabric is in yardage form after it has been knitted or woven, but before the garment is assembled.

Pigment-Dyed. A type of dye process used to create a distressed or washed look that results in soft, muted tones and a soft hand.

Pilling. A tangled ball of fibers that appears on the surface of a fabric as a result of wear or continued friction or rubbing on the surface of the fabric. See Anti-Pill Finish.

PimaCool™ Technology. A blend of Pima cotton and polyester create a soft fabric that offers performance moisture wicking and breathability. 55% Pima cotton. 45% polyester.

Pima Cotton. A term applied to extra-long staple cotton grown in the U.S., Peru, Israel and Australia. It can only be grown in select areas where the cotton is fully irrigated and benefits from a longer growing season for a softer, stronger cotton than standard cotton.

Pique Knit. A knitting method that creates a fine textured surface that appears similar to a waffle weave. Commonly used for polo shirts.

Pit Zips. Zippers placed in the armpits of a jacket to be used for quick ventilation.

Placket. The part of the shirt or jacket where the garment fastens or buttons together. Types of plackets include: reverse (generally a ladies styles in which the buttons are on the opposite side of a men’s garment), open (in which there are no buttons or fasteners) and decorative (non-functioning).

Pleat. A flat usually narrow fold made in a piece of cloth by pressing or sewing two parts of the cloth together.

Ply. Two or more yarns that have been twisted together.

Polyester. A strong, durable synthetic fabric with high strength and excellent resiliency. Low moisture absorbency allows the fabric to dry quickly.

Poly-Filled. A warm polyester lining found in the body or sleeves of outerwear.

Polypropylene A very light, highly resistant, thermoplastic resin used to make coatings, packaging and fabrics.

Polyurethane Coating (PU Coating). A finish commonly used in winter jackets, rainwear and windwear to offer high performance water resistance, while maintaining the garment’s breathability.

Ponte Knit. Ponte knits have the forgiveness of a knit, but the versatility of a woven. They’re very stable with a nominal amount of stretching capability.

Popcorn Pique. Alternating rows of baby pique knit and a larger pique knit that resembles small circles knit closely together.

Poplin. A tightly woven, durable, medium-weight cotton or cotton blend made by using a rib variation of the plain weave which creates a slight ridge effect.

Port Pocket™ Access. A zipper entry pocket that allows the garment to be hooped and embroidered without impacting the inside lining of the garment.

PosiCharge® Electric Heather (Sport-Tek). With a strong all-over single-dye heather pattern, PosiCharge Electric Heather Fleece is the first high-performance fleece to incorporate Sport-Tek’s popular bleed-resistant, color-locking PosiCharge technology.

PosiCharge Mesh®. Water-soluble dye process that breaks apart, or ionizes, in the dyeing solution to give off a positively charged colored ion. The cationic ions dye the polyester fibers by linking with the acid groups on the fibers – locking in the color. This results in a better, bleed-resistant, colorfastness.

PosiCharge® RacerMesh™ (Sport-Tek). Ultra-fine 100% polyester flat back mesh that offers unparalleled breathability. PosiCharge technology locks in color and keeps logos crisp.

  Pre-Shrunk. Fabrics or garments that have received a pre-shrinking treatment.

Princess Seams. Short, stitched folds that taper to a point, typically used to shape women’s garments.

Print Pro® XP Process (Hanes®). A fleece knitting process developed by Hanes that creates a tighter knit for a better printing surface.

PVC. A polyurethane coating that is added to make garments water resistant.

Quilting. A fabric construction in which a layer of down or fiberfill is placed between two layers of fabric, and then held in place by stitching or sealing in a consistent, all-over pattern.

Raglan Sleeves. An athletic cut sleeve set with a diagonal seam from the neck to the underarm. Offers more freedom of movement in comparison with set-in sleeves.

Rapid Dry™ Technology. Designed with a unique weave to wick away moisture from the body.

Rayon. A manufactured fiber composed of regenerated cellulose, derived from wood pulp, cotton linters or other vegetable matter, with a soft hand. Frequently used for shirts and pants.

Reverse Coil Zipper. Unlike the basic coil zipper, a reverse coil zipper doesn’t show its teeth from the front.

Reverse Placket. When the buttons on a placket are on the opposite side from a men’s garment. Commonly done on women’s styles.

Rib Knit. A textured knit that has the appearance of vertical lines. It is highly elastic and retains its shape. Commonly used for sleeve and neck bands.

Ring Spun. Yarn made by continuously twisting and thinning a rope of cotton fibers. The twisting makes the short hairs of cotton stand out, resulting in a stronger yarn with a significantly softer hand.

Rip-Stop Nylon. A lightweight, wind and water resistant plain weave fabric with large rib yarns that stop tears without adding excess weight. Often used in activewear.

Ruching. A French term which means to gather, ruffle or pleat the fabric.

Running Stitch. A stitch that is spaced equally, with the underside stitching being half the length of the external side.

R-Tek® Fleece. An exclusive lightweight microfleece with a soft, plush hand and an anti-pill finish to resist pilling. 100% polyester.

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S-U

Sandwashed. A process in which the fabric is washed with very fine lava rocks or rubber/silicon balls, resulting in a softer fabric with a relaxed look and reduced shrinkage.

Satin Jersey (Alternative). This fabric has the drape and stretch of jersey plus a luxurious satin wash that sets it apart from other soft cotton and makes it noticeably smooth and sleek.

Scoop Neck. Characterized by a deep, rounded neckline that is significantly deeper than normal necklines. Typically found on women’s shirts.

Sculpted Hem. A hem that is softly rounded for fashion detail and un-tucked wear.

Seam Sealing. The process of treating the stitch holes and seams of a garment to prevent leaking and to ensure full waterproof integrity.

Self-Fabric Collar. A collar that is constructed from the same material as the body of the garment.

Self-Fabric Sweatband. Refers to a panel of fabric at the front of a cap that is constructed from the same fabric as the crown of the cap.

Serge. An overcasting technique done on the cut edge of the fabric to prevent unraveling.

Set-In Sleeves. Most common style of sleeve, which is sewn into the shoulder seam.

Sherpa Fleece. A knit terry fabric that has been brushed and washed to raise the fibers for a fluffy, plush feel. The thick terry loops stay soft and absorbent over time.

Side Vents. Slits found at the bottom of side seams, used for fashion detailing, as well as comfort and ease of movement.

Silk. A natural filament fiber produced by the silkworm in the construction of its cocoon. The shimmering appearance for which silk is prized comes from the fiber’s triangular, prism-like structure, which allows silk fabric to refract incoming light at different angles. Silk is recognized for its fine hand and fluid drape.

Silk Touch™. Our silky soft 65/35 poly/cotton pique blend polo that is durable, wrinkle resistant and shrink resistant. (Not to be confused with silk wash which is a finish on 100% ring spun combed cotton tees for exceptional softness.)

Silk Touch™ Performance. Our high-performance 100% polyester double knit polo that resists snags, wicks moisture and locks in color thanks to PosiCharge® technology.

Singles. A term used to indicate the diameter of a yarn. The smaller the number, the thicker the yarn.

Slash Pockets. A pocket in a garment to which access is provided by a vertical or diagonal slit in the outside of the garment.

Soft Shell. A fabrication that bonds an outer shell to a warm fleece or knit layer resulting in a breathable, flexible and comfortable jacket. All our soft shells have laminate for water resistance.

Soft Spun Cotton. Soft spun is an open-end yarn with more twist and a softer exterior to the yarn. The process generally helps lower torque and improve hand feel of the finished fabric.

Soil-Release Finish. A fabric treatment that helps a garment release stains in the wash.

Soil Resistance A fabric in which spills and soil easily roll right off.

Spandex. A manufactured elastometric fiber that can be repeatedly stretched over 500% without breaking and will still recover to its original length.

Sphere Dry (NIKE GOLF). A patented fabric with a raised bumpy surface that lines the inside of the shirt, which not only creates an appealing athletic-inspired texture, but also works like a funnel to draw perspiration from the inside out. The fabric’s three-dimensional construction also creates air space around the body to reduce cling.

Sport-Wick® Fleece. An anti-static fleece that provides moisture wicking by releasing moisture from the inner layers.

Stain Resistance. A fiber or fabric property of resisting spots and stains. Commonly used for industrial or restaurant uniforms.

Stonewashed. A process in which the fabric or garment is heavily washed with lava rocks or rubber/silicon balls, resulting in a softer fabric with a distressed, weathered look and reduced shrinkage.

Storm Flap. A piece of fabric that covers and protects an opening, usually a zipper, on an item of clothing. It is designed to add another barrier on more vulnerable parts of the clothing to protect against wind and moisture.

Structured. A headwear term referring to a buckram lining used to control the slope of the cap.

Sublimation. A type of printing that uses sublimation ink, heat and pressure to transfer an image onto polyester fabric.

Sueded. A process in which fabric goes through a brushing process to raise the nap and give the garment a soft hand.

Super Heavyweight Fleece. A 12-ounce cross-grain heavyweight fleece. 80% ring spun combed cotton. 20% polyester.

SuperPro™ (Port Authority/CornerStone). Hardworking woven shirts that easily resist soil and wrinkles while releasing stains.

Super Slub ™ (District Made).  A unique thick-n-thin slub yard that mingles super style with super value.

Taped Seams. A strip of fabric sewn to the seam of a garment to prevent distortion. In outerwear, taped seams aid in waterproofing.

Taslan. A durable and water repellent nylon fabric with a slightly shiny surface, used mainly in outerwear garments.

Tattersall. A pattern of dark lines forming squares on a light background.

Teklon. A rugged, stronger Taslan nylon that is water repellent.

Terra-Tek™ Nylon. Durable and water repellent with a matte finish.

Terry Velour. A pile weave cotton fabric with an uncut pile on one side and a cut pile on the reverse side. It has a soft, plush feel and is water absorbent. Commonly used for towels, robes and apparel.

Textured Fabric (District/District Made). A blend of polyester, ring spun cotton and rayon that has a vintage look, but the distinctive texture makes it stand out.

Tie-Dye. A method of producing patterns by tying parts of the fabric to shield it from the dye.

Tri-Blend (District). A unique, soft blend of poly, cotton and rayon that has heathered look.

Tricot. A knit fabric of various natural or synthetic fibers like wool, silk, nylon or polyester having fine vertical ribs on the face and horizontal ribs on the back.

Tricot Lining. A very lightweight nylon lining often used in shorts.

Triple-Needle Stitched. A finish commonly used on a sleeve or bottom hem that uses three needles to create parallel rows of visible stitching, giving the garment a cleaner, more finished look, as well as adding durability.

Tubular Collar. A collar knit in a tube form, so it has no seams.

Tuck-In Tails. A shirt constructed so the back hem is longer than the front. This aids in keeping the shirt tucked-in during normal activities.

Tuck Stitch. Refers to the look of the knit where some stitches are actually under the other stitches. Gives the shirt a waffle weave texture and look.

Tulip Hem. Two overlapping pieces of fabric at the hem of a garment which creates the look of a tulip petal.

Twill. A fabric characterized by micro diagonal ribs producing a soft, smooth finish. Commonly used for casual woven shirts.

Twill Tape. Attached to the inside of the placket for a fashion effect.

Two Ply. A yarn in which its thickness is made up of two layers or strands, adding durability and weight.

Underarm Grommets. Small holes in the armpit area to allow breathability and air circulation.

Unstructured. A headwear term referring to a low profile cap with a naturally low sloping crown. No buckram has been added to the crown for structure.

UV-Protective Fabric. A term used to refer to a fabric that resists the ability of ultraviolet rays to penetrate the fabric. Protects the fabric from fading and the wearer’s skin from UV rays.

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V-Z

V Patch. A section of material in a V shape that is sewn onto a garment directly under the collar, providing support against stretching the neck opening. Also a style detail.

Vents. An opening in a garment which assists breathability and can aid in ease of decoration, allowing the garment to be hooped and embroidered with no visibility on the inside lining of the garment. Some vents are tacked down and are for fashion purposes only.

Vintage 50/50 (Alternative). Alternative’s 50/50 fabrication feels unlike any you’ve ever worn before. Soft and loosely knit for a perfectly worn-in fit, it has a vintage-soft feel that gets better with every wear.

Vintage Wash (District). A specialty wash that gives these 100% ring spun combed cotton tees lighter-than-air softness and extra comfort.

Waffle Knit. A square pattern knit into a garment.

Waffle Weave. A square pattern woven into a garment.

Waterproof. Keeps outside moisture from penetrating the fabric. The waterproof rating is typically expressed in milliliters (1,000mm to 10,000mm) based on water pressure tolerance over a 24-hour period. Generally, the higher the rating, the higher the waterproof protection.

Water Repellent. A fabric’s ability to cause moisture to bead up and roll off a garment.

Water Resistant. Keeps the wearer dry in moderate wind and rain. Very breathable, allowing air to pass through while keeping moisture at bay. In extreme or extended conditions, waterproofing is a better solution.

Weathered Twill. A special dye process resulting in a softer fabric with a weathered appearance.

Welded Pockets. The technique by which seams are affixed to one another without stitching.

Welt Collar/Cuffs. A single ply fabric with a finished edge that is used for collars and cuffs on sport shirts and short sleeve garments. Also known as flat knit.

Wind shirt. A typically water and wind resistant outerwear piece. Popular for golfers.

Wind Resistant. The ability of a fabric to act against or oppose the penetration of wind or air, without being completely windproof.

Wickability. The ability of a fiber or a fabric to disperse moisture and allow it to pass through to the surface, so that evaporation can take place.

Wicking. Dispersing or spreading of moisture or liquid through a given area by capillary action in a fabric.

Wood Tone Buttons. Buttons that simulate a wood appearance.

Wool. Usually associated with fiber or fabric made from the fleece of sheep or lamb. The term wool can also be applied to all animal hair fibers, including the hair of the Cashmere or Angora goat or the specialty hair fibers of the camel, alpaca, llama or vicuna.

Woven. Fabric constructed by the interlacing of two or more sets of yarns at right angles to each other. Woven fabrics are commonly used for dress shirts and camp shirts.

Yarn Dyed. A term used when yarn is dyed prior to the weaving or knitting of the garment.

Yoke. A part of the garment fitted closely to the shoulders. Typically seen on the back as on a dress shirt, but may also be on the front, as on a Western style shirt.

Zipper Garage. A fold of soft fabric around the end of the zipper that helps prevent a scratched or irritated chin. Also known as a chin guard.

[nicolet2017]

Fundamentals Lectures - Silk

Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles, thus producing different colors.

Silk is produced by several insects, but generally only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been some research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level. Silk is mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, but some insects such as webspinners and raspy crickets produce silk throughout their lives.  Silk production also occurs in Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants), silverfish, mayflies, thrips, leafhoppers, beetles, lacewings, fleas, flies, and midges. Other types of arthropod produce silk, most notably various arachnids such as spiders.

Several kinds of wild silk, which are produced by caterpillars other than the mulberry silkworm, have been known and used in China, South Asia, and Europe since ancient times. However, the scale of production was always far smaller than for cultivated silks. There are several reasons for this: first, they differ from the domesticated varieties in colour and texture and are therefore less uniform; second, cocoons gathered in the wild have usually had the pupa emerge from them before being discovered so the silk thread that makes up the cocoon has been torn into shorter lengths; and third, many wild cocoons are covered in a mineral layer that prevents attempts to reel from them long strands of silk. Thus, the only way to obtain silk suitable for spinning into textiles in areas where commercial silks are not cultivated was by tedious and labor-intensive carding.

Commercial silks originate from reared silkworm pupae, which are bred to produce a white-colored silk thread with no mineral on the surface. The pupae are killed by either dipping them in boiling water before the adult moths emerge or by piercing them with a needle. These factors all contribute to the ability of the whole cocoon to be unravelled as one continuous thread, permitting a much stronger cloth to be woven from the silk. Wild silks also tend to be more difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm. A technique known as demineralizing allows the mineral layer around the cocoon of wild silk moths to be removed, leaving only variability in color as a barrier to creating a commercial silk industry based on wild silks in the parts of the world where wild silk moths thrive, such as in Africa and South America.

Genetic modification of domesticated silkworms is used to facilitate the production of more useful types of silk.

Silk fabric was first developed in ancient China. The earliest example of silk fabric is from 3630 BC, and it was used as wrapping for the body of a child from a Yangshao culture site in Qingtaicun at Xingyang, Henan.

Legend gives credit for developing silk to a Chinese empress, Leizu (Hsi-Ling-Shih, Lei-Tzu). Silks were originally reserved for the Emperors of China for their own use and gifts to others, but spread gradually through Chinese culture and trade both geographically and socially, and then to many regions of Asia. Because of its texture and lustre, silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric in the many areas accessible to Chinese merchants. Silk was in great demand, and became a staple of pre-industrial international trade. In July 2007, archaeologists discovered intricately woven and dyed silk textiles in a tomb in Jiangxi province, dated to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty roughly 2,500 years ago. Although historians have suspected a long history of a formative textile industry in ancient China, this find of silk textiles employing "complicated techniques" of weaving and dyeing provides direct evidence for silks dating before the Mawangdui-discovery and other silks dating to the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD).

Silk is described in a chapter on mulberry planting by Si Shengzhi of the Western Han (206 BC – 9 AD). There is a surviving calendar for silk production in an Eastern Han (25–220 AD) document. The two other known works on silk from the Han period are lost.[10] The first evidence of the long distance silk trade is the finding of silk in the hair of an Egyptian mummy of the 21st dynasty, c.1070 BC. The silk trade reached as far as the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa. This trade was so extensive that the major set of trade routes between Europe and Asia came to be known as the Silk Road.

The Emperors of China strove to keep knowledge of sericulture secret to maintain the Chinese monopoly. Nonetheless sericulture reached Korea with technological aid from China around 200 BC, the ancient Kingdom of Khotan by AD 50, and India by AD 140.

In the ancient era, silk from China was the most lucrative and sought-after luxury item traded across the Eurasian continent, and many civilizations, such as the ancient Persians, benefited economically from trade.

Silk is also a natural fibre and it is obtained from the cocoon of the silkworm moth. Silk is prized for its fragility and luxury and can be very expensive. Silk is popular among the luxury items due to its unique texture and lustrous appearance. It requires frequent dry cleaning and hand washing is strictly prohibited for silk. It also gets creased and can be damaged if exposed in sunlight. Thus silk must be carefully handled. Silk's absorbency makes it comfortable to wear in warm weather. Its low conductivity keeps warm air close to the skin during cold weather. It is often used for clothing such as shirts, ties, blouses, formal dresses, high fashion clothes, lingerie, pyjamas, robes, dress suits and sun dresses.