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americaistheoldworld · 1 year

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Knights of the Order of the Crescent

Knights of the Order of the Crescent is a worthy discussion since we know that the crescent moon is an indigenous symbol from Southern Arabia, aka, Mexico, since Mexico was Southern Arabia and Mexico means, “In the center of the Moon”: https://rb.gy/himgj1.

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Map of Mayaca, Florida (Ethiopia)

There is a town in Ethiopia called Mayo, Ethiopia. The name Mayo is the same as Maya (Mayans), so we are dealing with the Mayans. There was once a Mayan city in Florida called Mayaca (see post image of map), which is further proof that the Mayans established La floridas (Ethiopia Superior/ Tameri). This city was obviously named after the Mayas/ Mayans since we can see their tribal name of Maya in Mayaca (Maya-ca). Mayaca is now extinct and so is the Mayaca Tribe (Mayaca people), and we can blame the Spanish invasion (the Holy Wars) of the 1500's for their extinction; however, Florida still has Port Mayaca as evidence of a city now gone.

Duke of Milan (1454);

SFORZA (François-Alexandre) Quarterly: 1st and 4th Or, to the eagle Sable crowned of the first (LOMBARDY); 2nd and 3rd, Argent, to the bisse Azure in pale, crowned Or, giving birth to a child Gules (VISCONTI-MILAN). Duke of Milan (1454); natural son of Muzio Attendolo dit Sforza, lord of Cotignola, and Lucrezia Trezana or Tresciano; husband: 1° of Polyxène Ruffo, widow of Jacques Marilli (?) Grand Seneschal of the Kingdom of Naples, daughter of Charles Ruffo, Count of Montalto and Corigliano, and of Cevarella de Saint-Séverin; 2° (August 1, 1441) of Blanche-Marie Visconti, natural daughter of Philippe-Marie Visconti, Duke of Milan; born at San-Miniato (Tuscany), July 25, 1401, died at Milan, March 8, 1466.

First Baron of Maine, Viceroy of Sicily and Anjou

CHAMPAGNE (Peter I of) Sable, fretty Argent; a chief or charged with a lion issanl gules (1). Currency (2): Sta closes. Lord of Champagne, Pescheseul, Lonvoisin, Bailleul and Parcé, Prince of Montorio and Aquila, First Baron of Maine, Viceroy of Sicily and Anjou; third son of Jean III of Champagne and Ambroise de Crénon; married, according to contract of April 22, 1441, with Marie de Laval, sister of Guy de Laval (see this name), and daughter of Thibaut and Jeanne de Maillé-Brézé; died in Angers, almost a hundred years old, on October 15, 1486, and buried on the 22nd of the same month, in the church of Saint-Martin de Parce (3). This valiant knight, who had distinguished himself in many battles, won two great victories against the English: the first in 1442, in the plain of Saint-Denis d'Anjou, and the second in 1448, before Beaumont-le-Vicomte. The following year, Jean d'Anjou gave him the order to help Charles VII against the English, and he covered himself with glory at the Battle of Formigny (1450).

ANJOU (Charles I of) Count of Maine

ANJOU (Charles I of) Azure, semé of fleurs-de-lis Or, to the lion Argent set in quarter; bordered gules. Count of Maine, Guise, Mortain, viscount of Châtellerault, lieutenant general for the king in Languedoc and Guyenne; third son of Louis II of Sicily and Yolande of Aragon; married: 1°, before 1434, with Cobelle Ruffo (2), widow of Jean-Antoine Marzano, Duke of Sessa, Prince of Rossano, daughter of Charles Ruffo, Count of Montalto and Corigliano, Grand Justice of the Kingdom of Naples, and of Cevareila de Saint-Séverin (see this name); 2°, by contract of January 9, 1443, with Isabelle de Luxembourg, daughter of Pierre de Luxembourg, count of Saint-Pol, and of Marguerite des Baux; born in the castle of Montils-les-Tours, October 14, 1414; died at Neuvy, in Touraine, on April 10, 1472, and buried in the church of Saint-Julien in Le Mans. (2) Through this alliance, Cobelle Ruffo had become the sister-in-law of three kings, Louis III of Sicily, René of Anjou and Charles VII. Polyxène Ruffo, his sister, first married François-Alexandre Sforza (see this name).

Baron of Mison

AGOULT (Fouquet or Foulques d') Or, to the ravishing wolf Azure, armed, langued and vilené Gules (1). Baron of Mison, of La Tour-d'Aigues, of Sault and of Forcalquier, lord of Thèze, Barret, Volone, La Bastide, Peypin, Niozelles, etc., chamberlain of René d'Anjou, viguier of Marseilles (1443, 1445 and 1472); son of Raymond and Louise de Glandevès-Faucon, his second wife; married: 1° with Jeanne de Beaurain; 2° with Jeanne de Bouliers; died without posterity at La Tour-d'Aiguës in 1492, nearly 100 years old. Fouquet d'Agoult had been nicknamed by his contemporaries the Great and the Illustrious, in view of his love of justice, his magnificence and his liberality. Nostradamus (2) reports that "after the death of this so good and so excellent Roy (René d'Anjou) several and various eulogies, epitaphs and learned compositions were placed on his tomb, in the church of the Convent of the Carmelites of the City of Aix...The eulogies were in various languages, Hebrews, Greeks, Latins, French, Italians, Cathalans and Provencals, which the magnificent Fouquet d'Agoult, lord of Sault, had collected and transcribed exactly by the express command de la Reyne his second wife.

Moslem-Jerusalem under the Order of the Cresent, 1070

Muslem-Jerusalem from 1070 under the order of the Cresent. Moslem-Jerusalem, which looks very Moorish with the Crescent moons at the top of those Maurice domes. I love the Phoenician purple trim too at the top. This image is a full-page miniature of Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock Image taken from feature 5 of Book of Hours, Use of Paris ('The Hours of René d'Anjou'). Written in Latin, calendar, and rubrics in French.

King René of Anjou

The Ordre du Croissant (Order of the Crescent; Italian: Ordine della Luna Crescente) was a chivalric order founded by Charles I of Naples and Sicily in 1268. It was revived in 1448 or 1464 by René I of Naples, the king of Jerusalem, Sicily, and Aragon (including parts of Provence), to provide him with a rival to the English Order of the Garter. René was one of the champions of the medieval system of chivalry and knighthood, and this new order was (like its English rival) neo-Arthurian in character. Its insignia consisted of a golden crescent moon engraved in grey with the word LOZ, with a chain of 3 gold loops above the crescent. On René's death, the Order lapsed. The Order of the Crescent, also known as "Order of the Crescent in the Provence,” a French chivalric order was founded on 11 August 1448 in Angers by King Rene of Provence as a court order. The order, which united itself, features from knighthood and spiritual orders, and counted up to 50 knights, of which can be dukes, princes, marquises, viscounts and knights with four quarters of nobility.

A French Canadian Maur by the name of Ann Marie Bourassa sent me a link to the Armorial Chevaliers (Knights) of the Order of the Crescent and the images in this post spoke to my DNA, since my maternal surname, “Chavis” means the Goat and Brave boy: https://rb.gy/qk2k10.

Chavis/ Chavers is also short for Chevaliers, since the Chavis are a Royal family of knights that is associated with bravery and passing the BAR. Chevaliers is French for Knights since the number one code of the knights is chivalry, which means bravery. During the old-world chivalry (honor) was established from being brave in battle, and cavalry is another word that is derived from chevaliers since cavalry means an army of mounted braves (Knights) on horses.

In 1066 during the Battle of Hastings, my French royal family of Shivers, which is French for Chavis, as knights, helped the French Viking King, “William the Conqueror,” a Danite, conquer England with the aid of two dragons and were given the Shivers Mountains in England by William the Conqueror due to the acts of Chivalry (bravery=Knighthood) on the battlefield: https://rb.gy/n9vlao.

Here is the link to the Armorial Knights of the order of the Crescent: https://rb.gy/y2hpa4. This link is in French, but you can use Goggle Translate to translate the French into English.

Please, avoid the hijack with the whitewash when reading the Armorial Knights link, because the original French were the Franks or Gauls (Gullah Geechee/ Galilee), and they were French Maurs (Merovingians): https://rb.gy/posjrm.

“Franks (Franci), a Germanic people who conquered Gallia (Gaul), and made it Francia (France).” [End quote from Oxford Classical Dictionary]. “Gaul, French Gaule, Latin Gallia, the region inhabited by the ancient Gauls, comprising modern-day France and parts of Belgium, western Germany, and northern Italy”: https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaul-ancient-region-Europe.

The Americas has the most place names associated with Gaul/ Gales/ Gules/ Gola/ Galley/ Gullah/ Galilee/ Gaelic (France). For example, Galesburg, Illinois; Galilee, Pennsylvania; Angola, Louisiana; Angola, Indiana, etc. Some of the African slaves allegedly came from Angola, aka, the Congo (Congo, Alabama*), which is a country allegedly in Africa on the Slave Coast. Gola, which is short for Angola (An-Gola), is also Gula as in Gullah Geechee – Seminole and Creek (Greek) Indians: https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~sotillos/moore.htm.

Guale was a historic Native American chiefdom (Tribe) of Mississippian culture peoples located along the coast of present-day Georgia and the Sea Islands. This tribe of Guale Indians were Maurs (Maur-iners as in Marine and Mar/ Mer as in sea), aka, Sea people. Guale was once a city on the Sea Coast of Georgia that is now extinct and so is this tribe of Indians (Washitaw Muurs = Yamasees and the five civilized tribes), due to Spanish conquest: https://www.americaistheoldworld.com/gibraltar-of-the-west/.

In South America we have the Spanish equivalent to the Gullah Geechee, the “Gualeguaychú.” Gualeguaychú is a city in the province of Entre Ríos, Argentina, on the left bank of the Gualeguaychú River (a tributary of the Uruguay River). In Mexico, we have Guatemala, which is a derivative of Gaul since the prefix Guate in Gutemala is Gaul.

This book, “Africa vs. America,” demonstrates that Europeans copied ancient Ghana that was in South America (Guyana) and built a second Ghana on the other coast [Africa], which is known as Congo or Angola. Africa vs. America,” by Isabel Alvarez: https://www.americaistheoldworld.com/ancient-ghana-is-guyana/.

This FB post deals with a French Merovingian Queen, nicknamed “The She Wolf,” since she convinced a Baron (wizard), Lord Roger Mortimer, to help her to overthrow her gay husband, King Edward II of England to take the crown: https://rb.gy/7g9b4s.

Speaking of the She Wolf, the Capitoline Wolf is the She Wolf and is a symbol of the founding of Rome. The wolf is a sacred symbol of the Turks and the Danites. The Americas has 13 Capitoline Wolf Statues, which suggests that the greater Rome or Imperial Rome was in the Americas. Rome is derived from the Egyptian word Ramen and the Hebrew word Rimon, which means pomegranate. The pomegranate is a symbol of Granada Land (the promised land), which was in the Americas: https://www.americaistheoldworld.com/imperial-rome-and-italy-superior/.

The Armorial Knights of the order of the Crescent has a few coats of arms with the She Wolf in the center of the moon. Mother Mary/ Maya/ Meru, aka, the Queen of Heaven, is shown in many images as the Venus Star Transit, which is the Mayan 5-pointed Star, standing in the center of the crescent moon. The wolf is code for the Dragon, aka, the constellation Draco when its Star Theban was the Pole Star or the North Star.

Who was Rene d’Anjou?

In this post are some images of the Royal Knights’ coat of arms of the Order of the Crescent, instituted by King René d’Anjou, ms. Fr. 5225. Statues of the Order of the Crescent, founded by René d’Anjou (1448), ms. Fr. 25204. (Source: gallica.bnf.fr, National Library of France).

The Ordre du Croissant (Order of the Crescent; Italian: Ordine della Luna Crescente) was a chivalric order [knights’ order] founded by Charles I of Naples and Sicily in 1268. It was revived in 1448 or 1464 by René I of Naples, the king of Jerusalem, Sicily and Aragon (including parts of Provence), to provide him with a rival to the English Order of the Garter. René was one of the champions of the medieval system of chivalry and knighthood, and this new order was (like its English rival) neo-Arthurian in character. Its insignia consisted of a golden crescent moon engraved in grey with the word LOZ, with a chain of three gold loops above the crescent. On René’s death, the Order lapsed.

The Armorial Knights of the Order of the Crescent, also known as “Order of the Crescent in the Provence,” a French chivalric order was founded on 11 August 1448 in Angers by King Rene of Provence as a court order. The order, which united itself, features from knighthood and spiritual orders, and counted up to fifty knights, of which can be dukes, princes, marquises, viscounts, and knights with four quarters of nobility.

The Knights committed themselves to mutual assistance and loyalty to the order which, after the Provence became part of France in 1486, was soon forgotten. Ackermann mentions this knighthood as a historical order of France.

In this post is a poorly whitewashed image of King Rene of Anjou since he is still swarthy (dark/ Black) in his image. King Rene was the grandson of King John II of France, aka, John the Good, who was undoubtedly a Naga/ Negro: https://rb.gy/onckrm.

René of Anjou (Italian: Renato; Occitan: Rainièr; Catalan: Renat; 1409–1480) was Duke of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, King of Sicily, King of Aragon (Gules), and Count of Provence [Province, Maine*] from 1434 to 1480, who also reigned as King of Naples as René I from 1435 to 1442 (then deposed as the preceding dynasty was restored to power). Having spent his last years in Aix-en-Provence, he is known in France as the Good King René (Occitan: Rei Rainièr lo Bòn; French: Le bon roi René).

René was a member of the House of Valois-Anjou, a cadet branch of the French royal house, and the great-grandson of John II of France. He was a prince of the blood, and for most of his adult life also the brother-in-law of the reigning king Charles VII of France. Other than the aforementioned titles, he was for several years also Duke of Bar and Duke of Lorraine.

René was born on 16 January 1409 in the castle of Angers.[2] He was the second son of Duke Louis II of Anjou, King of Naples, by Yolanda of Aragon.[2] René was the brother of Marie of Anjou, who married the future Charles VII and became Queen of France.[3]

Anjou is just a Latinized way of saying Andros/ Andrews, so we are dealing with Saracens (old Arabs) of the lost 10 lost tribes of Israel that were descendants of the first Apostle Saint Andrew: https://the-red-thread.net/genealogy/andrews.html.

Greater France or France Superior in the Americas:

If you have read my post about Imperial Rome and Italy Superior you already know that Italy Superior was La Floridas and there is also a Naples, Florida, which suggests that Rene Anjou was once the king of Naples, Florida since La Floridas was the original Italy. Remember that France borders Italy, which means that since Italy Superior was in the Americas Greater France or France Superior was also in the Americas.

Now, if we include Gules/ Gual (Aragon) and Maine, it leaves no doubt that this history is referring to Greater France in the Americas since the Imperial Rome and Italy Superior post proves that Africa, Europe, and the Middle East was originally in the Americas.

Maine and the New England states were once part of the Nova France and this territory was once known as Nova France (New France), according to old maps from the 1500’s – 1700’s, however, we know that it is nothing new about Nova France since the Americas is the East (the Orient) and the old world. Maine also has a Bar Harbor, now a resort for the wealthy. Notice that when you read the description of the coat of arms in the Armorial Knights link you will see a few references to Bar and Maine, which suggests that ancient Frankish (French) history is referring mostly to the Americas.

France borders Italy, according to modern-day maps, therefore, this post is more evidence confirming that the original France was in the Americas since Florida was Italy Superior.

King Anjou was born and buried in Angers, France. Angers sounds a lot like Algiers, Louisiana. Algiers was part of the Ottoman Empire that was originally in the Americas: https://www.americaistheoldworld.com/the-ottoman-empire-in-the-americas/.

The French and the Ottoman Turks as Moormans (Danites=Vikings=Sea people) were blood allies against Spain (Rome) during the Crusades or Holy Wars. Louisiana has France written all over it since Louisiana is called Cajun Country. Plus, the prefix of Louis in Louis-iana is a French name that is associated with a long list of French Kings. Cajun and Acadian (Akkadian) are the same word. In fact, Louisiana used to be a part of the Acadian Republic. Louisiana is called the boot kicking state since Louisiana is shaped like a boot, and so is Italy and Florida. Louisiana has a French Quarters and the people called themselves Cajuns (Acadians).

Additionally, the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, is called the Crescent City and it shares the same place names as Orleans, France. Louisiana also has Parishes (Parish=Paris), which is derived from Paris, as in Paris, France. Paris means “For Isis” or “City of Isis,” and Paris is short for Paradise. Baton Rouge (Louisiana) is a French word that means Red Stick.

The New Orleans Saints logo is the fleur-de-lis (Florida*). It’s a French word that means lily flower in English. French Maurs (High Priest of Anu) known as the Merovingians introduced the fleur-de-lis as a symbol of France, which is sometimes spelled fleur-de-lys; and it is a stylized lily or iris commonly used for decoration. In fact, translated from French, fleur-de-lis means “lily flower.” Fleur means “flower,” while lis means “lily.” The interesting thing about the fleur-de-lis or Lily Flower is that it is derived from the Bee, and it is just an upside-down Bee: https://rb.gy/jpasca.

AGOULT (Fouquet or Foulques d’)

Or, to the ravishing wolf Azure, armed, langued and vilené Gules (1).

Baron of Mison, of La Tour-d’Aigues, of Sault and of Forcalquier, lord of Thèze, Barret, Volone, La Bastide, Peypin, Niozelles, etc., chamberlain of René d’Anjou, viguier of Marseilles (1443, 1445 and 1472); son of Raymond and Louise de Glandevès-Faucon, his second wife; married: 1° with Jeanne de Beaurain; 2° with Jeanne de Bouliers; died without posterity at La Tour-d’Aiguës in 1492, nearly 100 years old.

Fouquet d’Agoult had been nicknamed by his contemporaries the Great and the Illustrious, in view of his love of justice, his magnificence and his liberality. Nostradamus (2) reports that “after the death of this so good and so excellent Roy (René d’Anjou) several and various eulogies, epitaphs and learned compositions were placed on his tomb, in the church of the Convent of the Carmelites of the City of Aix…The eulogies were in various languages, Hebrews, Greeks, Latins, French, Italians, Cathalans and Provencals, which the magnificent Fouquet d’Agoult, lord of Sault, had collected and transcribed exactly by the express command de la Reyne his second wife.

(1) All the genealogists and heraldists describe the d’Agoult coat of arms in the terms we have just used; however, the wolf is always represented crawling and not ravishing, that is to say holding its prey in the mouth. We didn’t want to change anything in the accepted description; but it was necessary to point out that it does not agree with the representation of the coat of arms. In 1220, the seal of Raymond II d’Agoult bore a passing wolf. (2) History and Chronicle of Provence, p. 646.

ANJOU (Charles I of)

Azure, semé of fleurs-de-lis Or, to the lion Argent set in quarter; bordered gules.

Count of Maine, Guise, Mortain, viscount of Châtellerault, lieutenant general for the king in Languedoc and Guyenne; third son of Louis II of Sicily and Yolande of Aragon; married: 1°, before 1434, with Cobelle Ruffo (2), widow of Jean-Antoine Marzano, Duke of Sessa, Prince of Rossano, daughter of Charles Ruffo, Count of Montalto and Corigliano, Grand Justice of the Kingdom of Naples, and of Cevareila de Saint-Séverin (see this name); 2°, by contract of January 9, 1443, with Isabelle de Luxembourg, daughter of Pierre de Luxembourg, count of Saint-Pol, and of Marguerite des Baux; born in the castle of Montils-les-Tours, October 14, 1414; died at Neuvy, in Touraine, on April 10, 1472, and buried in the church of Saint-Julien in Le Mans.

(2) Through this alliance, Cobelle Ruffo had become the sister-in-law of three kings, Louis III of Sicily, René of Anjou and Charles VII. Polyxène Ruffo, his sister, first married François-Alexandre Sforza (see this name).

ANJOU (Jean d’)

Per fess of one party, of two, which makes six quarters: 1 barage Argent and Gules, of eight pieces (HUNGARY); 2nd, Azure, strewn with fleurs-de-lis Or, a label Gules, five pendants in chief (ANJOU-SICILY); 3 Argent, to the cross of Jerusalem Or, at angle (JERUSALEM); 4th, azure, strewn with fleurs-de-lis or, a border gules (ancient ANJOU); 5th Azure, strewn with recrossed crosses set foot Or, two bars backed by the same debruising over all (BAR): 6th Or, a bend Gules charged with three alerions Argent ( LORRAINE); a label Gules three pendants in chief, debruising on the large quarters.

Duke of Calabria and Lorraine, senator of the Crescent (1470); eldest son of René d’Anjou and Isabelle de Lorraine; married, by treaty of April 2, 1437, with Marie de Bourbon, daughter of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, and Agnès de Bourgogne; born in Toul on August 2, 1426, died in Barcelona on December 16, 1470, and buried in Angers, in the church of the Cordeliers (1).

(1) On a glass roof of this church, this prince was represented on his knees, his hands joined, a floral crown on his head, and wearing a loose coat with a turned down collar. In front of him was the coat of arms described above, supported by the emblem of the order of the Crescent with its motto. (MONTFAUCON, op. cit., t. II, pl. LXI11). These arms are absolutely identical to those which appear on a counter-seal of Jean d’Anjou, affixed to a document of 1465 (DOUET D’ARCQ, Collection de sceaux, t. I, n°789).

ANJOU (René d’)

Cut from one, from two, which makes six quarters; to 1 of HUNGARY; at 2 d’ANJOU-SICILY; at 3 of JERUSALEM; at 4 d’ANJOU old; at 5 of BAR; at 6 LORRAINE; over all Or, four pales Gules (ARAGON).

King of Naples, Sicily, Jerusalem and Aragon, Duke of Anjou, Lorraine and Bar, Count of Provence, Senator of the Crescent (1449); son of Louis II, Duke of Anjou, King of Naples, and Yolande of Aragon; married, in first marriage, by treaty of March 20, 1419, with Isabelle de Lorraine, eldest daughter and heiress of Charles II, Duke of Lorraine, and of Marguerite de Lorraine; in second marriage, September 10, 1454, with Jeanne de Laval, daughter of Guy XIV, Count of Laval, and Isabelle de Bretagne; born in Angers on January 16, 1409, died in Aix on July 10, 1480, and buried in the church of Saint-Maurice in Angers on October 26, 1481.

From the institution of the Armorial Knights of the Order of the Crescent, King René accompanied these coats of arms (1) (still existing in 1620, at Saint-Maurice d’Angers) with the insignia of the order (2), which he had painted and sculpted on a large number of monuments and works of art, to engrave on its seals (3) and to embroider (4) on its tapestries and ceremonial costumes.

(1) On the subject of the various coats of arms carried successively by René, see our work: La Croix de Jerusalem dans le Blason, p. 14. (2) Ung radiant and marvelous crescent, Garny of fine gold and white enamel, Of which there was in frank writing, Loz in crescent in engraved and understood, Such motto had this lord taken. Not without reason, for his loz would grow On all living beings who had loz and be. (OCTAVIE DE SAINT-GELAIS, Le Séjour de l’Honneur.) (3) Some of these seals have a double crescent on the reverse that Mr Douet d’Arcq (collection of seals, n°11783) took for two bags or stacked purses. (4) In 1448, Pierre du Villant, painter and embroiderer to the King of Sicily, two professions closely united in the Middle Ages, executed four embroidered crescents for his new order of chivalry (LECOY DE LA MARCHE, Extracts from accounts and memorials, n ° 632).

CHAMPAGNE (Peter I of)

Sable, fretty Argent; a chief or charged with a lion issanl gules (1). Currency (2): Sta closes.

Lord of Champagne, Pescheseul, Lonvoisin, Bailleul and Parcé, Prince of Montorio and Aquila, First Baron of Maine, Viceroy of Sicily and Anjou; third son of Jean III of Champagne and Ambroise de Crénon; married, according to contract of April 22, 1441, with Marie de Laval, sister of Guy de Laval (see this name), and daughter of Thibaut and Jeanne de Maillé-Brézé; died in Angers, almost a hundred years old, on October 15, 1486, and buried on the 22nd of the same month, in the church of Saint-Martin de Parce (3).

This valiant knight, who had distinguished himself in many battles, won two great victories against the English: the first in 1442, in the plain of Saint-Denis d’Anjou, and the second in 1448, before Beaumont-le-Vicomte. The following year, Jean d’Anjou gave him the order to help Charles VII against the English, and he covered himself with glory at the Battle of Formigny (1450).

(1) In the 17th century, this family sought to attach itself to the illustrious house of the Counts of Champagne and took its arms, which are: Azure with a silver band, bordered by two cotices potent and counter-potentiated Golden. (2) Motto and coat of arms still visible in 1620, in the chapel of the Knights of the Crescent in Saint-Maurice d’Angers. (3) The epitaph engraved on his tomb had been composed, it seems, by the king.

SFORZA (François-Alexandre)

Quarterly: 1st and 4th Or, to the eagle Sable crowned of the first (LOMBARDY); 2nd and 3rd, Argent, to the bisse Azure in pale, crowned Or, giving birth to a child Gules (VISCONTI-MILAN).

Duke of Milan (1454); natural son of Muzio Attendolo dit Sforza, lord of Cotignola, and Lucrezia Trezana or Tresciano; husband: 1° of Polyxène Ruffo, widow of Jacques Marilli (?) Grand Seneschal of the Kingdom of Naples, daughter of Charles Ruffo, Count of Montalto and Corigliano, and of Cevarella de Saint-Séverin; 2° (August 1, 1441) of Blanche-Marie Visconti, natural daughter of Philippe-Marie Visconti, Duke of Milan; born at San-Miniato (Tuscany), July 25, 1401, died at Milan, March 8, 1466.

As you can see, the Armorial Knights of the Order of the Crescent were very distinguished and extraordinary gentlemen and so was their King, Rene of Anjou since King Rene was a Saracen (Moslem) that was the King of Jerusalem, Sicily, Naples, and Aragon. In this post is an image of Moslem-Jerusalem, which looks very Moorish with the Crescent moons at the top of those Maurice domes. I love the Phoenician purple trim too at the top. This image is a full-page miniature of Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock Image taken from feature 5 of Book of Hours, Use of Paris (‘The Hours of René d’Anjou’). Written in Latin, calendar, and rubrics in French: https://picryl.com/media/jerusalem-from-bl-eg-1070-f-5-4d2417.

The royal coats of arms of the Knights of the Order of the Crescent display powerful images of occult symbols like the kingfish (fisher king), the Falcon (Horus), and the Bee/ Beetle. The Fleur-de-lis symbol is an upside-down bee. We know that the study of the birds (falcons) and the bees/ beetles is real sex (love) through alchemy, and this advanced knowledge (magic) that was acquired from Thoth/ Thought was used to create an Eden style of government or Ethiopia = Utopia that was based on free energy and a resource-based economy: https://www.americaistheoldworld.com/teotihuacan-is-the-home-of-thoth/.

The fisher kings who were Fishers of men, aka, Magi’s, were the High Priest of Anu (Maurs) from Nineveh, which was Jacksonville, Florida, and surrounding areas. Nineveh means place of fish or House of fish and is the home of Prophet Jonah of the Bible: https://www.americaistheoldworld.com/nineveh-was-jacksonville-florida/.

Speaking of Jonah, a fish/ whale swallowed him for 3 days and then spit him out, which is code for him being born from a dragon, making Jonah a messiah, a Christ-king, and/or a Dragon-king: https://rb.gy/dsgf9g.

In this post is the coat of arms of royal knight, SFORZA (François-Alexandre), that depicts a Maur (High priest of Anu) being born from a blue dragon since serpents/ dragons don’t eat their prey feet-first. Also, notice the double headed Turkey of the Holy Roman Empire on the coat of arms. People think that this bird is an Eagle when it really is a Turkey, since Turkeys have beards and Eagles don’t. If you view different images of Hapsburg (Holy Roman empire) coat of arms you see that the bird on this coat of arms is clearly a double headed Turkey with a red beard. The Turkey is indigenous to the Americas and so is the Roman Empire. The Turkey is a hybrid bird that was spliced together with light codes (sound frequencies), aka, light alchemy, by Turkmen/ Moorman long ago using a combination of the Tukey Buzzard and the Chicken (the base metals) to create another meat source known as Turkey (the gold or good product).

I know this Roman History is confusing because Rome was a global empire that was on both sides of the world, however, the legit honorable Roman Empire that was in the Americas and under French Washitaw rule was overthrown by the duplicate Christian and Catholic Rome in Europe since the American version of the Romans were Saracens (Moslems) and pagans (Hebrews) that were labeled as infidels, in the eyes of the duplicate Roman hijack.

The post Knights of the Order of the Crescent appeared first on America is the Old World.

source https://www.americaistheoldworld.com/knights-of-the-order-of-the-crescent/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=knights-of-the-order-of-the-crescent

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the-busy-ghost · 6 years

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Tbh though I’ve got to feel sorry for Charlotte of Savoy as well. I mean she was pretty sidelined by Louis XI too, and he was king then so able to do so more effectively than when he was dauphin and married to Margaret, but she doesn’t have the romantic appeal of her predecessor so she is even more ignored (when you consider that she was actually queen of France that is). Anyway it’s just sad.

#I love Anne de Beaujeu and Yolande of Aragon and all my other strong awesome fifteenth century women #But I have to feel sorry for Charlotte and Margaret and also Marie d'Anjou though at least Charles VII wasn't so spiteful about it #Just callous #Louis XI is a fascinating monarch but try as I might I can never forgive him for destroying Margaret's poems

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ahistorylover18 · 4 years

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Elizabeth 1

Mary Tudor :

King Edward VI died on July 6, 1553 at the age of 15. The letter he wrote before his death was recognized as an act of treason, according to the Law of Treason of 1547. In full violation of the Third Act of Succession, it excluded Mary and Elizabeth from the estate and designated as successor to the throne Jane Grey , granddaughter of Mary Tudor duchess of Suffolk, sister of Henry VIII. Jane Grey was proclaimed queen by the majority Protestant Privy Council, but her supporters weakened as the Lords joined Mary, the legitimate queen. She was overthrown after nine days. Mary triumphantly entered London on horseback with her half-sister Elizabeth by her side.

This testimony of solidarity between the two sisters did not last long. Mary Ire, a fervent Catholic ( of Spanish mother ), was determined to crush the Protestant faith in which Elizabeth had been educated and ordered that all her subjects attend Catholic Mass ; Elizabeth was forced to comply apparently. The initial popularity of Mary I erased in 1554 when she married Prince Philip II of Spain, Catholic and son of the emperor ( and king of Spain ) Charles V. The discontent quickly spread throughout the country and many turned to Elizabeth.

In January and February 1554, Thomas Wyatt led a revolt against the religious policies of the intransigent Mary I but it was quickly crushed. Elizabeth was summoned to court to be questioned on her role; she vehemently declared that she was innocent but was imprisoned on March 18 at the Tower of London. Although it is unlikely that she plotted with the rebels, it is known that some of them had approached her. Charles V's ambassador, Mary I’s closest adviser, Simon Renard, stated that her throne would never be secure as long as Elizabeth was alive, and Lord Chancellor Etienne Gardiner worked to organize her trial. Elizabeth's supporters in government, including William Paget, nevertheless convinced the Queen to spare her half-sister in the absence of solid evidence against her. On May 22, Elizabeth left the Tower of London prison and was taken to Woodstock Palace where she spent almost a year under house arrest under the supervision of Henry Bedingfeld. Crowds cheered her all the way. Released in 1555, Elisabeth won Hatfield Palace, her new guarded residence under the responsibility of Sir Thomas Pope until the end of Mary's reign.

On April 17, 1555, Elizabeth was called to court to attend the final stages of Mary's apparent pregnancy, but when it became clear that she was not pregnant, no one believed that she could have a child. King Philippe, son of Charles V, who ascended the Spanish throne in 1556, recognized the new political reality and approached his sister-in-law. Queen Mary of Scots, cousin of Elizabeth, could also claim the crown of England. Now she was engaged to the Dauphin of France with whom Spain was at war; Elizabeth therefore represented a preferable alternative. When his wife fell ill in 1558, King Philippe sent the Duke of Feria to consult Elizabeth. In October, Elizabeth was already preparing her government, and, on November 6, was recognized as her heiress by Mary 1. The latter died on November 17, 1558, and Elizabeth ascended the throne.

During the triumphal procession in London on January 14, 1559, Elizabeth was cheered by the crowd, and her open and cheerful attitude excited the spectators. The next day, she was crowned in Westminster Abbey.

Religious reform :

The religious convictions of Elizabeth I have been the subject of many debates. She was Protestant but kept Catholic symbols like the crucifix and downplayed the importance of sermons despite their vital importance in the Protestant faith. Compared to her uncompromising Catholic half-sister Mary, she was rather tolerant. In general, she favored pragmatism for religious questions. Elizabeth I and her advisers feared a possible Catholic crusade against heretical England. The queen then sought a Protestant solution which would not irritate the Catholics too much while satisfying the wishes of the English Protestants. However, it no longer tolerated the radical Puritans who demanded far-reaching reforms. The Parliament then began in 1559 to legislate on a new Church based on the reforms of Edward VI but with many Catholic elements such as priestly vestments.

The new act of supremacy was adopted on May 8, 1559, and all the civil servants had to take an oath of loyalty to the monarch under penalty of losing their position; the laws of heresy were annulled to avoid a repetition of the persecutions practiced by Mary. A new Law of Uniformity was adopted at the same time to make church attendance and the use of the 1552 version of the book of common prayer compulsory; however, the penalties for recusants or failure to comply with the law were not excessive.

Mariage :

From the start of her reign, Elizabeth I was expected to marry, and the question was who. Despite the many requests, she never married, however, for reasons that remain unclear. Historians assume that Thomas Seymour discouraged her from having sex, or that she knew she was sterile. Some historians believe that the beheading of her mother and Katherine Howard disgusted young Elizabeth of marriage. She considered several contenders until the age of 50, and the last was Duke François d'Anjou, 22 years younger. Even if, like her sister who was manipulated by King Philip II of Spain, she risked losing her power, a marriage opened the possibility of an heir. The choice of a spouse could also cause political instability or even an insurrection.

#henry viii #elizabeth 1 #elizabeth tudor #the tudors #mary tudor #mary 1 #bloody mary #history #six the musical #reign #virgin queen #anne boleyn

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chicot-premier · 5 years

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Antoine Caron and studio of Master WF, Journey, Valois Tapestries, c1576, wool warp, silk, silver, and gilded silver thread, 389.5 x 533 cm. Gallerie degli Uffizi (viewed at Cleveland Museum of Art).

Which event this tapestry depicts is unclear. The Cleveland Museum of Art believes that this tapestry most likely depicts a 1566 procession related to the capture of the Château d'Anet following the death of Henri II's mistress Diane de Poitiers. There is also an older theory about it from The Valois Tapestries by Frances Yates, who argues that it most likely represents a later journey to the Netherlands years later in 1573, when the future Henri III (then Henri d'Anjou) and Catherine de' Medici met with Louis of Nassau at Blamont to renew France's alliance with the Dutch Protestants against the Spanish. (Catherine's youngest son François d'Alençon (later François d'Anjou) would eventually personally aid the Dutch in the early 1580s, which I will discuss some more in my entry on the tapestry Elephant.) This is probably therefore the most ambiguous of the tapestries, more so than Tournament (see my earlier post).

In the background of this tapestry, we see a procession of people on horseback, with the Château d'Anet in the background. In the center is Henri on a white horse, looking beautiful as always. A little further in the background is Catherine de' Medici in a litter. The identities of the people in the foreground are less clear. The Cleveland Museum of Art identifies the man with the wide-brimmed hat, red tights(!), and pompadour hairstyle as Charles, Duc de Mayenne, brother of the infamous Henri de Guise, but Yates disagrees, identifying him as Louis of Nassau, brother of William of Orange. Frankly, I don't think he resembles either one of them, but that's just my personal opinion. Could he perhaps be one of Henri III's mignons?

Sources: Elizabeth Cleland and Marjorie E. Wieseman, Renaissance Splendor: Catherine de' Medici's Valois Tapestries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018). Tour of Renaissance Splendor exhibit, Cleveland Museum of Art (December 4, 2018). Yates, Frances. The Valois Tapestries. London: Warburg Institute, 1959. Reprinted by Routledge, 1999. Kindle ed.

Photos by chicot-premier.

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heavyarethecrowns · 6 years

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People that have married in the Royal Families since 1800

Sweden

Eugénie Bernardine Désirée Clary better known as Désirée Clary (8 November 1777 – 17 December 1860)

Clary was born in Marseille, France, the daughter of François Clary a wealthy silk manufacturer and merchant, by his second wife Françoise Rose Somis Eugénie was normally used as her name of address.

Clary had a sister and brother to whom she remained very close all her life. Her sister, Julie Clary, married Joseph Bonaparte, and later became Queen of Naples and Spain. Her brother, Nicholas Joseph Clary, was created 1st Count Clary

As a child, Clary received the convent schooling usually given to daughters of the upper classes in pre-revolutionary France. However, when she was barely eleven years old, the French Revolution of 1789 took place, and convents were closed. Clary returned to live with her parents, and was perforce home-schooled thereafter. Later, her education would be described as shallow.

In 1794, Clary's father died. Shortly after, it was discovered that in the years before the revolution, he had made an appeal to be ennobled, a request that had been denied. Because of this, Désirée Clary's brother Etienne, now the head of the family and her guardian, was arrested.

Désirée Clary met Joseph Bonaparte and was introduced to her family. Bonaparte and Clary were engaged, and his brother Napoleon Bonaparte also met her family. Soon Joseph was engaged instead to her older sister Julie while Napoleon was engaged to Désirée Clary on 21 April 1795. In 1795–1797

Clary lived with her mother in Genoa in Italy, where her brother-in-law Joseph had a diplomatic mission; they were also joined by the Bonaparte family. In 1795, Napoleon became involved with Joséphine de Beauharnais and broke the engagement to Clary on 6 September. He married Joséphine in 1796.

In 1797, Clary went to live in Rome with her sister Julie and her brother-in-law Joseph, who was French ambassador to the Papal States. Her relationship with Julie remained close. She was briefly engaged to Mathurin-Léonard Duphot, a French general. The engagement has been assumed to be Napoleon's idea to compensate her with a marriage, while Duphot was attracted to her dowry and position as sister-in-law of Napoleon. She agreed to the engagement though Duphot had a long-term relationship and a son with another woman. On 30 December 1797, on the eve of their marriage, Duphot was killed in an anti-French riot outside of their residence Palazzo Corsini in Rome.In later years, Clary vehemently denied that her engagement to Duphot had ever existed

After her return to France, Clary lived with Julie and Joseph in Paris. In Paris, she lived in the circle of the Bonaparte family, who sided with her against Josephine after Napoleon had broken off their engagement. She herself did not like Josephine either, as she has been quoted calling her an aged courtesan with a deservedly bad reputation, but she is not believed to have shown any hostility toward Josephine as did the members of the Bonaparte family. She received a proposal from General Junot, but turned it down because it was given through Marmont.Clary eventually met her future spouse, Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, another French general and politician. They were married in a secular ceremony at Sceaux on 17 August 1798. In the marriage contract, Clary was given economic independence. On 4 July 1799, she gave birth to their only child, a son, Oscar.

In August 1810, Bernadotte's husband was elected heir to the throne of Sweden and she heiress, now in that position being given the official name of Desideria. She initially thought this was to be similar to the position of Prince of Pontecorvo, and did not expect to have to visit Sweden more than she had been forced to visit Pontecorvo: "I thought, that it was at it had been with Ponte Corvo, a place from where we would have a title."She was later to admit, that she had never cared about any other country than France and knew nothing of foreign countries nor did she care about them, and that she was in despair when she was told that this time, she would be expected to leave Paris. Desideria delayed her departure and did not leave with her spouse. She was delighted with the position she had received at the French court after her elevation to crown princess (she had been invited to court events every week), and she was frightened by the stories of her reluctant French servants, who tried to discourage her from leaving by saying that Sweden was a country close to the North Pole filled with Polar bears.Finally, she left Paris and traveled by Hamburg and Kronborg in Denmark over the Öresund to Helsingborg in Sweden.

On 22 December 1810, Desideria arrived with her son Oscar in Helsingborg in Sweden, and the 6 January 1811, she was introduced to the Swedish royal court at the Royal Palace in Stockholm. The Swedish climate was reportedly a shock for her: she arrived during the winter, and she hated the snow so much that she cried. Her spouse had converted upon his election as heir to the Swedish throne, and upon their arrival, her son was also to do so, as was required, and was taken from her to be brought up a Lutheran. There was, in accordance with the Tolerance Act, no demand that she should convert, and a Catholic chapel was arranged for her use. Desideria was not religious,but the Catholic masses served to remind her of France, and she celebrated the birth of the son of Napoleon, the King of Rome, by a Te Deum in her chapel.

Desideria was unable to adapt to the demands of formal court etiquette or participate in the representational duties which were required of her in her position of Crown Princess. Her French entourage, especially Elise la Flotte, made her unpopular during her stay in Sweden by encouraging her to complain about everything.She did not have a good relationship with Queen Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte, though the Dowager Queen Sophia Magdalena was reportedly kind to her. In her famous diaries, Queen Charlotte described her as good hearted, generous and pleasant when she chose to be and not one to plot, but also an immature "spoiled child", who hated all demands and was unable to handle any form of representation, and as "a French woman in every inch" who disliked and complained about everything which was not French, and "consequently, she is not liked." Queen Charlotte, who wanted to remain the center of attention at her own court, was not pleased with Desideria and also influenced King Charles against her.

Desideria left Sweden in the summer of 1811 under the name of Countess of Gotland, officially because of her health, and returned to Paris, leaving her husband and her son behind. She herself said that the Swedish nobility had treated her as if they were made of ice: "Do not talk with me of Stockholm, I get a cold as soon as I hear the word." In Sweden, her husband took a mistress, the noble Mariana Koskull. Under the same alias Desideria officially resided incognito in Paris, thereby avoiding politics. However, her house at rue d'Anjou was watched by the secret police, and her letters were read by them. She had no court, just her lady's companion Elise la Flotte to assist her as hostess at her receptions, and she mostly associated with a circle of close friends and family.

In 1818, her husband became King of Sweden, which made Desideria Queen. However, she remained in France, officially for health reasons. After she became Queen, the Swedish Queen Dowager wrote to her and suggested that she should have Swedish ladies-in-waiting, but she replied that it was unnecessary for her to have a court as she still resided incognito. She officially kept herself incognito and did not host any court, but she kept in contact with the Swedish embassy, regularly visited the court of Louis XVIII and often saw Swedes at her receptions, which she hosted on Thursdays and Sundays, unofficially in her role as queen, though she still used the title of countess.

During this period, she fell in love with the French prime minister, the Duc de Richelieu, which attracted attention. According to one version, she fell in love with him after Louis XVIII had given him the task to deny her regular appeal for her sister Julie in the most charming way possible. True or not, she did fall in love with him, but the affection was not answered by Richelieu, who referred to her as his "crazy Queen". According to Laure Junot, she did not dare to speak to him or approach him, but she followed him wherever he went, tried to make contact with him, followed him on his trip to Spa and had flowers placed in his room. She followed him around until his death in 1822.

During the summer of 1822, her son Oscar made a trip in Europe to inspect prospective brides, and it was decided they should meet. As France was deemed unsuitable, they met in Aachen and a second time in Switzerland. In 1823, Desideria returned to Sweden together with her son's bride, Josephine of Leuchtenberg. It was intended to be a visit, but she was to remain in Sweden for the rest of her life. She and Josephine arrived in Stockholm 13 June 1823. Three days later, the royal court and the government was presented to her, and 19 June, she participated in the official welcoming of Josephine and witnessed the wedding

On 21 August 1829, she was crowned Queen of Sweden in Storkyrkan in Stockholm. Her coronation had been suggested upon her return, but her consort had postponed it because he feared there could be religious difficulties. There was actually a suggestion that she should convert to the Lutheran faith before her coronation, but in the end, the question was not considered important enough to press, and she was crowned all the same. She was crowned at her own request after having pressed Charles John with a wish that she should be crowned: "otherwise she would be no proper Queen". A reason for this is believed to have been that she regarded it as protection against divorce

The relationship between her and her husband King Charles XIV John was somewhat distant, but friendly. Charles John treated her with some irritability, while she behaved very freely and informally toward him. The court was astonished by her informal behavior. She could enter his bedroom and stay there until late at night even though he hinted to her that he wished to be alone with his favorite Count Magnus Brahe. Every morning, she visited her husband in her nightgown, which was seen as shocking, because her husband usually conferred with members of the council of state in his bed chamber at that time. Because of their difference in habits, they seldom saw each other even though they lived together. Because she was always late at dinner, for example, he stopped having his meals with her, and as he also preferred to have his meals alone, it was not uncommon for the nobles of the court to sit alone at the dinner table, without the royal couple present

The 1830s were a period when she did her best to be active as a queen, a role she had never wanted to play. The decade is described as a time of balls and parties, more than had been seen at the Swedish court since the days of King Gustav III, but Desideria soon grew tired of her royal status and wanted to return to France. However, her husband did not allow it. As queen she is mostly known for her eccentric habits. She is known to have kept reversed hours and, consequently, for often being late and keeping guests waiting, something which agitated her spouse. Normally, she retired at four in the morning, and awoke at two o'clock in the afternoon. Before she went to bed, she took a "walk by carriage": during these trips, she often paid unannounced visits, which were normally inconvenient because of the time. When the weather was bad, her carriage drove round the courtyard of the royal palace instead. It was normal for her to arrive for a visit to an opera when the show had ended.

Desideria was interested in fashion, devoted a lot of interest and pride in her hair and wore low cut dresses until an advanced age. She enjoyed dancing: her standard question at court presentations were if the debutantes liked to dance, and she herself danced well also during her old age. Her conversations were mainly about her old life in France. Her niece, Marcelle Tascher de la Pagerie, served as her Mistress of the Robes her first years as queen and also her main company, as she could speak to her of her main topic, her old life. After her niece had returned to France, she often socialized with the rich merchant Carl Abraham Arfwedson, who had once been a guest in her childhood home.She never became very popular at the royal court, where she was regarded with some snobbery because of her past as a merchant's daughter and a republican. She never learned to speak the Swedish language, and there are many anecdotes of her attempts to speak the language.

In 1844, Charles XIV John died and Desideria became Queen Dowager. Her son, the new King Oscar I, allowed her to keep her usual quarters in the Royal Palace as well as her entire court, so she would not have to change her habits. When her daughter-in-law Queen Josephine tried to convince her to reduce her court of her own free will, saying she no longer needed such a big court as a queen dowager, she answered: "It is true that I no longer need them all, but all of them still need me." She was a considerate and well-liked employer among her staff. One notable member of her court was Countess Clara Bonde, who was described as a personal friend and served the queen from her return to Sweden until her death.

Desideria did engage in charity but it was discreet, and it has been said: "Her charity was considerable but took place in silence". One example was that she supported poor upper-class women by giving them sewing work. She also acted as official protector of charitable institutions, such as the Women's Society Girl School. The same year she became a widow, she was described by the French diplomat Bacourt: "Royalty has not altered her — unfortunately, for the reputation of the Crown. She has always been and will always remain an ordinary merchant woman, surprised over her position, and surprising to find upon a throne."He also added that she was a goodhearted woman.

After becoming a widow, she grew more and more eccentric. She went to bed in the morning, got up in the evening, ate breakfast at night and wandered around the corridors of the sleeping palace with a light. Desideria sometimes would take in children from the streets to the palace and give them sweets; she was not able to engage in any real conversation, but she would say "Kom, kom!" (Swedish for "Come come!") There are stories about people having been awakened by her carriage when she drove through the streets at night. The carriage sometimes stopped; she would sleep for a while, and then she would wake and the carriage would continue on its way. Her habit or circling the courtyard in her coach she called "Kring kring" (Swedish for "around and around"), one of the few Swedish words she learned.

On the last day of her life, Queen Desideria entered her box at the Royal Swedish Opera just after the performance had ended, and collapsed before reaching her apartment upon returning to Stockholm Palace on 17 December 1860.

#queen desiree #1800 #sweden

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histoireettralala · 1 year

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Expansion of the royal domain

The way in which the kingdom was ruled in its different provinces had always varied according to the degree that power had been permanently or temporarily devolved to apanage princes and great nobles or that representative assemblies continued to function. It is therefore axiomatic that there was no 'system of government' in the France of the Renaissance. The question is: was there a tendency for the kingdom to become more centralised? R. Bonney has wisely cautioned against the over-use in French history of the term 'centralisation', a term coined in 1794. The main distinction drawn in the early modern period, as Mousnier made clear, was that between the king's 'delegated' and 'retained' justice, the latter covering all the public affairs of the kingdom in which the crown was supreme and the former the private affairs of his subjects. No one would pretend, however, that a clear line of division was ever established between the two.

If we consider the case of the apanages and' great fiefs, for instance, the century from the reign of Louis XI is usually considered definitive in their suppression. In 1480, there were around 80 great fiefs. By 1530 around half of these still existed. The rest were in abeyance or held by members of the royal family. Within the royal house, the apanage of Orleans was reunited to the crown on the accession of Louis XII, although thereafter used periodically for the endowment of the king's younger son, permanently so after the reign of Louis XIV. The complex of territories held by the Bourbon and Bourbon-Montpensier families fell by the treason of the Constable in 1523. Burgundy (and temporarily Artois and Franche-Comté) were taken over in 1477. Among the great fiefs, the county of Comminges was united to the crown on the death of count Mathieu de Foix in 1453, the domains of the Armagnacs (such as the county of Rodez) were confiscated on the destruction of Jean V at Lectoure in 1473. They found their way by the reign of Francis I into the hands of the royal family, through the marriage of Jean V's sister to the count of Alençon. The last Alençon duke, Charles, married Francis I's sister, Marguerite of Angoulême, and Alençon's sister, Françoise, married duke Charles of Vendôme, grandfather of Henry IV. Brittany was acquired through war and marriage alliance in the 1490s, Provence and the domains of the house of Anjou after the death of king René and then of Charles d'Anjou in 1481. The archives of the Chambre des comptes of Anjou for the early 1480s give ample evidence of the king's determination to exploit his new acquisition as soon as possible.

It should not be assumed that the crown pursued a consistent determination to lay hands on all these territories and rule them directly. There was usually a more or less lengthy period of adjustment to a new status. Some apanages and territories taken over by Louis XI were absorbed into the general administration of the rest of the kingdom. This was clearly the case with Burgundy and Picardy-Artois in 1477, both of them in the area under the jurisdiction of the Parlement of Paris. Yet even here, Louis XI had to tread warily in winning over the support of the regional nobility and discontent was apt to break out until the end of the fifteenth century. On Louis's death, for instance, a rising occurred in Picardy at Bertrancourt near Doullens, with cries of 'there is no longer a king in France, long live Burgundy!' The absorption of Artois proved to be an impossible undertaking and had to be renounced in 1493.

Elsewhere, absorption of apanages that were distant from the centre of royal power left affairs locally much as they had been before. The little Pyreneen county of Comminges was governed much as it had been under its counts, with privileges confirmed by Charles VIII in 1496. Only with the work of royal commissioners in the tax-assessing process in the 1540s, the first time an outside power had actively intervened in the affairs of the local nobility, did this begin to change. Auvergne, an apanage raised to a duchy in 1360, was confirmed to the Bourbons in 1425 on condition that their whole domain became an apanage. The duchy was confiscated from the Constable in 1523 but transferred by the king to his mother in 1527 and only absorbed into the royal domain in 1531. Even after that, it formed the dower of Charles IX's queen and then part of the apanage of François d'Anjou, his brother. In the contiguous county of Forez, also confiscated in 1523, little local opposition emerged to the change of regime; although the local chambre des comptes was shortly suppressed, most local judicial officials, along with the entire administrative structure, were retained. Except for a few partisans of the Constable, it seems that there was no great upheaval. Louise de Bourbon, the Constable's sister and princess of La Roche-sur-Yon, demanded a share of the inheritance - Forez, Beaujolais and Dombes. Beaujolais and the principality of Dombes eventually went to Louise's son, Montpensier.

The county of Auvergne, enclaved in the duchy, was held by the duke of Albany in his wife's name, and was then inherited from the last of the La Tour d'Auvergne family by Catherine de Medici. Catherine brought it to the crown by her marriage with Henri II in 1533 but she continued to administer it as her own property. She left it to Charles IX's bastard, Charles de Valois, but her daughter Marguerite made good her claim to it in 1606 and it only entered the royal domain definitively when she willed it to Louis XIII.

After her marriage to Charles VIII in 1491, Brittany was administered as her own property by queen Anne, technically still duchess but in reality sharply circumscribed in her power, until her husband's death restored some of her freedom of action in 1498. Having already established friendly relations with Louis XII when he was still duke of Orleans, she was prepared to accept his offer of marriage after the annulment of his marriage to Louis Xl's daughter, Jeanne, had been agreed. The contract which accompanied the marriage in January 1499 tied the duchy to the crown provisionally on condition that it always passed to the second son of the marriage, while in the absence of issue the duchy was to revert to Anne's heirs on her own side. Anne was able to act rather more independently during her marriage to Louis XII though the conditions of the contract were not observed. On her death Brittany was inherited by her elder daughter Claude, wife of Francis I, who transmitted her rights to her son the dauphin. The queen had, however, transferred the government of the duchy to her husband in 1515 and he continued to rule it in the name of his son François on Claude's death, entitling acts as 'legitime administrateur et usufructuaire' of his son's property. When the dauphin's majority in 1532 brought the question of the imminent personal union of the duchy to the kingdom to the foreground, it was arranged for the Breton estates to 'request' full union with France but on terms which guaranteed Breton privileges and maintained the principle that the dauphin would be duke of Brittany. Only in 1536, on the death of the dauphin, was the union with the kingdom complete and no more dukes were crowned at Rennes. What had been done was the annulment of the Breton succession law, which included females, in favour of the French royal succession law. Late in 1539, it was decided that the new dauphin Henri would have the government of Brittany 'to govern as he pleases', though the documents were delayed by the king's illness. A 'Declaration' transferring Brittany to Henri was drawn up in 1540. In practice, the government of the duchy seems not to have been much changed.

The lands of the house of France-Anjou posed a complex problem. René of Anjou, titular king of Jerusalem, Sicily, Aragon and Naples, was count of Provence in his own right, of Maine and Anjou as apanagiste and Guise by succession. As early as 1478, Louis was scheming to ensure that king René, who had no surviving son, did not leave his territories of Anjou, Provence and Bar to his grandson, René II of Lorraine, warning the general of Languedoc that his region would be 'destroyed' if Provence fell into other hands. On the 'good' king's death in 1480, most of his domains passed to his cousin Charles IV d'Anjou, count of Maine, who died childless in 1481, when Maine and Anjou reverted to the crown, thereafter to be granted out to members of the royal family such as Louise of Savoy. At the same time Provence was acquired by Louis XI by Charles IV's will and the county of Guise was disputed between the houses of Armagnac-Nemours, Lorraine (heirs of René I of Anjou and successors as titular kings of Jerusalem and Sicily) and Pierre de Rohan, marshal de Gié. From 1481, however, the king ruled in Provence as 'count of Provence and Forcalquier'. The lord of Soliès, Palamède de Forbin, who had persuaded Charles d'Anjou to leave the county to the king, was rewarded with the post of governor. The major change came in 1535 with the edicts of Joinville and Is-sur-Tille on the government of Provence, limiting the scope of the old institutions of the Estates and the Sénéchal and increasing that of the Parlement of Aix in justice and of the royal governor in administration. Curiously, Francis I was reported as having said that he felt an obligation to 'ceux de Guise', the house of Lorraine in France, since Louis XI had despoiled them of their inheritance of Provence and Anjou.

The major surviving complex of apanage lands by the middle of the sixteenth century was that held by Antoine de Bourbon, now first prince of the blood and next in line to the throne after the immediate royal family, and his wife Jeanne d'Albret. These involved a group of territories held by different tenures. The Albret inheritance brought the titular kingship of Navarre with a small fragment of the ancient kingdom of Navarre north of the Pyrénées that was held in sovereignty. In the counties of Foix, Albret and Béarn, the family held effective sway under only the most distant royal sovereignty, though Louis XI saw fit to pose as the protector of the young François-Phébus in 1472. In 1476, he sought to revise local tariffs against Albret interests and in 1480 attempts to levy a taille for the gendarmerie there stirred up a rebellion. In western France, the duchy of Vendôme, erected as late as 1515 to detach it from dependence on the duchy of Anjou, was held as an apanage under rather closer royal supervision. In the north, the complex of lands administered from La Fère-sur-Oise and centring the county of Marle was held directly of the king or of the Habsburg ruler of the Netherlands, rendering the family, to some, unreliable. Practical power stemmed from the holding of the governorships of Picardy and of Guyenne by the Bourbons and Henri d'Albret.

Other independent territories persisted, such as the vicomté of Turenne, where the vicomte (of the La Tour d'Auvergne family) ruled with regalian rights until the eighteenth century, could raise taxes, coin money, make war and render justice as a limited monarch in conjunction with very active local estates.

David Potter - A History of France, 1460-1560- The Emergence of a Nation State

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scotianostra · 1 year

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Margaret Stewart, "Margaret of Scotland" "Dauphine of France" was born on December 25th 1424 in Perth.

Margaret had married Louis XI son of Charles VII and Maria d'Anjou on 24 June 1436 in Tours Cathedral. As you would expect this marriage had more about the Auld Alliance than any love story,.

Margaret sailed for France in March 1436, and she was escorted by some of the greatest Scottish nobles. She entered Poitiers, where a child dressed as an angel crowned her with a wreath of flowers. She was just a child herself, aged only 11, he husband, Louis in Tours was 13, they wed on 25 June 1436 and she became the Dauphine of France. The marriage of course was not consummated right away and she was taken into the household of the French Queen, Marie of Anjou, where she reportedly saw very little of her husband, whose aversion of her was remarked upon by contemporaries, the French knew her as Marguerite d'Écosse

She is said to have devoted much of her time to writing, and she was criticised by doctors for it, who claimed that her “poetic overwork” may have attributed to her death. Unfortunately, none of her works survive to this day. Reportedly, Louis ordered that all her papers be destroyed.

She was treated with kindness by King Charles VII and his wife, and when she died on 16 August 1445, there was a great outpouring of grief. Her two sisters, Eleanor and Joan, were on their way to France at the invitation of Marie of Anjou, but they arrived just a few days after Margaret’s death.

An unidentified Scot wrote of Margaret,

"Alas that I should have to write what I sadly relate about her death…I wrote write this saw her every day, for the space of nine years, alive and enjoying herself in the company of the King and Queen of France. But then…I saw her, within the space of eight days, first in good health and then dead and disembowelled and laid in a tomb at the corner of the high altar, in the cathedral church of Châlons."

She is buried in Saint-Laon church in the French department of Deux-Sèvres, a canopy over her tomb is all that remains after the destruction during the French Revolution, a modern floor plaque and grill have been added her coffin can be seen though the grill.

There is a lot more history to read about the marriage and her life here from the excellent Freelance History Writer https://thefreelancehistorywriter.com/…/margaret-stewart-o…/

#scotland #scottish #france #the stewarts #royalty #history

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uhkayshuhmae · 4 years

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The French Royal Family: Titles and Customs

Petit-Fils, Petite-Fille de France

“In the 1630s, a lower rank was created, namely petit-fils, petite-fille de France, for the children of the younger sons of a sovereign. This was designed for Anne-Marie-Louise d'Orléans, duchess of Montpensier, daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, at a time when the king Louis XIII had no children and his brother Gaston (heir presumptive) had only one daughter. The petits-enfants de France ranked after the enfants de France but before all other princes of the blood.

Collectively, the enfants de France and petits-enfants de France formed the Royal family.”

Princes du Sang

“In France, aside from a few exceptions, prince was not a title, but a rank that denoted dynasts, i.e., individuals with an eventual succession right to the throne. The word, and its connotation of sovereignty, was felt to be their preserve. Collectively known as the Princes du Sang (less often princes du sang de France, princes des lys) they were, in theory, all descendents in legitimate male line of a French sovereign outside of the royal family itself. The term dates from the 14th century. The princes of the blood all had a seat at the Conseil du Roi, or Royal Council, and at the Paris Parlement.

In the 17th and 18th centuries it became customary to restrict the term of prince du sang to those dynasts who were not members of the Royal family, i.e. children or grandchildren in male line of the sovereign, since those became known as the enfants and petits-enfants de France.

Kings were somewhat selective in their choice of who was treated as prince of the blood.”

Premier Prince du Sang

“Ranking among the princes du sang was by order of succession rights. The closest to the throne (excluding any fils de France) was called Premier Prince du Sang. In practice, it was not always clear who was entitled to the rank, and it often took a specific act of the king to make the determination.

As the first two were members of the Royal Family and thus outranked other princes of the blood, it was felt that the rank would not honor them enough, and the deceased's son Louis de Bourbon-Condé took the rank, although the duc de Chartres drew the pension (the source for this is Sainctot, cited in Rousset de Missy).

On the death of Louis de Bourbon-Condé in 1709 the title would have passed to the duc d'Orléans, nephew of Louis XIV, but he did not use it (he did, however, call himself first prince of the blood on occasion.) After the duc d'Orléans's death in December 1723, his son officially received the title. It remained to the head of the Orléans family until 1830. However, at the death of the duc d'Orléans in 1785, it was decided that, once again, the duc d'Angoulême, son of the king's brother, ranked too high for the title, and it was granted to the new duc d'Orléans (letters patent of 27 Nov 1785); but Louis XVI decided that the duc d'Orléans would hold the title until the duc d'Angoulême had a son who could bear it.

The rank of "premier prince du sang" was not purely a court title or a precedence. It carried with it legal privileges, notably the right to have a household (maison), such as the king, the queen, and the enfants de France each did. A household was a collection of officers and employees, paid for out of the State's revenues, and constituted a miniature version of the royal administration, with military and civil officers, a council with a chancelor and secretaries, gentlemen-in-waiting, equerries, falconers, barbers and surgeons, a chapel, etc.”

Styles and Precedence of the Princes du Sang

Precedence

“Until the 15th century, precedence among princes of the blood, or even between them and other lords, depended on the title... [A]n edict of 1576 set that princes of the blood would have precedence over all lords, and between them by order in the line of succession rather than by their titles.

Precedence was set according to the following rules (Guyot, loc. cit., vol. 2, p. 382; he is in fact citing Rousset de Missy, who is himself citing Sainctot Sr., who was introducteur des ambassadeurs under Louis XIV).

All princes of the blood were divided into:

children of the current sovereign and children of his eldest son,

children of the previous sovereign and children of his eldest son,

all others.

The first two categories formed the royal family (Guyot says children and grandchildren, but I [original author] interpret his words strictly).

Precedence was set:

by category (i.e., anyone of category 1 outranked anyone of category 2)

within category:

between males, according to the order in the line of succession,

between males and females, according to the right of succession (that is, males before females),

between females, according to the degree of kinship with the king.

Thus the son of the Dauphin outranked the king's brother or younger son, but the daughter of a Dauphin was outranked by the king's daughter; the king's daughter in turn outranked the king's brother or sister. Wives took the rank of their husbands, so a Dauphin outranked a king's sister.

Another illustration of these rules is found in the listing of French princes and princesses in the Almanach Royal of 1789, a semi-official directory of the French state (see p. 33 and p. 34). The order is:

the king and the queen

the king's two sons (group 1, males)

the king's daughter (group 1, females)

the king's brothers and their wives (group 2, males)

the king's sisters (group 2, females)

the king's aunts (group 2, females)

the children of the king's younger brother (group 3)

the Orléans branch, males followed by females

the Bourbon-Condé branch, males followed by females

the Bourbon-Conti branch, males followed by females

Formal Styles

The following styles were highly formal and used only in the most official documents, such as treaties, contracts, tombstones, and the like, according to a règlement of 1688 cited by Guyot (Traité des droits, vol. 2, p. 371):

The heir apparent, titled Dauphin de Viennois (and not "du Viennois" as sometimes written) or more commonly Dauphin, was called très haut, très puissant et excellent Prince

The eldest brother of the King and the Premier Prince du Sang was très haut et très puissant Prince (e.g., Bossuet's Oraison funèbre de Louis de Bourbon, where the deceased is named très haut et très puissant prince Louis De Bourbon, prince De Condé, premier prince du sang; Oeuvres Oratoires, 1922, vol. 5, p. 425).

The other Princes of the Blood were très haut et puissant Prince.

Foreign princes at the Court were haut et puissant Prince.

The enfants and petits-enfants de France were entitled to the style of Royal Highness (Altesse Royale) since the 17th century (thus, the duc d'Orléans, Regent from 1715 to 1723, is styled SAR in the Almanach Royal of 1717). Other princes of the blood were only entitled to Most Serene Highness (Altesse Sérénissime) from 1651 to 1824, when they received the style of Royal Highness. Princes of the blood were the only ones in France entitled to the style of "Highness", according to an arrêt of the Parlement of Paris of 14 Dec 1754 which forbade the bishop of Metz to use that style (Guyot, Traité des droits, vol. 2, p. 371).”

Titles

“A younger son was usually given a title fairly early, although for some reason the French royal family developed the habit of baptizing royal children at a late age. The child received a private baptism at birth (ondoiement) and would be known by his title, which was announced by the king immediately after the birth. When a younger son reached maturity, he was usually given an apanage: whereas the title might not carry any actual possession of lands and fiefs with it, an apanage would. The rule on apanages was that they would return to the crown after extinction of the male line, although any other property acquired by the apanagiste could pass on to a daughter. The custom of the apanage was adopted on a systematic basis in the early 13th c. Usually, the most recently acquired domains were given out as apanages. Among the lands used as apanages are Artois, Anjou, Maine, Poitiers, Valois, Alençon, Blois, Chartres, Clermont, Bourbon, Evreux, Orléans, Touraine, Berry, Auvergne, Bourgogne, Guyenne, Angoulême, Provence.

In the 16th and 17th c., the titles of Orléans, Anjou, and Berry became customary for younger sons. The brother of Louis XIV was given Orléans as apanage and his line continued, so the title became unavailable. Every duc d'Anjou, on the other hand, seemed to die without posterity or accede to some throne: the title was thus used repeatedly. When Louis XV's eldest son had a second son, the king was set against using Anjou, apparently because of the bad luck associated with it (duc de Luynes, Mémoires, 13:49; see also Journal de Barbier, 5:416), and used Aquitaine instead, a title unused since the Middle Ages.”

Family Names and Titles of Younger Sons

“A son of France was born de France: all his descendants, however, had his main title (whether an apanage or a courtesy title) as their family or last name. Thus the son of Philippe de France (1640-1701), duke of Orléans, was born Philippe d'Orléans, even though he was also petit-fils de France (see, for example, the text of his renunciation to his rights to the crown of Spain in 1712: the renunciation begins "Philippe, petit-fils de France, duc d'Orléans" but he signs "Philippe d'Orléans"; his cousin the duc de Berry signs his renunciation "Charles").

Although the king of France had no family name, and his children were born "de France", there was a sense in which a certain house was on the throne. The legitimized children of kings took as family name the name of the house: for example, the son of Charles IX, was known as Charles de Valois, duke of Angoulême (the name of the house was officially Valois because François I had been made duc de Valois in 1498 before ascending the throne). The legitimized children of Henri IV and Louis XIV all had Bourbon as family name.”

Men

“In general, a titled person was called Monsieur le duc de Villeroy, or Monsieur le comte d'Alaincourt and addressed as Monsieur le duc, Monsieur le comte; the same went for members of the royal family, until the 16th century, when a certain number of forms of address came into use. Starting under Henri III, the eldest brother of the king was called Monsieur (frère du Roi), his wife was Madame (See Brantôme). These usages only became established with Gaston, younger brother of Louis XIII. The king's younger brother retained this style after the death of his brother, so that, from 1643 to 1660 there were two Monsieurs, the brother of the deceased Louis XIII and the brother of the reigning Louis XIV (they were called le Grand Monsieur and le petit Monsieur). The style was later used for the count of Provence, brother of Louis XVI, and later for the count of Artois when Louis XVIII reigned.

The Dauphin, son of Louis XIV, was known simply as Monseigneur, although that seemed to be peculiar to Louis XIV's son: the usage originated with Louis XIV, perhaps as a jest, and no other Dauphin was ever known as Monseigneur (they were called Monsieur le Dauphin). The grandsons of Louis XIV were also called Monseigneur: Monseigneur duc de Bourgogne, Monseigneur duc d'Anjou, Monseigneur duc de Berry (Almanach Royal, 1706), or more formally, Monseigneur Fils de France duc de *** (Almanach Royal, 1713). Similarly, in the 1789 Almanach Royal one sees "Monseigneur comte d'Artois" and his wife "Madame comtesse d'Artois".”

Women

“At the Bourbon court, all the daughters of the king and of the dauphin were called "Madame" and collectively known as "Mesdames de France", and for all but the eldest one the given name was added. Thus, the daughters of Louis XV were known as Madame [Adélaïde], Madame Victoire, Madame Sophie, Madame Louise; before their baptism, they were known as "Madame [de France] première/Aînée", "Madame [de France] seconde", etc (see the Almanach Royal, 1738). Note, however, that at their birth in 1727 the twin daughters of Louis XV were called "Madame de France" and "Madame de Navarre". The first three (surviving) daughters were baptized the same day, on Apr. 27, 1737 (Louise Elisabeth, Henriette Anne, and Marie Adélaîde).

The eldest of the "dames de France" was either known as "Madame de France" (e.g., Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Henri IV and later queen of Spain), "Madame", or, if that title was used by the wife of Monsieur, brother of the king, as "Madame Royale". Thus Louis Louise-Elisabeth (1727-59), eldest daughter of Louis XV (who had no brother), was known as Madame from her baptism in 1737 until her marriage to the Infante Felipe of Spain in 1739, when she became Madame Infante (and later Madame Infante Duchesse de Parme). Adélaïde, daughter of Louis XV, was called Madame from 1752 until 1771 when she became Madame Adélaïde. The daughter of Louis XVI (who had a married brother) was known as Madame Royale until her marriage to her cousin the duc d'Angoulême.”

Until 1700 or so, the title of "Madame Royale" seemed to be used for princesses of collateral branches. Here are some examples:

Christine (or Chrétienne), {\it second\/} daughter of Henri IV, wife of the duke of Savoie, is called (after her marriage) "Madame Royale Chrétienne de France, Duchesse Régente de Savoie" in a 1645 treaty.

Henriette-Marie, third daughter of Henri IV, is said to have invented the English style of "Princess Royal" for her eldest daughter.

Anne Marie d'Orléans (1669-1728), second daughter of Monsieur (but at the time the most senior unmarried princess) is called "Madame Royale" by Dangeau in 1684 (Journal, 1:6, 1854 ed.); that year, she married the duke of Savoy, but Dangeau still referred to her as "Madame Royale" after her marriage: "On eut nouvelles que madame royale étoit accouchée d' une fille ; M De Savoie en envoya ici porter la nouvelle"; and even decades later, he calls her "Madame Royale de Savoie" (19 May 1716), "Madame la duchesse Royale de Savoie" (17 May 1718) or "Madame la duchesse royale" (28 Aug 1719).

Elizabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (1676-1744), third and last daughter of Monsieur (again the most senior unmarried princess at the court) is called "Madame Royale" by Dangeau in 1698 (ibid.,, 7:74) just before and after her marriage to the duke of Lorraine: "M Le Duc De Chartres devoit partir mercredi pour aller en Lorraine voir Madame Royale, sa soeur".

Mme de Sévigné's Correspondance, Jul 1676 (2:352, 1974 edition), Dec 1679 (2:770) uses it for Marie-Jeanne-Baptiste de Savoie-Nemours, wife (and after 1675 widow) of the duke of Savoy: "Vous savez que Madame Royale ne souhaite rien tant au monde que l' accomplissement du mariage de son fils avec l'infante de Portugal".

The first three examples have in common that the French princess married "beneath her", and retention of the style "Madame Royale" may have been intended to to recall the royal rank that the person held by birth, a rank deemed superior to that of her husband at a time when neither Savoy nor Lorraine enjoyed the style of Royal Highness.

In the junior branches, starting with the children of the king's brother, the daughters were called "Mademoiselle" either followed by the given name, or by a name recalling the titles of the family: thus Gaston's eldest daughter was known as Mademoiselle, but his other daughters were Mademoiselle d'Orléans, Mademoiselle d'Alençon, Mademoiselle de Valois, Mademoiselle de Chartres. This is probably due to the fact that baptisms took place quite late: Louise-Diane d'Orléans (1716-36) was baptised three days before her marriage in 1732. In 1720, Louise-Élisabeth d'Orléans (1709-42), daughter of the duc d'Orléans and called Mademoiselle de Montpensier, received the title of "Mademoiselle" after the marriage of her elder sister to the duke of Modena (Jean Buvat: Journal de la Régence, Paris 1875, 2:29). She was then the eldest unmarried French princess, excepting the abbess of Challes. She became queen of Spain in 1722, but was widowed in 1724 and returned to France where she was known as "la reine douairière d'Espagne" (dowager queen of Spain). In 1726 the duc de Bourbon (then prime minister) secured by brevet the style of Mademoiselle for his sister Louise-Anne, who was the only unmarried princess.”

all from https://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frroyal.htm

#names

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if-you-fan-a-fire · 7 years

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“Ross En Prison,” Le Progrès du Golfe (Rimouski). August 24, 1917. Page 04. --- Lydius Ross, ancien cocher et commerçant domicilié à Rimouski. bien connus dans tout le district, a été arrête dimanche matin pour avoir tenté d'assassiner son épouse, qui travaillait comme fille de table à l'Hotel Sirois, de Mont-Joli. Ross a essayé de perpeter son odieux forfait en arrivant de Montréal, dimanche matin. Nous passerons sous silence, par respect pour la victime elle-même et pour la famille du coupable, les détails révoltants et cyniques de cet affreux attentat sur une pauvre femme inoffensive et sans défense par son mari brutal et dévoyé.

Ross ne réussit pas dans la réalisation de son monstrueux dessein. Les coups du révolver dont il appuya la pointe sur le coeur de son épouse ne ratêrent pas, mais les balles, trop petites pour le calibre de l'arme, demeurèrent presqu'inertes; elles n'effleurent que mollement la poitrine de la victime.

Ross fut bientôt appréhendé et réduit à l’impuissance par un des fils de M. Sirois; mis sons arrêt il fut conduit immédiatement sous bonne garde à la prison de Rimouski, où il fut écroué pour attendre son procès.

Deux jours après, de bonne heure mardi matin, une nouvelle sensationelle se répandait dans la ville et les environs. Ross s'était évadé de la prison! Comment y avait-il réussi? C'est ce que l'on ignorait et ce que le public ignore précisement encore. On s'acccorde sur un point. Ross s'est sauvé par les portes, et non par les fenêtres ou au travers des murs. La porte du cachot était donc ouverte au moment de l'évasion, à mois que ce ne soit Ross qui l'ait ouverte au monent de l'évasion, à moins que ce ne soit Ross qui l'ait ouverte lui-même au moyen de ce qu'on a prétendu être un fil de fer quelconques.

Et maintenant voici sce qui se passa lorqsque la nouvelle de cette désertion de Ross eut été communiquée au Shérif Charles d'Anjou.

Le Shérif convoqua immédiatement à son bureau le grand-connétable R. Réchll, le chef de police Michel Pineau, et le chef détective I. L . Gauvreau pour se concerter avec eux sur les moyens à prendre pour rechercer efficacement et découvrir prestement le prisonnier évadé.

Chacun de ces policiers se chargea d'un territoire a fouiller et a surviller avec chacun une équipe de bons hommes pour organiser un service de signalement et de perquisitions minitieuses.

Vers 6 heures du soir, M . Francois Gagnon, de cette ville, entrepreneur de chantiers, qui connaît bien les forets, et les sentiers qui les sillonnent. le long de la rivière Rimouski, que le shérif avait spécialement chargé de perquisitions dans cette direction, inform ait M. Charles D’Anjou que le déserteur venait de lui être signalé au moulin de Joseph Banville, ancienne propriété d'Adelard Piueau, dans St-Léon.

Sans retarder, le shérif dépêcha sur-le-champ vers Ste-Blandine une Overland conduite par le chauffeur G. A. Morin et chargée de quatre limiers armés jusqu’aux dents afin d’aller prêter main-forte au détective Gauvreau. qui poursuivait ses perquisitions en compagnie de M. Emile Gagnon, dans les bois du Fond d’Orines en arrière de St-Narcisse, que Ross connaisait et où il devait être enclin à se refugiers pour la nuit.

En efect c’est à quelque part par là que Ross devait tomber entre les mains de la justice.

A la nuit tombante, le déserteur arrivait à un “ campe" situé à quelques arpents de la demeure de François Lizotte. qu’il croyait inhabité et qui. par malheur, était en ce moment occupé par la famille de M. Louis Pineau. Celui-ci était absent de sa maison. Madame Pineau causa quelque temps avec l'évadé et s'apprêta, sur sa demande. à lui préparer à souper. Peu dans ci temps, un garçonnet de Madame Pineau, qui avait été mise au courant de l'affaire au cours de la journée. fïlait chez François Lizotte, et lui rapportait que Ross était à la maison, attendant pour souper. M. Lizotte, un rude colon qui n'a pas froid aux yeux, s'empressa d’accourir, en compagnie d'un M. Canuel, au "camp” où il trouva en effet Lydius Ross que, malgré ses supplications et ses menaces, il mit dans l'impossibilité de s’enfuir en le garottant solidement, de manière à pouvoir attendre désormais l’arrivée du détective Gauvreau et de son compagnon, qui, de fait, arrivèrent bientôt après.

Le prévenu, que tout le monde, dans les bois et campagnes des environs de Rimouski, redoutait comme un fauve féroce prêt à tout faire pour se défendre et se sauver, fut donc de nouveau, et sans beaucoup de résistance, livré à la justice qui cette fois le tient sous bonne garde et ne s’en de-saisira que pour l’expédier au bagne ou il expiera sans doute lè ou les crimes dont il s’est rendu coupable et que l’enquête préléminaire devrait révéler. On se rappelle que Ross fut impliqué l’automne dernier dans une sombre affaire d’incendiat au cours de laquelle il fut accusé et arrêté ; cette affaire sera probablement réveillée à la suite des événements qui viennent de se passer et sont Ross a été le sinistre et principal artisan.

Nous nous réjouissons sincèrement de la capture de ce criminel déserteur. et nous félicitons avec plaisir le Shérif de Rimouski et tous ceux qui l'ont assisté dans l’organisation adroite qui a favorisé la reprise rapide de ce triste personnage dont le maintien en liberté était devenu un danger pour sa famille et la société.

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Parmi veux qui se sont le plus dévoués dans la journée de mardi pour amener la capture de Ross, et qui effectivement ont rendu les plus grands services à cette occasion, on cite le chauffeur-automobiliste G.-A. Morin, qui, parait-il, a fait des merveilles avec sa splendide Overland, dans laquelle il transportait les limiers lancés à la chasse du déserteur partot ou ils étaient mandés ou envoyés, partoit ou ils voulaient aller, allant même jusqu'à pénétrer avec son char à traver souches, marécages, monts et fossés jusqu'au coeur de la forêt, avec une adresse consommée, quasi-prodigiuese, sans avoir éprouvé ou fait éproiver la moindre avarie ou le plus petit contre-temps à qui que ce soit au cours d ces longues et effrénées randonnées, vraiment extraordinaires, qu'il ne cessa qu'après avoir ramené le déserteur au poste dans la soirée du 21 aout.

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