#ciliary muscle spasms

[magnetictapedatastorage]

its kind of insane how much shit i got for my ciliary muscle spasms before i learned how to hide it. for Literal Years in school i was accused of being processed by the devil because whenever i had a spasm and could no longer see, i would open my eyes really wide to try and compensate... which didn't work. it was a very hard blind 5000-yard stare and it scared the other kids. later on i learned to not widen my eyes like that, and to look at the floor or instead so it wouldn't be noticeable. finally i settled on looking at my hands, or whatever i'm holding in them. when it happens while i'm doing a haircut, i use that time to turn off the clipper, and run the cleaning brush against the blades until the spasm is over. it looks like i'm cleaning it thoroughly, but i'm just wasting time.

[eyewearcatherine]

🛩️🐣Tamang pag-unawa sa pseudomyopia, napapanahong pag-iwas at paggamot ay ang susi!

Maaari bang mabuo ang pseudomyopia sa tunay na myopia

Ang pseudomyopia ay sanhi ng patuloy na pag urong at spasm ng ciliary muscle, ang kapal ng lens ay tumataas, at ang paningin ay pansamantalang malabo. Ang paningin ay maaaring maibalik sa pamamagitan ng pagpapahinga ng mata, mga punto ng acupuncture ng TCM, mga gamot, o pagsasanay. Kung pseudomyopia ay bumuo sa tunay na myopia ay depende higit sa lahat sa refractive estado ng sariling eyeball ng bata. Ang mga bata na may normal na pag unlad ng visual ay karaniwang mababa ang degree na hyperopia, na may isang tiyak na reserba ng farsightedness, at kung ang antas ng hyperopia ay normal o ang reserba ng farsightedness ay sapat, ang tunay na myopia ay karaniwang hindi magaganap sa malapit na hinaharap. Kung ang reserbang hyperopia ay hindi sapat o ang bata ay walang reserbang hyperopia, ang panganib ng pagkakaroon ng tunay na myopia ay mataas kung ang pseudomyopia ay nananatili at hindi agad ginagamot.

Kung ang paningin ng isang bata ay bumababa, hindi sapat na pumunta nang direkta sa optical store upang makakuha ng isang pares ng baso, ngunit upang pumunta sa isang regular na ospital para sa isang detalyadong pagsusuri ng mga mata, dahil maraming mga dahilan para sa pagkawala ng paningin, hindi lamang myopia, tulad ng amblyopia, congenital cataracts, atbp, na hahantong sa pagkawala ng paningin. Gayunpaman, ang mga sakit na ito ay hindi maaaring gamutin sa pamamagitan lamang ng salamin, at kung hindi ka magkaroon ng isang pagsusuri sa mata bago makakuha ng salamin, maaari mong makaligtaan ang pinakamahusay na oras upang gamutin ang mga sakit na ito at maging sanhi ng pinsala sa mata.👇👇

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[valgasnewsthings]

Why my vision is jumps.

Why this is happening within a day? Am to see bright, but lost clarity for image.

By an own structure, eye is a hard optic device, a goal of which to transfer vision information till head brain.  And for an image will be bright, all optical eye environment are must   stay  is  transparent : cornea, lens, vitreous body.

Retina is must   without pathologic changes, especially her central part are macula and foveola answers ophthalmologist Ivanovskaja. 

Fluidity and fuzzy image is depends   from:

Glucose level in blood, in hypoglycaemia is having fog in eye, image fuzzy lowering, such is having in hungry person, just to enough eat for normalizes level glucose and vision again staying clear.And for patients with sugar diabetes are need right away check sugar level in blood.

Pressure changes as to high, low, and on these vessel dysfunctions a blood not lead till right quantity till eye and head brain,  and of course this it not allows  doing vision function in a full size.

Common angiospasm, that who is long time sitting for computer, and muscles for neck-breast region compressing, leading to destroy blood circulation, vessels spasms and blood supply destroy, that affecting  on the vision quality.

A high vision load is on a time of which happens a spasm for ciliary muscle, that lowering accommodation reserves for eyes/ability to adaptation/. And you can see,that after long vision work you can see worse ,and image is not bright, shap. Am advising you put time, add rests in work for ten minutes, look to far, to normalize accommodation.

from Valga s health news,gardening,and cooking ,and beauty . https://ift.tt/b9ExLdY via https://ift.tt/L0Fv8WV

[bettervision]

The eye isn’t designed to be in close-up focus primarily. Eventually the ciliary muscle spasms from too much time tensioned. When it fails to fully relax, the lens can not entirely return to distance focus. This is when your distance vision becomes blurred, often referred to as pseudo myopia or NITM (near-induced transient myopia)

Endmyopia.org (Pseudo Myopia - A Muscle Spasm)

[buyeyeglasses]

How often do you change your glasses

Ordinary myopic patients should replace Transition Eyeglasses two years in general, it is to adjust the degree, the second is "update". Once there is a scratch on the Transition Glasses Online mirror, it will obviously affect its optical correction performance, so it is necessary to regularly maintain and check the glasses, and update them in time, so that they are always in good working condition. Teenagers whose degrees change very quickly should have their Cheap Transition Glasses replaced every six months to a year. Youth is the peak with the eye, because of long-term close distance with the eye, there will be ciliary muscle regulation spasm, myopia is particularly easy to deepen. Overuse of the eyes of teenagers to half a year optometry (dilation optometry), if the Transition Prescription Glasses are not suitable for the change of myopia diopter, to timely change the glasses. Of course, if be false myopia, after passing dilated pupil, the eye passes rest and medicaments cure, eyesight can restore, need not match lens.

[singhanubhav1]

Myopia treatment options in India

Myopia or near-sightedness is a common issue that leads to impaired vision especially in people below 40. The problem is growing at a fast pace. As per research, globally 25% of the population is nearsighted. At this pace, the number is expected to rise by 50% by 2050.

This is why myopia treatment has become so important. To identify if you suffer from the problem, you can experience difficulty in seeing distant objects easily. However, using the computer, reading, etc. is easy. 

Symptoms of Myopia 

Some of the other symptoms of myopia are -

-      Squinting

-      Eyestrain

-      Headaches

-      Feeling Fatigued

-      Problem playing sports and driving, etc. 

If you experience any of these signs or symptoms even while wearing glasses or contacts, it is best to schedule an eye examination. 

Why does myopia occur? 

Myopia occurs when the eyeball is quite long or relative to the focusing power of the cornea or the eye lens. This causes light rays to focus at a given point rather than the intended area. This occurs when the lens is either too curved for the overall length of the eyeball. 

Myopia begins in childhood and the risk for the same increases if the parents are also suffering from the problem. Although, the problem stabilizes itself in early childhood yet can even progress with age. 

Options for myopia treatment in India 

Depending on the degree of progression of the problem, you may need different myopia treatments in India. You may need to wear glasses and contacts at all times. If the progression is slow, you may need the same for limited activities like - driving, watching movies, etc.

The best choice for eyeglass lenses is to opt for a high-index lens and one with an anti-reflective coating. You can also choose a photochromic lens to safeguard your eyes from UV rays or high-energy blue light. This helps to reduce the need for buying separate lenses for outdoor use.

The sphere of the lens is often a negative value. As a result, the higher the same, the more near-sighted you are. Similarly, refractive surgery can be another beneficial point in this context. 

Is it possible to control myopia? 

As more people are turning near-sighted, there is an increased interest in searching for new methods to control the progression of the issue in the early stages itself. With a number of different techniques like -

-      Fitting the bifocals,

-      Progressive lens

-      Gas permeable contacts, etc. 

Certain clinical trials also assert that a low dose of atropine eye drops can slow down the progression in young children. On the other hand, a rare form of myopia called degenerative myopia is hereditary and often begins in early childhood. This makes it tough to treat the problem. This is because in this case, the degeneration occurs rapidly and this leads to a quick and severe progression and vision loss. This also raises your susceptibility to cataracts.

Vision therapy can be a good idea for those with blurred distance vision caused by muscle spasms that impact eye focus. 

Holistic approaches focus on strengthening the ciliary muscles and its associated ones to help the eye to maintain its converging power. This helps to correct the axial length of the same. For curvature refractive myopia, the treatment helps to control and maintain the curvature and brings an improvement in vision through conditioning.

[tneglasses-blog]

Precautions for wearing children's glasses

First of all, whether it is the first time to wear glasses or to change glasses, it is recommended to choose a formal optometry institution for optometry. Adolescents under the age of 18 also need to have mydriasis optometry to determine whether it is true myopia or false myopia. Myopia is generally divided into false myopia, true myopia, and mixed myopia. Pseudo-myopia is mainly caused by the continuous contraction and spasm of the ciliary muscle due to excessive use of the eye, and the thickness of the lens increases. Like true myopia, it is manifested by decreased distance vision and good near vision. Generally, it will decline and recover within a week to 1 to 2 months. However, if it is not relieved in time, it will develop into true myopia, which is permanent myopia. Mydriatic refraction is mainly used to distinguish between true and false myopia. In professional terms, mydriatic refraction relaxes the ciliary muscles of the eye and removes false myopia components by using a ciliary muscle paralysis agent. The diopter obtained in this state is the most true and accurate. Because ciliary muscle paralysis agents are generally prescription drugs, this kind of optometry can only be done in hospitals. Optical shops can only do obvious optometry, and the data obtained is not necessarily accurate. Glasses made with inaccurate data often fail to obtain effective vision correction, which can lead to increased eye fatigue and even loss of vision. It should be noted that after mydriasis optometry, the pupils will dilate and the light entering the eyes will increase. In addition, the optometry lasts longer. At this time, more attention should be paid to the protection of children’s eyes.

http://www.glassesmanufacturers.com/

[materialisnt]

our ciliary muscle is spasming too much to get a correct or consistent reading and theyre going to schedule us for a dilated exam w drops that dilate for 24 hours and they are hoping that will break the spasm but.....we're on daily muscle relaxers at a high dose and still have muscle spasms not to mention our progressive muscle weakness in literally all muscle groups, so we are not optimistic or anticipating a permanent solution. glad to have terms to google and a dr who can at least recognize what is happening at this level even if theres no diagnosis (and no cure lmfao) and hopefully she can help get us occupational therapy that addresses our needs (esp communication, no idea how we could arrange for or afford protactile, tactile, or tracking asl classes nevermind which we will need long term, like are we going to just keep losing the ability to focus? what will that mean for us when we cant understand what people are saying already? what kind of accommodations will we need to stay connected with community in any capacity?)

all this is happening while our tinnitus worsens, and riley suspects that we do actually have some hearing loss but we need an audiologist who will administer more than a pure tone test in an otherwise perfectly insulated environment. like we straight up cant hear consonants even at top volume when we know exactly what they will be and everything else is silent (niguns all sound like "ai" over and over again at different lengths for example). riley also wants us to see a specialist about our spine bc its visibly curved in multiple ways and our floppy neck n bobble head might be impacting our vision, pain, and how we navigate physical therapy but alas! that is less urgent than losing vision, worsening insomnia, and not being able to breathe so itll have to wait at least until we get the referrals successfully through to genetics, home health, pulmonary function testing, and hopefully allergies. oh! and our eye allergies are very significant to the opthamologist so getting the allergy referral updated and sent out will hopefully be successful.

hate having appointments on holy days but really needed this AND they had an in person interpreter so we could actually see them :,)

any way if anyone actually read this and has resources on protactile, tactile, tracking asl or braille they can send our way thatd b appreciated but we r also doing our own research. chag sameach

[realityaroundme]

Endmyopia.org

I saw a comment in the Migrainebuddy app about theraspecs, about how it helped to reduce migraines. In reading more about how these glasses worked, I then googled “glasses for headaches” to read more widely. On the first page of the google search results i came across a link https://endmyopia.org/headaches-because-of-glasses-the-fix-might-be-simple/ which writes primarily about how myopia is often worsened by wearing prescription lenses. While there was not alot of immediate detail on how glasses might cause headaches, there were alot of related articles on the site that talked about why wearing glasses could actually worsen your myopia instead of fixing it. A lot of what was written sounded controversial, especially the articles written on how you could actually improve your eyesight gradually. There were alot of user reviews on the site as well about successful results in being able to improve their eyesight following methods posted in the articles. I checked trustpilot and there were alot of positive reviews about this site. My curiousity grew.

https://www.trustpilot.com/review/endmyopia.org

I will look at going to an optometrist tomorrow to get a 2nd opinion (the last visit i made was a few months ago, and after the eye test, i was told my prescription hadn’t changed which is why i haven’t bothered to change my glasses. But with my headaches now, I will change them regardless.

Going back to endmyopia.org (created by Jake Steiner)  i will continue reading the articles to see how i can improve my eyesight in general. But here is what i’ve gathered from its first article. 

https://endmyopia.org/end-myopia-home/

Key points:

- When looking at close objects, the circular muscle (ciliary) around the lens, tenses, to shape the lens to focus the light on the retina

- The eye isn’t designed for close focus primarily, eventually the ciliary spasms from too much time tensioned, and fails to relax fully when looking afar. This is when the distance focus becomes blurred, referred to as pseudo myopia. 

- Summary: Myopia is first pseudo myopia, a focusing muscle spasm, from too much close up use.

- Glasses and contact lenses move the focal plane further back in your eye, giving you back clear distance vision.

- Lens prescriptions have a side effect: Progressive myopia

- The human eye by design varies the distance from the lens to the retina, by changing in length (commonly referred to as axial change).  Most of us are born with eyes “too short”, making us hyperopic as babies (not seeing clearly up-close).  Over time the eye adjusts in length, based on environmental stimulus, to give us clear vision at all distances.  Note that this is by optical design, the refractive state we mentioned earlier.  Our eyes are working as designed, adapting to stimulus. 

- Glasses are a grow longer stimulus. Wearing glasses moves the focal plane back further in your eye.  While this works in the short term to suppress the myopia symptom, it also creates a stimulus in your eye.  Your eye, as designed, is seeking to correct its length according to the new stimulus.Result:  Your Eyes Grow Longer.This is what is often referred to as lens-induced or progressive myopia.  

This article summarizes that Axial changes goes both ways.

Further notes in the article and links: In as little as 60 minutes human eye axial change based on lens use / focal plane change is distinctly observable 

[optometrist0]

Reduce Eye Strain Computer

Contents

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Do you need computer glasses? Dr. Gary Heiting explains how computer glasses can reduce eye strain and make you more comfortable and productive at your computer.

Jun 1, 2012 … If you spend hours a day in front of a computer screen (like me), and have experienced anything along the lines of: eyes burning, neck aching, …

Staring at the computer all day is horrible for your eyes. … Switching to glasses once or twice a week will help reduce the onset of eye strain.

A warm compress is another way to reduce eye strain. It will relax the muscles around your eyes, reduce strain and soothe dry eyes.

Is staring at your computer all day giving you headaches or leaving you with tired eyes? Try these tips to reduce eye strain.

Computers Five surefire ways to reduce computer eyestrain. Try these five helpful tips to help reduce or even prevent the discomfort caused by staring at your monitor all day.

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Working long hours on computer could be fun, but if your work involves too much interaction with the computer screen then you are most likely to experienced eye strain, wet eyes and even headache.

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[magnetictapedatastorage]

the whole time i was watching this i was thinking abt how this experience of uncoordinated convergence and lens shape is basically the experience of ciliary muscle disfunction irl. what got me excited was when he mentioned the dizzying, almost sickening attempts to “un-blur” things, but then there was a VERY telling description. 

he explained that while watching a 3D movie, it takes a couple of milliseconds to find your bearings for each change in focus, and for a 2-3 hour movie, that’s exhausting. THAT is in essence the ciliary muscle spasm experience! except, instead of a couple of milliseconds, it takes a couple whole seconds (several thousand milliseconds) every time you look at something a different distance, and this experience is in effect ALL THE TIME FOREVER IRL. (and several times a day the whole ability to see craps out for half a minute, this is the ciliary muscle spasming)

[eyewearcatherine]

🛺🧜🏻Correct understanding of pseudomyopia, timely prevention and treatment is the key!

Pseudomyopia is the early stage of myopia, which is a critical period for vision prevention and control, and can restore normal vision if prevented, controlled and treated in time. So, is the child pseudomyopia or true myopia? Let's follow the editor to find out today.

What is pseudomyopia?

Pseudomyopia, as the name suggests, is that this myopia is not really myopia, but only manifests as a state of myopia, in clinical practice, mainly for the child to see a decrease in distant vision, similar to myopia. Essentially, pseudomyopia is just a state of spasm or tension in the accommodative function of the eye.

The imaging principle of the eye is similar to that of a camera, and the system responsible for zooming in the eye is called the "ciliary muscle" when looking at close range. The ciliary muscles relax when looking far away and contract when looking close. When we look near for a long time, the ciliary muscle continues to contract, and we can't relax when we see far, and there will be a temporary lack of clear vision, which is medically called "ciliary muscle spasm", commonly known as "pseudomyopia".👇👇

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[valgasnewsthings]

Why my vision is jumps.

Why this is happening within a day? Am to see bright, but lost clarity for image.

By an own structure, eye is a hard optic device, a goal of which to transfer vision information till head brain.  And for an image will be bright, all optical eye environment are must   stay  is  transparent : cornea, lens, vitreous body.

Retina is must   without pathologic changes, especially her central part are macula and foveola answers ophthalmologist Ivanovskaja. 

Fluidity and fuzzy image is depends   from:

Glucose level in blood, in hypoglycaemia is having fog in eye, image fuzzy lowering, such is having in hungry person, just to enough eat for normalizes level glucose and vision again staying clear.And for patients with sugar diabetes are need right away check sugar level in blood.

Pressure changes as to high, low, and on these vessel dysfunctions a blood not lead till right quantity till eye and head brain,  and of course this it not allows  doing vision function in a full size.

Common angiospasm, that who is long time sitting for computer, and muscles for neck-breast region compressing, leading to destroy blood circulation, vessels spasms and blood supply destroy, that affecting  on the vision quality.

A high vision load is on a time of which happens a spasm for ciliary muscle, that lowering accommodation reserves for eyes/ability to adaptation/. And you can see,that after long vision work you can see worse ,and image is not bright, shap. Am advising you put time, add rests in work for ten minutes, look to far, to normalize accommodation.

from Valga s health news,gardening,and cooking ,and beauty . https://ift.tt/b9ExLdY via https://ift.tt/1bYyjCS

[bettervision]

Anatomy of the eye & myopia

In order to get a better vision and reverse your myopia, we must first understand how vision works and what myopia is. I personally find, that learning from videos with great animations is more beneficial than just reading plain text that refer to a single picture when it comes to anatomy. I have therefore collected a short list of videos that explain these topics. These are the most useful videos, that helped me understand it better

Anatomy of eye: 

Anatomy zone - This one is GREAT! (pay attenton to 2:00 to 4:40 - this part is most useful in myopia) 

Short overview of the eye from “Handwritten Tutorials” 

Myopia: 

Lens accommodation - this one is great for understanding myopia! (SHORT)

Eye accommodation - made easy 

Computer animation of accommodation - great for visualisation

__________________________________________

If you dont want to watch them all, here is a quick overview. 

Here is a drawing of the eye. A very simplified explanation is: light enters from the left, gets “bend” (refracted) a bit in the cornea, goes through the pupil, and gets “bend more” in the lens, until it is “collected” at the retina, which is where it gets sent to the brain. This bending of light can be controlled by three important anatomical structures: The lens, the zonule fibers and the ciliary muscle/body. This is what is most important when understanding myopia. (The cornea also plays a smaller role, but it is not the focus here)

The ciliary muscle is a round muscle. It is connected to the lens through the zonular fibers as shown in the two pictures below. When it contracts/tightens it comes closer to the lens (because that is how ‘round’ muscles like sphincters contract). This means that the zonular fibers relax as seen below. The result is that the lens becomes more round. This is called accommodation of the lens.  So: Ciliary muscle contracts --> zonules relax --> Lens becomes more round. On the contrary, when the ciliary muscle relaxes, it becomes more dilated and goes further apart from the lens, which means that the zonular fibers connected to it and to the lens will become more tense/tight. 

Go to google images and search these words for  many great illustrations!

Lens accommodation

Ciliary muscle

Zonule

Myopia

Myopia: 

In myopia you can see things close to you (near-sightedness), but it is blurry farther away because the lens becomes more round - and stays that way. This means, that the focal point of the light is actually collected in front of the retina, instead of on it. Because the light is refracted more. (see the picture below)

Why? Because the ciliary muscles are contracted for so many hours due to near work that they begin to spasm (being constantly contracted). This is called pseudomyopia and it is reversible. Another issue is also that the axial length of the eye becomes longer - again contributing to the focal point being in front of the retina. All glasses do here, is bend the light, so the focal point is moved farther back again, but the underlying issue still persists and even progressively worsens. Many claim, that all of this can be reversed through incorporating better habits into your daily life and doing some ‘exercises’, and I don’t see why not. 

This new view sees myopia not as an illness, but as a refractive state which can be altered. 

[cutshawsnidowoa]

How To Treat Corneal Ulcers

The post How To Treat Corneal Ulcers by Dr. Arnold Plotnick appeared first on Catster. Copying over entire articles infringes on copyright laws. You may not be aware of it, but all of these articles were assigned, contracted and paid for, so they aren't considered public domain. However, we appreciate that you like the article and would love it if you continued sharing just the first paragraph of an article, then linking out to the rest of the piece on Catster.com.

Aside from being a thing of beauty, the feline eye is an important, delicate organ. Cats are predators, and their eyesight has evolved to assist them in hunting. As nocturnal creatures, cats are more sensitive to light. While they can’t see in total darkness, cats require only one-sixth the amount of light as that of a person to see. Their pupils can dilate three times larger than a human’s, and the cornea is bigger, allowing for more light to enter.

Occasionally, cats develop a problem with one or both eyes, especially the corneas. Anyone who has ever experienced having an eyelash trapped under a contact lens or a grain of sand blown into their eye quickly discovers that the cornea is teeming with pain receptors. A corneal ulcer — a scratch or scrape involving the cornea — is an uncomfortable, potentially vision-threatening disorder in cats.

Photo: ttsz | Getty Images

What is the cornea?

The cornea is the clear membrane that covers the surface of the eyeball, essentially acting as a windshield. It is composed of several layers. The outer surface is called the epithelium. Just beneath the epithelium is the stroma. The innermost layer is called Descemet’s (pronounced “dessa-mets”) membrane.

Cats have developed well-refined mechanisms to prevent damage to their corneas. They have vibrissae (those big “whiskers” above their eyelids), which are good at detecting objects that approach their eyes, allowing them to take evasive action. Cats also have a well-developed blink response. In addition, they have a muscle attached to the back of their eyeball (the retractor bulbi muscle) that can pull the eyeball back into the socket. This allows a membrane (the nictitating membrane or “third eyelid”) to elevate, protecting the cornea.

Despite these sophisticated mechanisms, cats occasionally suffer trauma to the cornea, and an erosion or abrasion occurs on the corneal surface. As noted above, we call this open wound within the cornea a corneal ulcer. Most ulcers involve the surface epithelium. Some ulcers go a little deeper, into the stroma. If it goes further into the stroma all the way down to Descemet’s membrane, the ulcer is called a descemetocele (pronounced “dessa- meta-seal”), a perilous situation with little leeway. If the ulcer goes deeper, through Descemet’s membrane, the eyeball will rupture and vision will be lost.

The most frequent cause of corneal ulcers in cats is infection with the feline herpesvirus. Trauma is another common cause, such as a scratch from another cat, rubbing the eye on the carpet or an unexpected interaction with a plant or tree branch. Foreign bodies and chemicals can also abrade the cornea, but these are less likely scenarios. Eyelid disorders are another possible cause of corneal trauma. Entropion is a condition in which the eyelid rolls inward, causing hair near the margin of the eyelid to contact the cornea. Over time, this can lead to an ulcer. I have surgically repaired many cases of entropion. Any breed of cat may acquire a corneal ulcer, but breeds with bulging eyes, such as Persians, are at increased risk.

Diagnosis

Because corneal ulcers are painful, most affected cats will show signs of discomfort, such as tearing, rubbing the eye and keeping the eye partly or completely closed. To prove that an ulcer is the cause of the discomfort, a fluorescein stain is usually performed. To perform this test, a drop of a fluorescent orange-colored liquid is applied to the cornea. If the cornea is intact, the dye washes smoothly over the corneal surface. If an erosion or ulcer is present, however, the dye will adhere to the ulcerated area and can be easily detected using a black light.

Photo: subman| Getty Images

Treatment

Regardless of the cause, corneal ulcers must be treated promptly. The feline cornea is only 0.5 millimeters thick. Delaying therapy can lead to rupture of the eyeball and loss of vision.

Treatment varies, depending on the depth and severity of the ulcer. Antibiotic drops or ointment is applied to the cornea several times a day to prevent an infection from occurring.

How to administer eye medication

Treatment for corneal ulcers involves administering drops or ointments. Drops are often easier to administer. Ointments have the advantage of providing lubrication and allowing for increased contact time for the medication and are especially useful given at bedtime.  Ointment application involves using the thumb or forefinger to gently roll the lower eyelid downward. Ointment is then squeezed into the exposed space (called the “conjunctival sac”), and the eye is opened and closed by hand several times to evenly distribute the ointment over the eye. Approaching the eye from the outside corner can prevent the cat from seeing the tip of the tube, making administration a bit easier. Eye drops are instilled with the cat’s nose tilted slightly upward. To prevent contamination, the tip of the dropper bottle or ointment tube should not be touched by fingers or any other surface, and should not come into direct contact with the eye.

Irritation of the cornea often leads to spasm of a muscle inside the eye called the ciliary muscle. When this muscle spasms, it causes pain for the cat. Atropine drops or ointment applied to the affected eye causes paralysis of the ciliary muscle, reducing pain and discomfort. Atropine will cause the pupil to dilate widely, making the affected eye very sensitive to light and causing squinting, especially in bright light. Cats who rub at their eye a lot may need to wear an Elizabethan collar to prevent further trauma. If the herpesvirus is the suspected cause, anti-viral medicine is warranted. Ulcers caused by the herpesvirus typically take longer to heal than superficial ulcers caused by trauma. Superficial ulcers typically heal in three to five days. After a few days of ulcer treatment, the fluorescein stain test is performed again. If the cornea does not take up any stain, it is considered to be healed.

Deep ulcers that are at risk for perforating require more aggressive therapy, such as applying a special soft contact lens to the affected cornea or some type of surgical technique designed to cover the ulcer. A common surgical procedure is a conjunctival graft. In this procedure, a small piece of tissue adjacent to the cornea is sutured over the ulcer. This allows blood vessels to deliver nutrients, antibodies and infection-fighting cells to the damaged cornea, as well as providing mechanical support, in a similar fashion to how a skin graft promotes healing of a severe burn. Complicated cases like this require referral to a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist.

A corneal ulcer is a potentially vision-threatening condition. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment is required to preserve vision and keep cats comfortable.

Top photograph: SbytovaMN | Getty Images

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[carvalhais]

[Zen for Film] records the viewer’s attention span at both a gross psychological level—how long until you get bored, look away, start to do something else—and a very local physiological level: the time between involuntary blinks or the spasms of the ciliary muscle. Moreover, the material of cinema inscribes time as well. The mechanism of the projector worries and wears the filmstrip, slowly disintegrating the film with each screening. As Paolo Cherchi Usai points out, any particular print has a limited number of runs through the projector—barely more than three hundred—before it must be abandoned as unusable. The viewing of cinema is therefore inextricably intertwined with its slowly timed and inevitable destruction. The Fluxfilm edition of Zen for Film is an alarm set to forty hours. Long before the destruction of the print, however, the material of film inscribes time in a way that is particularly noticeable in Paik’s work. The equation is simple and direct: the more often the film is screened, the more scratches and creases appear. Noise, in the technical sense, increases over time. The same is true of Zen for Record, which we might hear as a kind of audible chronograph, becoming noisier and noisier the more it is played, as scratches accumulate and the stylus slowly textures and widens the smooth groove of the lathe-cut channel, pocking the vinyl and etching miniature filigrees of dust and grit.

Dworkin, Craig. No Medium. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2013.