#clinical pharmacology

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Pharma Research: Advancing Drug Discovery and Healthcare

Pharma Research: Advancing Drug Discovery and Healthcare is a comprehensive journal that focuses on the forefront of pharmaceutical research.

Pharma research encompasses the dynamic landscape of drug discovery, development, and their applications in healthcare. This multidisciplinary platform provides a crucial space for pharmaceutical scientists, researchers, and professionals to collaborate, share groundbreaking discoveries, and drive advancements in the pharmaceutical industry. It serves as an invaluable resource for those seeking to understand, contribute to, and shape the future of pharmaceutical research and its impact on healthcare.

It encompasses the ever-evolving field of drug discovery, development, and the broader spectrum of healthcare applications. This multidisciplinary publication offers a vital platform for pharmaceutical scientists, researchers, and professionals to engage in the exchange of knowledge, sharing of innovative discoveries, and driving forward progress within the pharmaceutical industry.

It provides a platform for researchers, pharmaceutical scientists, and professionals to share insights, research findings, and advancements in areas such as drug development, pharmacology, pharmaceutical technology, and clinical applications. Journal of pharmaceuticals serves as a vital resource for staying informed about the latest developments in the pharmaceutical industry and promoting knowledge exchange within the community.

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How to Study Pharmacology Easily

How to Study Pharmacology Easily Pharmacology இனை இலகுவாகக் கற்பது எவ்வாறு? Pharmacology என்றால் என்ன? What is Pharmacology? The scientific study of the effects of drugs and chemical on living organisms. உயிருள்ள உயிரினங்களில் மருந்துகள் மற்றும் இரசாயனத்தின் விளைவுகள் பற்றிய அறிவியல் ஆய்வு. Pharmacology syllabus இனை எவ்வாறு திட்டமிடுவது? என்னுடைய பார்வையில் Pharmacology syllabus இனை மனித உடலின்…

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This is what I'm studying recently

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Best Clinical Data Management Course in Pine - Lifepoint Research

Lifepoint Research provides the Best Clinical Data Management Course in Pune. An advance PG Diploma in clinical research services.

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AI for Drug Discovery Market with Insights on the Key Factors and Trends Impacting the Growth 2027

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been finding wide application in healthcare industry and the key areas include surgeries, robotics, and electronic health record (EHR) maintenance. While deepening AI penetration has been unlocking opportunities in disease diagnosis, and treatment, it has also been clearing its way in drug discovery. Fairfield Market Research intends to analyse the growth prospects of the application of AI for drug discovery and estimates the global revenue of the same to reach beyond US$1.5 Bn toward the end of 2027. Global AI for drug discovery market is expected to witness stupendous 41% growth between 2022 and 2027 according to the report indications.

To Read Complete Report of AI for Drug Discovery Market: https://www.fairfieldmarketresearch.com/report/ai-drug-discovery-market

An Escalating Rate of Cloud Adoption Augurs Well for Market Expansion

The report highlights that the market will be prominently upheld by a few strong factors, i.e., growing strategic collaborations among tech, biotech, and drug making brands, shorter time-to-market, and increasing funding in this realm. In addition, ascending adoption of cloud-based services, and applications is likely to provide a significant boost to market expansion in future. The report however also marks that the inadequacy of properly trained and skilled labour, and dearth of availability of the appropriate data sets will remain the longstanding challenges facing the overall performance of global AI for drug discovery market when it comes to forecasting the long-term growth.

Funding, and Venture Capital Flow in to Fuel AI for Drug Discovery Market

The entire process of drug discovery that typically takes around 4-5 years to complete before a drug is officially considered as an eligible candidate can potentially be completed in the span of 8-10 months if AI application is involved. While this reveals a drastically reduced time frame involved in the application of AI for drug discovery, there has been a constantly growing series funding in this market over the recent past. Venture capitalists are also stepping into the game, which is further uplifting the growth prospects of global market.

North America Pre-eminent with Maximum Adoption, Europe Follows

North America is expected to continue to lead the pack in global market for AI for drug discovery. While the region will remain the largest revenue contributor throughout the period of forecast on account of the maximum adoption, it is also likely to maintain the fastest growth pace as suggested by primary projections. The US market has been the early adopter of AI and is estimated to thrive on the back of a growing number of and strong presence of AI firms, as well as the pharma and biotech hubs that collectively provide a major impetus to strategic collaborations, and robust funding in industry. Europe will follow with growing adoption of AI in healthcare and drug discovery.

Global AI For Drug Discovery Market – Key Players

The report would cover some of the leading market players under its competition analysis section to reveal what strategies would drive the competition ahead. A few of the profiled companies include Microsoft, IBM, Google, Deep Genomics, BioAge Labs, Cloud Pharmaceuticals, Verge Genomics, Insilico Medicine, Atomwise, Inc, Exscientia, and Numerate and BERG LLC. The recent alliance between Novartis, and Microsoft, and Nvidia’s partnership with Schrodinger indicate a dynamic activity across the competitive landscape expected to be followed by many more. Some of the recent ones include that of AstraZeneca and BenevolentAI, and Insilico Medicine and Jansen (J&J).

For More Information: https://www.fairfieldmarketresearch.com/report/ai-drug-discovery-market

[distinguished-slacker]

The real question is…when the hell did Kureto, Guren and Shinya get a PhD on science to understand scientific data and even carry their own experiments?

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Pharmacist

[a-life-in-medicine]

The way almost everybody has lost the ability to find an answer to the question “how are you?” at the last week of the clinical pharmacology rotation is concerning.

[sheepwasfound]

now that my worst final is behind me, george can go to florida anytime. anytime george, next week sounds great right?

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Cirrhosis Of The Liver

Introduction

Cirrhosis stands as a challenge in the narrative of liver disease, marking the culmination of a complex interplay of factors that converge to undermine the organ’s structural integrity and functional capacity. This condition, characterized by the progressive accumulation of scar tissue within the liver parenchyma, holds a cascade of physiological network that reverberate throughout the body, manifesting in a spectrum of symptoms and complications. From its inner onset to its profound implications for morbidity and mortality, cirrhosis generate the intricate interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and individual behaviors.

In this comprehensive discussion, we embark on an exploration of the multifaceted dimensions of cirrhosis, traversing its etiological underpinnings, clinical manifestations, diagnostic modalities, therapeutic strategies, and avenues for prevention and self-care. By delving into the intricacies of cirrhosis, we endeavor to elucidate the imperative of early recognition, proactive intervention, and holistic management in ameliorating its adverse sequelae and fostering optimal outcomes for affected individuals

Pathophysiology of Cirrhosis

Central to the pathogenesis of cirrhosis lies a complex interplay of molecular and cellular events that precipitate the gradual transformation of healthy hepatic tissue into fibrotic scar tissue. At the heart of this process lies fibrogenesis, wherein a multitude of cellular players, including hepatic stellate cells, inflammatory mediators, and extracellular matrix proteins, triggers a profibrotic milieu in response to persistent liver injury and inflammation. The ensuing deposition of collagen-rich scar tissue disrupts the structure of the liver lobules, impeding normal hepatocellular function and vascular dynamics.

Symptoms and Clinical Manifestations

The clinical presentation of cirrhosis spans a broad spectrum, reflecting the diverse array of physiological derangements engendered by advanced liver disease. Early-stage cirrhosis may manifest subtly, with nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, and vague abdominal discomfort, often eluding timely diagnosis. However, as the disease progresses, overt signs of hepatic decompensation emerge, including jaundice, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and gastrointestinal bleeding, heralding the onset of life-threatening complications. Moreover, cirrhosis exerts systemic effects beyond the confines of the liver, precipitating coagulopathy, renal dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances.

Etiology and Risk Factors

Cirrhosis arises from an influence of etiological insults, encompassing a diverse spectrum of predisposing factors that contribute to hepatocellular injury and fibrogenesis. Foremost among these is chronic alcohol abuse, which inflicts direct hepatotoxic effects and potentiates oxidative stress and inflammatory cascades within the liver microenvironment. Additionally, viral hepatitis infections, particularly hepatitis B and C, constitute major drivers of cirrhosis worldwide, underscoring the imperative of vaccination and antiviral therapy in disease prevention and management. Other contributing factors include nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune disorders, hereditary hemochromatosis, and biliary tract diseases, each exerting a unique influence on cirrhosis pathogenesis.

Diagnostic Modalities

Accurate diagnosis forms the linchpin of effective cirrhosis management, necessitating a judicious amalgamation of clinical symptoms, laboratory investigations, imaging modalities, and histopathological evaluation. Liver function tests serve as indispensable tools for gauging the synthetic and metabolic capacity of the liver, while imaging studies such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) afford insights into hepatic morphology, vascular dynamics, and the presence of focal lesions. Despite their utility, these modalities may be supplemented by liver biopsy, which remains the gold standard for assessing the degree of fibrosis and guiding therapeutic decisions, albeit fraught with procedural risks and sampling variability.

Treatment Strategies 

While cirrhosis represents a chronic and irreversible condition, therapeutic interventions are geared toward monitoring disease progression, alleviating symptoms, and forestalling the onset of complications. Pharmacological therapies, including hepatoprotective agents, antifibrotic agents, and symptom-based medications, aim to attenuate hepatic inflammation, inhibit fibrogenesis, and ameliorate symptom burden in cirrhotic patients. Furthermore, endoscopic interventions such as variceal band ligation and trans jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting play a major role in the management of portal hypertension and its sequelae, including variceal bleeding and refractory ascites. For select individuals with end-stage liver disease, liver transplantation offers a definitive therapeutic option, affording a second lease on life and circumventing the inexorable progression of cirrhosis-related complications.

Self-Care and Lifestyle

Empowering individuals with cirrhosis to adopt proactive self-care measures constitutes a cornerstone of comprehensive disease management, emphasizing the role of lifestyle modifications, dietary interventions, and preventive strategies in optimizing health outcomes. Lifestyle modifications, including abstinence from alcohol, adherence to a liver-friendly diet, regular exercise, and smoking cessation, are paramount in attenuating hepatic inflammation, promoting metabolic homeostasis, and mitigating cardiovascular risk factors in cirrhotic patients. Additionally, vaccination against hepatitis viruses, avoidance of hepatotoxic medications, and judicious monitoring of comorbid conditions serve as essential pillars of preventive care, safeguarding against disease exacerbations and fostering long-term wellness in individuals with cirrhosis.

Conclusion

Cirrhosis emerges as a complex and a dangerous disease, syndrome characterized by progressive hepatic fibrosis, compromised organ function, and a plethora of systemic manifestations. The etiological heterogeneity of cirrhosis underscores the need for a personalized and multidisciplinary approach to disease management, Focusing to the unique pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations inherent to each individual. Through timely diagnosis, targeted interventions, and collaborative care, healthcare providers can mitigate the burden of cirrhosis, optimize patient quality of life, and prolong survival in affected individuals. As we navigate complexities of cirrhosis, a concerted emphasis on preventive measures, patient education, and therapeutic innovations holds the key to unlocking a brighter prognosis for those afflicted by this formidable liver disease.

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Recomendações de Tratamento Anticonvulsivante em Gatos segundo o Consenso do ACVIM (2023)

Considerando que o manejo de complicações e causas subjacentes relacionadas a emergências convulsivas idealmente deve ser acompanhado de medicamentos anticonvulsivantes e que o manejo bem-sucedido de emergências convulsivas deve incluir uma abordagem de tratamento precoce, rápida e baseada em estágios, consistindo em intervenções farmacológicas anticonvulsivantes com recomendações Classe A ou B, isto é, de eficácia preferencialmente moderada a alta segundo a ACVIM (2023), deve-se diferenciar se o paciente está em status epilepticus, isto é, apresenta crise epiléptica de duração >5 minutos ou em cluster, quando o paciente apresenta >2 crises autolimitadas durante um período de 24 horas.

Se o paciente estiver em status epilepticus, para definir a terapia ideal define-se qual dos 4 estágios do status epilepticus previstos consenso mais com base na duração da atividade epiléptica, da seguinte forma: estágio 1 (5-10 minutos); estágio 2 (10-30 minutos); estágio 3 (>30 minutos); e estágio 4 (> 24 horas).

Para tratamento do paciente em status epilepticus tem-se, na figura abaixo, a pirâmide das recomendações terapêuticas de tratamento anticonvulsivante para gatos em status epilepticus classificadas segundo o possível grau de eficácia baseado em evidências conforme o Consenso.

Desta forma, tem-se que as terapias anticonvulsivantes classe A para gatos em status epilepticus atualmente não existem (2023), no entanto, como terapias classe B temos:

Midazolam (em bólus intravenoso e Infusão Contínua);

Diazepam (em bólus intravenoso);

Levetiracetam (intravenoso);

Fenobarbital (intravenoso); e

Anestésicos inalatórios.

Na figura abaixo tem-se a pirâmide das classes de recomendações terapêuticas de tratamento anticonvulsivante para gatos em cluster segundo o Consenso ACVIM de 2023.

Assim, como as terapias anticonvulsivantes classe A para gatos em cluster atualmente também não existem (2023), como terapias classe B temos:

Midazolam (em bólus intravenoso e Infusão Contínua);

Diazepam (em bólus intravenoso);

Levetiracetam (intravenoso; oral).

Referência:

Marios Charalambous, Karen Muñana, Edward E. Patterson, Simon R. Platt, e Holger A. Volk. ACVIM Consensus Statement on the management of status epilepticus and cluster seizures in dogs and cats (Consenso do ACVIM sobre o manejo do status epilepticus e cluster em cães e gatos). J Vet Intern Med. 2024 Jan-Feb; 38(1): 19–40.

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Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 14th Edition Katzung Trevor Test Bank

Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 14th Edition Katzung Trevor Test Bank

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