#commodore james barron

[taraross-1787]

This Day in History: The Chesapeake-Leopard affair

On this day in 1807, a British Royal Navy officer boards an American ship, looking for deserters. The humiliating affair ended when the American commander surrendered, having fired only one shot. How could this happen? The American public was outraged. “[N]ever, since the battle of Lexington,” Thomas Jefferson wrote, “have I seen this country in such a state of exasperation as at present: and even that did not produce such unanimity.” The 36-gun USS Chesapeake had left Hampton Roads, Virginia, under the command of Commodore James Barron. The ship was headed to the Mediterranean Sea with more than 300 men aboard. Unfortunately, at least a few of the crew had deserted from British ships before they decided to serve aboard the American vessel. This would prove to be a big problem. Making matters worse, Chesapeake was not completely prepared for its voyage. The deck was cluttered with items—even including furniture and chicken coops! The ship’s guns were not yet ready, and the crew had not yet run any drills on them. It seems that American officers intended to complete some of these tasks on the long trip across the ocean. The story continues here: https://www.taraross.com/post/tdih-chesapeake-leopard

[nordleuchten]

A truly challenging letter ...

I recently found this letter in the William & Mary Digital Archive and was immediately intrigued - not because of the content of the letter but because the letter was barely readable. The archive guide offered a transcription of the first eleven words and then only stated that the letter was in great parts illegible. My interest was piqued and so I tried my best to transcribe the letter in full … something that was not in the realm of my abilities. So I did what I always do when I encounter something that I can not read, I asked the lovely @acrossthewavesoftime to lend a helping hand (Thanks again!) and between the two of us we manged to, well, not transcribe everything, but a fair section. Enough at least to understand the gist of the letter.

Baltimore November the 26th 1824

my dear Commodore

my father gives me the agreeable task of answering

your letter dated november the 9th 1824 […] he thanks

you for having called on [bergent people ?] be glad [?] who en-

closed [?] a letter, stating that the Committee

for the Washington monument was not yet quite

ready for the laying of the cornerstone.

my father has not yet answered to Mr Suged

and indeed will not answer to him, till [cross out] after

the meeting of Congress, that will benefit me when he will

be able to Know more about these proceedings

if you see Mr Sergent, will you be so good as to let

him Know my father’s motives to [crossed out] not answering to him

immediately.

[…] that […] we asked together Sir, will ever be

reminded by us with the greatest gratification, and regret of its having been so short.

permit me, Sir, to hope that this expression

of Levasseur’s, and my best regards will be

acceptable to you

G. W. Lafayette

Commodore Barron

The question marks mark sections in the letter where there definitely are more words, but they are to faint as that we could read them. The dots mark passages where we suspect that there might be more words … but we are simply not quite sure because the writing is so faded. If any of you can read more than the two of us, please, be our guest and add anything that you might be able to decipher!

As to the actual content of the letter (or at least everything that we could transcribe); the Commodore was a certain James Barron. He was an American Navy Officer and served in the Quasi War, (1798-1800) and in the First Barbary War (1801-1805). Before retiring in 1839 he had command of the USS Essex and the USS President (among other ships). He was court-martialled in 1808 for not preparing his ship in time for possible action, a mistake that led to Barron having to surrender his ship to the British. He also fought a duel against Commodore Stephen Decatur on March 22, 1820.

I have searched for the referenced letter from Barron to La Fayette from November 9, 1824 but I could not find it anywhere and I believe that it might be lost forever. Something similar goes for the two gentlemen, Mr Suged and Mr Sergent - I have no idea who this fellows were. They are not mentioned in any of the papers/documents/letters from La Fayette that I have at my disposal. The only other name mentioned in the letter, Levasseur, is easier to explain. Auguste Levasseur was La Fayette’s private secretary at the time and accompanied him during his travels in America. He later published details of the tour in his book “Lafayette in America, In 1824 and 1825, or, Journal of Travels in the United States” (this is the English title of course, Levasseur originally wrote and published in France).

While La Fayette laid a number of cornerstones during his visit to the United States, he did not lay the cornerstone for the Washington Monument (or the cornerstone for the Washington Monument in Philadelphia that was debated at the time). The reason - when the cornerstone was eventually laid on July 4, 1848, La Fayette was dead for well over a decade.

I found it quite intriguing to see Georges Washington de La Fayette writing, that he answered this letter in his fathers stead. La Fayette was absolutely bombarded with letters, invitations, gifts and what not all in 1824/25 and I am not at all surprised that, even with Levasseur’s help, he was just not able got the better of all the post and so his son had to step in on occasions. Honestly, I am surprised that we have not seen more letters like this one (the content, not the quality of the ink ;-))

[ltwilliammowett]

The Fourth Rate

The fourth rate is a two decker line ship with 46-60 guns. If you look at it closely, they only really appear from the middle of the 17th century onwards, but they also existed from 1626 onwards. However, the ships there were not rated according to their guns but according to their crew size and it is therefore difficult to regard a fourth rate as such. But already at the beginning of the 18th century the admiralty noticed that the fourth rate could not keep up with the other ships of the line.

Model of a fourth rate, with 60 guns, made by unknown c. 1660 (x)

And so the 60-gun class almost disappeared completely by the end of the 18th century. The 50 gun class also had its difficulties, but remained on the Admiralty's books until the end of the 18th century with 16 examples. And six new ones were even taken into service.

Early in 1807, an incident occurred in Chesapeake Bay when several British sailors, some of American descent, abandoned their ships besieging French vessels and joined the crew of the USS Chesapeake. The commander of HMS Leopard, a fourth rate, Captain Salusbury Pryce Humphreys, then demanded permission from the American frigate under the command of Commodore James Barron to search that ship in order to arrest and punish the deserters. When Barron refused, Humphreys opened fire. Taking the Americans completely by surprise, Barron surrendered and a British boarding party began searching the frigate, apprehending four deserters - three of whom were Americans, the fourth, Jenkin Ratford, was British. The prisoners were taken to Halifax, where Ratford was tried and hanged. The Americans were originally sentenced to 500 lashes, but the execution was suspended and they were offered to be returned to the United States. The incident had some political consequences and almost resulted in a war between the United States and Britain. Painted by Ronny Moorgat (x)

The Antelope, Diomede and Grampus 1798-1802 and finally three more for the War of 1812, from 1813-15, the Salisbury, Romney and the Isis. The Navy also had East India ships rebuilt in 1795, but more out of necessity because of a lack of ships than because they liked them so much.

The Earl of Abergavenny was actually an East Indiamen which became a fourth rate with 56 guns between 1803-1804 and served as a privateer to the Admiralty. Before she was returned to the East India Company.Painted by Thomas Luny 1801 (x)

As they were now rather unsuitable as ships of the line, even if they carried two decks. They were used as patrol ships or flagships for frigate squadrons. But one or the other also cut a good figure as a privateer. And they could also be used in the rather low water conditions of the Baltic Sea. Their armament was usually around 22, 24pdr on the main gun deck and 24, 12pdr on the upper gun deck. Unfortunately, her sailing characteristics were rather poor and therefore she was a rather unpopular command.

All in all they were a rather poor warship and were therefore used from the 1810s onwards in the East Indies where they were quite successful. But even here their numbers declined steadily and by the 1820s they had disappeared completely.

[capitan-blood]

Commodore Stephen Decatur - January 5, 1779- March 22, 1820. One of America's earliest naval heroes, Stephen Decatur made himself, and the fledgling American Navy, famous through his exploits around the globe. Stephen Decatur, Jr. was born off Sinepuxent Bay, Maryland, close to the location of modern-day Ocean City in 1779. His father, the elder Stephen, was a merchant ship captain from Rhode Island, who fought as both a privateer as well in the French Navy during the War for Independence. Young Stephen grew to love the sailing life from an early age. At eight years old, he came down with whooping cough, so his father decided to take him on a voyage to Europe, thinking the sea air would improve his condition. The ploy worked, and young Decatur came home perfectly healthy, but it may have worked too well for his parent's comfort when they discovered his newly-found love for the sea came at the expense of his studies.

Stephen barely graduated from the Episcopal Academy, and dropped out the University of Pennsylvania in 1795. Two years later, he was serving as a midshipman on one of the first six frigates built for the United States Navy, the USS United States. Shortly after joining the Navy, Decatur saw his first action. Strting in 1798, the U.S. began the undeclared Quasi-War with the French Republic, who had previously sent privateers to attack American merchant vessels that had traded with Britain. For two years, Stephen served in the United States and other ships throughout the Atlantic and West Indies. He served with distinction, as President John Adams promoted him to lieutenant in 1799. Decatur also fought his first personal duel of honor during the Quasi-War, though this time the matter resolved itself without bloodshed. The Quasi-War was followed by the first Barbary War.

Stephen Decatur's Conflict with the Algerine at Tripoli, during the boarding of a Tripolitan gunboat on 3 August 1804.

The Barbary States Were a group of autonomous governments ostensibly under the control of the Ottoman Empire in North Africa, infamous for their piracy on the Mediterranean and as a supplier of slaves. Previously, American merchants were safe from their predations due to agreements between Great Britain and the various pashas or governors, as well as the U.S. ratified Treaty of Tripoli. In 1801, however, the reigning governor, Yusulf Karamanli, broke the pact by demanding a tribute from the U.S. of $225,000. President Jefferson, normally opposed to standing militaries, refused to comply and sent the Navy to the Mediterranean, with Decatur serving aboard the USS Philadelphia.

Stephen Decatur at Tripoli, during the boarding of a Tripolitan gunboat on 3 August 1803.

In 1803, the ship actually ran aground near the shores of Tripoli, trapping itself as the local pirates boarded the ship and claimed it as their own. Decatur was not on board, however, as he and a group of 80 men managed to escape in the dead of night, disguised as merchants, and flee into the city's harbor. A few months later, he and his men returned aboard a captured local vessel renamed the USS Intrepid. The Americans quickly boarded and captured the frigate, before setting it ablaze and escaping to the sea, an act that won Decatur international fame and praise from Horatio Nelson himself. Decatur returned to Tripoli in the August of 1804 with the rest of the fleet in another attack on Tripoli harbor.

During the attack, Decatur learned his younger brother, James, was killed by the crew of a Barbary gunboat. Stephen then found the boat, boarded it with his crew, and single-handedly slew the vessel's captain, avenging his brother's death. The next year, Tripoli surrendered, and Stephen had been promoted to captain at 25 for his daring actions, the youngest man ever to hold the rank. By the out break of the War of 1812, Decatur had been promoted to Commodore, then the highest rank in the Navy. In 1806 he married Susan Wheeler, a prominent woman in Northern Virginia society. The couple also built a handsome townhouse in the growing capital along Pennsylvania Avenue, next door to the White House. He also participated in yet another duel, this time serving as the second for his close friend, Oliver Hazzard Perry. It was this love of dueling that killed him in the end. In 1820, another navy man, Commodore James Barron, blamed Decatur for his court-marshal in 1807 and challenged him. The two men met on the 22nd of March, and upon firing their pistols, both men managed to hit each other, Decatur's wounds proving fatal.

COMMANDS HELD: USS Argus (1803) - USS Enterprise (1799) - USS Chesapeake (1799) - USS United States (1797) - USS President (1800) - USS Constitution (1797) - USS Guerriere (1814).

[weemsbotts]

Avenging the Blood of Our Citizens!

By: Lisa Timmerman, Executive Director

Stepping onto a boat and/or ship probably leads to both excitement and some trepidation if you consider the risks of possible accidents or infections (cruise ships). Living in the early 1800s included an additional risk – forcibly serving the British Royal Navy.

(Source: Sword Scabbard Depicting Three Ships in Battle, Presented to Archibald Henderson Fortitudine: Bulletin of the Marine Corps Historical Program, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2009)

Although the War of 1812 did not commence until 1812, the storm was brewing for years prior to America’s formal declaration of war against the British. During the early 1800s, Britain and its’ allies periodically clashed with the French Empire in a series of conflicts known as the Napoleonic Wars as Napoleon I attempted to expand his empire and weaken Great Britain. Although President Thomas Jefferson attempted to keep America neutral, the British and French made this difficult as each power sought any means necessary to stop the other.

Unfortunately for American sailors, Great Britain impressed British men into the Royal Navy, lawfully allowed to do so when Great Britain was at war. The Royal Navy organized press gangs to sweep the streets looking to arrest and press any British man into service with few exceptions (exceptions included: indentured apprentices and any person considered essential to maritime trade – fishermen, shipwrights, and others carrying protection documents). Press gangs also worked at sea and the British frequently stopped American ships looking for British deserters or anyone they could press ignoring legalities. Americans who could not prove their American citizenship suddenly found themselves members of the British Royal Navy, a problem that enraged our country. While the number of actual Americans impressed was probably lower than the contemporary accounts argued, this was one major factor leading to the War of 1812.

Enter three pressed Americans and one pressed British citizen, in June of 1807: William Ware, Daniel Martin, John Strachan, and Jenkins Ratford. After the HMS Leopard patrolled off the coast of Virginia, the four men decided to steal a boat and seek sanctuary with the American frigate USS Chesapeake, safely stowed near Portsmouth, Virginia. While the British demanded the right to search the ship, Commodore James Barron instead conducted his own investigation and ignored the British. Commander of the British North American Station at Halifax, Vice Admiral Berkeley, issued orders to the British fleet to forcibly stop and search the Chesapeake at sea. On 06/22/1807, as the USS Chesapeake sailed by Cape Henry, Captain Salisbury Humphreys of the HMS Leopard attempted one more time to board the ship before firing seven broadsides at close range into the USS Chesapeake. The attack killed three Americans, wounded eighteen, and the four men were taken back to Britain and punished – the Americans jailed, and the British deserter executed.

Outraged, men from Prince William County met at the Dumfries Courthouse on 07/01/1807, issuing a proclamation concerning “…the late indignity offered to the United States of America, by the unprecedented conduct of the commander of the British ship of war Leopard, in the unwarrantable attack…” Alexander Henderson, Richard Brent, Philip Dawe, John Linton, John Macrae, and John Williams resolved, “…That we view with abhorrence the late outrageous attack made upon the flag of our nation, and the wanton murder of our fellow citizens…That we have the utmost confidence in the wisdom and firmness of our executive, and that the proper steps will be pursued by them to redress the national indignity, and procure ample atonement for the blood of our fellow citizens shed on this occasion; and we pledge our lives and fortunes to support the executive in any measure, they may think proper to adopt, to effect this desirable purpose.” Similar declarations rang throughout the country, reminding persons of previous outraged resolves before the Revolutionary War.

Fast forward to the War of 1812 and we find the PWC militia nervously eyeing Dumfries as a realistic target. The Chesapeake Campaign in 1814 (04/23/1813 – 09/14/1814), sought to distract Americans from capturing Canada (yes, we tried to take Canada…it didn’t go well…), and put more direct pressure on American soil. A series of raids in the Chesapeake Bay area eventually led to the British capturing and burning Washington, D.C. on 08/24/1814 – 08/25/1814. Where were the British on 08/22/1814? According to a 1937 report, citing PWC court records, the British were about to take Dumfries. “On 8/22/1814, the British ships were anchored at Quantico, six miles from Grayson’s Hill in Dumfries. It was fully expected that they would attack Dumfries that night. The 36th Regiment of Militia was collecting and the van of the 89th calvary company arrived about noon, but before the arrival of the military the boys of the town had prepared the defense and had formed a Company of “Vigilantes” and from this hill had kept watch of the British ships for hours, and were disappointed that they did not have to use their defense. That afternoon the town was struck by a terrific gale, which is spoken of as the “British Gale”. It did great damage to the town. The British Fleet departed during the storm.”

(Source: Fairfax County Archaeological Survey, 1983)

According to Fairfax County Archaeological Surveys conducted in 1983, “Grayson’s Hill” and other associated sites had artifacts ranging from the Revolutionary War to the Civil War, but nothing definitely labeled “War of 1812”. It is interesting to note that on the evening of 08/25/1814, while the British were merrily invading Washington, D.C., a tornado formed after a scorching day of 100F, the storm damaging structures and killing British troops. By 08/27/1814, President James Madison was able to return to the city.

Most of PWC’s militias remained in the county or participated in the Baltimore campaign, with a few detachments sent to Norfolk. In PWC, there were two Regiments – the 36th and 89th, with several units aiding the Northern Neck. Capt. John Brawner of the 89th Regiment proceeded to Mattox Bridge with his unit on 08/05/1814, ultimately reporting to Col. Austin Smith at Round Hill Church in King George County. Capt. Joseph R. Lynn of the 36th Regiment was called out by General John Hungerford and stationed at Fredericksburg and Maddox Bridge from 08/02/1814-09/02/1814. While other local men also captained different regiments stationed in Virginia, Second Lieutenant Archibald Henderson served on the USS Constitution, earning his reputation for bravery and loyalty. Henderson received a brevet promotion to major in August 1814 and was appointed “Lieutenant Colonel Commanding and Commandant” six years later.

Note: Did you let your membership expire during the pandemic? Not a problem – renew today or become a member! Memberships start at $10 (for the entire year) and grant you free face-to-face and virtual tours of The Weems-Botts Museum, a special rental rate for Merchant Park, and discounts to popular programs! Click here to access our online store! Read more about our memberships here!

(Sources: HDVI Archival Files; Gale: 19th Century Newspapers: National Intelligencer, 07/08/1807; The Mariner’s Museum: Prelude to the War of 1812; WPA Historic Survey: Town of Dumfries, 1937; American Battlefield Trust: Chesapeake Campaign – April 23, 1813 to September 14, 1814; Smithsonian Magazine: The Tornado That Saved Washington; National Museum of the Marine Corps: Colonel Archibald Henderson’s Presentation Sword by Beth L. Crumley; Stuart Lee Butler, A Guide to Virginia Militia Units in the War of 1812, Iberian Publishing Company, 1988)

[markloveshistory]

A Hero Lost

Today in History, March 22, 1820:

Stephen Decatur, Naval hero of the first and second Barbary Pirate wars, and of the War of 1812, hero and example to many of the U.S. Navy, is killed in a senseless duel.

In 1807 Commodore James Barron refused to defend his ship, Chesapeake, against British attack and was court-marshaled; Decatur, an old friend had to sit on the court-marshal board.

Su…

[theahsanali-blog]

DONALD TRUMP BIOGRAPHY

DONALD TRUMP BIOGRAPHY

Very rich person land head honcho and previous unscripted tv character Donald Trump is the 45th leader of the United States.

If you Want to read more about BIOGRAPHY

WHO IS DONALD TRUMP?

Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States; he got to work on January 20, 2017. Beforehand, he was a land big shot and a previous unscripted television star.

Conceived in Queens, New York, in 1946, Trump got associated with a huge, productive structure that extends in Manhattan. In 1980, he opened the Grand Hyatt New York, which made him the city’s most popular designs. In 2004, Trump started featuring in the hit NBC reality arrangement The Apprentice. Trump directed his concentration toward legislative issues, and in 2015 he declared his bid for leader of the United States on the Republican ticket. In the wake of winning a lion’s share of the primaries and councils, Trump turned into the official Republican possibility for president on July 19, 2016. That November, Trump was chosen the 45th President of the United States, after defeating Democratic Candidate Hillary Clinton.

DONALD TRUMP’S PARENTS AND SIBLINGS

FATHER

Trump’s dad, Frederick Trump, was a manufacturer and land engineer who spent significant time in developing and working center pay condos in Queens, Staten Island, and Brooklyn.

MOTHER

Trump’s mom, Mary MacLeod, moved from Tong, Scotland, in 1929 at 17 years old. She and Fred Trump wedded in 1936. The couple settled in Jamaica, Queens, a local that was, at the time, loaded up with Western European foreigners. As the family’s riches expanded, Mary turned into a New York socialite and humanitarian.

Fred died in 1999, and Mary died the next year.

SIBLINGS

Donald was the fourth of five children.

MARYANNE TRUMP BARRY :

Maryanne Trump Barry was a senior judge of the US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, yet took a latent detail not long after her brother became president.

FRED TRUMP JR. :

Fred Trump Jr. worked quickly with his dad and afterward become a pilot. He battled with liquor and kicked the bucket in 1981 at 43 years old, inciting Donald to declare that he never drinks liquor or consume medications. “He profoundly affected my life, since no one can tell where you’re going to wind up,” Trump said.

ELIZABETH TRUMP GRAU :

Elizabeth Trump Grau is a retired banker who is married to film producer James Grau.

ROBERT TRUMP :

Robert Trump is Donald’s younger brother who spent quite a bit of his vocation working for the family organization.

DONALD TRUMP’S WIFE :

MELANIA TRUMP

Trump is at present hitched to previous Slovenian model Melania Trump (née Knauss), who is over 23 years his lesser. In January 2005, the couple wedded in an exceptionally plugged and sumptuous wedding. Among the numerous VIP visitors at the wedding were Hillary Clinton and previous President Bill Clinton.

IVANA TRUMP

In 1977, Trump wedded his first spouse Ivana Trump, (née Zelnickova Winklmayr), a New York-style model who had been a substitute on the 1972 Czech Olympic Ski Team. She was named VP responsible for a plan in the Trump Organization and assumed a significant job in directing the redesign of the Commodore and the Plaza Hotel.

The couple had three children together: Donald Trump Jr., Ivanka, and Eric. They experienced a profoundly announced separation that was finished in 1992.

MARLA MAPLES

In 1993 Trump wedded his subsequent spouse, Marla Maples, an on-screen character with whom he had been included for quite a while and as of now had a little girl, Tiffany.

Trump would at last record for an exceptionally advertised separation from Maples in 1997, which got last in June 1999. A prenuptial understanding allocated $2 million to Maples.

DONALD TRUMP’S CHILDREN :

Trump has five kids. He and his first spouse, Ivana Trump, had three kids together: Donald Trump Jr., born in 1977; Ivanka Trump, born in 1981, and Eric Trump, born in 1984. Trump and his second wife, Marla Maples, had daughter Tiffany Trump born in 1993. Also, current wife Melania Trump brought forth Trump’s youngest child, Barron William Trump, in March

2006.

Trump’s children — Donald Jr. also, Eric—function as official Vice President for The Trump Organization. They assumed control over the privately-owned company while their dad fills in as president.

Trump’s girl Ivanka was likewise an official Vice President of The Trump Organization. She left the business and her mark to join her dad’s organization and become an unpaid assistant to the president. Her hubby other, Jared Kushner, is additionally a senior counselor to President Trump.

[jobsearchtips02]

47 photos of Donald Trump’s incomparable life on his 74th birthday

President Donald Trump.

Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images.

Businessman-turned-president Donald Trump celebrates his 74 th birthday on June 14.

The hotel magnate became a family name through his truth program, “The Apprentice.”

Now in the fourth year of his presidential term and marketing for his second, here’s a look back at Trump’s life, in images.

Visit BusinessInsider.com for more stories.

President Donald Trump turned 74 on Sunday. He is the oldest president to take office, a record formerly held by President Ronald Reagan, who was 73- years-old at the time of his election to a 2nd term.

As Trump cruises through the fourth year of his first governmental term, he is actively getting ready for the 2020 governmental election

Here is a look at the president’s life journey, from the New York Military Academy to the Oval Office.

As a teen, the president was enrolled at the New york city Military Academy where he briefly served as a captain throughout his senior year.

Donald Trump in the New York Military college’s 1964 yearbook.

Company Expert through Classmates.

Source: Washington Post

He graduated from Wharton School of Financing at the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelor’s in economics in1968 He then began his career at his dad’s property development company, E. Trump & Boy.

Donald Trump with his father, Fred, left, at his graduation from the Wharton School of Finance.

Donald Trump/Facebook.

As somebody who enjoys the art of negotiation, Trump was able to negotiate New York City to supply a 40- year tax reduction for the Grand Hyatt Hotel– the first ever given to a business home.

Gov. Hugh Carey, accompanied by Trump, points to an artist’s conception of the hotel that will be constructed on the website of the previous Commodore Hotel on June 28,1978

AP.

Source: The Trump Company

An early win was when Trump used to remodel shabby areas in requirement, such as a long-closed ice-skating rink, at no revenue to himself, after the city’s restoration effort went through 5 years of delays and more than double the original expense price quote.

Here, Donald Trump positions with New York City’s Parks Commissioner, Henry Stern, holding a set of ice skates that are planned for use at the Wollman Rink in Central Park on August 7,1986

Paul Burnett/AP.

Source: AP

Trump owns a fleet of luxury helicopters, and a private plane that was often a background at his 2016 governmental campaign occasions.

Donald Trump in front of one of 3 Sikorsky helicopters at the Port Authority’s West 30 Street heliport on March 22,1988

AP Photo/Wilbur Funches.

Trump likewise enjoys tennis– he even played a round, wearing his standard suit, versus the famous Serena Williams.

Donald Trump talks with his former other half, Ivana Trump, during the guys’s final at the US Open.

Mike Blake/Reuters.

Trump had three kids with Ivana: Donald Jr., Ivanka, and Eric.

Household picture of, from left, socialite Ivana Trump, her kid Eric Trump, her previous hubby business person Donald Trump, and her child Ivanka Trump as they sit at a table at the Mar-a-Lago estate, Palm Beach, Florida,1998

Davidoff Studios/Getty Images.

He divorced Ivana in a public split in 1992, and married Marla Maples in 1993.

Donald Trump sees as his ex-wife, Marla Maples, gets a kiss from Earl Sinclair of TELEVISION’s “Dinosaurs” during lunch at the Trump Plaza Hotel on November 2,1992

Henry Ray Abrams/Reuters.

Trump and Marla had one daughter, Tiffany, in 1993.

Delighted moms and dads Marla Maples, left, and Donald Trump welcome journalism with their newborn child, Tiffany, as they leave St. Mary’s Health center in West Palm Beach, Fla., on Thurs., Oct. 14,1993

Hans Deryk/AP.

As a self-proclaimed family man, Trump attended many public events and tv shows with his household over the years.

Donald Trump and his child, Ivanka, peek over the crowd as they take in a tennis match throughout the United States Open in New York City.

Roh Frehm/AP.

Source: Oprah

Trump initially began revealing indications of interest for a possible quote for the US presidency with the development of a governmental exploratory committee ahead of the 2000 election.

Donald Trump talks with host Larry King after taping a section of King’s CNN talk program in New York.

Reuters.

Source: Reuters

To check the political waters, the possible Reform Party governmental candidate took a trip to a number of locations to attend to party leaders.

Donald Trump makes an appearance for the media atop a Beverly Hills, California, hotel on December 6,1999

Chris Pizzello/AP.

Source: AP

In 2005, Donald Trump married fashion designer and design Melania Trump.

Donald Trump and Melania Trump leave Hollinger International’s annual meeting at the Metropolitan Club in New York on May 22,2003

Peter Morgan/Reuters.

Source: PolitiFact

The 2 had one boy, Barron, in 2006.

Donald Trump, Barron Trump and Melania Trump leave Trump Towers to participate in the 16 th Annual Bunny Hop at FAO Schwartz to benefit the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center March 13, 2007 in New York City City.

Peter Kramer/Getty Images/for MSKCC.

As no complete stranger to the political procedure, Trump was even familiarized with members of the judicial branch. Here he is welcoming Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas at the Daytona 500.

United States Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, working as the grand marshal for the Daytona 500, talks to Donald Trump on the starting grid at the Daytona International Speedway.

Reuters.

He also ended up being the owner of the notorious Miss Universe beauty pageant for many years.

Donald Trump and Miss Connecticut, Erin Brady, present onstage after Brady won the 2013 Miss USA pageant.

AP Photo/Jeff Bottari, File.

A few of the president’s jobs, like Trump University, were stuck in suits that Trump lost or needed to settle. Others he may have made a profit on, however stated personal bankruptcy, and partners he dealt with implicated him of not paying them.

Marita Luna (C) and Miriam Ramos (2nd R) joins other union members from UNITE HERE Regional 54 as they rally outside the Trump Taj Mahal Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey on October 24,2014

Reuters.

Read more: The New York Times rates 61 of Donald Trump’s company deals, concludes 40%stopped working

In June 2015, Trump famously introduced his governmental project by boiling down an escalator in Trump Tower.

Donald Trump.

Christopher Gregory/Getty Images.

As the fog of the political battlefield cleared on the Republican side, Trump prepared to handle presumptive Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton.

Donald Trump looks out at the construction site of his 92- story tower along the Chicago river during a see to his Chicago offices on April 10,2006 Trump acknowledged that since of security issues after the occasions of September 11, he abandoned prepare for it to be the world’s tallest building at 150 stories.

Charles Rex Arbogast/AP.

Trump made his final interest citizens in swing-states as the controversial project drew to a close.

Donald Trump projects in New Hampshire.

Scott Eisen/Getty Images.

While Trump won the electoral votes needed to protect the presidency, he lost the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by almost 3 million votes.

Donald Trump in New york city on election night.

Joe Raedle/Getty Images.

Source: The New York City Times

Taking his oath of office on January 20, 2017, Trump officially became the 45 th President of the United States.

Supreme Court Justice John Roberts (2L) administers the oath of workplace to President Donald Trump (L) as his spouse Melania Trump holds the Bible and boy Barron Trump searches, on the West Front of the US Capitol.

Drew Angerer/Getty Images.

After taking workplace, Trump’s administration faltered under a series of scandals and mistakes. Among these was his firing of FBI director James Comey, who was leading an examination into Russia’s meddling in the United States election.

President Donald Trump (L) shakes hands with James Comey, then-director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, during an Inaugural Law Enforcement Officers and First Responders Reception in the Blue Space of the White House on January 22, 2017 in Washington, DC.

Andrew Harrer-Pool/Getty.

The special counsel Robert Mueller was selected to oversee the examination. Almost 2 years later, he closed the probe in May 2019– after charging several of Trump’s relate to criminal offenses, concluding Russia interfered in the 2016 election to benefit Trump, and detailing a number of circumstances that the president stopped working at obstructing justice.

President Trump and unique counsel Robert S. Mueller III.

Jabin Botsford/The Washington Post by means of Getty Images; Win McNamee/Getty Images.

Find Out More: Mueller describes key Trump-Russia contacts and prospective circumstances of blockage of justice in final report

As a business owner who prides himself as a seasoned dealmaker, Trump has had combined success engaging with world leaders as president. With some, he’s had sparkling relationships. With others, things have actually been more frosty.

Thomson Reuters.

As the commander-in-chief of the militaries, Trump observed the sacrifices made by US service members on Memorial Day.

President Donald Trump lays flowers on the grave of Secretary of Homeland Security John Kelly’s kid at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. United States Marine Corps Lt. Robert Kelly was killed in 2010 while leading a patrol in Afghanistan.

Aaron P. Bernstein/Getty Images.

At his very first presidential college start, Trump attended to the finishing class of Liberty University. “What imprint will you leave in the sands of history?” he asked. “What will future Americans state we performed in our quick time right here in the world? Did we take risks? Did we dare to defy expectations? Did we challenge accepted knowledge and take on established systems? I think I did, but we all did and we’re all doing it.”

Getty Images/Chip Somodevilla.

Source: TIME

Trump has actually frequently received criticism throughout his time in office, like when he threw paper towels into a crowd in Puerto Rico after Cyclone Maria damaged the region.

Trump tosses rolls of paper towels like basketballs to victims of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico.

Evan Vucci/AP.

Other times in his presidency have actually been more lighthearted. On the White House front lawn, Trump and the very first woman command the Easter egg roll, one of many holiday traditions.

President Donald Trump, joined by the Easter Bunny and very first girl Melania Trump, speaks from the Truman Terrace of he White Home in Washington, Monday, April 2, 2018, during the annual White Home Easter Egg Roll.

Carolyn Kaster/AP.

In a few of the more easy going moments, Trump has amused athletic champions at the White House with his preferred products from lunch counter.

With junk food meals from Domino’s, Wendy’s, McDonald’s, and Burger King, Trump entertains the Clemson Tigers football team after their 2018 playoffs championship game win.

Susan Walsh/AP.

His presidency has actually witnessed several mass shootings including ones at the Las Vegas Strip, at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, and at Pulse Nightclub in Orlando, Florida. Trump has actually fiercely defended the Second Amendment.

Thomas Gunderson fights his fresh gunshot wound to the leg to stand and shake Trump’s hand.

Thomas Gunderson through Facebook.

Source: Organisation Insider

The Trumps joined the living presidents and very first women to attend the funeral service of previous President George H.W. Bush in December 2018.

U.S. President Donald Trump, very first lady Melania Trump, former President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, former President Bill Clinton, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and previous President Jimmy Carter listen as previous Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney speaks throughout a State Funeral at the National Cathedral, Wednesday, Dec. 5, 2018, in Washington, for previous President George H.W. Bush.

Alex Brandon/Pool by means of REUTERS.

Trump effectively saw Justice Brett Kavanaugh validated the Supreme Court regardless of the debate surrounding his consultation and a heated verification hearing in the Senate. The president ushered in 2 conservative justices, the other being Neil Gorsuch.

President Donald Trump shakes hands with Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh, prior to a ceremonial swearing-in in the East Space of the White House in Washington, Monday, Oct. 8,2018

Susan Walsh/AP.

Source: Service Insider

The president was impeached by the House of Representatives on December 18, 2019, on charges of abusing his power and blocking Congress. The inquiry was stimulated after a whistleblower submitted a report over a call the president held with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in July2019 Trump is the 3rd president to be impeached in US history.

President Donald Trump resolves his impeachment during a Merry Christmas Rally at the Kellogg Arena on December 18, 2019 in Fight Creek, Michigan. While Trump spoke at the rally your home of Representatives voted to impeach the president, making Trump just the third president in U.S. history to be impeached.

Scott Olson/Getty Images.

Source: Service Insider

Things turned out alright for the president, nevertheless, when he was acquitted by the Republican-controlled Senate on February 5 by a vote of 52-48 Utah Sen. Mitt Romney was the only Republican to vote to found guilty the president.

President Donald Trump speaks in the East Space of the White Home, Thursday, Feb. 6, 2020, in Washington.

AP Picture/ Evan Vucci.

Source: Service Insider

The Trump Administration was entrusted with managing the COVID-19 pandemic, which initially reached the United States in January. The president has actually gotten sharp criticism for his administration’s handling of the pandemic.

President Donald J. Trump delivers remarks Tuesday, May 5, 2020, at Honeywell International Inc. in Phoenix.

Authorities White Home Photo by Shealah Craighead.

Source: Company Insider

At a press conference in June, Trump threatened to release the military to end nationwide discontent. A crowd of serene protesters was tear-gassed exterior of the White House to make method for Trump to stroll to a close-by church for a photo-op.

United States President Donald Trump holds a Bible while visiting St. John’s Church throughout from the White House after the area was cleared of people protesting the death of George Floyd June 1, 2020, in Washington, DC.

BRENDAN SMIALOWSKI/AFP through Getty Images).

Source: Company Insider

As Trump celebrates his 74 th birthday, there are less than 5 months until the 2020 basic election. Citizens will decide whether to provide him another 4 years in the Oval Workplace. The president is supposedly planning to resume his project rallies, which have actually been stopped briefly due to COVID-19

President Donald Trump in the Oval Workplace.

Mandel Ngan/AFP/Getty Images.

Source: Organisation Expert

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[racingtoaredlight]

On This Day...

On this day in 1813, the USS Chesapeake, commanded by James Lawrence, was defeated and captured by the British frigate HMS Shannon, commanded by Philip Broke. The battle, which was fought just outside of Boston Harbor, took place during the War of 1812. The short skirmish--it lasted barely 15 minutes--is interesting because of the various legacies that flow out of both the battle and the Chesapeake itself.

Chesapeake was one of the so-called “Original Six” frigates authorized by Congress through the Naval Act of 1794. One of Chesapeake’s sister ships, the USS Constitution, is the oldest commissioned warship afloat in the world*. These six frigates formed the core of the new United States Navy, which was also created by the Naval Act of 1794 (the Continental Navy had been disbanded after the Revolutionary War ended). The center of naval fleet in the 17th and 18th centuries were known as ships-of-the-line, because they formed into lines during battle and fired salvos at each other. These were large, sturdy ships, expensive and time consuming to build. A first-rate ship-of-the-line usually carried at least 100 guns.

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Knowing that the fledgling nation could not afford to build a fleet centered on ships-of-the-line like Britain and France, Congress instead directed the Navy to focus on smaller-scale ships. While a ship-of-the-line was a large ship designed to take and receive fire and formed the center of naval squadrons, frigates were smaller, faster ships with fewer guns and lighter timbers. They were designed to scout ahead of the larger ships, looking for the enemy fleet. But upon spotting the enemy’s ships-of-the-line, frigates used their superior speed to withdraw, allowing their own first-rate ships to engage. Chesapeake, Constitution, and their sister ships--Constellation, United States, Congress, and President--were designed to be a sort of “super frigate.” Typical frigates carried between 20 and 30 guns, while Chesapeake and three of her sisters shipped 44 guns (Constellation and Congress carried 36). Their hulls were built on the scale of a frigate--albeit on the large end of the spectrum--but they were built with thick frames like those of a ship-of-the-line, with a layer of diagonal timbers behind the outer layer of horizontal ones, giving the ships tremendous strength. Just the year before, Constitution earned the nickname “Old Ironsides” during its battle with HMS Guerriere; American sailors cheered during the battle as point-blank shots fired by Guerriere bounced off of Constitution’s hull.

The War of 1812 grew out of an American perception of British interference in their commercial pursuits abroad and a lingering, but largely imagined, British threat of invasion from Canada. Preoccupied with the Napoleonic Wars that engulfed all of Europe, Britain at first deployed token military forces against the upstart Americans. To prevent trade between its now two common enemies--France and the United States--the Royal Navy dispatched a number of powerful squadrons to blockade several American ports. One such warship was the frigate HMS Shannon, which operated out of Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Shannon was commissioned in 1806 and had been commanded by Philip Broke for the entirety of its Royal Navy career in 1813. Broke was a notorious drillmaster, running his crew through three hours of gunnery practice every single day. Shannon gained a reputation as the most efficient ship in the entire Royal Navy. On June 1, Shannon was patrolling the approaches to Boston Harbor while Chesapeake, which had only recently come under the command of James Lawrence, was reprovisioning in the harbor. Several of Lawrence’s crew had also left the ship, their enlistment periods having expired. Recruiters ashore brought aboard replacements and, along with a group that moved over from the Constitution which was undergoing a refit, the Chesapeake’s crew was fleshed out at 379.

Broke was eager to bring an American warship to battle. The U.S. Navy had in the war’s opening months, scored a number of early successes. Lawrence, who came to the Chesapeake after a stint as commander of USS Hornet, defeated and sank HMS Peacock just a few months earlier. Broke wanted to avenge these losses and sent ashore a written challenge to any American warship in the harbor to come out and engage in single-ship combat. Lawrence would likely have accepted the offer, had he received it, but he planned to sail as soon as Chesapeake was supplied. Broke’s message arrived after Chesapeake slipped its moorings and steered for the sea.

The ensuing battle was brief. Broke’s well-trained gun crews could fire two shots in the time it took most crews to fire one. Chesapeake, though slightly larger and with more guns, was manned by sailors who had only completed two firing drills the day before. Wracked by broadsides from Shannon, Chesapeake could not get into firing position quickly enough. Lawrence was mortally wounded shortly after the battle began. Taken below deck, Lawrence uttered the command “Don’t give up the ship” before he died. By this time, Broke had brought Shannon alongside Chesapeake and then led a boarding party which overwhelmed the remaining American crew members. Chesapeake surrendered and was brought back to Halifax as a prize by Broke. Lawrence’s dying words have become a motto of the U.S. Navy, ingrained into the service’s esprit de corps.

Six years earlier, the Chesapeake was involved in another altercation with a British warship, HMS Leopard. Britain and the United States were at peace in 1807, but occasional confrontations nevertheless occurred. Leopard’s captain suspected that four sailors from another British warship had deserted while that ship was in the Gosport Dockyard near Norfolk, Virginia. The British Admiralty in London issued standing orders that any sailors guilty of desertion were, when possible, to be apprehended and returned to service. Chesapeake had in fact taken on three of these sailors as parts of its crew. Chesapeake’s captain, James Barron, acknowledged that the sailors had deserted from the Royal Navy, but declined to return them because they had been pressed into service; a form of involuntary enlistment that, at times, resembles kidnapping. Because of this, Barron stated to British authorities in Gosport, the Royal Navy did not have a legitimate basis to demand their return.

In June 1807, Chesapeake sailed to the Washington Navy Yard where it began fitting out for a Mediterranean deployment. On June 22, Chesapeake left its moorings and unfurled its sails as departed on its voyage across the Atlantic. As it crossed into open ocean, Chesapeake encountered the Leopard. At the time, it was common practice for one ship to request that another ship going in the other direction take on the first ship’s mail and dispatches and see that they are delivered back to the ship’s homeport or other location. Leopard hailed Chesapeake and signified this intention. Barron responded with his amenability to this, and Leopard sent a ship’s boat over. Once aboard Chesapeake, a British officer delivered a message from Leopard’s captain stating his intention to apprehend three sailors on Chesapeake that had deserted from HMS Melampus months earlier. Barron refused and restated his previous position on the issue.

The British officer withdrew and returned to Leopard, which immediately began preparing for action. Barron ordered his crew to general quarters, but the ship was simply not ready for a battle; no guns were primed, and supplies to be stored in the hold were still present on the main deck. Leopard fired two broadsides, causing damage to Chesapeake and wounding 18 men, including Barron. Realizing that he was at a fatal disadvantage, Barron struck his colors, indicating his surrender. Leopard ceased fire and sent over two more ships boats, this time with Royal Marines aboard. They located the sailors they had been seeking for months and removed them from Chesapeake. Barron and his damaged ship, limped back into harbor.

The Jefferson administration along with senior Navy officers were furious over the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair. An investigation followed and Barron was court-martialed for his actions. The court martial concluded that Barron was guilty of negligence because he departed port without properly preparing his ship for action. He was suspended from the Navy for five years and was severely criticized in the press and by other naval officers. One leading critic was Commodore Stephen Decatur, a hero of the Barbary Wars. Decatur was a member of the court martial board that punished Barron and, shortly afterward, Decatur assumed command of Chesapeake.

Barron was embittered by his treatment and moved to Europe where he operated a series of private businesses over the next several years. Six years later, he returned to the United States and applied for reinstatement into the Navy. While his request was ultimately approved, Barron was still criticized by other senior officers, including Decatur. Though he regained his commission, Barron never received another sea command and his career went nowhere. Decatur, meanwhile, had emerged as an even grander national hero for his actions during the War of 1812. The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair was one of those incidents referred to earlier which, accumulating over years, provoked Congress into declaring war in 1812.

Barron blamed Decatur for his decline in fortunes and, after an escalating war of words, eventually challenged Decatur to a duel. On the morning of March 22, 1820, Decatur and Barron, with their seconds, met near a creek called Blood Run at Bladensburg, Maryland just outside of Washington D.C. The two men selected their pistols and then faced each other, a mere eight paces apart. Decatur’s second, William Bainbridge, stated that he would call out “one, two, three” and that the two men must shoot after hearing “one” but before “three” was called out. As Bainbridge called out, both men fired. Barron was wounded in the hip while Decatur was hit in the lower abdomen. Barron survived, but Decatur, the first national hero since the Revolution, died within hours; Barron’s shot had severed several major arteries.

The ship at the center of each of these episodes was taken into Royal Navy service as HMS Chesapeake after its capture. It served Britain until 1819 when it was decommissioned. The end of the Napoleonic Wars caused the Royal Navy to downsize and sell off surplus ships. The Chesapeake was broken up at Plymouth, England in 1820 and its timbers sold to a British merchant named John Prior. Prior used the timbers to build Chesapeake Mill in Wickham, England. The Chesapeake Mill operated until 1976 and it still stands today, providing a manifest legacy to events that occurred two centuries ago.

*HMS Victory, Lord Nelson’s flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar, has the distinction of being the world’s oldest commissioned warship, but is no longer afloat; it is permanently dry-docked at Portsmouth Naval Station.

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[historical-thirst]

Real Officers of the US Navy: 1820 edition

After reading the back and forth between Commodores Stephen Decatur and James Barron (which resulted in their “unfortunate meeting”), I realize that I’ve heard more cogent arguments on the the Real Housewives of Atlanta.

[markloveshistory]

A Senseless End for a Pioneering American Naval Hero

Today in History, March 22, 1820:

Stephen Decatur, Naval hero of the first and second Barbary Pirate wars, and of the War of 1812, hero and example to many of the U.S. Navy, is killed in a senseless duel.

In 1807 Commodore James Barron refused to defend his ship, Chesapeake, against British attack and was court-marshaled; Decatur sat on the court-marshal board.

Suspended from the Navy for 5…