#criminal law assignment pdf

[cleolinda]

Happy Indictmas to all who celebrate

Wikipedia Disambiguation: Prosecution of Donald Trump may refer to:

Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York, a criminal case following indictment on March 30, 2023

Federal prosecution of Donald Trump, a criminal case filed on June 8, 2023

CourtListener: Direct link to full PDF of unsealed indictment, United States of America v. Donald J. Trump and Waltine Nauta (r/politics discussion thereof: "I feel like I'm committing a crime just reading the document designations")

VIDEO: CSPAN: Special Counsel Jack Smith Delivers Statement on Indictment of President Trump

r/politics: Megathread: Trump Indicted by Federal Prosecutors on Charges Related to Handling of Classified Documents [dozens of linked sources]

BBC News: Trump charged under Espionage Act in secret files case. Here's what is in the indictment:

The indictment reads: "The classified documents Trump stored in his boxes included information regarding defense and weapons capabilities of both the United States and foreign countries; United States nuclear programs; potential vulnerabilities of the United States and its allies to military attack; and to plans for possible retaliation in response to a foreign attack." Mr Trump's Mar-a-Lago club "was not an authorised location" for the "storage, possession, review, display or discussion" of classified documents, the indictment says. Nevertheless, it continues, Mr Trump's boxes of documents were stored in places at the club including "a ballroom, a bathroom and shower, an office space, his bedroom, and a storage room". On two occasions in 2021, the former president showed classified documents to others who did not have security clearance, including a writer and two members of staff. At his golf club in Bedminster, New Jersey, he showed and described a "plan of attack" that he said had been prepared for him by the Defence Department.

r/law: Trump Indictment thread—this time it's Federal

CBS News: Aileen Cannon, Trump-appointed judge, assigned initially to oversee documents case

Business Insider: Trump was 'personally involved' in packing boxes and moving them to Mar-a-Lago, prosecutors say

"As president, I could have declassified, but now I can't."

-- Newsweek: Donald Trump Tape Reveals He Uttered 10 Words That Might Have Doomed Him

[phantomtutor]

Assignment 6.1 CRIMINAL LAW Using the internet and/or other sources  research information regarding the the early development of Criminal Law in the Western civilization. Compare and contrast some of the early forms of criminal law to modern statutes (i.e., Louisiana, Texas, and/or your home state, if not Louisiana or Texas).  Write a  2 – 3 page report.  Deliverables: 1. Go to the internet or other sources and find information. 2. In M.S. word document (however save and upload as a PDF documen), write a 2 - 3 page narrative comparing and contrasting the origin and development of Criminal Laws in Western Civilization v. modern day statutes. 3. Include in your narrative/report, a brief discussion of some of the early laws and codes (including a brief discussion of 20th century "Black Codes" of primarily the Southern state). Also include in your report, a comparison of the more common crimes (i.e., Theft, Burglary, Murder, Rape, Robber, Criminal trespass, etc. and example of punishment for some of them).  5. Please use proper headings and subheadings the help create a easy flow of the discussion and easy reading of your narrative. Also, please provide references to your work in APA format. ORDER THIS PAPER NOW. 100% CUSTOM PAPER CategoriesAPA 7th edition, English Leave a Reply Cancel replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment * Name * Email * Website Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Post navigation Previous PostPrevious create a fake social media post be creativeNext PostNext Ethics in Marriage counseling

[pinersight]

Membership application alpha phi alpha pdf

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION ALPHA PHI ALPHA PDF DOWNLOAD

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION ALPHA PHI ALPHA PDF FREE

In order to be eligible for invitation, you must submit this form by Wednesday, September 22 at 11:59PM.

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION ALPHA PHI ALPHA PDF FREE

If you have any further questions, feel free to contact me or one of our other officers.Alpha Phi Omega, ΛΔ Chapter, New Member Application In order to remain an active member (to get regalia for graduation), you must follow the guidelines on completing 20 points per semester, which you can receive by attending meetings and any event we have we meet bi-weekly at the Downtown Campus. We meet every two weeks and have multiple events (community service or fundraising events, networking events with professionals in San Antonio. You will be welcome to start attending the meetings immediately. Please contact him for availability by email his email is Deadlineĭeadline for application is March 21, 2020. Meade to drop off your application and payments. Make the second payable to Alpha Phi Sigma National Headquarters. Meade) and the other is a one-time $50 national fee. The first money order is a $30 one-time local fee (comes with a UTSA Alpha Phi Sigma shirt that you will receive from Mr.

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION ALPHA PHI ALPHA PDF DOWNLOAD

Chapters).Ĭomplete the form then print or download the application first, save as PDF, and then print form.ĭrop it off to Mr. If you are eligible and interested in becoming a member, please complete the attached APS Student Member Application (U.S. Top consideration for federal law enforcement internships (Secret Service, US Marshall, FBI, Homeland Security, and automatic pay grade promotion (GS-5 to GS-7/GS-7 to GS-9, etc.) for enrollment in an Honor SocietyĪPS Student Member Application (U.S.Scholarship consideration for study abroad in Spain.Private institutions such as AT&T, USAA San Antonio Spurs Security, and HEB Security Law Enforcement facilities such as the Fusion Center, San Antonio and Bexar County Emergency Management Offices. Special assignments such as the Drug and Veterans Court. Special Internship opportunities at the Bexar County and Federal Courthouses.Opportunity to meet high ranking Judges, Top Law Enforcement, District Attorney, and other Executives.Resume on personal benefits, e.g.,: volunteer events.More one-on-one time with Criminal Justice Professors for potential recommendation letters.Student must have completed a minimum of four courses within the Criminal Justice curriculum.īenefits of being an Alpha Phi Sigma member: Graduate students are required to maintain a minimum of a 3.4 GPA in both Criminal Justice courses and overall courses, on a 4.0 scale.The Honor Society is open to those with a declared Criminal Justice major or minor. The student must also rank in the top 35% of their classes and have completed a minimum of four courses within the Criminal Justice curriculum. Undergraduate students must maintain a minimum of 3.2 overall GPA on a 4.0 scale in Criminal Justice courses.The student must be recommended, to Nationals, by the chapter advisor. To become a member, the student must have completed one-third of their total hours required for graduation at his/her institution. The society recognizes academic excellence by undergraduates as well as graduates of Criminal Justice. We would like to congratulate you, as you have been identified as a rising star and may be eligible to join the University of Texas at San Antonio Chapter of Alpha Phi Sigma, The National Criminal Justice Honor Society.Īlpha Phi Sigma is the nationally recognized honor society for students in the Criminal Justice sciences.

[dreaminginthedeepsouth]

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

Today the U.S. House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol asked eight federal agencies for records. The chair of the committee, Representative Bennie G. Thompson (D-MS), gave the agencies two weeks to produce a sweeping range of material that showed the committee is conducting a thorough investigation of the last days of the Trump administration.

Thompson sent letters to the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), which keeps the records for the government; the Defense Department; the Department of Homeland Security; the Interior Department; the Department of Justice; the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); the National Counterterrorism Center; and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.

While the House had previously asked the National Archives for all the records it had covering the events and federal actors involved in the events of January 6 itself, the select committee is using a much wider lens. It has asked the departments not just for records covering January 6, but also for those reaching back as far as April 1, 2020, to see if the Trump administration had plans to contest and ultimately, should he lose, overturn the election.

The committee has asked the departments for any records about plans to derail the electoral count, organize violent rallies, declare martial law, or use the government positions to overturn the election results. It has also asked for any “documents and communications” about foreign influence in the 2020 election through social media and misinformation.

And then there was this tidbit. The last items the committee asked NARA to produce were: “All documents and communications related to the January 3, 2021, letter from 10 former Defense Secretaries warning of use of the military in election disputes.”

That letter, which was published in the Washington Post and signed by all ten of the living former defense secretaries, warned that “[e]fforts to involve the U.S. armed forces in resolving election disputes would take us into dangerous, unlawful and unconstitutional territory. Civilian and military officials who direct or carry out such measures would be accountable, including potentially facing criminal penalties, for the grave consequences of their actions on our republic.” The letter reminded then–acting defense secretary Christopher C. Miller and his subordinates that they were “each bound by oath, law and precedent to facilitate the entry into office of the incoming administration, and to do so wholeheartedly. They must also refrain from any political actions that undermine the results of the election or hinder the success of the new team.”

It was an extraordinary letter, and its authors thought it was important enough to write it over the holidays, for publication three days before the January 6 electoral count. The driving force behind the letter was former vice president Dick Cheney.

Cheney’s daughter Liz Cheney (R-WY) sits on the House select committee.

Trump has threatened to invoke executive privilege to stop the release of the documents.

House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R-CA) said the committee’s action proved it is not looking for truth but rather is engaging in politics. The committee asked NARA for records of communications between the president and “any Member of Congress or congressional staff.” This will sweep in McCarthy, who had a heated conversation with Trump on the phone as rioters invaded the Capitol. “They come for members of Congress, they are coming for everybody,” he said.

But, in fact, such a sweep is precisely how scholars actually figure out what has happened in historical events. Limiting research before you know the lay of the land simply obscures the larger picture.

Just such a limiting view is on the table for the Republicans right now as they are proposing to investigate President Biden’s exit from Afghanistan if they regain control of the House in 2022, saying it “makes Benghazi look like a much smaller issue.”

The first days of the evacuation after the Afghan army crumbled and the Taliban swept into control of the country in nine days were chaotic, indeed, but since August 14, the U.S. has evacuated more than 82,300 people, bringing out 19,000 people yesterday alone. It has evacuated at least 4500 U.S. citizens and has sent more than 20,000 emails and made more than 45,000 phone calls to Americans who had notified the embassy they were in the country (since Americans do not have to register with the embassy, it is unclear how many citizens are there). A rough estimate says there are probably 500 U.S. citizens who want to leave, while another 1000 are not certain or want to stay.

Today, Secretary of State Antony Blinken gave a press conference pointing out that the evacuation “is one of the largest airlifts in history, a massive military, diplomatic, security, and humanitarian undertaking,” and noted that “[o]nly the United States could organize and execute a mission of this scale and this complexity.”

Blinken said that the success of the airlift to date has been “a testament both to U.S. leadership and to the strength of our alliances and partnerships.” He reiterated that the Biden administration is not abandoning Afghanistan but is shifting its focus from military power to diplomacy, cybersecurity, and financial pressure. He said that the administration has worked hard to build alliances and that the U.S. will continue to work with allies both in Afghanistan and elsewhere going forward. He pointed out that the Taliban has made both public and private assurances that they will continue to allow people to leave the country, and that 114 countries—more than half of the countries in the world—have warned the Taliban that they must honor that commitment.

Tonight, it appears the situation in Afghanistan is deteriorating. Russia, which backed the Taliban in its struggle against the U.S. and which originally said Taliban control would restore stability to Afghanistan, has begun to evacuate its citizens from Kabul. And tonight, the U.S. government warned of security threats and urged U.S. citizens to leave the area around the airport immediately. According to a State Department spokesperson: "This is a dynamic and volatile security situation on the ground.”

When asked by a reporter about investigations into the evacuation, Blinken said he and the president accepted responsibility for it. He seemed fine with scrutiny of the last few months but suggested that that period should not be looked at in isolation if we are going to learn from our experience in Afghanistan. “[T]here will be plenty of time to look back at the last six or seven months, to look back at the last 20 years,” he said, “and to look to see what we might have done differently, what we might have done sooner, what we might have done more effectively.  But I have to tell you that right now, my entire focus is on the mission at hand.”

Today, President Biden signed into law H.R. 3642, the “Harlem Hellfighters Congressional Gold Medal Act,” giving the Congressional Gold Medal to the 369th Infantry Regiment, commonly known as the “Harlem Hellfighters,” in recognition of their bravery and outstanding service during World War I.

In that war, the 369th Infantry was made up of 2000 Black men, 70% of whom were from Harlem. Since many white men in Jim Crow America refused to serve with their Black comrades, army leaders assigned the unit to the French Army, where, although they still wore the U.S. uniform, they were outfitted with French weapons.

Sent into the field, they stayed out for 191 days, the longest combat deployment of any unit in the war. At the Second Battle of the Marne and Meuse-Argonne, the unit had some of the worst casualties of that mangling war, suffering 144 dead and about 1,000 wounded. “My men never retire, they go forward or they die,” said their commander, Colonel William Hayward. Germans called them the “Bloodthirsty Black Men.” The French called them “hell-fighters.” A month after the armistice, the French government awarded the entire 369th the Croix de Guerre.

And now, in 2021, the unit has, at long last, been awarded a U.S. Congressional Gold Medal.

Sometimes it takes a while, but accurate history has a way of coming out.

—-

Notes:

https://january6th.house.gov/news/press-releases/select-committee-issues-sweeping-demand-executive-branch-records

https://january6th.house.gov/sites/democrats.january6th.house.gov/files/20210825%20Exec%20Branch%20One%20Pager.pdf

https://thehill.com/homenews/532486-idea-for-former-defense-secretaries-warning-to-pentagon-originated-from-cheney-perry

https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/10-former-defense-secretaries-military-peaceful-transfer-of-power/2021/01/03/2a23d52e-4c4d-11eb-a9f4-0e668b9772ba_story.html

https://january6th.house.gov/sites/democrats.january6th.house.gov/files/NARA.8.25.pdf

https://news.yahoo.com/january-6-committee-issues-sweeping-records-requests-to-federal-agencies-170505915.html

https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/20/politics/house-republicans-afghanistan-biden-benghazi/index.html

https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/january-6-committee-trump/2021/08/25/cd356794-059a-11ec-a654-900a78538242_story.html

https://www.state.gov/secretary-antony-j-blinken-on-afghanistan/

https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2021/08/25/politics/january-6-house-documents-investigation/index.html

http://werehistory.org/harlem-hellfighters/

https://www.military.com/daily-news/2021/08/24/storied-harlem-hellfighter-regiment-receive-congressional-gold-medal.html

https://www.npr.org/2021/08/25/1031088877/as-many-as-1-500-americans-in-afghanistan

LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN

HEATHER COX RICHARDSON

[sarcasticcynic]

By now it’s common knowledge that Senate Republicans stonewalled President Obama’s judicial appointments for years. When they were in the minority, they set a record for filibusters; when they were in the majority, they blocked nominations, refused to hold hearings (remember Merrick Garland?), and generally slow-walked so thoroughly that Obama left the White House with a record-setting 103 judicial vacancies. Since Trump took office, Senate Republicans have been approving his ultra-conservative nominees at breakneck speed. The vast majority of these new judges are young white males. And remember, federal judicial appointments are for life.

Last year, Harvard Law School released the detailed results of a study on judicial sentencing. Specifically, Harvard looked at the length of the criminal sentences that federal judges impose, the defendant’s race, the defendant’s gender, and whether the president who nominated the judge was a Republican or a Democrat. (Federal case assignments are random, so there is no possibility of bias in the assignments themselves.)

Things we already knew:

“The federal criminal justice system is the source of the largest and fastest growing prison population.”

“Republican-appointed judges are more likely to be male.”

“Republican-appointed judges are more likely to be white.”

“Republican-appointed judges give longer sentences for the same crime compared to their Democratic-appointed counterparts.”

“Black defendants receive significantly longer prison sentences than otherwise similar white offenders.”

“States with higher racial bias ... are disproportionately located in the South.”

“Male defendants are sentenced to substantially longer time in prison than female defendants even after accounting for arrest offense and criminal history.”

The results of the new Harvard study are, alas, not entirely surprising:

“Republican-appointed judges exhibit larger racial and gender disparities in sentencing compared to Democratic-appointed judges.”

“Republican-appointed judges give substantially longer prison sentences to black offenders versus observably similar non-black offenders compared to Democratic-appointed judges within the same district court.”

“Republican-appointed judges give female defendants 2.0 months less in prison than similar male defendants compared to Democratic-appointed judges.”

“This politicization of the judiciary may in fact get worse given the position of the current administration to disregard the long-standing practice of inviting the ABA Standing Committee to review the professional qualifications of candidates.”

“Racial disparities in sentencing would be almost halved if federal district courts were comprised of all Democratic-appointed judges, and reduced by more than five percent if courts were comprised of ten percent more judges appointed by Democratic presidents.”

“Judges in higher racial bias states exhibit substantially larger racial disparities and gender disparities than judges in other states.”

“Our results are consistent with some judges holding discriminatory attitudes given that we find larger disparities among judges who serve in courts from states with higher racial bias, which are disproportionately located in the South.”

“These racial and gender disparities by political affiliation merge at both the fact-finding and sentencing stages of the criminal justice process, and are robust to controlling for other judge and court characteristics, such as judge race, gender, and proxies for racial attitudes.”

“These disparities are not solely due to differences in the treatment of certain offense types by judge political affiliation as we find large racial and gender gaps even within specific crimes such as drug offenses.”

“Differences in disparities by political affiliation, particularly racial gaps in sentence length, expand when judges were given more discretion ... a consequence of the advisory Guidelines system is an expansion of sentencing disparities by judge political affiliation.”

“Our results suggest that a judge’s political ideology may affect how he or she views the dangerousness or blameworthiness of different defendants by race and gender.”

IMPORTANT CAVEAT:

“The precise reasons why these disparities by political affiliation exist remain unknown and we caution that our results cannot speak to whether the sentences imposed by Republican or Democratic-appointed judges are warranted or ‘right.’ Our results, however, do suggest that Republican and Democratic-appointed judges treat defendants differently on the basis of their race and gender.”

[winterlinggg]

Studyblr Tag!

GENERAL

What country are you studying in now? Eau Claire, America

What’s your major or specialization? Paralegal (Criminal Law)

What year are you in? First year of Paralegal, sixth year of college

What courses are you taking (/will be taking if on break)? Paralegal & Law Ethics, Civil Litigation, Legal Research, Economics, American Government

Favorite course? I loved my Web Design course and Cultures in Conflict courses at University

What languages do you know? Want to learn? English, Sarcasm, HTML/CSS

What language do you study in? Do you think in a different language? English, and nope!

Career aspiration? Paralegal for the District Attorney’s Office, and legal advocate for victims of stalking, especially in states whose laws offer perpetrators too many advantages via grey area and loopholes.

If you couldn’t be #8, what would you be? A web designer and developer

Moment you knew what you wanted to do? After I was stalked by a police officer who used work equipment, resources, databases and coworkers to stalk me. It is not legally considered stalking in Oregon (where it happened), but it is in my current state of Wisconsin.

STUDY ENVIRONMENT

Where is your favorite place to study? My computer, which has three 43″ monitors on top of an actual conference table. It’s nice for spreading out on.

When is your favorite time to study? My favorite is late night studying, between the hours of 10pm to 7 or 8am.

Clean desk or organized mess? Clean desk!!

Music or no music? What type? If I listen to music, it has to be lyric-less music because I get too distracted by the words. 

Name top 3 worst distractions. Twitter, my boyfriend (who I live with), and YouTube 

Exam time, dress up or dress down? Dress down, because I like to be super comfortable in otherwise stressful exams. 

Exam time, hair up or hair down? Hair up and out of my face. When I’m hyper-focused, the tickle of my hair gets extra annoying. 

Favorite outfit for studying? Honestly, just undies and a tee-shirt

Favourite study scent? Always flowers, specifically jasmine, gardenia, or honeysuckle.

STUDY TOOLS

Name 5 things you would consider your ‘study essentials’. I would say my Pentel side-click pencil, my color-designated Staedtler pens, my midliners, and notecards. 

Hardcopy books or pdf online? HARDCOVER - I don’t know what it is but I cannot stand e-textbooks or typing up my notes (despite the fact that I was a computer science major. There’s something special about highlighting an actual book and writing notes down. I feel like you get to spend more time with the material. 

Favorite study snack? drink? White Chocolate Macadamia Nut Cliff Bar and coffee.

Favorite pen (or pencil)? Pentel Side-click mechanical pencil - I cant stand back-clicks because it makes me change my grip on the pencil every time.

Favorite notebook/paper? I’d like to explore more notebooks, like the leuchtturm1917 but I’ve been a Five Star notebook buyer since grade school. Maybe next semester. 

Name 5 apps/tools that help you be productive. GoogleDrive, FamCal (my boyfriend and I’s synced calendar), the recorder app on my phone so I can listen back to lectures... I don’t know, I use paper more than apps. 

How many pens/pencils/markers are in your pencil case? 2 pencils, 1 pen, 8 Staedtler pens, 8 midliner highlighters.

Backpack or purse? Backpack, but a messenger bag.

How many notebooks do you have? Five notebooks (one for each class), and one leather portfolio with a legal pad for my volunteer position with the DA’s office. 

STUDY HABITS

How do you motivate yourself when you’re not motivated? When I’m not motivated, it’s typically because I’m too anxious. So I’ll take a break, take a bath, have a snack, declutter my desk, and that typically does the trick.

Pump up routine before writing an exam? run through notecards, listen to metal music tbh (I know it’s an unpopular genre but it gets your blood going).

Crammer or pacer? For assignments and general studying, I’m a pacer, and for papers I am a crammer ~ but not a day-before crammer kind of way, just in a I’m-on-a-roll kind of way.

Type of learner (kinesthetic, auditory, visual)? Kinesthetic in the sense that if I don’t physically write it out, I am less likely to remember it. It forces me to take my time with each definition/equation/theory. Then visual in the sense that, when I’m taking a test, I visualize exactly where on what page that information is written on.

How do you plan? (digital, planner, lists, no plan, etc.) Depends. Generally speaking, for my day, I use FamCal which syncs my boyfriend and I’s calendars together. For studying, like which order I’m going to read chapters/start essays/etc, I use notcard to-do lists. 

Preferred note-taking method? The outline method, although I am going to attempt the Cornell method this semester.

Do you make to-do lists? How? Yes, religiously. I go class by class, starting with the lightest homework first. For example I’ll start with readings for class A, followed by the online quiz for class B, then begin the rough draft for my paper in class C.

Do you stick to your to-do lists? Yes, about 90% of the time. If I don’t then it’s because it’s for the heavier homework like a rough draft paper in class C, in which case it’s me not following my to-do list because I’m taking a break and finishing later.

Group study or independent study? Independent is good for when I’m in a hyper-focused study session, but groups are really good at motivating me because I’m competitive I want to be the most productive one there. 

Average number of hours of sleep during exam time? Probably 8? I have to sleep more than the average person - I’ve been that way my whole life (it’s not a laziness thing). I typically sleep 10 hours or so, and have difficultly sleeping from the anxiousness of the upcoming test.

Ever pulled an all-nighter? Back when my PTSD was really bad I could never sleep at night, so I’d begin studying at 10pm and go to bed at 7 or 8 when dawn starts peeking through my blinds. So I used to be an exclusive “all-nighter”

STUDY MENTALITY

What do you do to recover from getting a grade lower than expected? I figure out where the hell I went wrong. Did the test come from the textbook instead of class notes? Did I focus more on general theories or ideas instead of the specifics like when and where or vice-versa?

One advice you’d give others? There is more than one way to get to where you want to go. I did a lot more writing of papers than weekly assignments in university. For papers, my best advice is to tailor the paper to what the teacher would like for optimal grading leniency. For example, in my Anthropology 380 course ‘Cultures in Conflict,’ I had to write about two cultures that struggled when they met. I may have enjoyed writing about a culture clash such as native amazonian tribes who are expected to stay “primitive” to satisfy the curiosities of american tourism, but I knew my teacher was into anime. So, I wrote my 20 page paper on “The Proliferation of Japanese Anime in American Pop Culture.” I got 110% on that paper (there were XC opportunities for that paper which I took, but I ALSO wasn’t graded down for ANYTHING because she loved the topic so much), and because it counted for so much of my grade, I ended that semester with 104% overall in that class. 

What are you most proud of right now? Honestly, my desk. I took so much time on setting it up exactly the way I like it, and it’s so big and aesthetically pleasing that it’s EASY to WANT to study. 

Favorite quote to keep you going? Someone somewhere is having a worse day than you. (So even if I don’t want to get up at 7:00am, I should appreciate that it’s my biggest struggle today)

Favorite way to destress? A BATH WITH A LUSH BATH BOMB

OTHER

Favorite 5 studyblrs? I can’t think of them all now, but I will make another post of people that pump out the type of content that made me love Studyblrs in the first place soon.

How often do you check Tumblr? 2x-3x a day?

Hobbies when you’re not studying? Playing video games (overwatch), taking care of my succulent garden (I easily have over 100), and watching political/social commentary on YouTube.

Favorite compulsory-reading book? Suspense/Crime books. I just Finished ‘Women in the Window’ which I read all in one day.

First nerdy joke that pops into your head. There are 10 types of people in this world: those who understand binary, and those who don’t.

[phantomtutor]

SOLUTION AT Academic Writers Bay Prompt For your final course in criminal justice, you will have to create a research question that you will then investigate further. To assist you in this task, we will provide a list of current research topics covered in each course and ask you to submit at least one research question based on a topic covered in that course for instructor feedback. Using the topics listed below (or others covered in this course), create one to three research questions and submit them to your instructor. These research questions are graded based on completion, and instructor feedback should help you strengthen your questions for future use. After you have submitted these questions to your instructor, upload the questions (and the list of potential topics below, if you wish) to your ePortfolio PDF. For more information on creating research questions, refer to this research resource from the Shapiro Library. This page also has a helpful FAQ section on research question creation and expectations that you may want to explore further. Note: If this is the first time you are submitting a research question to support your work in the final course, you should create a folder within your ePortfolio with the title “Research Questions,” as you will be adding questions to this folder throughout the program. Follow these ePortfolio folder instructions PDF on creating a folder within your ePortfolio. Topics: Necessity of the rule of law in a democratic society Importance of the rule of law for policing How law enforcement and constitutional personal rights intersect The four purposes of punishment The importance of cultural awareness in all communication from law enforcement, courts, and/or corrections How each component works with and supports the others The important roles of allied professionals The purpose of the juvenile justice system and how and why it differs from the criminal justice system The purpose of and some uses of various alternatives to arrest Specifically, the following rubric criteria must be addressed: Submit one to three research questions based on a topic covered in this course. Guidelines for Submission This assignment must be completed in written format.   “CUSTOM PAPER” CLICK HERE TO GET A PROFESSIONAL WRITER TO WORK ON THIS PAPER AND OTHER SIMILAR PAPERS CLICK THE BUTTON TO MAKE YOUR ORDER

[2021law641]

LAW 641 ASIAN AND GLOBAL TRENDS IN INFOCOMM LAW - Take Home Assignment Question

TERM 1 AY 2021-22

TAKE HOME ASSIGNMENT

11 November 2021 1pm-4pm

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1. The time for this home assignment is THREE (3) hours. Save your document with your Student ID number as the title in word doc or pdf. E-mail your answers to warrenchik@smu.edu.sg upon completion no later than 4pm.

2. Apply only SINGAPORE law and regulations to the below question.

QUESTION (100%)

Alan (“A”) works as a senior financial advisor with a local Bank. He is also a Member of Parliament in Singapore (‘MP’). Alan’s wife Bonnie (“B”) often borrows his phone to watch Netflix movies and he shared his password to unlock his smart phone with her solely for that purpose. One day, out of curiosity, she activated his text messages and saw some flirtatious chats between Alan and his colleague Clara (“C”). Bonnie was so angry that she took screenshots of the messages and forwarded all the chats to the A and C’s colleagues in A’s e-mail contact list (using his unsecured e-mail app) to shame the two. She also posted it on her public Instagram (“IG”)account (a social account) with the corporate photos of Alan and Clara - that she took a screenshot of from the Corporate profile on their Company’s website - with the caption “Dirty Lying Adulterers, please “like and share” and shame them. Furthermore, she posted Alan and Clara’s mobile numbers and work e-mail addresses along with these posts.

Bonnie’s actions generated a lot of abusive comments and personal attacks against both Alan and Clara on their publicly available IG and accounts. There were also comments from some followers in all three of their IG accounts calling for Alan to step down as an MP as his actions and character are unsuitable for him to hold such a position. Alan felt maligned as he never actually cheated on his wife (but merely flirted via text with Clara. Clara was so badly affected - by receiving so many abusive phone calls, text messages and e-mails - that she had to take a leave of absence to hide at home. Alan is now estranged from Bonnie and is very angry at her.

Advice Alan and Clara on their legal recourse (both civil and criminal) (a) against Bonnie, (b) to prevent the further dissemination of the posts (and accusations of adultery) and (c) how they can stop the abuse from continuing. In your advice on (b), consider if POFMA is relevant.

- END OF QUESTION PAPER -

[nickyaft]

Read and download book Giovanni's Ring: My Life Inside the Real Sopranos in PDF, EPub, Mobi, Kindle online. Free book Giovanni's Ring: My Life Inside the Real Sopranos by Giovanni Rocco.

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[kornegetbook]

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Author : Robert M. Bohm Publisher : McGraw-Hill Education ISBN : 0077860500 Publication Date : 2017-6-20 Language : Pages : 592

Book Synopsis:

Introduction to Criminal Justice, Ninth Edition, provides a comprehensive study of the criminal justice system. The book opens with a discussion on the fundamentals of criminal justice, focusing on crime and the criminal law, and progresses through detailed analysis of the major components of the criminal justice system: law enforcement, the administration of justice, and corrections. An entire chapter is devoted to the juvenile justice system. Authors Robert M. Bohm and Keith N. Haley, experts on the subject with nearly 100 years of experience between them as both practitioners and teachers, present criminal justice students with an engaging narrative that encourages them to think critically about the subject. The Connect course for this offering includes SmartBook, an adaptive reading and study experience which guides students to master, recall, and apply key concepts while providing automatically-graded assessments. Digital- Connect(R)--The Connect Suite effectively engages students in the course so they are better prepared for class, more active in discussion, and achieve better results. Its innovative and adaptive technology addresses a wide variety of student and instructor needs with a rich database of assignable and assessable activities, each attached to learning objectives.Connect, part of the Connect suite, is a web-based assignment and assessment platform that features a number of powerful tools that make managing assignments easier for instructors and learning and studying more engaging and efficient for students. -Connect InsightTM--As part of the Connect Suite, InsightTM puts real-time analytics in your hands so you can take action early and keep struggling students from falling behind. Designed for your tablet or desktop computer, Insight is a series of visual displays providing at-a-glance information regarding how your section, students, and assignments are doing. - SmartBook--As part of the Connect Suite, SmartBook is the first and only adaptive reading and learning experience that changes the way students read. It creates a personalized, interactive reading environment like no other by highlighting important concepts, while helping students identify their strengths and weaknesses. This ensures that he or she is focused on the content needed to close specific knowledge gaps, while it simultaneously promotes long term learning. -LearnSmart--As part of the Connect Suite, LearnSmart is an adaptive learning program designed to help students learn faster, study smarter, and retain more knowledge for greater success. Millions of students have answered billions of questions in LearnSmart, making it the most widely used tool that's proven to strengthen memory recall, retain student attendance, and boost grades.

[gordonthompsonposts]

Arizona DUI & MVD Points Suspensions

Arizona law authorizes the Department of Transportation Motor Vehicle Division (MVD) to take action against a driver’s license or privilege to drive if they have frequent traffic violations (28 A.R.S. § 3306.A.3).

Various traffic violations lead to the assessment of points, for example, DUI is an 8-point assessment and Speeding a 3-point assessment (17 A.A.C. 4, R17-4-404, Table 1).

The actions MVD can impose include an assignment to complete a Traffic Survival School (TSS) and suspension for the accumulation of points. Restricted licenses are not available during a points suspension, therefore no driving at all is authorized. The accumulation of points within 12 months results in an assignment to: 8-12 points, TSS; 13-17 points, a 3-month points suspension; and 18-23 points, a 6-month points suspension. Accumulating 24 or more points within 36 months results in a 12-month suspension.

Since 1983 the Arizona Supreme Court has made it clear that the MVD can only assess 8 points for DUI convictions from one incident, no matter how many different counts (or charges) of DUI the person has been convicted of. Anderjeski v. City Court of City of Mesa, 135 Ariz. 549. For example, if a person is arrested for one incident of DUI above a .20% alcohol level and is charged with and later convicted of 4 counts of DUI, namely, 1. 28 A.R.S. § 1381.A.1, Driving Under the Influence, 2. 28 A.R.S. § 1381.A.2, Driving With an Alcohol Level of .08%, 3. 28 A.R.S. § 1382.A.1, Extreme Driving With an Alcohol Level of .15% and 4. 28 A.R.S. § 1382.A.2, Super Extreme Driving With an Alcohol Level of .20%, the driver may only be assessed 8 points, not 32 points.

In 2020 the MVD had their computer system reprogrammed, and apparently now their computer system generates 8 points for each charge of DUI a person is convicted of, even if all the charges arose from the same incident. Therefore, if the person in my example above is convicted of 4 DUI charges arising from the same incident, they are assessed 32 points (8 for each charge) and receive a 12-month suspension (of no driving whatsoever), and not the 8 points (and no suspension) the Supreme Court has said applies.

This change in MVD practice is directly contrary to Arizona law. Hopefully this is a computer error which will be fixed shortly. (Today’s date is December 3, 2020.) It is very important to note these points suspension orders are appealable and if anyone receives one, rather than accepting the order, they should immediately request a hearing with the MVD’s Executive Hearing Office to contest the suspension order.

It is also important to note due to MVD’s computer system issues I have seen instances where suspension orders were issued against a person’s license without any notice to the person, and I recommend all my clients, and anyone who is a licensed driver in the State of Arizona, sign up for an AZ MVD Now account as soon as possible. In addition to monitoring the status of your license you can update your address, receive notifications, request a copy of your Arizona Motor Vehicle Driver License Record, and download copies of notices the MVD has mailed to you, even if you did not receive them.

Gordon Thompson

For more information about Arizona DUI and criminal law issues please contact Gordon Thompson who has used his experience to write a blog on topics of interest. You can also chat with Gordon about your specific questions.

Website: https://www.GordonThompsonAttorney.net

Blog: https://www.GordonThompsonAttorney.net/blog/

Links: https://www.azleg.gov/viewdocument/?docName=https://www.azleg.gov/ars/28/03306.htm

https://apps.azsos.gov/public_services/Title_17/17-04.pdf

https://apps.azdot.gov/contact_ADOT/Index_EHO.aspx

https://www.gordonthompsonattorney.net/dui-and-az-mvd-now-online-drivers-record-information/

https://azmvdnow.gov/

[amilst]

Eupatorium, Joe Pye Weed, Boneset. This is truly one of the wonders of the garden. Late every spring, it starts to shoot up asparagus looking stems. By midsummer they are 12 feet high sporting florets of purple flowers. Once the first day of frost arrives, the plants die completely down to the earth leaving  semi-woody posts I have fun knocking to the ground. The first two weeks of the next May, the process starts again. The plant multiplies like mad, sending offspring to far reaches of the garden, which are easy to dig up and replant to places that can handle the giants. I started with three plants and now have close to fifty.

It’s one of those plants where the flowers are nice as a group but, as you can see in the closeups, not very attractive individually except to the bees.

The scientific name Eupatorium was, for no reason I could find, in honor of Mithridates Eupator, the ruler of Pontus, a Kingdom in what is now Greece and Iran, a century before year 0. Aside from waging at least three losing wars against the Roman Empire, marrying his younger sister when she was 16, and killing his sons who rose against him, Eupator is mostly known for being so paranoid about being assassinated he ingested small amounts of plant poisons each day to gain some immunity from such toxins. Clever or not, he had an amazingly early understanding of immunotherapy.

James Joyce even penned a nice little ditty about the King in classic Joycean syntax:

“Though I thy Mithridates were

Framed to defy the poison dart,

Yet must thou fold me unaware

To know the rapture of thy heart

And I but render and confess

The malice of thy tenderness.”

The common name Boneset stems from its use to treat the oddly named Denque Fever, also called “break bone fever,” a mosquito borne virus which causes such severe joint pain you feel your bones are breaking. Dengue Fever takes its name from the Swahili phrase “ka-dingo pepo,” meaning a seizure caused by an evil spirit. That would have been a better common name than Boneset.

Then there is the name most everyone calls the plant: Joe Pye Weed. Many gardeners will tell whoever will listen that the plant is named after a famous Native American medicine man who used every part of the plant to treat every kind of illness. I confess I may have been guilty of the same offense, such as in the August 3, 2017, entry in this very blog. But I always thought the familiar story sounded a bit suspect. For one Kevin Doyle and I went through school with a kid named Harvey Pye and he certainly wasn’t Native American.

It turns out some writers have coined the phrase “Joe Pye’s Law” to mean the following maxim: An anecdote worth telling about one particular legendary figure is worth telling about any other particular legendary figure.

Indeed, depending on which garden book you read, Joe Pye was either a Caucasian who learned from Native Americans about the medicinal value of native plants or a Native American medicine man named Zhopai, whose name was tortured by the whites. Some claim Joe Pye used the plant for everything under the sun while others are adamant he discovered  it could be used as a fever inducing tea to cure Typhus. Still others say the name comes from an early Native American word for Typhus, you guessed it, “jopai.” Curiously, the word “jopi” is now in the urban dictionary meaning “a good-looking dude.”

A magazine I am sure you can find on most coffee tables, “The Great Lake Botanist,” published a 20 page exploration into who was the real Joe Pye. See https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/joe-pye-joe-pyes-law-and-joe-pye-weed-the-history.pdf?c=mbot;idno=0497763.0056.303;format=pdf. One of the Joe Pyes they uncovered was a white guy from New York who entered into a contract with the Mohicans to allow him to cut and carry away ten pine trees from tribal land or to assign his right to do so. He did the latter only to have the state of New York move to set aside the assignment. As a law practicing gardener, I felt compelled to look up the case, captioned Chandler v Edson, 9 Johns 362 (1812). In holding that the contract between Native Americans and a white was void if not criminal absent legislative approval, the court’s reasoning demonstrated an incredible lack of insight: such a law, they said, “was indispensable to save the Indians from falling victims to their own weakness and to the intelligence and sometimes the cupidity of the whites.” (Cupidity is an old word for greed.)

In the end, the Great Lake botanists concluded with not much certainty that the most probable Joe Pye was an Algonquian Sachem or Chief from Stockbridge, Massachusetts named Joseph Shauguethqueat, who lived at the turn of the 19th century. (No wonder the neighboring whites called him Joe Pye.) They say the Chief was not a medicine man but probably knew how Eupatorium was traditionally used by the tribe and so passed his knowledge on.

 I go with the anglicized Native American word for Typhus.

[tcifiscal]

The Costs of “Cash Register Justice” in Virginia: Racial Disparities & Poverty Traps

In a quest for revenue, the criminal justice system in the United States has come to rely on court-imposed fines and fees—even for the most minor offenses—giving rise to a form of “cash register justice” that places the most severe financial burdens on those who can least afford it. But in the face of a pandemic that has left families struggling to stay afloat, and in the wake of calls for racial justice, the need for both immediate relief and serious reform has become even more urgent. In the upcoming special session, Virginia’s lawmakers should enact a statewide moratorium on fines and fees.

Background: The Ferguson Flashpoint 

In 2014—following the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri—the United States Department of Justice (USDOJ) launched an investigation into Ferguson's Police Department (FPD) and municipal court system. Among its many findings, the USDOJ’s final report presented, in painstaking detail, the racial biases in Ferguson’s approach to law enforcement. This included an overreliance on fines and fees that “fundamentally compromise[d]” the role of the local courts. As the report explained:

“The City’s emphasis on revenue generation has a profound effect on FPD’s approach to law enforcement. Patrol assignments and schedules are geared toward aggressive enforcement of Ferguson’s municipal code, with insufficient thought given to whether enforcement strategies promote public safety or unnecessarily undermine community trust and cooperation … [p]artly as a consequence of City and FPD priorities, many officers appear to see some residents, especially those who live in Ferguson’s predominantly African-American neighborhoods, less as constituents to be protected than as potential offenders and sources of revenue.”

The USDOJ report not only raised national awareness about the issue of fines and fees, but also prompted a broader question: how unique is Ferguson? Recent studies suggest that these problems are unexceptional. A 2016 analysis of more than 9,000 cities across the country found that “the use of fines as revenue is both commonplace and robustly connected to the proportion of residents who are black.” In addition, a 2017 report from the United States Commission on Civil Rights concluded that the impacts of fines and fees are disproportionately “borne by communities of color, along with the poor.”

A Closer Look At Disparities in Virginia

But to what extent are the findings of prior studies on fines and fees mirrored in Virginia? To answer that question, TCI reviewed data from the State Compensation Board (SCB), which issues annual reports on court-imposed fines and fees across the Commonwealth. Specifically, TCI analyzed the SCB’s Fiscal Year 2019 assessments of fines and fees by all courts, which includes Circuit, General District, Juvenile & Domestic Relations, and Combined courts.  

As the figure below illustrates, fines and fees are assessed at higher rates in the courts that serve localities with the highest share of Black residents and/or residents who have incomes below the poverty line. Across all court areas, an average of $82 was assessed in fines and fees on a per capita basis. But that number jumped to $147 (a 79% increase) in courts serving areas with the highest share of Black residents and climbed to $106 (a 29% increase) in courts serving areas with the highest share of people living in poverty. Overall, these data points demonstrate how court debt can deepen inequality in Virginia.

(Click the image below for a high-resolution version.)

The Compounding Impact of COVID-19 

Even before COVID-19, Virginia’s laws and practices often transformed court debt into major financial burdens, particularly for people already struggling to make ends meet. Yet those unable to pay upfront often end up paying the most. 

Courts, for example, are not required to determine a person’s ability to pay fines and fees before they are assessed, resulting in a process that works for Virginians with means and creates poverty traps for others. For those who cannot pay the entire amount immediately, there is an option to enter into an installment payment plan, but with an additional fee and, frequently, a mandatory down payment. If no installment plan is made, interest begins to accrue after 40 days. If no payment has been received for more than 90 days after sentencing, the account is “delinquent” and sent to collections, but the balance also increases by 17%. 

For individuals hoping to reduce their debts through community service, that is an option for some, but courts in Virginia do not agree on the value of one hour of service, which is $7.25 in Emporia, $10.00 in Henrico County, and $12.00 in Culpeper County. In other courts, the community service option is only available to people if they claim, in writing, that they are unable “to make substantial payments” due to “unique circumstances.” 

The arrival of COVID-19, and the resulting economic turmoil, has underscored the need for structural reforms. Recognizing this, and in response to the pandemic, the Virginia Supreme Court in March temporarily suspended interest from accruing on court debt and stopped sending accounts to collections. The Court, however, never publicly announced these critical relief measures and let the moratorium expire at the end of July. 

But the case for emergency relief from court debt is far stronger now than it was at the beginning of the pandemic. Virginia’s unemployment rate in June was 8.4%, up dramatically from 3.3% in March. Congress has also so far failed to extend additional unemployment insurance benefits, which had been a lifeline for many, and the maximum weekly benefit in Virginia has dropped from $978 to $378. There is growing evidence that COVID-19 is exacerbating pre-existing inequalities, not only in light of the high Black unemployment rate of 15.4%, but also because Black Virginians represented nearly 50% of all initial unemployment insurance claims in recent weeks, up from 25% in early April. For all of these reasons, it is difficult to imagine a worse time to collect court debt—debt that is assessed at the highest rates in areas with the most Black Virginians and/or people living in poverty—than right now. 

Finally, from a fiscal perspective, it makes little sense to aggressively collect court fines and fees in this economic climate. In the five most recent fiscal years (all of which were recession-free) the total revenue collected by courts ranged from 59% to 63% of the total fines and fees assessed. Even in periods of economic prosperity, court debt is an inefficient revenue source. 

Next Steps: Revive The Emergency Moratorium on Fines & Fees

The General Assembly has an opportunity to provide emergency relief from fines and fees. While this issue area is in need of major policy reform, given current economic conditions and the racial disparities in how court debt is assessed, the top priority for the special session should be to legislatively reinstate the Virginia Supreme Court’s moratorium on fines and fees.

– Phil Hernandez, Senior Policy Fellow & Counsel

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Learn more about The Commonwealth Institute at www.thecommonwealthinstitute.org

[myattorneyusa]

Four New Assistant Chief Immigration Judges (May 2020)

On May 22, 2020, the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) announced the appointment of four new assistant chief immigration judges [PDF version]. Assistant chief immigration judges have the responsibility of overseeing the overall operations of the immigration courts to which they are assigned. Assistant chief immigration judges also hear cases. None of the four new assistant chief immigration judges have prior experience on the immigration bench. Below, we will examine the biographies of the new assistant chief immigration judges.

Karen E. Mayberry, Assistant Chief Immigration Judge, Arlington Immigration Court

1990-2020: Judge advocate in the U.S. Air Force in many locations; Judge and Chief Judge of the Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals.

1987-1989: Assistant appellate defender in Topeka, Kansas.

1986-1987: Private practice.

1986: Juris Doctor from Kansas University School of Law.

Alfredia Owens, Assistant Chief Immigration Judge, Atlanta — W. Peachtree Street Immigration Court

2007-2020: Chief counsel, Office of Chief Counsel (OCC), Office of the Principal Legal Advisor (OPLA), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in Atlanta, for Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

2006-2007: Deputy chief counsel, OCC, OPLA, ICE, DHS.

2002-2005: Assistant chief counsel, OCC, OPLA, ICE, DHS.

1996-2001: Assistant district attorney for the Tarrant County District Attorney's Office.

1994: Juris Doctor from the University of Arkansas at Little Rock William H. Bowen School of Law.

Khalilah M. Taylor, Assistant Chief Immigration Judge, New York — Broadway Immigration Court

2016-2020: Assistant chief counsel and deputy chief counsel, Office of Chief Counsel (OCC), Office of the Principal Legal Advisor (OPLA), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in New York.

2014-2016: Associate counsel with the Refugee and Asylum Law Division, Office of the Chief Counsel, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, DHS, in Rosedale, New York.

2002-2014: Assistant district counsel/assistant chief counsel, senior attorney, and deputy chief counsel, OCC, OPLA, ICE, DHS, in New York.

2001-2002: Judicial law clerk at the Newark Immigration Court, Executive Office for Immigration Review, Department of Justice.

2001: Juris Doctor from Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law.

William E. Hanrahan, Assistant Chief Immigration Judge, San Francisco Immigration Court

2018-2020: Chief judge of the Fifth Judicial District of Wisconsin.

2016-2018: Wisconsin deputy chief judge.

2007-2016: Wisconsin circuit court judge.

1998-2007: Assistant attorney general for the Wisconsin Department of Justice.

1988-1998: Assistant district attorney in Milwaukee County.

1988: Juris Doctor from Hamline University School of Law.

Please visit the nyc immigration lawyers website for further information. The Law Offices of Grinberg & Segal, PLLC focuses vast segment of its practice on immigration law. This steadfast dedication has resulted in thousands of immigrants throughout the United States.

Lawyer website: http://myattorneyusa.com

[districofcolumbiaprelawland-blog]

Gender Differences In Policing

By Jessica Bride, George Washington University Class of 2022

June 5, 2020

Law enforcement is vital for maintaining order within the criminal justice system. Butas an extension of the law, police officers act with enormous discretion and frequently unchecked power. Instances of police abuse distort law enforcement’s credibility, especially as such instances make headlines in the media.Inadequate police conduct, including the use of excessive force, can lead to negative outcomes for victims, the officers themselves, and the criminal justice organizations officers represent.The culture of hypermasculinity within police organizations has been linked to police misconduct as “the pressure to conform to the ideal bureaucracy remains…and as a consequence, the adaptation of emotional labor is a complex conglomerate of masculine and feminine qualities”[1].

The stereotype of a cop is that they are white and male and, while this is not always the case, they remain the majority. According to the National Institute of Justice,less than thirteen percent of current officers are women,and this number has hardly changed over the past decades [2]. To address the consequences of gender differences in policing, it is suggested that law enforcement organizations should deliberately recruit more women and policymakers should require them to reevaluate the effectiveness of training to reduce discrimination and harassment [3].

An officer’s acceptance of police culture is influenced by their gender: “female officers were less likely than male officers to assimilate hypermasculine beliefs into their identity” [1]. With the goal to deter the use of excessive force and other forms of police misconduct, increasing the number of female police officers is important because they are less likely to engage in misconduct: “female officers and same-gender female-female officer pairs used less force” [4]. Existing female officers consistently employ styles of policing that reduce violence and corruption[1]. There is a need to decrease the adverse effects of toxic masculinity within police organizations and this paper will highlight how reducing the gender imbalance of officers can help.

In 2014, criminal justice professor Dr. Amie Schuck conducted quantitative research on gender differences in policing. She anonymously surveyed nine Chicago police districts, with specific districts chosen to“ensure an adequate number of female and non-White officers and to represent the average or typical district in the city in terms of the crime rate as well as the racial and ethnic heterogeneity of the population served” [1]. This framework provided a basis for her gender-focused hypothesis: “female officers will be less likely than male officers to acculturate the more extreme masculine values of the policing culture into their self-identify, specifically hypermasculinity and a culture of honor posture” [1]. She also expected that interactions with citizens would be more positive because a lack of hypermasculine values encourages female officers to “demonstrate concern for citizens and to listen, remain calm in high stress situations and diffuse conflict” [1].

Confounding variables were controlled for by weighing respondents’ ethnicity, educational attainment, age, length of police career, and their primary unit assignment[1]. By using scales within the survey to measure emotional labor skills and masculine police culture, she was able to assess officer’s self-concepts. Schuck’s results revealed that the skills utilized by officers varies by their gender. Alternatively, male officers “rate themselves better at reading emotions, listening, and remaining calm”[1]. This study stressed the importance of culture’s effect on behavior and why a feminist perspective is suggested for policing.

Dr. Shannon Rawski, a lead researcher of workplace sexual harassment, and Dr. Angela Workman-Stark, who wrote a book on inclusive policing, published an article about the effect of training interventions for policing organizations. They collected data from Canadian participants using the recently developed MCC scale, or masculinity contest culture scale, to score the answers [3]. To address hypermasculinity within all police organization and not just officers, the sites chosen included traditional police and a site within the same organization that “represented administrative support functions that are domination by civilian personnel and women”[3]. This was important to address the issue of systemic toxic masculinity instead of police misconduct being blamed solely on the individual officer.

This literature focused on training because police organizations use it as a solution for police misconduct and negative outcomes,but the co-authors worry “that the police organizations that need training the most are the least likely to benefit from current training interventions” [3]. After analyzing the survey results, they could not deny that “all four masculinity contest culture dimensions can be observed in policing including: (1) ‘show no weakness’, (2) ‘strength and stamina’, (3) ‘put work first’, and (4) ‘dog-eat-dog’”[3]. With the prevalence of hypermasculinity in policing, training cannot be relied on as a prevention method if it is ineffective “due to a lack of organizational support for the training’s content or purpose”[3].

Another study collected arrest data and obtained surveys from the arresting officers of multiple departments across the U.S to analyze the influence of gender on police conduct[4]. This article was concerned with both “the use of force by and against women police officers” in order to address the implication of more female officers [4]. They compared the behaviors of individual officers and “same-sex and mixed-sex officer pairings on police use of force”[4]. It was theorized that the increase of women in policing would promote institutional growth “by improving relations with community members, improving citizens’ willingness to engage as coproducers of safety, and potentially increasing citizen perceptions of the police as a legitimate institution of social control”[4]. Therefore, the costs of hypermasculinity on police misconduct would be limited.

Despite the steady growth of the representation of women in US law enforcement,there is limited research available on them which the literature used all cite as a limitation of their findings [2]. Still, they all provide an overview of the influences of gender stereotypes. This is important because stereotypes are used to discredit the policy debate of hiring more female officers by applying sexist expectations for officer behavior:“the physical risks police face reinforce the perceived need for the ideal officer to be aggressive, competitive, brave, and strong: traits stereotypically associated with men and not women” [3]. However, no data exists to support that women are worse police officers.

Instead, they perform their duties differently and benefit from it: “women police officers are less often the objects of citizen complaints, sustained allegations, and civil liability payouts”[1]. Two of the articles explicitly stated that the benefits of hiring more women as police officers, including the reduction of excessive force across departments [1, 4]. The third article instead emphasized the challenges of female personnel currently in policing, from “changing their behavior to gain or maintain acceptance” to sexual harassment[3]. The literature all used self-report measures, which provided valuable qualitative and quantitative evidence to reflect the perceptions officer behavior and the reality that pressures of masculinity is a significant influence.As expected, sworn police officers were “more likely to perceive their workplace as higher in MCC norms than civilian staff”[3]. Through a statistical analysis, a link between toxic masculinity and negative outcomes was determined: “lower levels of hypermasculinity were related to an officer’s perceptions of less negative behavior by citizens and fewer complaints” [1]. When assessing the influence of greater female involvement, whether individual officers or two female partners, it was proven that less force was involved [4]. Using a linear regression model for the MCC scale, one study provided “the first empirical evidence that MCCs within policing are related to negative outcomes”[3].

The literature approached this topic through a theoretical framework acknowledging that the emotional labor skills of female officers leads to de-escalation and less negative outcomes, while assimilation of masculine culture by female officers promotes escalation and negative outcomes. This is evident as female officers reported greater confidence in emotional work from a caring perspective, comforting citizens, and showing empathy [1]. Less females are in law enforcement, but their conduct and overall temperament continue to reflect more positively on the institutions they represent. When considering hiring more female officers, there is no evidence to indicate that these benefits would not continue.

________________________________________________________________ Jessica Bride is a rising junior at The George Washington University pursuing degrees in Psychology and Criminal Justice. She is interested in pursuing a career in public service that allows her to conduct research. Along with the social sciences, she is also passionate about creative writing and activism.

________________________________________________________________

[1] Schuck, Amie M. “Gender Differences in Policing: Testing Hypotheses from the Performance and Disruption Perspectives.” Feminist Criminology, vol. 9, no. 2, Apr. 2014, pp. 160–185, doi:10.1177/1557085113520033.

[2] Starheim, Rianna P. (2019, July). Women in Policing: BreakingBarriers and Blazing a Path. National Institute of Justice.https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/252963.pdf

[3] Rawski, Shannon L., and Angela L. Workman‐Stark. “Masculinity Contest Cultures in Policing Organizations and Recommendations for Training Interventions.”Journal of Social Issues, vol. 74, no. 3, 2018, pp. 607-627, doi:10.1111/josi.12286.

[4] Schuck, Amie M., and Cara Rabe-Hemp. “Women Police.”Women & Criminal Justice, vol. 16, no. 4, 2007, pp. 91-117, https://doi.org/10.1300/J012v16n04_05, doi:10.1300/J012v16n04_05.

Photo Credit: Official White House Photo by Chuck Kennedy

[qualityhomeworkanswers]

Must post first. Welcome to the week eight discussion. This is your final discussion for this course and I hope that you have all enjoyed the class. Last week everyone got to pick their own organization and talk about what you would do if you went that route. It is such a fun part of the class to do the guesswork and show how your organization would function. This week the focus is more on the white collar crime side of organized crime. The behind the scenes, keep your hands clean side where you work with a pen or computer in place of a gun or drugs. The discussion assignment is below. I hope you all have a great week and know you can call me at anytime. _____________________________________________________________________________ Please make sure your papers are all turned in and that you take the final before the weekend. Email me when you have completed the final, so that I may begin the grading process. Thank you. Also, please remember 250 minimum and specific answers, so please do not guess. Also, make sure you write your essay answers in your own words and NOT THE BOOK's! Plagiarism is not accepted. Key words yes, full coverage - no. Good luck. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Organized crime large-scale criminal activities generate illicit proceeds that must be disguised as lawful. Some large organizations go so far as to hire accountants, lawyers, and bankers to disguise their unlawful proceeds. Some accomplish this through the development and execution of sophisticated schemes that in some instances abuse legitimate financial institutions. Once “laundered” (disguised), the proceeds may be used or reinvested to continue the enterprise." This week you need to find a case (that fits what is written above) that occurred within the past ten years and explain the case in your own words,link us to the case/article, tell us about them - the who, what, when, where, why, how. Make sure you do not duplicate a case in this thread or that has been presented in this course thus far. Minimum of 300 words for initial post. Minimum of two response on two fellow students initial post. Please call me if you have any questions. I hope you all have a wonderful week and do fantastic on the exam. attachment crm330_syllabus1.pdf

Must post first. Welcome to the week eight discussion. This is your final discussion for this course and I hope that you have all enjoyed the class. Last week everyone got to pick their own organization and talk about what you would do if you went that route. It is such a fun part of the class to do the guesswork and show how your organization would function. This week the focus is more on the white collar crime side of organized crime. The behind the scenes, keep your hands clean side where you work with a pen or computer in place of a gun or drugs. The discussion assignment is below. I hope you all have a great week and know you can call me at anytime. _____________________________________________________________________________ Please make sure your papers are all turned in and that you take the final before the weekend. Email me when you have completed the final, so that I may begin the grading process. Thank you. Also, please remember 250 minimum and specific answers, so please do not guess. Also, make sure you write your essay answers in your own words and NOT THE BOOK’s! Plagiarism is not accepted. Key words yes, full coverage – no. Good luck. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Organized crime large-scale criminal activities generate illicit proceeds that must be disguised as lawful. Some large organizations go so far as to hire accountants, lawyers, and bankers to disguise their unlawful proceeds. Some accomplish this through the development and execution of sophisticated schemes that in some instances abuse legitimate financial institutions. Once “laundered” (disguised), the proceeds may be used or reinvested to continue the enterprise.” This week you need to find a case (that fits what is written above) that occurred within the past ten years and explain the case in your own words,link us to the case/article, tell us about them – the who, what, when, where, why, how. Make sure you do not duplicate a case in this thread or that has been presented in this course thus far. Minimum of 300 words for initial post. Minimum of two response on two fellow students initial post. Please call me if you have any questions. I hope you all have a wonderful week and do fantastic on the exam. attachment crm330_syllabus1.pdf

 Must post first.

Welcome to the week eight discussion.  This is your final discussion for this course and I hope that you have all enjoyed the class.  Last week everyone got to pick their own organization and talk about what you would do if you went that route.  It is such a fun part of the class to do the guesswork and show how your organization would function.  This week the focus is more on…