#doricorder

[stochastique-blog]

Experiment - Automatic Random_Reblog - Ask me !

Temple of Apollo, Delphi #greece #hellas #delphi #delfoi #templeofapollo #templeofapollodelphi #apollo #doricorder #doriccolumns #columns #greektemple #temple #oracle #oracleofdelphi #pythia #archeology #greekarchaeology #greekhistory #rainyweather #clouds #darksky #travel #traveller (hier: Temple Of Apollo, Delfi)

[444names]

this post on 444names+ + german and irish forenames

Adaghna Adhrist Adinal Affraid Affri Agmaell Agóiri Ailets Alang Amalleveri Amezy Amhel Anain Annbh Aodharod Aoghlarnán Aoibhern Aoill Aorgi Apurkont Arebheth Athghetha Bache Bacheir Bariw Barás Basamham Batas Bearb Bearch Bearm Bebar Beciodhnas Belint Bermfhlewk Bertrad Betign Bianm Biengoill Biift Bilberi Blask Bliod Blush Bodaviach Boesti Bolga Borfhod Brand Breant Bregisaith Brenaoth Briek Briilín Brisnust Bréade Bulransi Buuno Buupi Béadem Cachrind Caibhell Caind Caithy Caoinelsul Carbast Catinsier Cattulrict Ceach Ceandáild Cemph Cenchie Ceris Cernd Cevil Chtna Ciandraty Cilbhing Cionait Clary Clegi Cobhlachán Coibhín Colaid Colirepeck Coradh Corilf Crude Crulug Cuint Cunyaeli Cuonaibh Curian Cuvion Davenán Dearnald Degin Deiniadhed Destieki Dierieter Dociard Dolas Dolax Doleasne Dolán Domhna Domichop Donadhar Doricord Dosann Dosluuke Dosnach Dubhaith Dubheachel Dubhiemb Dubhriona Dubhéad Dubhín Dulia Duvin Dúnla Eabhar Eariconn Earnalt Eathbha Einalbh Einfu Eirey Emick Emiefiona Erick Esild Fachruw Fallara Faotintand Farand Fasamhnait Fasia Fealleoll Fearb Fearnainvy Feass Feineas Fionk Flain Flani Flocilís Flodhlan Forbhán Foreach Fovislán Frion Frobiy Fueti Funiconn Furio Fíoscemp Fíosna Geleál Gernán Gertala Getharamp Gisamhar Gobielmuir Gobiy Gorchedymp Gotiamb Greamh Grearch Greard Grerodheti Greter Greven Groiloun Gromháinn Grona Gréamhell Gréard Guelf Guirach Gundachán Gunieriw Hachtan Hachéamp Hainaighse Heach Heighulina Heleseodi Helger Henja Heoghín Heragmulf Hergh Hieri Hilli Hiltrualy Hilís Holial Homerd Homán Horephil Horidgieri Horisten Huiruck Humictond Iagóirry Inghla Irinza Ióseock Jandt Janza Jarick Jeorm Jerguet Jevalt Jevinnia Jiithnait Joacharalb Johainm Johald Johna Josanne Juirich Juith Juong Karachúr Karídeaby Kiill Kinoni Kipoki Klaid Knurd Kociodymp Korndán Ladhne Laibhch Laithimer Lanna Laoirdriy Lauri Leannch Lendaglán Lewendán Liertrín Linrislout Locha Lodono Lomhín Lomierm Loria Luadimhnai Lughel Lumilín Maeliamp Magne Malachent Maomirb Maottach Mardhón Marla Marnam Masmuut Meadhann Mearann Medwine Melmar Meora Merep Merrannín Mesimhupix Mezirk Mezirn Miert Miliaid Milsaodol Miried Miriod Miréam Monach Mosana Mothriw Muinn Muudwied Muunt Mícheinn Móidock Móilín Móinm Nadaidh Naitri Namarna Neona Niirry Niskoll Nurcárd Nutigi Nóirst Odhghus Odhán Odielin Odovilby Oimín Oithch Oniann Oreath Palan Palgeliamp Pamorbeack Panng Paust Pegieslaby Peinch Peoll Peolt Petep Piediebhe Plasmhnalp Plene Pochepi Polgank Ponock Puniw Puumhald Póinn Qaoib Qaoni Rachalph Rachardt Ragluwl Ragmus Ramundri Ratsc Reacheamon Reash Reashalli Riaithal Rigne Roben Rodháiri Roirech Rosceachán Roscepi Routz Ruali Ruatyaev Ríonne Rósephiomp Sachent Saelf Sanaithobi Sannán Saoilph Saoim Saoinne Seamonn Sefachradh Semmeid Seognerna Seárd Sheac Shulin Shurn Shus-peodh Siester Sigel Sighastelk Siomailís Sliadh Snalasán Sogharn Sorich Spathru Spong Staltel Suadhn Sumhal Suund Swert Swoldonick Séabhán Séall Séamhán Sítharghu Taber Tacol Tertachup Theleps Timhán Tinza Tobhern Todarist Toniel Torgu Tormanne Trean Trenk Trisk Truanat Tríont Tuaitrik Tubeam Tubheni Téodh Uaderm Ubhfluft Uertúr Urmileart Uthierik Uvete Vennd Viastien Virnán Volanoth Wekol Werdhónán Weseol Wieby Wighuld Wigneara Wilian Wilín Winhar Winnéirr Wintel Wireose Wolied Womat Wonmch Wrewel Wurdgharg Wuria Wurkonait Wuund Wuutipt Yermald Yerwinn Yiedwig Zirethie Áróch Áróse Éalvene Éamosk Éimoc Órlaniar

[lwowl]

[bizarrecolumns]

2015 The Cosy Column / The Columnist PORTABLE COLUMS Stay at Home Columns #stayathome #bizarrecolumns #furniturecolumns #domesticocolumns #portablecolumns #architecture #freestyleclassicism #softdoric #doricorder #cushion #pillow #interiordesign #artcolumns https://www.instagram.com/p/B-ukt9uKKb-/?igshid=92tah9flrzoz

[way5577]

希臘神廟的特色在於：柱子 · 而柱子設計就簡單的分成三種：柱礎和柱身有分別但不明顯 · 唯柱頭較容易區分 · 有像千層糕的多立克柱式 #DoricOrder （又稱男人柱：帕特農神廟 Parthenon）· 有兩邊卷髮的愛奧尼克柱式 #IonicOrder（又稱女人柱：伊瑞克提翁神廟 Erechtheum）· 有像花籃但其實是象徵復活與希望的毛莨葉的科林斯柱式 #CorinthianOrder（應用並不廣泛：宙斯神廟 Temple of Zeus） #就愛分享冷知識 (at Acropolis of Athens) https://www.instagram.com/p/B5YvjmsJJCZ/?igshid=1pd692dtqg8w5

[thewasteland2]

Ales (Sardinia). Via Donna Elena Salis. Safeguarded or resistant ancient aspects. Walking through Ales. Slim guide for passengers and wayfarer. Still stationary in the first part of the street, we meet the first portal, the one of Casa Pani, long abandoned, but a fundamental element of the street landscape, which hopefully can be restored and safeguarded. The portal, among those most typical of the country, is supported by sandstone columns, together with the round arch, which rests on tuscan-style capitals (variant of the more elaborate Doric order). The street, one of the oldest in the original nucleus of the town that still preserves the ancient elements, needs sensitive owners and a municipal administration that protects and enhances the remaining urban landscape. #donna #elena #salis #pani #safeguard #portal #road #sardinia #ales #landscape #restored #sandstone #tuscanstyle #doricorder #preserve #enhance #traveling #visiting #instatravel #travelling #tourism #instatraveling #mytravelgram #travelgram #travelingram #massimopistis #sovVERSIvi #ilmiolibro #estremisti #alettieditore. Information for the purchase of my new book "Estremisti!": the book at a cost of 12.00 euros (120 pages), can be ordered in bookstores (ISBN 978-88-591-5719-9 - Publisher Aletti) or online on the page http://www.alettieditore.it/emersi/2019/pistis.html from the link below. https://www.instagram.com/p/B5D0S0TI5wP/?igshid=weo2q50v2t0a

[damianchavezart]

Repost: @backtotheoldhouse_ Villa Stück . "...But an Amazon exulted in the midst of the slaughter, with one breast bared for battle: Camilla, armed with her quiver: now she showered sturdy javelins, scattering them from her hands, now she lifted a strong battle-axe in her unwearied grasp: and Diana’s weapon, a golden bow, rattled on her shoulder. Even when she retreated, attacked from behind, she reversed her bow and fired arrows while fleeing. And around her were chosen comrades, virgin Larina, and Tulla, and Tarpeia wielding her axe of bronze, the Italides, daughters of Italy, whom noble Camilla chose herself as her glory, faithful servants in peace or war: such were the Amazons of Thrace, treading Thermodon’s streams, and fighting with ornate weapons, around Hippolyte, or when Penthesilea returned, in her chariot, and the ranks of women with crescent shields exulted. Whom did you strike, first and last, with your spear, fierce girl? How many bodies did you spill over the earth? Euneus, son of Clytius, was the first, whose exposed chest she pierced with her long shaft of pine, as he faced her. He fell, spewing streams of blood, and bit the gory dust, and, dying, writhed on his wound. Then she killed Liris and Pagasus too, one gathering the reins of his wounded horse as he rolled from it, the other nearing to stretch out a defenceless hand to the falling man, both flung headlong together. She added to them Amastrus, son of Hippotas, and, leaning forward to throw, sent her spear after Tereus, Harpalycus, Demophoon and Cromis: and as many spears as the girl sent spinning from her hand, so many Trojan warriors fell." -- Virgil, Aeneid: Book XI. . . . . . . . . . #Franzvonstück #stück #villastück #villa #amazonwarrior #amazonwoman #warriorwoman #virgil #aeneid #latium #horse #helmet #sculpture #classicism #doricorder #doric #doriccolumn #munich #münchen #kunst #munichsecession #secession #publicart #bronze

[rainbowdash0223]

[theunabashedepicurean]

The enchanting Tempietto del Bramante in the cloister of S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome. Pope Julius II, Guiliano della Rovere, ambitiously began planning for a new Church of St Peter’s in the early 1500’s. He wanted the new basilica to embody the greatness of the present and the future. Many great architects of the time had come forward with plans of a grand edifice, but none were deemed sufficient for the pope. Julius II turned to Donato Bramante, whose exceptional gifts in architecture he had seen through his Tempietto in Montorio, subsequently awarding him the title of principle architect. The decaying walls of Constantine’s basilica were demolished, and the first foundation stone for the new Church of St. Peter’s was laid in the spring of 1506. Photographer - message me for credit #tempiettodelbramante #cloisters #sanpietromontorio #roma #rome #italy #lazio #donatobramante #architect #juiliusii #popejuliusii #renaissance #highrenaissance #architecture #classicalarchitecture #renaissancearchitecture #temple #classicaltemple #16thcentury #16thcenturyarchitecture #italianarchitecture #tuscanorder #doricorder #baroque #baroqurome #renaissancemasterpiece #templeofvesta #stpetersbasilica #vaticancity #architecturephotography (at Rome, Italy) https://www.instagram.com/p/ChXefK4s7Za/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[edward-waterfield]

Desperately in need of a miniature moulding plane for my modelmaking🤔. #NewClassicalArchitecture #ClassicalArchitecture #architecturalmodel #architecturalmodelmaking #modelmaking #brickhouse #doricorder https://www.instagram.com/p/BublHofFLod/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=rmlhsj1k14fv

[gsuttenfield]

Sultry Charleston, South Carolina. #churchesofcharleston #churchesofinstagram #nightshot #classicalarchitecture #doricorder #charlestonsc #portico #urbanchurch #bnw_legit #bnw_greatshots #bnwphotography #religous #temple #templeform (at Charleston, South Carolina)

[bizarrecolumns]

2015 The Cosy Column / The Columnist PORTABLE COLUMS Stay at Home Columns #stayathome #bizarrecolumns #furniturecolumns #domesticocolumns #portablecolumns #architecture #freestyleclassicism #softdoric #doricorder #cushion #pillow #interiordesign #artcolumns https://www.instagram.com/p/B-ukw7Tq7Vx/?igshid=pvct5r0febqd

[eugenvontrotta]

Temple of Apollo, Ancient Corinth #greece #hellas #corinth #korinthos #ancientcorinth #templeofapollo #apollo #doricorder #doriccolumns #columns #sky #clouds #acrocorinth #akrokorinthos #greekhistory #greekarchitecture #greekarchaeology #archeology #travel #traveller (hier: Ancient Corinth)

[bptengsu]

世界七大奇蹟！2019現狀和“效果圖”對比分析

世界七大奇蹟（Seven wonders of the world）即古代世界七大建築奇蹟，是指古代西方人眼中的已知世界上的七處宏偉的人造景觀。最早提出世界七大奇蹟的說法的是公元前3世紀的旅行家安提帕特，還有一種說法是由公元前2世紀的拜占庭科學家斐羅提出的。

   由於古代奇蹟大多已經毀滅，後人又提出了世界中古七大奇蹟。此外，美國人洛厄爾·托馬斯還曾提出世界七大自然界奇觀。在2001年，由“新七大奇蹟”基金會(由瑞士出身的法國人貝爾納·韋伯創辦，成立於2001年)發起新七大奇蹟的網上選舉。

歷史背景

地中海是地球上最大的陸間海，處於歐亞非3個大洲之間，以直布羅陀海峽接連大西洋，風浪較小，海水不冰封，海岸線曲折，島嶼眾多，擁有許多天然港口。沿著地中海東岸，從尼羅河三角洲、黎凡特、新月沃土、兩河流域至安那托利亞，孕育了許多重要的人類文明，從前40世紀至前2世紀，先後有人類最早的兩河文明、四大文明古國的巴比倫與古埃及、西方文明的源祖古希臘、以及洲際大帝國古羅馬，被稱為“文明的搖籃”(Cradle of civilization)。

前11世紀開始，古希臘文明伊始，至前8世紀其特有的城邦式社會架構逐漸成型，透過繁盛的海上貿易，沿著地中海殖民發展，古希臘船員將他們出海所見所聞，帶到各城邦。

前5世紀，古希臘人希羅多德為了研究希波戰爭，遊歷地中海沿岸諸國，並將收集的資料編寫成《歷史(希臘語：?στορ?αι)》一書，內容包含了描寫巴比倫的城市規劃，以及古埃及的金字塔，此為有關古代七大奇蹟最早的文字記載。

前334年，亞歷山大大帝帶領古希臘大軍越過赫勒斯滂(今達達尼爾海峽)，征服了整個波斯帝國，穿過興都庫什山脈進入印度後折返。至此古希臘達到鼎盛時期，興建許多代表性的重大工程、建築與紀念碑。於此時期，出生在古希臘殖民地利比亞，著名詩人、學者以及目錄學家，卡利馬科斯(希臘語：Καλλ?μαχο?)於當時古埃及亞歷山大港的圖書館任職時，編寫了一份名為《世界各地奇蹟》(A collection of wonders in lands throughout the world)的文獻，現已失傳。

前2世紀，古希臘經過四次馬其頓戰爭後，被羅馬共和征服，羅馬文化被深厚的古希臘文化影響。相傳於前224年，力學先驅拜占廷人斐羅，寫下《世界七大奇蹟》，所列的偉大建築便成為現存的“古代世界七大奇蹟”，現已失傳。直至公元七至八世紀，中古英格蘭諾森布里亞王國歷史學家畢德(又稱畢德尊者(Venerable Bede)或聖畢德(Saint Bede))，在其著作中有一份論文名為《關於世界七大奇蹟(拉丁語：de Septem Mundi Miraculis)》，記述斐羅所列的世界七大奇蹟，為現存最早的完整記載。

除此以外，前140年前後，住在賽達的希臘詩人安提帕特(Antipater of Sidon)，寫下了一首讚美世人成就的詩，也列出了七個奇蹟，除了亞歷山大燈塔外，其餘與現存古代世界七大奇蹟相同。

世界古代奇蹟

必利吉,必利勁,印度壯陽藥,日本藤素,春藥,汗馬糖

  “七大奇蹟”指的是公元前三世紀左右，在地中海東部沿岸地區七座宏偉的建築和雕塑。它們是：埃及胡夫金字塔、巴比倫空中花園、阿爾忒彌斯神廟、奧林匹亞宙斯神像、摩索拉斯陵墓、羅德島太陽神巨像和亞歷山大燈塔。

這“七大奇蹟”是公元前3世紀(中國戰國末期，秦始皇尚未統一中國)，腓尼基(現在的黎巴嫩、敘利亞沿海一帶)的一位旅行家安提帕特(antipater)列舉出來的。後世人反复沿用，也就流傳開了。不過現“七大奇觀”中有六個由於地震、火災、戰爭等因素被損毀，只有埃及胡夫金字塔得以保存至今。

所附復原圖為：建築設計師Keremcan Kirilmaz 與Erdem Batirbekeremcan，以及Fractal Motion 的動畫設計師們一起，在電腦上模擬重現的。

【埃及胡夫金字塔】

  建造時間：約公元前2631年—公元前2498年

建造地點：埃及開羅附近的吉薩附近。

   現狀環境

  復原圖

建築特色：

埃及現存金字塔80座，其中最大的一座金字塔是在公元前2600年左右建成的吉札金字塔，全都是由人工建成。古代埃及人如何雕刻坎石及砌成陵墓，陵墓內部通道和陵室的佈局宛如迷宮，古代埃及人是用什麼方法建成，至今還是眾說紛紜。最初鋪蓋金字塔的外層磨光的灰白色石灰石塊幾乎全部消失。如今見到的是下面淡黃色的石灰大石塊，顯露出其內部結構。金字塔���心有墓室，可以從甬道進去，墓室頂上分層架著幾塊幾十噸重的大石塊。建成的金字塔被用陵墓。古埃及人相信死後永生，金字塔內的墓穴裡起初堆滿了黃金和各種貴重物品。

傳說：

古埃及第三王朝之前，無論王公大臣還是老百姓離世後，都被葬入一種用泥磚建成的長方形的墳墓，古代埃及人叫它“馬斯塔巴”。後來，有個聰明的年輕人伊姆荷太普，在給埃及法老左塞王設計墳墓時，發明了一種新的建築方法。他用上採下的呈方形的石塊來代替泥磚，並不斷修改修建陵墓的設計方案，最終建成一個六級的梯形金字塔——這就是我們所看到的金字塔的雛形。樣子像漢字的“金”字，所以中國人把它寫為“金字塔”(原文是pyramid)。伊姆荷太普設計的塔式陵墓是埃及歷史上的第一座石質陵墓。

歷史淵源：

尼羅河畔的金字塔群(thegreatpyramids)，是古代埃及法老自己修建的陵墓。據說在埃及的大小金字塔共有將近100座，大多都建築於埃及第三到第六王朝。一些有4000多年曆史的金字塔主要分佈在首都及尼羅河西岸。吉札金字塔，左邊屬於卡夫拉王，右邊屬於庫夫王，附近連著一座獅身人面像。主要建材是石灰岩，部分為花岡岩。3座最大、保存最完好的金字塔是由第四王朝的3位皇帝胡夫(Khufu)、海夫拉(Khafra)和門卡烏拉(Menkaura)在公元前2600年—公元前2500年建造的。胡夫金字塔高146.6m，底邊長230.35m;海夫拉金字塔高143.5m，底邊長215.25m;門卡烏拉金字塔高66.4m，底邊長108.04m。

在這3座大金字塔中最大的是胡夫金字塔，它是一座幾乎實心的巨石體，用200多萬塊巨石砌成。成群結隊的人將這些大石塊沿著地面斜坡往上拖運，然後在金字塔周圍以一種腳手架的方式層層堆砌。金字塔的旁邊還有一些皇族和貴族的小小的金字塔和長方形台式陵墓。

【巴比倫空中花園】

必利吉,必利勁,印度壯陽藥,日本藤素,春藥,汗馬糖

  建造時間：約公元前6世紀

地點：巴比倫，幼發拉底河(Euphrates)河東，今伊拉克首都巴格達以南50里左右。

  現狀環境

   復原圖

巴比倫的空中花園當然不是懸掛於空中，這個名稱的由來，是因人們把原本希臘文"kremastos"及拉丁文"pensilis"，(除“懸掛”之外還有“突出”之意)錯誤翻��成“懸空”所致。和羅德島巨像一樣，考古學家至今都未能找到空中花園的遺跡。

一般相信空中花園是由尼布甲尼撒二世(Nebuchadnezzar)王(公元前604 -公元前562)為了安慰思鄉成疾的王妃安美依迪絲(Amyitis)，仿照王妃在山上的故鄉而興建的。據說它要由奴隸們轉動機械裝置，從下面的幼發拉底河裡抽上大量的水，來灌溉空中花園裡的花草。

巴比倫空中花園最令人稱奇的地方是那個供水系統。因為巴比倫雨水不多，而空中花園的遺址亦遠離幼發拉底河，所以歷史研究者認為空中花園應有不少輸水設備。有些文獻記載國王每天派幾百個奴隸推動輪軸，將水泵上石槽，由石槽向花園中供水。另一個難題是在保養方面，因為一般的建築物，不可能長年抵受河水的侵蝕而不坍塌。由於美索不達米亞平原(Mesopotamian plain) 沒有太多的石塊，因此研究者們相信空中花園所用的磚塊非比尋常，它們被加入了蘆葦、瀝青及瓦礫，更有文獻指出：石塊被加入了一層鉛，以防止河水滲入地基。在經過了層層防護後，花園頂層蓋上了石磚，鋪上了鉛板，最後種上了各種奇花異草，遠遠看去甚為壯觀。

【阿爾忒彌斯神廟】

  建造時間：約公元前550年

建造地點：古希臘愛菲索斯(Ephesus)中，約在今土耳其的伊茲密爾(Izmir)南面50公里。

  現狀環境

   復原圖

阿爾忒彌斯(希臘文Αρτεμιδ，拉丁文Artemis)，是希臘神話中的月亮神、狩獵女神，是太陽神阿波羅的妹妹;而羅馬神話則稱她為狄安娜(Diana)，埃及人稱她[ 4] (Bastet)，阿拉伯人稱她Lat。在古代的希臘阿爾忒彌斯女神深受敬仰，因此建成七大奇觀之一的阿爾忒彌斯神廟。

神廟建築以大理石為基礎，上面覆蓋著木製屋頂。整個建築的設計師是喬西宏父子，它最大的特色是內部有兩排、至少106根立柱，每根大約12-18米高。神廟的底座約為7200平方米。

毀於公元前356年的大火，在原址後建起的廟於公元262年再罹火難。阿爾忒彌斯神殿曾經歷過七次重建，首座阿爾忒彌斯神殿於公元前550年由建築師薩莫斯、喬西宏及他的兒子梅塔傑那斯設計，用伊奧尼亞柱式( Ionian)大理石柱支撐，是首座全部由大理石建成的當時最大的建築物。

整座建築物均由菲迪亞斯(Phidias)、波利克萊圖斯(Polyclitus)、克雷西拉斯(Kresilas)和福雷德蒙(Phradmon)等當時著名的藝術家以銅、銀、黃金及象牙浮雕裝飾，在中央的“U”形祭壇擺放著阿爾忒彌斯女神的雕像，供人膜拜。最後，由於愛菲索斯人轉信基督教，神殿在公元401年被St.John Chrysostom 摧毀。

【奧林匹亞宙斯巨像】

  建造時間：約公元前457年

建造地點：希臘奧林匹亞城。

必利吉,必利勁,印度壯陽藥,日本藤素,春藥,汗馬糖

 神廟環境

 復原圖

宙斯(Zeus)是希臘眾神之神，是奧林匹亞(Olympia)的主神，為表崇拜而興建的宙斯神像是當世最大的室內雕像，宙斯神像所在的宙斯神殿則是奧林匹克運動會的發源地。拜占庭的菲羅撰寫記述七大奇蹟說：“我們以其他六大奇蹟為榮，而敬畏宙斯神像。”

宙斯神殿是古希臘的宗教中心。神殿位於希臘雅典衛城東南面依里索斯河畔一處廣闊平地的正中央，為古希臘眾神之神宙斯掌管的地區;這地方盡是一片黃澄澄的丘陵，但是在古希臘時期，四周環繞翠谷和清冽溪水，景境幽雅，更是當時的宗教中心。在古希臘時代，那片地區位於雅典城牆外，到了哈德連帝時代為了擴大雅典城規模，將城牆往外擴展，才把神殿納入城內。

神殿於公元前470年開始建造，前456年最後完工，為多利克式(Doric-style)建築，由建築師伊利斯人李班(Libon) 設計，宙斯神像由雕刻家菲迪亞斯(Pheidias ) 雕刻。

宙斯(Zeus)神殿本身則是多利克式(Doricorder)建築，表面鋪上灰泥的石灰岩，殿頂使用大理石興建，由34個高達17米的科林斯式(Corinthian) 支柱撐起來，面積達41.1米乘107.75米，廟前廟後的石像都是用派洛斯(Paros)島的大理石雕成。廟內西邊人字形簷飾上的很多雕像，十足是雅典的風格。

介紹：

至於神殿主角——宙斯，採用了所謂的「克里斯里凡亭」(chryselephantine)技術，是在木製支架外加象牙雕成的肌肉和金質的衣飾。寶座也是木底包金，嵌著烏木、寶石和玻璃，歷時八年之久才完成。

旅行家沙尼亞斯巴(Pausanias)的<;希臘遊記>;一書中，曾對宙斯神像作了詳細的描述，書中記載：“宙斯神主體為木製，身體裸露在外的��份貼上象牙，衣服則覆以黃金。頭頂戴著橄欖枝編織的皇冠，右手握著象牙及黃金製成的勝利女神像，左手則拿著一把鑲有各種耀眼金屬打造的權杖，杖頂停留著一隻鷲”。

至於他的寶座，神像頭上與頭後，雕著「典雅三女神」和「季節三女神」(春、夏、冬)雕像;腿和腳飾有舞動中的勝利女神、人頭獅身史芬克斯及希臘其他諸神裝飾，底部寬6.55米、高1米。不包括寶座，僅約高13公尺的神像就相當於四層樓高的現代建築，使坐在寶座上的宙斯頭部差不多頂著神殿頂。

神像身後掛著由耶路撒冷神廟劫掠得來的神聖布幔。菲迪亞斯更精密地規劃四周變化，包括由神廟大門射向雕像的光線，為了令神像的臉容更為美麗光亮，更於神像前建造一座極大且淺，裡面鑲了黑色大理石的橄欖油池，利用橄欖油將光線反射。矗立期間更有工人前來擦拭象牙，稱為「菲迪亞斯拋光工人」。一名訪客說：'我可以告訴你雕像的尺寸，但無法形容造成的影響。'

神像昂然地接受人們崇拜達900多年，但最後基督結束了一切。公元393年，羅馬皇帝都路斯(Theodsius)一世，毅然頒發停止競技的赦令，古代奧林匹克競技大會也是在這一年終止。接著，公元426年，又頒發了異教神廟破壞令，於是宙斯神像就遭到破壞，菲迪亞斯的工作室亦被改為教堂，古希臘從此灰飛煙滅;神廟內傾頹的石柱更在公元522年及551年的地震中震垮，石材被拆卸，改建成抵禦蠻族侵略的堡壘。所幸的是，神像在這之前已被運往君士坦丁堡(Constantinople)(現為土耳其最大城市伊斯坦布爾)，被閹臣路易西收藏於宮殿內達60年之久，可惜最後亦毀於城市暴動中。

【摩索拉斯陵墓】

  建造時間：約公元前353年

建造地點：古希臘，今土耳其西南地區。

  現狀環境

必利吉,必利勁,印度壯陽藥,日本藤素,春藥,汗馬糖

   復原圖

哈利卡納蘇斯的毛索洛斯墓廟約45米高，底座上部呈階梯形的金字塔狀，卡里亞王國摩索拉斯國王的塑像可能矗立在頂端。陵墓毀於公元3世紀的一次地震中。

這座偉大的白色大理石陵墓是為摩索拉斯和他的妻子修建的。整座建築由兩名希臘設計師設計，外面裝飾以奇異的雕刻花紋，頂端還雕有摩索拉斯的雕像。甫一建成就聲名遠播，公元3世紀初毀於大地震。倫敦大英博物館還收藏有一點剩餘的雕刻。毛索洛斯墓廟位於哈利卡納素斯，底部建築為長方形，面積是1200平方米，高45米，其中墩座牆高20米，柱高12米，金字塔高7米，大約共有400尊精美的雕像裝飾著陵墓，其中最頂部的4尊馬車雕像高3米。建築物被墩座牆圍住。毛索洛斯墓廟的雕塑由四名著名的雕刻家Bryaxis， Leochares， Scopas，和Timotheus製造，每人負責墓廟的其中一邊。

歷史淵源：

在15世紀初哈利卡納素斯被侵占，新的統治者為了建一座巨大的城堡，因此在1494年將摩索拉斯陵墓的一些石頭用作建築材料.有不少的雕塑仍然倖存，並存放在英國倫敦的博物館內.自從19世紀開始，摩索拉斯墓廟一直有進行考古學的挖掘，這一些挖掘提供不少有關摩索拉斯墓廟的資料。

【羅德島太陽神巨像】

  建造時間：約公元前282年

建造地點：愛琴海，希臘-羅德港。

  現狀環境

   復原圖

希臘羅德島巨像是七大奇觀中最神秘的一個，這座巨像建在羅德市(Rhodes)港口的入海處。它是希臘太陽神赫利俄斯(Helios)的青銅鑄像，高約33米。因為它只在短短56年間便毀於公元前226年的一次地震中，考古學家甚至連它的確切位置及外觀都未能確定。

羅得斯島巨像位於希臘羅得斯島(Island of Rhodes)通往地中海(Mediterranean Sea)的港口。公元前的羅德島是重要的商務中心，它位於愛琴海和地中海的交界處，羅德港於公元前408年建成。歷史上羅德島曾經被許多勢力範圍統治過，其中包括摩索洛斯(他的陵墓也是七大奇蹟之一)和亞歷山大大帝。但在亞歷山大大帝歸天之後，全島又陷入了長時間的戰爭。馬其頓(Macedonia)侵略者德米特里帶領四萬軍隊(這已超過了整個島上的人口)包圍了港口。經過艱苦的戰爭，羅德島人擊敗了侵略者。為了慶祝這次勝利，他們決定用敵人遺棄的青銅兵器修建一座雕像。雕像修築12年，高約33米，與紐約的自由神像的高度差不多。傳說中雕像兩腿分開站在港口上船隻是從腿中間過去，非常壯觀而有趣。這座巨像其實是希臘人的太陽神及他們的守護神赫利俄斯(Helios)，由建築師Chares設計，經過12年的興建，羅德島巨像於公元前282年完工，整座巨像共高33米，以大理石建成，再以青銅包裹，以後更被用作燈塔。可惜的是羅德島巨像作為一大奇觀只存在了短短56年。公元前226年的大地震把這幢偉大巨像推倒，脆弱的膝蓋成為了巨像的致命傷，巨像從此倒在Mandraki港附近的��邊。公元654年，羅德島被阿拉伯人入侵，入侵者更把遺跡運往敘利亞，至此巨像徹底消失了。由於巨像的殘骸被搬運至別處，使這個奇觀的考察更加困難。

【亞歷山大燈塔】

必利吉,必利勁,印度壯陽藥,日本藤素,春藥,汗馬糖

  建造時間：約公元前281年

建造地點：埃及(Egypt)的亞歷山大港(Alexandria)附近的法洛斯島(island of Pharos)上。

   現狀環境

   復原圖

遵照繼亞歷山大大帝(馬其頓國王)後統治埃及的托勒密王朝第一任法老托勒密的命令，亞歷山大城的法羅斯燈塔於公元前300年建在一座人工島上。由於歷史的模糊記載，預估高度115—150米之間(377—492英尺)，用閃光的白色石灰石或大理石建成。

在亞歷山大大帝(Alexander the Great)死後不久，他的手下之一托勒密(Ptolemy Soter)便稱霸埃及，並建都於亞歷山卓，有鑑於亞歷山卓港附近的海道十分危險， Ptolemy Soter便下令由建築師Sostratus及亞歷山卓圖書館(Alexandria Library/Mouseion)合作興建亞歷山大燈塔，燈塔於公元前290年竣工。

當亞歷山大燈塔建成後，它的高度當之無愧地使它成為當時世界上最高的建築物。他的設計者是希臘的建築師索斯查圖斯。一位阿拉伯旅行家在他的筆記中這樣記載著：“燈塔是建築在三層台階之上，在它的頂端，白天用一面鏡子反射日光，晚上用火光引導船隻。”1500年來，亞歷山大燈塔一直在暗夜中為水手們指引進港的路線。它也是六大奇蹟(七大奇蹟中除埃及吉薩金字塔)中最晚消失的一個。14世紀的大地震徹底摧毀了它。在倒塌後地基被作為堡壘一直存在，直到亞歷山大港沉沒。

法洛斯燈塔與其餘六個奇觀絕對是不同，因為它並不帶有任何宗教色彩，純粹為人民實際生活而建，法洛斯燈塔的燈光在晚上照耀著整個亞歷山港，保護著海上的船隻，另外，它亦是當時世上最高的建築物。

[ebenalconstruct]

Combining the Ionic order with the Doric. From Preliminary massing to final exterior design in 2...

Combining the Ionic order with the Doric. From Preliminary massing to final exterior design in 2 days. Do you need quick architectural design that only looks like you spent a lot? Only an email away. Architecture with no drama and maybe some laughs along the way... #design #classical #elevations #archlovers #architect #architects #architecture #architecturelovers #classicism #classicalarchitecture #home #homedecor #ancientarchitecture #ancientgreece #ancientrome #wood #woodwork #woodworking #luxurydesign #residentialarchitecture #residentialconstruction #luxury #highendresidential #contractor #designbuild #luxuryhomes #luxurydesign #builder #stucco #ionicorder #doricorder (Feed generated with FetchRSS) from https://www.instagram.com/p/B1l5U4dJGZv

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Paper代写：Rome Colosseum VS Bird’s Nest

本篇paper代写- Rome Colosseum VS Bird’s Nest讨论了罗马斗兽场和鸟巢。罗马斗兽场和鸟巢都代表着一个时代的艺术，尽管它们是因为完全不同的原因而建造的。罗马斗兽场的建造是为了让贵族观看角斗士和野兽间的搏斗，以此来娱乐。而鸟巢则是一个体育竞技场，是为奥运会而设计的。毫无疑问，罗马斗兽场是现代体育场的雏形，为现代建筑提供了参考，给现代体育场带来了一个典范。本篇paper代写由51due代写平台整理，供大家参考阅读。

Introduction

The design of athletic field is always an eternal topic, from thousands of years ago, until today’s Olympic Games. The passion of human on sports has never been receded, which reflected the sprit and intercity of human life. Designing a perfect stadium is an everlasting topic of architectures and a wish for all sports enthusiasts. A great stadium, is not only a practical space for competition, it is also a piece of art in the architecture history.

Roman Colosseum, which built in nearly 2000 years ago, is now the most famous monument that survived from the classical world (Roman Colosseum,2016). In Roman Empire, people, especially emperors and nobility, enjoying to watch this violent and dangerous sports (Roth. M, 1993). According to BBC’s history of Colosseum, the construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72, and finished in AD 80, and able to cover about 50,000 to 80,000 audience at the same time (BBC's History of the Colosseum, 2006).

In 2008, 29th Olympic Games was held in Beijing, China, and Beijing National Stadium was designed and built for this in 2003, finished in 2008, which costed 428 million dollarsand designed for 100,000 audiences (Barbara D, 2009). It was original designed bySwiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron, who wined the bid from more than 30 competitors. Chinese artist Ai Weiwei was the artistic consultantfor this(The National Stadium, 2008). Beijing National Stadiumis known as the Bird's Nest because of the appearance (The National Stadium, 2008). This is a special design and not easy to be built considering the special steel structure. Now, it has becomes one of the most obvious symbol of Beijing city, as well as the landmark of modernarchitecture and located at the south of the Olympic Green, Beijing City (The National Stadium, 2008).

Background research

Although those two buildings are all classic stadium built in different time, all having capacity of 80,000 people, the building performance, material and tectonic are completely not the same.

Several materials used in the construction of Roman Colosseum are including, travertine,tuff, tiles, Roman Cement and lime. Travertine is a limestone in Roman and used for main pillars, the ground floor and the external wall in theColosseum((BBC's History of the Colosseum, 2006). As for the Bird's Nest, however, 42,000 tons of steel were used for the construction (Terence B, 2012). The material used in these two materials reflected the different era and different aesthetic.

As for the design ofRoman Colosseum, it combined three types of column, Doricorder stand column for the first layer, Ionic order for the second and Corinthianorder column for the third floor (Keith H & Mary B, 2011). Three ancient orders of originated in Greece were all used in this classic historical architecture. Regarding to Bird's Nest, a symbol of modern China and modern architecture, it has two independent structures, a red concrete seating bowl inside and steel frame outside (The National Stadium, 2008). The whole outer steel structure depends on 24 trussed columns, which is made of steel Q35, a new steel developed and produced to support the stadium's shell(The National Stadium, 2008). Again, the column and structure difference reflects the two architecture styles.

Both Roman Colosseum and Bird's Nest represent the art of one era, although they were built for totally different reason. Roman Colosseum was built in Rome Empire under the order of Emperor Vespasian (Keith H & Mary B, 2011), for the most popular sports back in that time, which is violent and dangerous. Bird's Nest, although it is also a stadium, was built for completely different reason. In 2008, Olympic Games were built in Beijing, China. To greet the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Beijing decided to build a Beijing national stadium for this international competitions. The design of Bird's Nest was a winner from bid. From more than 30 design works, the design of Bird's Nest was selected.

Although these two stadium, Roman Colosseum and Bird's Nest, are built in completely two different era, and have totally different purpose, there are still something in common. The first real stadium in human history, Roman Colosseum, although it is not integrated now because of earthquake, lightning shocking and fire, it has a great impact on all modern stadium, from different aspects. Meanwhile, the restoration work has begun to better protect the essence of mankind. It is a heritage of Roman Empire, for modern society to admire, to study and to research. Roman Colosseum impact on Bird's Nest cannot be ignored and it can be seen in both structure and details.

The Bird's Nest was finished 2000 years after the Roman Colosseum. Most modern stadium was influenced more or less by Roman Colosseum, as it is the first major stadium ever built by human being (Abby I, 2013). No matter from the appearance, engineering, structure or other points of view, the shadow of Roman Colosseum can be seen in most modern stadium. In terms of Bird’s Nest, like all other stadiums all over the world, there are some similarity in the design.

External structure and appearance

From the common point of view, the design of Bird's Nest was originally fromthe study of Chinese ceramics, like Chinese-style crazed pottery (BBC News, 2005). However, although it has its special design, it still like most modern stadium, has anoval shape from outside, and internally structure is more like a three layers bowl (The National Stadium, 2008). Circle shape is one of the most critical feature of Roman Colosseum. It is a circle from outside and an ellipse shape when overlooked from sky (Abby I, 2013).

Most modern stadium copied this shape. It is not for beauty or for custom factor, and there is a technical reason there. Firstly, circle shape can give audience a better view, especially in an exciting sports game(The National Stadium, 2008). Meanwhile, more seats could be built and more people could be included in the circle shape stadium, especially when comparing to square shape stadium.

Level of seating

Multiple levels of seating can be seen in both Roman Colosseum and Bird's Nest, as well as other modern stadium. Ever a new stadium built, people would think the multiple levels of seating is normal and common. However, this is all from 2000 years ago, the original design of Colosseum. The design of multiple levels have distinct benefits, including more seats, better views and larger space, as well as providing a better atmosphere for shouting and sheers.

However, it is not easy to build a three levels stadium back in Roman time. Columns are widely used in the design of Colosseum for load bearing reason. Doric order, Ionic order and Corinthian order columns are all used in the design for better appearance (Keith H & Mary B, 2011). Again, this is not only a stadium for sports, it is an art of history and a heritage for generation.

Design of entrance

80 arches totally in the Roman Colosseum, four of them are main entrance and the other 76 are designed for access to specific seats. Multiple entrance is absolutely necessary for stadium, especially for the large one. Bird's Nest, as a national stadium, has 12 outer entrance for visitors. More entrances can have a faster entering rate by flow dispersing and convenient for participants, as they can use a separate entrance. In addition, if there is an emergency, multiple entrance will help visitors to escape from the stadium without injured and squeeze.

In addition to the design of entrance, the shape of entrance is also a light spot. Arches are one of the greatest invention anda has a practical application. From the economy point of view, arches can save cost by reducing the use of material. More importantly, the shape of arches can add strength to the wall without excessive weight. This is no doubt the essence of Roman Colosseum, reflected the intelligence of Romans. Millions of modern stadiums copied that arches in the design and it is a heritage in architecture area.

The uniqueness of Bird's Nest

Bird's Nest is named after the appearance of Beijing national stadium, which looks like a Bird's Nest. People may wonder why China uses this shape of stadium for Olympic Games. Nest, a home for birds, it represents the breed of life, as well as hope of human being. During the whole design and construction process, it demonstrated the strength of modern technologies and the greatness of architectural art. Although it has lots of similarity with the Colosseum. It does has its own beauty and uniqueness, from different design, construction and appearance point of view.

Design of Bird’s Nest

The design of Bird’s Nest does has similarly comparing to Colosseum. However, with the development of modern technologies, there are some new improvement in the design. Colosseum is not intact anymore under the damage of fire, earthquake and lightning stroke (Abby I, 2013). The design of Bird’s Nest used new types of material to avoid fire and internally there are an intact fire control system. Meanwhile, advanced analysis was used when designing the stadium, to ensure that Bird’s Nest is strong enough under various earthquake conditions (Arup, 2015). New technologies and modern engineering helped Bird’s Nest in the structure design and made a more solid and stabilized stadium. Fire engine access, multiple toilets internally and the recycled water system demonstrated the brand new era.

Construction of Bird's Nest

The construction of Bird’s Nest is a complicate project in terms of the new technologies and new material used. Special shaped steel structure is the feature of Bird's Nest. Roman Colosseum used the material of Greece era. As a modern art, steel is selected to be the outer structure of the stadium. It is an all welded special shaped steel structure, which is difficult for construction. The stress and strain state is hard to control, which made this a complicated project. The advantage for modern architecture, is that parametric design software can be used, it heavily reduced the design work capacity. The shear wall system is perfectly used in Bird's Nest, the use of Q35 and Q460, two new kinds of steels produced for the construction, demonstrating the development of modern technologies(Keith H & Mary B, 2011).

Appearance of Bird’s Nest

The whole outside appearance of Bird’s Nest is an oval shape, which is similar to Roman Colosseum. However, there are some unique points of Bird’s Nest. From outside view, the whole stadium is a Bird’s Nest, and the stadium is named after it. The "nest scheme" design was the unique design of Beijing National Stadium and it has a deeply meaning then its look (Alex R, 2008). The nest represents breed of life, which is the hope of human being. For Olympic Games, it means the hope of an athlete, a country and even an era of sports. In addition, the appearance has a red bowl shape inside, which was made of concrete (Alex R, 2008). This has another meaning which is from ancient China. From the outside, it is unlike the Roman Colosseum, people cannot recognize the position of entrance, all 12 entrance were hide in the structure to give Bird’s Nest a real nest looking. This is not easy to build, especially when there is a steel structure outside which needs to support.

Conclusion

There is no doubt that Roman Colosseum is the heritage of mankind. It is a symbol of stadium and a rudiment of modern stadium. The structure used in the design, the entrance deign with the use of arches and the multiple levels can all reflect intelligenceand wisdom of Roman people. It gives a reference for modern architectures and brings a model for modern stadium. The Roman Empire time has passed, however, the Roman Colosseum has become more and more noted worldwide, it is still one of the most popular spots in Rome and millions of tourists visit there every year to see the vicissitudes of Roman Empire through the architecture. History leaves mark on it, making it stronger and more resilient. It does not perish or die away. Instead, it becomes more glorious with time.

Bird's Nest is a one of the symbol of modern stadium. The steel structure and Nest appearance showed the beauty of modern technologies. The hide of entrance made the appearance looks like a real nest for birds. The inside a red concrete seating bowlis a symbol of Chinese bowl. The unique design represents the hope of life and the beauty of China. Meanwhile, the steel used for construction is new type of steel, which has a high strength and intensity to support the huge building. The build of Bird's Nest also brings the welding technology to a new level.

The spirit of higher, faster, stronger will continuously spread with the development of modern stadium. After Olympic Games has held in Bird's Nest, it becomes a part of Olympic history. When you read the architecture carefully, you can find the strengths of modern technologies, the spirit of athletics and the fighting of athletes from all over the world.

When comparing the two stadiums, it is difficult to judge or identify which one is better. Both of them are symbols of countries and provided people in certain time a greatest opportunity to display the art of sports. They both have their own beauty in different era and provided indelible memory in the history, which will be remembered by generations of people.

No matter in 2000 years ago or nowadays, stadiums are a critical part of architecture world. From the design of stadiums, people can hear the sounds of history and read the story of that era. Roman Colosseum has become a history of Roman Empire, Bird's Nest will be as well. After another 2000 years, people will still visit those two stadiums, as history is eternally alive. It stays in the architecture, telling their interesting stories to the world.

Probably more fantastic and perfect stadium will be built in the future, with the development of architecture, technology and modern society. It will still have the trace of historical stadium, and becoming the mark of a city even a country, but becoming stronger and has beauty of its own.Every stadium has its own story, no matter Ancient Rome Colosseum or Contemporary Colosseum ‘Bird’s Nest’.

Reference

"Roman Colosseum". http://romancolosseum.org/. 2016

"BBC's History of the Colosseum p. 2". bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011.

"China's New Faces: Ai Weiwei". BBC News. 3 March 2005.

Roth, Leland M. (1993). Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning (First ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Demick, Barbara (22 February 2009). "Beijing's Olympic building boom becomes a bust". Los Angeles Times.

"The National Stadium". Competition Venues. The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.

"Beijing National Stadium, Olympic Green". East Asia. Arup. 2008.

Terence Bell, Beijing's Bird's Nest Stadium, https://www.thebalance.com/beijing-s-bird-s-nest-stadium-2340205, 2012

Keith Hopkins and Mary Beard, The Colosseum (Wonders of the World), Apr 4, 2011

Abby Inglis, Roman Engineering Influenced Our Society in Many Ways, http://stadiumcomparison.blogspot.com, 2013

Alex Richardson. "Beijing says 2 died in Bird's Nest construction". Reuters. 28 January 2008

National Stadium (Bird’s Nest),

http://www.arup.com/projects/chinese_national_stadium, 2015

The colosseum, http://www.the-colosseum.net/architecture/materials_en.htm, 2016

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