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As we welcome Q4 and youâre wondering how many pumpkin spiced lattes are too many to buy this season, I invite you to do the math on your taxes to give yourself a gut check on whether youâre in a refund or balance-due position with the IRS. Considering that bank interest rates are still 4.5% even after the September 2024 rate cut, this is no time to be prepaying the IRS if itâs unnecessary. Thatâs just too spooky!
At a high-level, the math is simple, âWhat do I owe for the year less what have I paid already?â, but the additional steps to reach âtaxable incomeâ is where things get a bit trickier.
As of October, the year is in a lot of ways fully baked in terms of estimated compensation. Generally, companies pay bonuses and give raises at the beginning of the year, so at this point most salaried folks can estimate their total annual taxable income with some reasonable assurance.
Steps to Estimate Your Tax Position:
Step 1: Download your most recent paystub
Step 2: Calculate Year-to-Date (YTD) Taxable Income by subtracting pre-tax benefits from Gross Pay:
Gross Pay YTD (Includes salary, commission, bonus, imputed pay. Does not include non-taxable reimbursements)
-Â 401k deductions YTD
- Â Medical, Dental, Vision deductions YTD
- Â FSA/HSA deductions YTD
= YTD Taxable Income
Step 3: Calculate Remaining Pay Periods Taxable Income (same as Step 2, just for current pay period)
Taxable Income of most recent pay period (single pay-period)
x # of remaining pay periods in year
= Taxable Income of Remaining Pay periods
(Most companies pay twice a month, but double check if youâre paid every two weeks or monthly to understand how many pay periods are remaining in the year)
Step 4: Calculate Estimated Annual Taxable Income
YTD Taxable Income
+ Taxable Income of the Remaining Pay periods
= Estimated Annual Taxable Income
Step 5: Use an Online Tax Calculator* and Input your Estimated Annual Taxable Income to find out your Federal Income Tax liability
Federal Income Tax amount from the calculator
- Federal Income Tax withholding on your YTD paystub
= Amount of Federal Income Tax you owe before year-end
(When looking at your paystub, ignore withholdings for Social Security and Medicare, those are not included in income tax calculations. Federal Income Tax is totally separate from social taxes.)
Step 6: Estimate Federal Income Tax you will pay in the remaining pay periods
Federal Income Tax withheld each pay period (from paystub)
x # remaining pay periods in the year
= Amount of Federal Income Tax you WILL pay in via payroll by year-end
If what you owe (Step 5) is less than what you will pay in (Step 6), you might be getting a refund.
If what you owe is more than what you will pay in, prepare for a balance due.
Side Hustles/Multiple Income Sources
Depending on if youâre a math/excel person or not, you could expand this exercise and add in your side hustle taxable income, bank interest, and dividends. Having multiple sources of income makes this tax exercise very important.
Remember that unless you have edited your company payroll settings to increase your tax withholding, your W-2 job is only withholding tax as if you only had that one job. If you have a side hustle, itâs a good idea to increase your W-4 form withholding taxes so that you can pay in more tax via payroll to cover the additional tax owed as a result of side hustles.
The advanced money-hack strategy is to pay in ONLY the required estimated tax and never overpay the IRS via withholdings (so the IRS owes you a refund). That means you just gave Uncle Sam an interest-free loan when you could be making interest on your own money. Interest rates on HYSA (high-yield savings accounts) are at 4.5% even after the September 2024 federal rate cut.
If all of this scares you more than a haunted house, then reach out to your CPA to do the math for you. These are of course estimates, but doing a Q4 tax check-in will help to relieve year-end anxiety around tax planning and give you a better idea of potential payments or refunds.
Notes
i) For simplicity, the equations above are only for Federal Income Tax estimates. Repeat this exercise with State Income Tax Calculators and paystub information to estimate your state liability.
ii) The IRS has an underpayment penalty safe harbor (no penalties) if you pay in at least:
90% of the current year liability OR
100% of the previous year liability (110% of previous year if you make more than $150k)
iii) The true money-hack strategy would be to stick to the minimum amounts to avoid penalties so you can maximize the cash in your HYSA. Itâs important to always have cash set aside for taxes, but Uncle Sam doesnât need to be holding your cash and making your interest if itâs not yet technically due.Â
iv) This exercise assumes your paycheck will not change over Q4 (ex: you donât change 401k withholdings or get a large year-end bonus). Itâs also a good time to review your YTD 401k contributions and decide if youâd like to change it by year end. The 2024 401k employee deferral is $23k.
Glossary:
Payroll Withholding - âwithholdingâ refers to a tax amount being subtracted from your paycheck.
Payroll Deduction - âdeductionâ refers to a benefit amount being subtracted from your paycheck (Health Insurance, Life Insurance, Transit funds).
Taxable Income - All income (salaries, bonuses, commissions, other imputed items like gift cards from your employer) less pre-tax deductions (401k, medical insurance, FSA or HSA health plan, Parking/Transit deductions).Â
Imputed Income - These are things that your employer pays for you that the IRS sees as âtaxable incomeâ. Think of holiday gift card handouts, paying for gym memberships on your behalf, additional life/disability insurance.
This is not tax, legal or accounting advice. This material has been prepared for informational purposes only, and is not intended to provide, and should not be relied on for, tax, legal or accounting advice. You should consult your own tax, legal and accounting advisors before engaging in any transaction.
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âDavid discovers that Patrick has a wedding scrapbook/binder/spreadsheet/Pinterest boardâ
David clicks open Excel with a groan. He promised Patrick heâd get the candle order sorted if Patrick would deal with Roland. David expects to see the net or gross or YTD whatever Patrick always leaves open and it takes him a second to process what heâs looking at.
Which is the Patrick Brewer equivalent of a mood board. Thereâs a flowers tab, a tux tab, a possible guest list, a honeymoon list. Thereâs someâŠcomplicated formula on that page that David doesnât quite understand, but he thinks it might be a calculation showing how much they can spend on a trip based on how much they spend on the wedding.
David looks at his four rings and imagines the fifth, then at the spreadsheet again and starts clicking around. The flower budget is higher than David would have dreamed and the parenthetical this seems high but accurate according to theknot.com makes David laugh.
Davidâs still staring at it when Patrick drapes himself across Davidâs back. âHowâs the order going?â David feels the instant Patrick registers what David is looking at, his body going still. âI meant toâum. Close that.â
David wiggles, turning around to face Patrick. âI didnât know you were this into wedding planning?â
âIâm just as surprised as you. Last time, Rachel was making all the decisions and I felt like a fish who swallowed a hook, getting reeled inââ David grimaces at the slimy metaphor and Patrick laughs. âThis time I just wanted. To know what I was saying yes to. I know Iâm just the numbers guy.â
âNo.â David says, more firmly than he means to. âYouâre the groom. You get toâwe get to decide together.â
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#excel#excel ytd#excel year to date#excel year to date formula#excel training 2018#softwareguide#software guide#excel ytd calculation#excel dynamics
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Centrale Automobile Chérifienne recrute Plusieurs Profils
New Post has been published on https://emploimaroc.net/centrale-automobile-cherifienne-recrute-plusieurs-profils/
Centrale Automobile Chérifienne recrute Plusieurs Profils
Centrale Automobile Chérifienne recrute Plusieurs Profils:
-ContrĂŽleur de Gestion. -Chef dâEquipe Audi. -Superviseur QualitĂ© et Process AV. -Caissier. -ChargĂ© de Communication Digitale. -Conseiller Commercial. -Comptable Clients.
La Centrale Automobile ChĂ©rifienne (CAC) est lâimportateur exclusif au Maroc des marques Volkswagen, Volkswagen Utilitaires, Audi, Skoda, Porsche et Bentley, ayant chacune dĂ©veloppĂ©e une rĂ©elle identitĂ© les rendant uniques sur leur segment de marchĂ©.
DotĂ©es dâun fort potentiel de dĂ©veloppement au Maroc et Ă lâinternational, les marques sâappuient sur des services experts et des compĂ©tences mutualisĂ©s pour augmenter leur performance et accompagner leur croissance.
La politique Ressources Humaines de la CAC se dĂ©cline autour de 4 grands axes Ă lâĂ©gard de ses collaborateurs:
-Valoriser leur performance en fixant des objectifs clairs, précis et réalisables
-Fidéliser par la motivation et la reconnaissance
-DĂ©velopper leur expertise par lâaccompagnement, lâamĂ©lioration des compĂ©tences et la responsabilisation
-Encourager lâĂ©volution de carriĂšre
Nos collaborateurs partagent les mĂȘmes passion et valeurs et ont su construire une vĂ©ritable culture dâentreprise qui favorise la satisfaction client (interne/externe), lâesprit dâĂ©quipe, et lâexpertise.
ContrĂŽleur de Gestion
Poste:
Rattaché(e) au Directeur Administratif & Financier, vos missions seront les suivantes:
-Elaboration de Tableaux de bord de pilotage et KPI (Tableaux de bord, indicateurs, procĂ©dures de contrĂŽle de gestionâŠ);
-Elaboration du Reporting de Gestion
-Participation au clÎture mensuelle et élaboration de P&L analytique
-Elaborer les Reportings SI, Déplacement, gestes commerciaux et services généraux et autres reportings mensuels;
-Elaborer les présentations mensuelles des sites CAC;
-Identifier et analyser les écarts significatifs entre les réalisations N et N-1;
-Animer et coordonner les réunions de présentations des réalisations mensuelles et YTD;
-Suivre et pilotage des actions de réduction des coûts 2020;
-Participation aux Appels dâOffres
-Effectuer des analyses économiques et concurrentielles selon la demande du SAV ou DG.
Profil recherché:
De formation Bac +5 en ContrĂŽle de Gestion, avec une expĂ©rience minimum de 5 ans le mĂȘme poste.
Connaissances:
Comptabilité analytique
Organisation et procédures internes
Principes budgétaires et indicateurs de gestion
Savoir faire techniques:
Analyser les donnĂ©es dâune situation: anomalies de restitution de donnĂ©es, cohĂ©rence des donnĂ©es restituĂ©es
Calculer des budgets prévisionnels
DĂ©finir et mettre en Ćuvre une procĂ©dure et des indicateurs de contrĂŽle et de suivi
Savoir faire relationnels:
Argumenter ses décisions afin de convaincre
Ătre force de proposition
Faire preuve de rigueur et dâorganisation (respect des dĂ©lais, fiabilitĂ©)
Postulez ici
Chef dâEquipe Audi
Poste:
Le (la) Chef dâĂ©quipe et responsable de la mise en Ćuvre de la stratĂ©gie commerciale et de lâatteinte des objectifs quantitatifs et qualitatif de son Ă©quipe.
Il (elle) dirige une Ă©quipe commerciale. Il (elle) doit sâassurer que lâensemble des Ă©quipes quâil (elle) dirige mettent le client toujours au centre de leurs actions et rĂ©pondent aux exigences de la marque reprĂ©sentĂ©e.
Il (elle) est responsable du développement des compétences de son équipe.
Il (elle) doit veiller au respect des normes des marques et procédures internes.
Profil recherché:
Formation et diplĂŽmes: DiplĂŽme Bac +5 Commerce et/ou Management.
Connaissances:
Expérience au minimum de 5 ans dans un poste similaire
Connaissance du marchĂ© de lâautomobile
Connaissance du fonctionnement dâun show-room automobile et management des Ă©quipes
Postulez ici
Superviseur Qualité et Process AV
Mission principale:
-Elaborer et dĂ©ployer la politique qualitĂ© au niveau des opĂ©rations aprĂšs vente, -Mettre en place et analyser cycliquement les processus aprĂšs vente et Ă©tablir les plans dâamĂ©lioration, -Assurer la rĂ©alisation des objectifs tracĂ©s par la Direction AprĂšs Vente en termes de qualitĂ© service.
TĂąches Principales:
-DĂ©ployer et mettre en place les processus aprĂšs vente (service et piĂšces de rechange) tel que recommandĂ© par les marques reprĂ©sentĂ©es, -DĂ©ploiement et mise en place des programmes de qualitĂ© service. -Mettre en place le systĂšme de contrĂŽle qualitĂ© au niveau des diffĂ©rentes Ă©tapes de rĂ©paration des vĂ©hicules, -Etablir le systĂšme de collecte et dâanalyse dâinformations sur les retours atelier, -DĂ©ployer les actions ayant pour objectif la rĂ©duction des retours atelier, -ContrĂŽler le processus de prĂ©paration des vĂ©hicules neufs pour livraison et mettre en place des actions dâamĂ©lioration, -ContrĂŽler le stockage des vĂ©hicules neufs et sâassurer du respect des recommandations et standards des marques reprĂ©sentĂ©es, -Prendre en charge et analyser les rĂ©clamations client concernant la qualitĂ© du produit, -Assurer le maintien dâun haut niveau dâhygiĂšne au sein des sites aprĂšs vente, -Suivre le maintien des normes de sĂ©curitĂ©.
Profil recherché:
De Formation IngĂ©nieur de prĂ©fĂ©rence en mĂ©canique ou Ă©lectromĂ©canique ou Ă©quivalent, vous bĂ©nĂ©ficiez dâune expĂ©rience de 3 ans minimum dans le secteur automobile.
Qualifications requises:
Langues: -Bonne maĂźtrise de lâArabe, du Français et de lâAnglais. -Connaissances en langue Allemande est un atout. Aptitudes requises: -MaĂźtrise des nouvelles technologies automobile. -Aptitude Ă formuler et Ă dĂ©ployer des plans dâactions en vue dâatteindre les objectifs tracĂ©s par la Direction AprĂšs Vente. Divers: -Permis de conduire en cours de validitĂ©. -MaĂźtrise de MS office.
Postulez ici
Caissier
Rattaché au Responsable Caisse, vos missions seront les suivantes:
Encaisser les paiements effectués par les clients
Réaliser les contrÎles nécessaires pour chaque encaissement
Valider la situation de caisse
ContrĂŽler le fond de caisse
Transmettre les justificatifs de paiements ou de versements au service comptable
Profil recherché:
Minimum niveau bac + 2
Avoir au minimum 3 ans dans un poste similaire
Postulez ici
Chargé de Communication Digitale
Rattaché(e) au Responsable Communication vos missions seront les suivantes:
Proposition, Ă©laboration et mise en Ćuvre dâun plan annuel de communication digitale.
Assurer la veille technologique sur les coûts et les techniques de communication digitale.
Assurer la veille concurrentielle en termes de stratégie et de supports communication digitale.
Proposition et mise en Ćuvre des thĂšmes des campagnes publicitaires.
Elaboration des médias planning et des budgets des différentes campagnes.
Mise en Ćuvre de la stratĂ©gie digitale dĂ©finie par la direction marketing et GĂ©nĂ©rale.
Veuillez Ă la mise en place dâun site conformĂ©ment Ă la charte des constructeurs et Ă leurs mises Ă jour rĂ©guliĂšres.
Gestion, alimentation et suivi des réseaux sociaux.
ContrĂŽler et assurer la mise en place des activations web avec les agences prestataires.
Assurer la veille concurrentielle.
Profil recherché:
Formation et diplĂŽmes
DiplĂŽme Bac +5 en Commerce et/ Marketing et/ou Management.
ConnaissancesÂ
Expérience au minimum de 3 à 5 ans dans un poste similaire
Connaissance approfondie dans le digitale
Connaissance du marchĂ© de lâautomobile
Maitrise de la communication et relations publiques
Postulez ici
Conseiller Commercial
Mission principale:
Endosser des fonctions dâambassadeur de la marque, assister et conseiller les prospects et les clients tout au long du processus de vente et assurer le suivi satisfaction client.
TĂąches:
Développer un portefeuille clients en captant les opportunités afin de générer du CA et de la croissance.
Assurer le suivi nécessaire de ce portefeuille de projets et fidéliser les clients
Gestion de la satisfaction des clients aprÚs remise du véhicule et remontée des informations
Identification des nouvelles opportunités commerciales
Suivi client annuel pour projet de renouvellement
Profil recherché:
Minimum niveau Bac+4 Commerce/Vente
Connaissance des techniques de vente dâautomobile serait un plus
Une expĂ©rience dâau moins 4 ans dans le commercial
Postulez ici
Comptable Clients
Missions:
Rapprocher au quotidien les encaissements à la facturation Véhicules Neufs de J-1
Sâassurer de lâexactitude de la facture enregistrĂ©e sur INCADEA VS le BC sales force pour les clients hors concessionnaires
Sâassurer de lâexactitude des factures concessionnaires enregistrĂ©es sur INCADEA VS le tarif en vigueur.
TransfĂ©rer par OD les crĂ©ances clients particuliers, justifiĂ©es par des bons dâenlĂšvement, aux organismes de crĂ©dit appropriĂ©s
TransfĂ©rer par OD les crĂ©ances taxis, justifiĂ©es par des attestations dâĂ©ligibilitĂ©s, au compte ministĂšre intĂ©rieur
ContrĂŽler lâauthenticitĂ© des attestations dâexonĂ©rations de la tva relatives Ă toute facturation en H.T
Profil recherché:
De formation Bac +5 Comptabilité/Finance. Vous maßtriser les normes comptables et de la réglementations fiscale marocaine.
Vous avez une bonne capacitĂ© dâanalyse, de communication et dâinteraction avec les diffĂ©rents partenaires internes et externes Ă lâentreprise.
Vous ĂȘtes organisĂ©, rigoureux et maĂźtrisez parfaitement Excel et avez une connaissance dâun ERP ou SAP.
Postulez ici
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Santander reports 18% rise in annual profit as Brazil unit sees strong performance
Santander reports 18% rise in annual profit as Brazil unit sees strong performance Banco Santander reported an 18 percent increase in net income for 2018 on the back of strong growth in the United States, Brazil and Spain. Looking at the bank's annual performance, net income reached 7.81 billion euros ($8.93 billion) last year, compared to 6.62 billion euros in 2017. Related News:Â Santander Bank to Close 140 of it's Branches

The Spanish bank also reported Wednesday an increase of nearly 4 percent in net income in the last quarter of 2018 from the previous three-month period â reaching 2.07 billion euros. Shares were marginally higher in morning trade on Wednesday. Speaking to CNBC, Ana Botin, the executive chairman at the bank, said she is "extremely proud" of the last three years. "We are extremely proud of what we have achieved these three years, because we have ⊠delivered growth, very few European banks delivered growth. We have delivered more than 20 percent of growth in the top line with profitability and strengthening the balance sheet," she told CNBC's Geoff Cutmore in Madrid. Botin also said that the bank will keep the current strategy, which is "based on customer loyalty and digital excellence."

Looking at the different regions where the bank operates, the United States saw underlying attributable profit up by 42 percent year-on-year; Brazil rose 22 percent and Spain 21 percent. Argentina and the U.K. didn't register positive growth. "We have a lot of faith in Brazil," Botin said. "Brazil suffered one of the most deep recessions in history, there was a 9 percent decrease in GDP and our bank performed very well through that period." She also commented on the appointment of new leader Jair Bolsonaro and his plans for the country. "The plan that they (the government) have to get the pension reform approved is the single most important thing," she said. "There are other things they need to do but I believe you could see 10 years of growth in Brazil at 3, 4 percent." The International Monetary Fund (IMF) lowered its forecasts for global growth last week, citing issues in China, Germany and the U.K. However, Botin told CNBC that lower global growth could be a positive for banks. "There is no doubt there will some slowdown in global growth, but I think that's not bad because it could be a more sustainable growth and that's actually relatively good for banks," she said. "If we have a more sustainable growth, we are going to have margins maybe widening a little bit, with a bit higher rates but not too much â that's good for our non-performing loans and that's also good for demand for credit."
Banco Santander, S.A. (SAN) projected to achieve 2.40% earnings growth for this year
Banco Santander, S.A. (SAN)âs EPS growth Analysis: Out of the important value indicator of stocks, EPS growth rate is most important. It will depend on the stock, the industry and the interest rates. Some stocks rarely if ever have high EPS, while others seem like they are always high. Some industries have lower average historical EPS than others as well. Also interest rates can affect EPS. EPS stands for earning per share. It is calculated as Net Profit/No. of Shares Outstanding. The term earnings per share (EPS) represents the portion of a companyâs earnings, net of taxes and preferred stock dividends, that is allocated to each share of common stock.

Generally, companies with positive EPS are more highly valued than companies with negative EPS, and a novice investor should just stick to companies with long track records of profit making. But that is not to say that companies with negative EPS should be avoided. These stocks are extremely attractive to contrarian/special events/distressed securities investors. But it takes a remarkable amount of expertise and knowledge (donât forget common sense) to be investing in these companies and being successful. Evaluating stocks to buy and sell can be a tricky business, even with all of the data available at your fingertips. Banco Santander, S.A. (SAN) predicted to achieve earnings per share (EPS) growth of 2.40% for this year while EPS growth expected to touch 6.00% for next year. The company reported EPS (ttm) of 0.5. Take a view on its long-term annual earnings per share (EPS) growth rate which is suggested by Analyst to reach at 6.90% for next 5 years and looking its past five year record, annual EPS growth rate was 14.30%. Banco Santander, S.A. (SAN) ticked a yearly performance of -33.23% while year-to-date (YTD) performance stood at 11.16%. The stock price moved with change of -0.99% to its 50 Day low point and changed 18.29% comparing to its 50 Day high point. SAN stock is currently showing positive return of 0.20% throughout last week and witnessed increasing return of 12.42% in one month period. The stock price increased 10.67% in three months and dipped -9.53% for the last six months trading period. The recent session unveiled a 18.29% positive lead over its 52-week stock price low and showed down move of -33.49% over its 52-week high stock price. The stock price volatility remained at 1.66% in recent month and reaches at 1.26% for the week. The Average True Range (ATR) is also a measure of volatility is currently sitting at 0.1. Analysis of Simple Moving Average: Chart patterns can be difficult to read given the volatility in price movements. Moving averages can help smooth out these erratic movements by removing day-to-day fluctuations and make trends easier to spot. Since they take the average of past price movements, moving averages are better for accurately reading past price movements rather than predicting future past movements. The most common type of moving average is the simple moving average, which simply takes the sum of all of the past closing prices over a time period and divides the result by the total number of prices used in the calculation. Moving averages are a powerful tool for traders analyzing securities. They provide a quick glimpse at the prevailing trend and trend strength, as well as specific trading signals for reversals or breakouts. The most common timeframes used when creating moving averages are the 200, 50 and 20-day moving averages. The 200-day moving average is a good measure for a year timeframe, while shorter moving averages are used for shorter timeframes. These moving averages help traders smooth out some of the noise found in day-to-day price movements and give them a clearer picture of the trend. Banco Santander, S.A. (SAN) stock price performed at a change of 4.19% from 20 day SMA and stands at a distance of 6.11% away from 50 day SMA. At present time the stock is moving -5.15% away to its 200-day moving average. Short Ratio of stock is 0.79. Banco Santander, S.A. is a part of Financial sector and belongs to Foreign Money Center Banks industry. Banco Santander, S.A. (SAN) finalized the Monday at price of $4.98 after traded 5820184 shares. The average volume was noted at 8290.64K shares while its relative volume was seen at 0.69. Volume is an important technical analysis tool to learn and understand how to apply to price movements. Volume increases every time a buyer and seller transact their stock or futures contract. If a buyer buys one share of stock from a seller, then that one share is added to the total volume of that particular stock. Volume has two major premises: When prices rise or fall, an increase in volume acts as confirmation that the rise or fall in price is real and that the price movement had strength. When prices rise or fall and there is a decrease in volume, then this might be interpreted as being a weak price move, because the price move had very little strength and interest from traders. Banco Santander, S.A. (SAN) reported fall change of -0.80% in last trading session. It is a positive indicator for investor portfolio value â when the price of a stock Investor owns goes up in value. On the other side it is not a negative indicator for Investor portfolio value â when the price of a stock Investor owns moves down in value. In the liquidity ratio analysis; Total Debt/Equity ratio was 2.46. The return on assets ratio of the Company was 0.50% while its return on investment ratio was 6.80%. Price to sales ratio was 1.31 while Price to sales book ratio stands at 0.81. 1.80% shares of the company were owned by Institutional investors and Insider investors hold stake of 21.00%. Published at Wed, 30 Jan 2019 06:18:00 +0000 Read the full article
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Payslip Software and Payslip Formats
Every company is unique, and so are their payslips. And the rules are quite flexible, so you can create your payslip as you want. If you are about to choose a format for your payslip, or about to purchase a payroll software that generates payslips, continue reading and it should help.
Here are some points to consider before you finalize on your payslip software.
1. Contents of a payslip
A payslip usually contains the company name, details about earnings, deductions and net pay. Do you need something more? Probably you also require a company logo, a short address, space for a company seal, and space for employee to sign. You may also require an attendance, leave and income tax summary within your payslip.
2. Customizable Payslips
Is it possible to customize your payslips as you want? Can you decide what appears in your payslip and what not? You should be able to decide and control what appears on your payslips. The payroll software should allow you to design your payslip.
3. Payslip with leave balances
It would be good for you and for your employees, if you were displaying leave balances in payslips. In this case, the payslip has clear information about how many leaves he is entitled to, enabling him to plan his leaves in the upcoming month.
4. Payslip with YTD
YTD stands for âyear to dateâ, and is widely used nowadays. Basically, YTD is the total of transactions from the start of the financial year up to now. For eg. If you are on the last month of the financial year, the YTD for âBasic Payâ shows how much you received as âBasic Payâ for the whole year.
5. Payslip with carry forwarded values
It is handy to pay out employee wages rounded to the nearest multiple of 10 or to the nearest integer. But in that case, there should be an option to automatically carry forward the residue to the next month.
6. Payslips with different currencies
Sometimes, you want to pay your employees with different currencies. An employee working overseas gets paid in USD, but the payslip is generated at your place. So, in that case, you want to pay some of your employees in USD, and the others in local currency.
7. Calculation History for each payslip
Every payslip is a result of some calculations, but how to verify if the values are correct? You just cannot blindly trust a payroll software, you need to verify and convince yourself. A good payroll software should have a calculation history for each item in the payslip, thereby providing clarity on calculations.
8. Bulk email of payslips to employees
You may have several employees, and you are ready with your payslips, but how to send it to all your employees? If you have just a few employees, it doesnât matter. Otherwise, it does matter, and it should be possible to email payslips to your employees in a few clicks, if you have a good payroll software.
AttendHRM is an HR
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with excellent features including all features listed above.
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Home Capital Announces Third Quarter Results along with Board Approval for a Substantial Issuer Bid of up to $300 Million in the Fourth Quarter and Intention to Apply to the TSX for a Normal Course Issuer Bid Effective 2019
TORONTO â Home Capital Group Inc. (âHome Capitalâ or âthe Companyâ) (TSX:HCG) today reported financial results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. This press release should be read in conjunction with the Companyâs 2018 Third Quarter Report including Financial Statements and Managementâs Discussion and Analysis which are available on Home Capitalâs website at www.homecapital.com and on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.
âOur third quarter results demonstrate continued progress in all lines of business,â said Yousry Bissada, Chief Executive Officer. âOur commitment to servicing the customer in partnership with the broker community, and the development of our Oaken product line, have proven to be the right strategy for long-term success in our business. We are excited to take the next steps in our digital journey. Our plans for a substantial issuer bid and a normal course issue bid demonstrate our confidence in our business and outlook.â
Income Statement
Income:
Net interest margin was 2.03% compared with 1.91% in Q2 2018 and 1.85% in Q3 2017. Net interest margin in the quarter increased due to the reduced cost associated with the standby credit facility that was replaced at the end of Q2 2018. An improved asset mix also contributed to the increase.
Expenses:
Non-interest expenses increased by $176 thousand or 0.3% from Q2 2018 resulting from an increase in salaries and benefits offset largely by lower operating expenses. The result from Q2 included a reversal of $1.8 million of estimated severance expenses in Q2 2018 related to the Project EXPO expense savings initiative completed in 2017.
Non-interest expenses declined $4.3 million or 7.2% from Q3 2017 mainly due to a decrease in both salaries and benefits, and other operating expenses related to the liquidity event in Q2 2017.
Net income:
Net income for the third quarter was $32.6 million or 41 cents per share, an increase of 10.1% over Q2 net income of $29.6 million or 37 cents per share and an 8.7% increase over net income of $30.0 million or 37 cents per share reported in Q3 2017.
Balance Sheet
Asset growth:
Mortgage originations were $1.44 billion in Q3 2018, up 16.7% over Q2 originations of $1.23 billion and up 272.9% over originations of $385.1 million in Q3 2017.
Single-family residential mortgage originations were $1.02 billion in Q3 2018, an increase of $66.7 million or 7.0% from Q2 2018 and $792.0 million from Q3 2017.
Total loans at the end of the quarter were $16.04 billion, an increase of $594.8 million or 3.9% from Q2 2018 and an increase of $973.1 million or 6.5% from Q4 2017.
Loans under administration were $22.82 billion, up 1.4% from Q2 2018 and up 1.3% from the end of 2017.
Funding:
Total deposits were $12.36 billion compared to $12.50 billion at the end of Q2 2018 and $12.17 billion at the end of Q4 2017.
Brokered GICs totaled $9.27 billion compared with $9.55 billion at the end of Q2 2018 and $9.35 billion at the end of Q4 2017. Oaken GICs totaled $2.37 billion compared with $2.23 billion at the end of Q2 2018 and $1.81 billion at the end of Q4 2017.
Credit Quality:
Total provision for credit losses was $4.0 million in Q3 2018 compared with $6.5 million in Q2 2018, and recovery of $4.3 million in Q3 2017. Provision expense as a percentage of gross uninsured loans was 0.13% compared to 0.22% in Q2 2018. Provisions in Q3 were driven mainly by activity in both the residential and commercial mortgage portfolios. Provisions for credit losses were calculated under IFRS 9 for 2018 and under IAS 39 for 2017. As provisions for credit losses for 2017 were not restated, comparability of the provision is reduced to some extent.
Net non-performing loans (represented by Stage 3 loans under IFRS 9) as a percentage of gross loans remained low at 0.34% at the end of Q3 2018, unchanged from Q2 2018 and up from 0.30% at the end of Q4 2017.
Leadership Appointments:
Dr. Hossein Rahnama, previously an advisor to the Board of Directors, has now joined the Board of Directors effective November 6, 2018. We had previously announced that Sue Hutchison joined the Board of Directors effective September 27, 2018. In preparation for the next steps in the advancement of the Companyâs vision for company-wide digital capability, Benjy Katchen, Executive Vice President, Deposits and Consumer Lending, has been appointed to the new role of Chief Digital and Strategy Officer.
Substantial Issuer Bid and Normal Course Issuer Bid:
The Board has authorized the initiation of a substantial issuer bid (SIB) pursuant to which the Company will offer to purchase for cancellation up to $300 million of its common shares. The Company expects that the terms of the bid will be announced on or about Monday, November 12, 2018 and that the bid will be completed by the end of the fourth quarter. Upon completing the SIB, the Company intends to apply to the Toronto Stock Exchange (âTSXâ) for a Normal Course Issuer Bid to be effective in its next fiscal year.
Outlook:
The Company expects that market conditions experienced in the third quarter will continue for the balance of 2018. The growth in originations suggests our lending market has begun to absorb the impact of the new mortgage rules and is adjusting to a higher interest rate environment. âWe are confident that our focus on service excellence, underpinned by a robust internal risk culture, will continue to drive growth and profitability in our core business,â said Mr. Bissada. âWe are excited to embark on the next phase of transforming our business, including executing our substantial issuer bid and investing in digital enablement.â
YOUSRY BISSADA
PAUL DERKSEN
President and Chief Executive Officer Chair of the Board
The Companyâs 2018 Third Quarter Report, including Managementâs Discussion and Analysis, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 is available at www.homecapital.com and on the Canadian Securities Administratorsâ website at www.sedar.com.
Third Quarter 2018 Results Conference Call and Slide Presentation Webcast
The conference call will take place on Wednesday, November 7, 2018, at 8:00 a.m. ET. Participants are asked to call approximately 10 minutes in advance at toll-free 1-844-899-4831 throughout North America. Participants calling from outside of North America may dial 1-647-689-5401. The call will also be accessible in listen-only mode on Home Capitalâs website at www.homecapital.com in the Investor Relations section of the website.
Conference Call Archive
A telephone replay of the call will be available between 11:00 a.m. ET Wednesday, November 7, 2018 and midnight ET Wednesday, November 14, 2018 by calling 416-621-4642 or 1-800-585-8367 (enter passcode 6382499). The archived audio webcast will be available for 90 days on Home Capitalâs website at www.homecapital.com.
FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS
(Unaudited) For the three months ended (000s, except Percentage and Per Share Amounts) September 30 June 30 September 30 Sequential 2018 2018 2017 Change INCOME STATEMENT HIGHLIGHTS1 Net Interest Income $ 89,847 $ 84,129 $ 88,762
6.8% Net Interest Margin (TEB)2 2.03% 1.91% 1.85% 12 bps Efficiency Ratio (TEB)2 52.9% 54.5% 62.7% (160) bps Provision for Credit Losses $ 3,990 $ 6,487 $ (4,257) (38.5)% Provision as a Percentage of Gross Loans (annualized) 0.10% 0.17% (0.11)% (7) bps Net Income $ 32,600 $ 29,606 $ 29,983 10.1% Diluted Earnings per Share $ 0.41 $ 0.37 $ 0.37 10.8% Return on Shareholdersâ Equity (annualized) 6.9% 6.4% 6.8% 50 bps ORIGINATIONS Total Mortgage Originations $ 1,435,793 $ 1,230,208 $ 385,065 16.7% Single-Family Residential Mortgage Originations 1,015,998 949,339 223,964 7.0% As at September 30 June 30 December 31 YTD 2018 2018 2017 Change BALANCE SHEET HIGHLIGHTS1 Total Assets $ 17,882,017 $ 17,935,799 $ 17,591,143 1.7% Total Assets Under Administration3 24,657,402 25,001,732 25,040,182 (1.5)% Total Loans4 16,042,702 15,447,928 15,069,636 6.5% Total Loans Under Administration3,4 22,818,087 22,513,861 22,518,675 1.3% Total Deposits 12,361,030 12,496,704 12,170,454 1.6% Demand Deposits 419,664 411,056 539,364 (22.2)% FINANCIAL STRENGTH1 Capital Measures5 Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio 23.27% 23.21% 23.17% Leverage Ratio 9.20% 8.96% 8.70% Credit Quality Net Non-Performing Loans as a Percentage of Gross Loans 0.34% 0.34% 0.30% Allowance as a Percentage of Gross Non-Performing Loans 71.0% 71.0% 79.5% Share Information Book Value per Common Share $ 23.82 $ 23.40 $ 22.60 Number of Common Shares Outstanding 80,246 80,246 80,246
1 The amounts pertaining to 2018 have been prepared in accordance with IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (IFRS 9); prior period amounts have not been restated and have been prepared in accordance with IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (IAS 39). Please see Note 2 in the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included in the 2018 Third Quarter Report for further information. 2 See definition of Taxable Equivalent Basis (TEB) under Non-GAAP Measures included in the 2018 Third Quarter Report. 3 Total assets and loans under administration include both on- and off-balance sheet amounts. 4 Total loans include loans held for sale and are presented gross of allowance for credit losses, for all periods presented. 5 These figures relate to the Companyâs operating subsidiary, Home Trust Company.
Caution Regarding Forward-looking Statements
From time to time Home Capital Group Inc. makes written and verbal forward-looking statements. These are included in the Annual Report, periodic reports to shareholders, regulatory filings, press releases, Company presentations and other Company communications. Forward-looking statements are made in connection with business objectives and targets, Company strategies, operations, anticipated financial results and the outlook for the Company, its industry, and the Canadian economy. These statements regarding expected future performance are âfinancial outlooksâ within the meaning of National Instrument 51-102. Please see the risk factors, which are set forth in detail in the Risk Management section of the 2018 Third Quarter Report, as well as the Companyâs other publicly filed information, which is available on the System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval (SEDAR) at www.sedar.com, for the material factors that could cause the Companyâs actual results to differ materially from these statements. These risk factors are material risk factors a reader should consider, and include credit risk, liquidity and funding risk, structural interest rate risk, operational risk, investment risk, strategic risk, reputational risk, compliance risk and capital adequacy risk along with additional risk factors that may affect future results. Forward-looking statements can be found in the Report to the Shareholders and the Outlook section in the 2018 Third Quarter Report. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as âwill,â âbelieve,â âexpect,â âanticipate,â âintend,â âshould,â âestimate,â âplan,â âforecast,â âmay,â and âcouldâ or other similar expressions.
By their very nature, these statements require the Company to make assumptions and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainty, general and specific, which may cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, global capital market activity, changes in government monetary and economic policies, changes in interest rates, inflation levels and general economic conditions, legislative and regulatory developments, competition and technological change. The preceding list is not exhaustive of possible factors.
These and other factors should be considered carefully and readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. The Company presents forward-looking statements to assist shareholders in understanding the Companyâs assumptions and expectations about the future that are relevant in managementâs setting of performance goals, strategic priorities and outlook. The Company presents its outlook to assist shareholders in understanding managementâs expectations on how the future will impact the financial performance of the Company. These forward-looking statements may not be appropriate for other purposes. The Company does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements, whether written or verbal, that may be made from time to time by it or on its behalf, except as required by securities laws.
Assumptions about the performance of the Canadian economy in 2018 and its effect on Home Capitalâs business are material factors the Company considers when setting strategic priorities and outlook. In determining expectations for economic growth, both broadly and in the financial services sector, the Company primarily considers historical and forecasted economic data provided by the Canadian government and its agencies and other third-party providers. In setting and reviewing its strategic priorities and outlook for the remainder of 2018, managementâs expectations continue to assume:
The Canadian economy is expected to be relatively stable for the remainder of 2018. However, the impact of the renegotiated trade agreement with the United States and Mexico remains uncertain as does the impact from other global trade relations.
Stable employment conditions in its established regions. Also, the Company expects inflation will generally be within the Bank of Canadaâs target of 1% to 3%, leading to stable credit losses and demand for the Companyâs lending products in its established regions.
The Canadian economy will continue to be influenced by the economic conditions in the United States and global markets; as such, the Company is prepared for the variability that may result.
The Bank of Canada is expected to continue to raise interest rates in 2019.
Current and expected levels of housing activity indicate a relatively stable real estate market overall and in particular for the Companyâs key Greater Toronto Area (GTA) market. Please see Market Conditions under the 2018 Outlook in the Companyâs 2018 Third Quarter Report for more discussion on the Companyâs expectations for the housing market.
Debt service levels will remain manageable by Canadian households in 2018, however high levels of consumer debt make the economy more vulnerable to rising interest rates and any economic weaknesses resulting from trade disputes.
Access to the mortgage and deposit markets through broker networks will be maintained.
Non-GAAP Measures
The Company has adopted IFRS as its accounting framework. IFRS are the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for Canadian publicly accountable enterprises for years beginning on or after January 1, 2011. The Company uses a number of financial measures to assess its performance. Some of these measures are not calculated in accordance with GAAP, are not defined by GAAP, and do not have standardized meanings that would ensure consistency and comparability between companies using these measures. Definitions of non-GAAP measures can be found under Non-GAAP Measures in the Managementâs Discussion and Analysis included in the Companyâs 2018 Third Quarter Report.
Regulatory Filings
The Companyâs continuous disclosure materials, including interim filings, annual Managementâs Discussion and Analysis and audited consolidated financial statements, Annual Information Form, Notice of Annual Meeting of Shareholders, and Proxy Circular are available on the Companyâs website at www.homecapital.com and on the Canadian Securities Administratorsâ website at www.sedar.com.
About Home Capital
Home Capital Group Inc. is a public company, traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (HCG), operating through its principal subsidiary, Home Trust Company. Home Trust is a federally regulated trust company offering residential and non-residential mortgage lending, securitization of insured residential mortgage products, consumer lending and credit card services. In addition, Home Trust offers deposits via brokers and financial planners, and through a direct to consumer brand, Oaken Financial. Home Trust also conducts business through its wholly owned subsidiary, Home Bank. Licensed to conduct business across Canada, we have offices in Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Quebec and Manitoba.
View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20181107005296/en/
Contacts
Home Capital Group Inc. Jill MacRae, 416-933-4991 Director, Investor Relations [email protected]
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Quick Hits!
TorontoRealtyBlog
âLittle bit âa lotta thingsâ today, as they say.
They who? I donât know. But it sounded good when I wrote it.
Iâm going to cover five or six topics today, all noteworthy & newsworthy, all free for your commentary. Although I think I already know which one will get solicit the most opinionâŠ
  How Can You Put A Price On Emotion?
If you didnât read about this story a couple of weeks ago, then Iâm so happy to be the one bringing it to your attention.
Sellers of a Beaches home have decided that they will not sell their property to the highest bidder, but rather, âa deserving young family who will benefit from the neighbourhood and preserve and enrich the community,â as the MLS listing states.
Hereâs a Toronto Star article from May 15th:
âFor sellers of this semi-detached home, a deserving family trumps priceâ
âThis is about putting a nice young family in there. Weâre not interested in a bidding war or anything like that,â the deceased sellerâs daughter said.
As soon as this article came out, however, the reaction was just oh-so-perfect for the confusing times in 2018, in that the peanut gallery took a positive, and turned it into a negative.
Thatâs right; the peanut gallery started to call discrimination.
It is, I suppose.
Accepting the highest offer is an easy way to pick a winner. But when you start examining people, their personalities, their lives, their values, and start putting a value on their self-worth, then surely that does become, by very definition of the word, âdiscriminatory.â
Weâll never know how the sellers decided to pick the winner, and for many, thatâs the problem.
Personally, I think itâs the sellersâ right to sell to whoever they want, for whatever reasons.
But what if behind closed doors, they never intended to sell the house to a person of a particular race, age, demographic, sexual orientation, etc?
Wow. Do you see what weâve done as a society? Our glass is half empty. We create âwhat-ifâ scenarios, and then debate them. I miss the 1980âsâŠ
In any event, the clamouring died down a little bit, and the sale went forward.
Low and behold, the house sold for the asking price, and no more.
I wonder what itâll be like for that new family, with everybody in the neighbourhood asking, âWhat did they do, or who are they, to âwinâ that house?â
â
Who Doesnât Love A New Tax?
Wasnât this simply a matter of time?
âYork Region demands power to bring in new taxesâ
To the surprise of just about nobody, one of the taxes at the top of the list is a land transfer tax.
For those younginâs out there, I do recall a time when the sale of properties in Toronto only had one land transfer tax!
Ah, the good old days! When buying a $900,000 home only came with a $14,475 raping of the wallet, for absolutely no reason.
Then along came David Miller, who didnât realize that â2 x 1 = 2,â and the tax doubled overnight.
Now itâs almost $30,000 to simply move.
Tell me Iâm biased because Iâm in real estate, but this tax, in my opinion, is the most bizarre tax Iâve ever seen. The tax isnât tied to anything! Garbage pickup, hydro, sewer and water â all the services associated with a home are paid for via property taxes! What is the land transfer tax tied to? Itâs a nothing tax.
In any event, York Region councillors are demanding that the government of Ontario give them power to increase, and create new taxes. Theyâre facing a $220 Million budget shortfall, and while a fiscal conservative like myself might suggest reducing spending, the obvious answer for anybody in government is simply to increase taxes.
I think itâs prudent to keep in mind just how hard York Region has been hit with the decline in real estate prices in the last 12 months.
May I remind you of the chart from a blog post earlier this month:
(yes I know that chart is prettier than my usual screenshots from Excel, but I gussied it up for the Toronto Life presentation last nightâŠ)
York Region prices are down 20.6%, April YTD.
Adding another land transfer tax isnât exactly going to help stabilize real estate prices, but perhaps the government doesnât care?
â
F*** The Rich!
This is old news, but it was recently brought up again via an interaction I had with a buyer client.
This client is looking to purchase for $4,500,000, and was last active in November of 2016.
Heâs been away for 18 months, and when calculating the expenses associated with his purchase, he was using his old spreadsheet â from 2016.
Little did he know, the governmentâs rebate on land transfer tax for first-time home buyers in 2017 was offset by an increase in land transfer tax for luxury homes.
Do you guys even remember this? Itâs like it almost didnât make headlines.
Land transfer tax was increased from 2.0% to 2.5% on the portion of purchase price over $2,000,000.
That means an additional $12,500 in land transfer tax payable.
$12,500?
Really? Am I making a fuss about this?
$12,500 in the context of a $4,500,000 house is a rounding error!
But what if I told you that the total amount of land transfer tax payable on this purchase was $197,950? What then?
Itâs tough to define the word âfairâ in todayâs world, especially in the context of politics and governance.
But Iâd love to know what you all think. As I alluded to in the previous point, people donât really âget anythingâ for their payment of land transfer tax. Is shelling out nearly $200,000, fair? And would any of you subscribe to the simple theory that âThese people can afford to pay it?â
â
Have You Seen My Agent? I Canât Find HerâŠ
This is a great story.
And by âgreat,â I mean itâs entertaining. But in reality, itâs sad, and pathetic.
I was set to receive offers on a listing last week, and I got a call around 5:30pm from a young lady who asked, âWhat time are offers?â
I told her we were going to review offers at 7:00pm.
I asked, âAre you an agent?â since I assumed she was. But she said, âNo, Iâm not, but Iâd like to submit an offer.â
I wasnât sure if she meant through me, or not. So I simply asked, and she said, âMaybe, Iâm not sure yet.â
I dragged the situation out of her â it seems that she had a buyer agent working for her, who works out of Oakville, but she couldnât get ahold of the agent. She said she had been trying âall day,â and she knew âsomething was wrongâ when her agent didnât email her on the morning of offers (let alone, the night beforeâŠ) to tell her that offers would be reviewed at 7pm, remind her she needs a deposit cheque, etc.
Imagine that.
You hire somebody to represent you, and they do anything but.
âWhat about somebody at the brokerage?â I asked her. âIf your agent is away on vacation, surely she has somebody to look after her business, right?â
âI donât know,â she told me. âIâm not sure how she runs her business; sheâs often hard to reach. What can I do here? What are my options?â she asked me.
âIf you want to make an offer, that can happen,â I explained. âYou can do so through any agent, any brokerage, whoever you want.â I told her.
She asked if she could make the offer through me, and I explained that I was representing the seller, and while itâs technically possible, I donât like multiple representation, and Iâd rather her work with somebody from my brokerage. Or another brokerage.  It was totally up to her.
I further explained the buyer representation rules and regulations, and explained the difference between a Buyer Representation Agreement and a Customer Service Agreement and thatâs when she said something amazing: âIâve already signed a buyer representation agreement with my agent.â
Well, crap.
âFor me to speak to you about this property, a potential offer, and your options, technically, is interfering with a buyer under contract,â I explained. âThe B.R.A. is signed with the brokerage, not the agent,â I told her. âSo you can make the offer through anybody at the brokerage.â
Then I asked her, âWhich brokerage is it?â
Even more amazingly, she said, âI donât know.â
âYou donât know?â I asked. âRe/Max, Royal Lepage, Homelife, Century 21, Chestnut Park, Keller Williams,â I went on, and on, and on.
âNothing rings a bell,â she told me.
So I told her quite honestly, âYouâre under contract with a brokerage, working with an agent that you canât get in touch with. I honestly donât think I can help you.â
And this isnât about commission, in case youâre wondering. The truth is, Iâm not sure if I could have even drafted the offer for her to sign, and submitted it on her behalf â with the full understanding that she was working with another brokerage, and they would receive the commission. I just canât interfere with somebody elseâs client. Itâs very simple.
I felt bad for the girl. I told her to call the brokerage, and ask for the manager or the broker of record, to see if they could help.
Then she reminded me that she didnât know which brokerage it was, and I essentially gave up.
I donât know that thereâs a moral of the story, a conclusion, or any takeaway her. Itâs just really unfortunate.
â
âWhat Goes Up Must Come DownâŠâŠMost Of The Timeâ
We see a lot of real estate âfluffâ columns in the newspapers, so I love seeing something new and interesting; something I havenât read about before.
Shane Dingman from the Globe & Mail wrote an interesting, albeit depressing piece last week:
âElevators a let-down for Toronto condo dwellersâ
According to the article, condominiums have the lowest rate of elevator âavailabilityâ at 93%, which translates to 25 out-of-service days per year.
But the really interesting part of the article was about one specific building in Toronto: 59 East Liberty Street.
Apparently none of the elevators were in service at one point, and residents were without options â other than the stairs.
One of the three elevators has been out of service for a year!
And what of the board of directors?
They told residents not to voice any displeasure; not to âtweet, talk to the media, or make waves.â
What a mess.
The article is a solid read â click the link above.
The post Quick Hits! appeared first on Toronto Real Estate Property Sales & Investments | Toronto Realty Blog by David Fleming.
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What to Watch Now in the World of D&O
Every year just after Labor Day, I take a step back and survey the most important current trends and developments in the world of Directorsâ and Officersâ liability and D&O insurance. This yearâs survey is set out below. Once again, there are a host of things worth watching in the world of D&O.
 Will Securities Class Action Lawsuits Filings Continue Their Record Pace?
Year to date, as of September 1, 2017, 299 federal court securities class action lawsuits have been filed, representing a pace of securities suit filings that if continued would set an annual record. The 299 filings so far this year also already exceed the 272 securities suit filings during the full year 2016. The filing total through the yearâs first eight months projects to a year-end total of 448, which would be the highest annual number of securities suit filings since 2001, when a flood of IPO laddering cases swelled the filing totals. An annual total of 448 filings would exceed the 1996-2015 annual average of 188 securities suit filings by 138%.
 The high number of 2017 federal court securities suit filings is in part a reflection of the shift of merger objection lawsuits from state to federal court. As discussed further below, because of the hostility of the Delaware Court of Chancery to the disclosure-only settlements that frequently resolve these kinds of cases, the plaintiffsâ lawyers are filing these suits in federal court.
 However, even if the federal court merger objection lawsuit filings are disregarded, the YTD pace of securities suit filings is still at extraordinary levels. Through the first eight months of the year, there were 168 traditional securities lawsuit filings, which projects to a year-end total of 252 traditional securities suit filings. A total of 252 traditional filings would far exceed the 170 traditional securities lawsuit filings during the full year 2016, and would exceed the 1996-2015 annual filings average of 188 by 34%.
 The volume of securities suit filings is all the more striking if the decline in the number of publicly traded companies is taken into account. Due to bankruptcies, mergers, and going private transactions, there are 46% fewer publicly traded companies now than there were in 1996. The increase in the number of securities suit filings together with the decline in the number of publicly traded companies means that the litigation rate has increased substantially compared to historical levels. Measured as of June 30, 2017, and including the merger objection lawsuits, the 2017 filings were on pace for a litigation rate of 9.5% â compared to a comparable litigation rate for the full year 2016 of 5.6% and a 2.8% annual average litigation rate for the period 1996-2015.  A 9.5% litigation rate essentially means that one of ten publicly traded companies will get hit with a securities suit this year.
 Even if we disregard the merger objection lawsuits, the projected year-end 2017 total of 252 traditional lawsuits implies a litigation rate of 5.4%, which again would far exceed the 2016 litigation rate for traditional lawsuits of 3.9%. The implied 2017 litigation rate for traditional filings is nearly double the 1997-2015 average annual litigation rate of 2.8%.
 What is behind this extraordinary increase in the litigation rate? The likeliest explanation is that increased levels of securities suit filings reflect changes in the plaintiffsâ securities class action bar. As Prof. Michael Klausner and Jason Hegland of Stanford Law School detailed in a guest post on this blog (here), since 2009, a significantly larger number of securities class action lawsuits (both in terms of absolute numbers of lawsuit filings and in terms of percentage of all lawsuits filed) are now being filed by a group of small plaintiffsâ firms that were not previously active in filing securities lawsuits. The activities of these âemerging law firmsâ appear to account for a large proportion of recent increased numbers of securities class action lawsuits filings.
 In an August 22, 2017 Wall Street Journal article discussing the extraordinary rise in the rate of securities litigation filings (here), a comment by an attorney at one of the emerging firms seemed to corroborate the conjecture that changes in plaintiffsâ barâs approach explain the rise in the pace of securities suit filings. The attorney agreed that his firm and others have filed a broader range of cases in recent years, calling it a ânecessary adaptation as the more obvious accounting misstatements have become scarcer.â
 The changes in securities litigation filing patterns have important implications both for listed companies and for their insurers. Long-term securities litigation frequency risks have changed categorically. This means not only that publicly-traded companies now face an overall greater risk of securities class action litigation than in the past, but it also means that their D&O insurers also may be facing a significantly increased litigation frequency risk as well. To the extent that insurersâ pricing models are not taking these increased risks into account, their pricing calculations may result in premium charges that come up short.
 How Will President Trumpâs Judicial Nominees Shape the Federal Judiciary?
President Trumpâs appointment of Neal Gorsuch to the U.S. Supreme Court represents one of his administrationâs early accomplishments. However, as important as the U.S. Supreme Court is, it is in the lower federal courts that the Trump administration may have its most significant impact.
 The clamor of day-to-day White House activity dominates the news mediaâs attention, but in the meantime, the Trump administration has quietly been moving forward to fill the vacancies on the lower federal courts. The Trump administration also has been moving at what has been described as a âbreakneck paceâ to place its nominees in the federal judiciary. The Presidentâs efforts to put his nominees on the federal bench could have a far greater impact than his more attention-grabbing activities.
 There are a significant number of vacancies on the federal bench for President Trump to fill. As of September 1, 2017, there were 144 federal court judicial vacancies, representing over 16% of the authorized federal judgeships.
 As of August 31, 2017, the Senate has confirmed including six Trump administration judicial nominees, including one Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, three judges for the United States Courts of Appeals, and one judge for the United States District Courts. However, of even greater significance, and as of the same date, there are 30 Trump administration nominations to federal court judgeships awaiting Senate action, including eight for the Courts of Appeals and 22 for the District Courts.
 As Democratic Senator Chris Coons, a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee was recently quoted as saying, President Trumpâs influence on the federal judiciary as a result of his nominations âwill be the single most important legacy of the Trump administration,â adding with respect to the kinds of candidates that the Trump administration has been nominating, âgiven their youth and conservatism, they will have a significant impact on the shape and trajectory of American law for decades.â
 Some of Trump administrationâs nominees to the federal judiciary have proven to be controversial, most of Trumpâs judicial nominees have, as Jeffrey Toobin noted in a recent New Yorker article, âexcellent formal qualifications.â More to the point in terms of possible consequences of Trumpâs judicial nominations, Toobin noted that âTrump is poised to reshape the judiciary in a notably conservative direction.â
 With the benefit of a Republican-controlled Senate, the Trump administration appears well-positioned to continue to place its nominees on the federal bench. The decidedly conservative cast of the administrationâs nominees will have a significant impact on the proceedings in the lower federal courts for years to come. This impact may take a number of forms, but among other things, one likely impact would seem to be a more defendant-friendly approach to business disputes and other commercial matters, at least to the extent the adminitrationâs nominees share the Presidentâs anti-regulation, business-friendly outlook.  To the extent this defendant-friendly approach actually materializes, it could prove to provide a significant boost to corporate litigants and their D&O insurers.
 What Impact Will President Trumpâs Political Appointments Have on D&O Claims?
Beyond his judicial appointment authority, President Trumpâs authority to make executive branch and other political appointments affords him, through his administration, enormous power to set policy, promulgate or revise regulation, and determine the direction of the government and its course of conduct. As Michael Lewisâs potent July 26, 2017 Vanity Fair article about U.S. Department of Energy under the Trump administration demonstrates, the Presidentâs executive branch nominations and other political appointments potentially can have a dramatic impact on the policies and activities of the U.S. government and on its fulfillment of its responsibilities.
 Two of President Trumpâs appointments have the greatest potential to have a significant impact on companies and their directors and officers. First, the President appointed Senator Jeff Sessions as the Attorney General and head of the U.S. Department of Justice. Sessions is a former prosecutor and U.S. Attorney with a well-established reputation as defender of âlaw and order.â While he is well known for his focus on drug enforcement issues, he has also made it clear that he is prepared to be active on white collar crime issues. In his confirmation hearings as well as in numerous prior public statements, Sessions has made it clear that he places a high priority on fighting corporate misbehavior.
 Though Sessions has moved quickly to reverse Obama administration policies in a number of areas, expectations are that he will continue the Obamaâs aggressive approach to white collar crime enforcement. In a May speech, Sessions affirmed that would continue to vigorously enforce the nationâs anti-fraud laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), stating with respect to law enforcement that âone area where this is critical is enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.â
 One particularly important question about the Department of Justice under Sessions is the extent to which the agency will continue to enforce the so-called Yates Memo, which embodied the prior administrationâs policy of seeking to hold individual executives accountable for corporate misconduct. Though the Department administration will no longer refer to this policy as the Yates Memo, expectations are that the new administration will continue the policy of seeking to hold individuals accountable. Indeed, in his May speech, Sessions specifically said that âThe Department of Justice will continue to emphasize the importance of holding individuals accountable for corporate misconduct.â
 President Trumpâs appointee as Chairman of the SEC, Jay Clayton, is a Wall Street lawyer who has made a career representing large financial firms and other corporate clients in financial transactions and regulatory matters. His client list included most of the largest banks on Wall Street; his wife works for Goldman Sachs. His law practice generally did not include representing clients in connection with enforcement matters. His background contrasts from that of his predecessor, Mary Jo White, who was a career prosecutor who brought to her job a lifetime reputation as a âtough cop.â All else equal, it seems likelier that priority of the agency under Clayton would be more toward regulatory and finance issues, rather than toward enforcement issues.
 Just the same, in a July 12, 2017 speech, Clayton made a point of emphasizing that âI fully intend to continue deploying significant resources to root out fraud and shady practices in the markets, particularly in areas where Main Street investors are most exposed.â He also said that âthe Commission will continue to use its enforcement and examination authority to support market integrity.â One particular area he chose to emphasize in his speech is corporate responsibility for disclosure relating to cybersecurity. He said that âpublic companies have a clear obligation to disclose material information about cyber risks and cyber events. I expect them to take this requirement seriously.â
 In the past, Clayton contributed to a white paper suggesting that rigorous FCPA enforcement was pushing foreign companies to avoid registering as U.S. issuers and stating that the U.S. government should âdial back the scope of FCPA enforcement with respect to companies.â Nevertheless, expectations are that as head of the SEC, Clayton will continue prior administrationâs policies of active FCPA enforcement.
 How Will the Supreme Court Decide the Pending Securities Cases on its Docket?
In the past, years would pass between occasions on which the U.S. Supreme Court would take up cases raising questions under the securities laws. In more recent years, the Court inexplicably has seemed more inclined to take up securities cases. The upcoming Supreme Court term, which commences in October 2017, is no exception to this recent trend. The Court already has at least three important securities cases on its docket for the upcoming term.
 Leidos, Inc. v. Indiana Public Retirement System: This case will afford the Court an opportunity to resolve a circuit split by addressing the question of whether or not the alleged failure to make a disclosure required by Item 303 of Reg. S-K is an actionable omission under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. The Second Circuit has held that Item 303 does create an actionable duty of disclosure, while the Ninth and Third Circuits have held that it does not.
 Item 303 of Reg. S-K states in pertinent part that in its periodic reports to the SEC, a company is to â[d]escribe any known trends or uncertainties that have had or that the registrant reasonably expects will have a materially favorable or unfavorable impactâ on the company. Guidance provided by the SEC on Item 303 clarifies that disclosure is necessary where a âtrend, demand commitment event or uncertainty is both presently known to management and reasonably likely to have material effects on the registrantâs financial conditions or results of operations.â Issuersâ Item 303 disclosures appear in the Management Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) sections of their annual reports (and in interim or quarterly reports, where there have been material changes since the last annual report).
 The plaintiffs in the Leidos case allege that the SEC filings of SAIC (the predecessor of Leidos) omitted disclosures required by Item 303. The district court granted the defendantsâ motion to dismiss, ruling, among other things, that the plaintiffâs claims based on the allegation that the companyâs SEC filings omitted disclosures required by Item 303 were insufficiently pled. On appeal, the Second Circuit vacated the portion of the district courtâs ruling relating to the Item 303 allegations, at the same time noting the circuit split on the question relating to Item 303 disclosures. The defendants filed a petition seeking Supreme Court review of the Second Circuitâs ruling. The U.S. Supreme Courtâs March 27, 2017 order granting the writ of certiorari can be found here.
 The Supreme Courtâs consideration of these issues will address the circuit split on the question of whether or not Item 303 creates an actionable duty of disclosure under Section 10(b) and applicable regulations. Although some commentators have questioned the significance of this issue, the fact is Courtâs consideration of these issues will address an issue that comes in frequently in the securities cases in the lower courts and that the circuit courts have decided in differing ways that could allow cases to go forward in some judicial circuits that would not pass muster in other circuits. The case will be argued on November 6, 2017.
 Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver County Employees Retirement Fund: A recurring question that has arisen in recent years is whether or not state courts retain concurrent jurisdiction over lawsuits alleging liability under the Securities Act of 1933.
 Section 22(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 provides for concurrent state court jurisdiction for civil actions alleging violations of the â33 Actâs liability provisions. Section 22(a) specifies further that when an action is brought in state court alleging a â33 Act violation, the case shall not be removed to federal court.
 In the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998 (SLUSA), Congress enacted provisions to preempt state court jurisdiction over federal law securities suits and to require the âcovered class actionsâ to go forward in federal court.
 The question that arose after SLUSA was enacted was whether or not SLUSAâs provisions pre-empt the concurrent state court jurisdiction provisions in the â33 Act. The determinations of these issues have not been uniform, but that in the Ninth Circuit, the state of the law seems to be that â33 Act cases filed in state court in reliance on Section 22âs concurrent jurisdiction provisions are not removable from state court to federal court notwithstanding the provisions of SLUSA.
 The question of whether or not after SLUSA state courts retain jurisdiction for â33 Act liability lawsuits is a significant one. In recent years, a significant amount of IPO-related securities class action litigation has been filed in state court, particularly in California, as detailed in a recent guest post on this site. The question of whether post-SLUSA state courts retain their concurrent â33 Act liability lawsuit jurisdiction has vexed the courts and litigants for years. This case offers the opportunity for these questions finally to be resolved. Oral argument in the case has not yet been scheduled.
 Digital Realty Trust, Inc. v. Somers: At the end of its last term in June 2017, the Court also agreed to take up the question of whether or not the Dodd-Frank Actâs anti-retaliation provisions apply to and protect individuals who did not make a whistleblower report to the SEC. The lower courts have struggled with the question of whether or not the Actâs anti-retaliation protections extend to individuals who file internal reports within their own companies.
 The problem for the courts is that the statutory provisions conflict. The Dodd-Frank Actâs definitions seems to restrict the term âwhistleblowerâ to those filing whistleblower reports with the SEC, but the Actâs anti-retaliation provision seems to extend its protections to other whistleblowers, including, for example, those filing an internal whistleblower report within their own company under the Sarbanes Oxley Act. As one district court said with respect to the tension between these two provisions, âat bottom, it is difficult to find a clear and simple way to read the statutory provisions ⊠in perfect harmony with one another.â
 Of potential relevance to the resolution of these issues, the SECâs regulations in effect interpret the Actâs provisions to extend the anti-retaliation protections to all those who make disclosures of suspected violations, whether the disclosures are made internally or to the SEC.
 In taking up the case, the Court will not only have the opportunity to address the split between the circuits on the issues surrounding the Dodd-Frank Actâs whistleblower anti-retaliation protections, but it may also have the opportunity to take up the âChevron deferenceâ issue. Under this doctrine, which refers to the U.S. Supreme Court 1984 decision in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., courts defer to agency interpretations of statutory mandates unless the interpretations are unreasonable. Chevron deference has been a hot button issue in conservative circles for years. It is in fact an issue on which new Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch weighed in while he was on the Tenth Circuit; he called the doctrine âa judge-made doctrine for the abdication of the judicial duty.â To the extent the court takes up the Chevron deference issue, it will address the question of whether or not it should defer to the SECâs interpretation of the reach of the Dodd-Frank Actâs anti-retaliation provisions.
 The Supreme Court has not yet scheduled oral argument in the Digital Realty Trust case.
 How Will the Federal Court Merger Objection Lawsuits Fare?
As I noted above, an important part of the surge in YTD securities suit filings is a reflection of the shift of merger objection lawsuits from state to federal court. Of the 299 securities suit filings during the first eight months of 2017, 129 (or about 43%) are merger objection suits. The 129 federal court merger objection lawsuit filings YTD far exceed the 80 federal court merger objection lawsuit filings during the full year 2016.
 The surge in the number of federal court merger objection lawsuit filings is a direct result of a series of Delaware state court rulings, culminating in the January 2016 ruling in the Trulia case, in which a series of Delaware judges evinced their hostility to the type of disclosure only settlements that frequently characterize the resolution of merger objection lawsuits. As a result of the unfavorable climate in the Delaware courts, the plaintiffsâ lawyers have shifted their filings of many of these suits to federal court.
 With merger objection lawsuits now relatively more likely to be filed outside Delaware, the question of whether or not judges in other jurisdictions â and in particular, federal district court judges â will follow the lead of Delawareâs courts in rejecting disclosure-only settlements takes on greater significance. There has been some reason to be concerned that judges in other jurisdictions were not inclined follow Delawareâs lead and might continue to approve disclosure-only settlements of these kinds of cases.
 However, as discussed here, last year, in a lawsuit involving Walgreenâs acquisition of Alliance Boots, the Seventh Circuit, in a blistering opinion written by Judge Richard Posner, affirmatively adopted the Delaware Chancery Courtâs position on disclosure-only settlements. Saying that these kinds of lawsuits are âa racketâ and characterizing the additional disclosure that was the basis of the settlement as âworthless,â the appellate court reversed the district courtâs approval of the settlement.
 With the number of federal court merger objection lawsuit growing significantly, the question of whether or not the federal courts will, similarly to the Seventh Circuit in the Walgreens case, follow the Delaware courtsâ lead in rejecting disclosure-only settlements takes on increased urgency. If the federal courts show the same level of scrutiny and hostility as the Delaware courts, the flood of federal court merger objection suits may prove to be a short-lived phenomenon. However, if the federal courts decline to follow the Delaware courtsâ lead, federal court merger objection litigation could remain an important corporate and securities litigation phenomenon, representing a significant litigation exposure for companies and for their D&O insurers.
 Will Mandatory Securities Claim Arbitration Become a Serious Possibility?
For a time a few years ago, litigation reform bylaws were all the rage â including forum selection bylaws, fee shifting bylaws, even mandatory arbitration bylaws. More recently, discussion of the topic quieted down, in part because the Delaware legislature enacted legislation allowing Delaware corporations to adopt forum selection bylaws while also prohibiting fee-shifting bylaws. However, the topic of litigation reform bylaws may be back on the docket again. As discussed here, in July 2017 speech, SEC Commissioner Michael Piwowar invited companies heading toward an IPO to adopt arbitration provisions in their corporate bylaws.
 According to a July 17, 2017 Reuters article entitled âU.S. SECâs Piwowar Urges Companies to Pursue Mandatory Arbitration Clausesâ (here), Piwowar said in a speech at the Heritage Foundation that âFor shareholder lawsuits, companies can come to us to ask for relief to put in mandatory arbitration into their charters. I would encourage companies to come and talk to us about that.â
 As Alison Frankel points out on here On the Case blog (here), mandatory arbitration of shareholder claims is not a new idea. Academics have been debating the possibility for decades. And as I noted in a post a few years ago, several courts did uphold the enforceability of one companyâs bylaw provision requiring arbitration of shareholder claims.
 Nevertheless, at least until now, the view has been that the SEC opposes provisions requiring shareholder claims to be arbitrated. The agencyâs position has been a corporate charter provision mandating arbitration of shareholder claims would violate Section 29 of the â34 Act, which voids any contractual provision that would seek to waive any right under the statute.
 Though Piwowar seems to have invited companies planning IPOs to step forward with mandatory securities claim arbitration provisions, there may be some good reasons for companies to hold back. For starters, notwithstanding Piwowarâs comments, it is not entirely clear whether a securities claim arbitration provision would withstand scrutiny. Among other things, a court might conclude that, notwithstanding the SECâs position, an arbitration provision is contrary to the prohibitions in Section 29.
 There may be a more practical reason companies might hesitate to adope a securities claim arbitration provision, and that is concern about the marketâs reaction. In her blog post, Frankel raised the question whether big institutional investors might balk at waiving their right to sue. Frankel quotes Columbia Law School Professor John Coffee as noting that a companyâs adoption of an arbitration provision could have an impact on the companyâs share price at the IPO. On the other hand, Frankel also quotes Michigan Law School Professor Adam Pritchard as suggesting that investors might pay more for shares of companies that could be able to avoid the expenses of securities class action lawsuits.
 In any event, it may not be long before a company takes Piwowar up on his invitation and steps forward for an IPO with a securities claim arbitration provision in its bylaws. If the IPO candidateâs submission passes agency muster, not only will these kinds of provisions quickly become standard for IPO companies, but many of the already public companies will quickly take steps to adopt similar provisions, just as they did with forum selection bylaw provisions a few years ago.
 What might it mean if shareholder securities claim arbitration provisions become standard? It could mean serious changes in the way securities claims are litigated in this country. To whatever extent changes of this magnitude are even in the realm of the possible, we are a long way off from any of these kinds of things taking place. Even if these kinds of arbitration provisions actually do take hold, there are still a lot of other things that could happen. As we saw a few years ago when fee-shifting bylaw provisions were all the rage, the Delaware legislature stepped forward and changed the relevant laws, pretty much stopping the fee-shifting bylaw bandwagon in its tracks. By the same token, if securities claim arbitration provisions were to take off, Congress might act.
 The one thing that is certain is that if Piwowarâs recent suggestion succeeds on getting things started, it could get very interesting. For now, put the question of mandatory securities claim arbitration provisions on the list of things to watch.
 Will the Frequency of Collective Investor Actions Outside the U.S. Continue to Grow?
As the statistics discussed above reflect, securities class action litigation is an important part of the U.S. litigation landscape. By contrast, in the past, and until quite recently, there has not been significant collective investor litigation activity outside the United States, other than in Australia and Canada. However, as underscored by several recent developments, collective investor litigation outside the U.S. is now a significant phenomenon and it not limited just to Australia and Canada. The likelihood is that it will continue to grow.
 Two recent developments underscore the significance of the changes. First, as discussed here, in March 2016, shareholder associations acting on behalf of former shareholders of the failed financial firm Fortis entered a $1.3 billion settlement under the Dutch Collective Settlement procedures. Second, as discussed here, in December 2016, collective investor groups negotiated a $1.0 billion partial settlement in the U.K. of the credit crisis-era claims asserted against RBS. Subsequent settlements in the RBS case brought the total value of the RBS settlements close to $1.3 billion.
 It must be emphasized that settlements of this magnitude in collective investor actions outside the U.S. is absolutely unprecedented. Indeed, were these settlements to have taken place in the U.S., they would be among the ten largest settlements ever. The fact that the settlements took place outside the U.S makes them all the more significant.
 In addition to these massive settlements, there has also been a surge of new collective investor actions filed around the world, driven by a wave of high-profile corporate scandals. New claims have been filed in recent months in a variety of jurisdictions outside the U.S. against a number of companies, including Volkswagen, Tesco, Toshiba, Petrobras, and others.
 There are a number of factors driving this litigation activity. The disruption of the global financial crisis engendered a new willingness to try to hold corporate executives accountable. The global financial crisis also spurred increased regulatory enforcement activity and increased cross-border regulatory collaboration. Though the financial crisis has passed, the regulators have remained active. In addition, legislatures around the world have continued to enact legislative reforms that allow for various kinds of collective investor action. For example, in December 2015, Thailand enacted provisions allowing for securities class actions in that country.
 Another significant factor in the global rise of collective investor actions has been the growth of third-party litigation funding. Third-party litigation funding has been a major force in the rise of securities class action litigation in Canada and Australia, and is a significant contributing factor behind many of the more recently filed scandal-related collective investor actions.
 The spread and growth of litigation funding increases the likelihood that the collective action procedures various countries have recently adopted will be put into use for remedial purposes. The high-profile corporate scandals seems likely to provide ample motivation and incentive for these developments to continue.
 These developments have important implications for companies and their directors and officers, as well as for their D&O insurers. For the companies, these developments mean that their D&O claims exposure has expanded, as they face the potential for serious claims across a vastly expanded landscape. For the D&O insurers, these developments represent a radical shift, as the possibilities for D&O claims frequency and severity has changed in ways that defy long-standing assumptions. The future for D&O claims literally represents a whole new world.
 Will Cybersecurity Become a Significant D&O Claims Issue?
By now, every organization is aware of the importance of cybersecurity concerns. Indeed, news of a data breach of other type of cybersecurity event is a nearly daily occurrence. Many of these cybersecurity events lead to litigation, though the vast bulk of the litigation has concerned consumer privacy issues. As cybersecurity events have continued to mount, one question that has arisen is whether or not claims cybersecurity incidents will also lead to D&O claims in which the claimants allege that the senior officials at a company should be held liable.
 There has in fact been a small number of high profile data security-related D&O lawsuits filed. However, several of those cases â including, for example, the derivative lawsuits filed against Target (about which refer here) Wyndham Worldwide (here), and Home Depot  (here ) â were quickly dismissed. (It should be noted, however, that while appeal in the case was pending, the parties to the Home Depot case settled the case, with the defendant agreeing among other things to pay the plaintiffsâ attorneysâ fees of $1.1 million).
 With the dismissal of these cases, the plaintiffsâ prospects in these kinds of cases appeared dim. However, within days of Home Depot suit dismissal and just at the point where it seemed as if these kinds of cases might dwindle altogether, a plaintiff shareholder filed a new shareholder derivative lawsuit against the board of Wendyâs, as discussed here.
 In addition, in January 2017, plaintiffs filed a data breach-related securities lawsuit against Yahoo!, as discussed here. The securities suit filing followed the companyâs two announcements, in September and December 2016, that several years earlier the company had experienced separate data breaches in which hackers had obtained access to hundreds of millions of usersâ accounts. Among other things, the plaintiffs in the securities suit alleged that the announcement of the data breaches led to the delay and renegotiation of the terms of Verizonâs planned acquisition of Yahoo!
 The lawsuits against Wendyâs and Yahoo were only recently filed. It remains to be seen whether they will fare any better than the earlier suits. It also remains to be seen whether other prospective data breach claimants will choose to file D&O lawsuits. However, the arrival of the Wendyâs and Yahoo lawsuits is a reminder that it is far too early to conclude that we donât need to be worried about the possibility of cybersecurity-related D&O litigation.
 The reality is that the plaintiffsâ lawyers are still trying to find the right approach (or perhaps to find a case with just the right facts). The plaintiffsâ bar is creative and entrepreneurial and they have significant incentives to try to find a way to capitalize on the chronic cybersecurity risks and exposures that companies face. The plaintiffsâ lawyers will continue to experiment, and for that reason alone we are going to see further cybersecurity-related D&O lawsuits. The more important question for companies and their advisors is how frequent and how severe these claims will prove to be.
 Will Climate Change-Related Concerns Lead to More D&O Claims?
Even though President Trump announced on June 1, 2017 the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Climate Accords, it seems likely that climate change will remain a high profile issue for many corporate boards, and potentially could be a source of future corporate claim activity.
 Climate change-related issues have in fact already been the source of claims against corporate officials. As noted in a prior post (here), in November 2016, shareholders filed a climate change-related securities class action lawsuit against ExxonMobil, in which the claimants allege that the companyâs did not adequately disclose that its own internal analyses of the likely impact from climate change-related issues on its ability to realize the full value of the hydrocarbon assets on its balance sheet. Although one claim does not represent a trend, the ExxonMobil lawsuit does highlight the possibility of other investor claims based on climate change-related disclosure issues.
 Beyond the possibilities for these kinds of investor-related damages claims, activists and others frustrated by climate change-related developments in the political arena increasingly may to use the courts as a way to advance their agendas.
 A recent lawsuit filed in Australia provides a good example of the way in which climate change activists may seek to use the courts. As discussed here, on August 8, 2017, Environmental Justice Australia filed an action in the Federal Court of Australia, Victoria Registry, against Commonwealth Bank of Australia, on behalf of two Commonwealth Bank (CBA) shareholders.
 In their complaint (here), the plaintiffs allege the bankâs Annual Report reflected omissions with respect to climate change-related issues. Among other things, the complaint alleges that the Annual Report did not report on the companyâs climate change business risk or its management of climate change risks. The complaint alleges that in making these omissions, the Annual Report âcontravenedâ the requirements of the Corporations Act, by âfailing to give a true and fair view of the financial position and performanceâ of the company and by failing to include information that the companyâs shareholders âwould reasonably require to make an informed assessment of: the operations of CBA; the financial position of CBA; and the business strategies, and prospects for future financial years, of CBA.â
 The complaint seeks a judicial declaration that in failing to report the companyâs climate change risks, the 2016 Annual Report âcontravenedâ the relevant sections of the Corporations Act. The complaint also seeks an injunction restraining the company from continuing to fail to report on its climate change- related risks.
 The lawsuit has only just been filed and it remains to be seen how it will fare. While the shareholders who filed the lawsuit undoubtedly would be happy to have the court grant their requests for declaratory and injunctive relief, their objectives in filing the lawsuit do not depend on successfully obtaining this relief. Rather, the litigants and the lawyers that represent them are seeking to draw attention to climate change related issues and to use publicity measure to put pressure on companies to focus on and to address climate change issues.
 The lawsuit surely will not be the last one of the type, as activists seek to use the use the courts and the publicity surrounding their lawsuits as a way to advance climate change-related awareness. The bottom line is that notwithstanding â and perhaps even because of â the Trump administrationâs move to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris climate accords, climate change issues likely will remain an area of concern for corporate boards. Climate change-related disclosure seems likely to remain a particular area of focus, as I previously discussed here.
 The post What to Watch Now in the World of D&O appeared first on The D&O Diary.
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What to Watch Now in the World of D&O
Every year just after Labor Day, I take a step back and survey the most important current trends and developments in the world of Directorsâ and Officersâ liability and D&O insurance. This yearâs survey is set out below. Once again, there are a host of things worth watching in the world of D&O.
 Will Securities Class Action Lawsuits Filings Continue Their Record Pace?
Year to date, as of September 1, 2017, 299 federal court securities class action lawsuits have been filed, representing a pace of securities suit filings that if continued would set an annual record. The 299 filings so far this year also already exceed the 272 securities suit filings during the full year 2016. The filing total through the yearâs first eight months projects to a year-end total of 448, which would be the highest annual number of securities suit filings since 2001, when a flood of IPO laddering cases swelled the filing totals. An annual total of 448 filings would exceed the 1996-2015 annual average of 188 securities suit filings by 138%.
 The high number of 2017 federal court securities suit filings is in part a reflection of the shift of merger objection lawsuits from state to federal court. As discussed further below, because of the hostility of the Delaware Court of Chancery to the disclosure-only settlements that frequently resolve these kinds of cases, the plaintiffsâ lawyers are filing these suits in federal court.
 However, even if the federal court merger objection lawsuit filings are disregarded, the YTD pace of securities suit filings is still at extraordinary levels. Through the first eight months of the year, there were 168 traditional securities lawsuit filings, which projects to a year-end total of 252 traditional securities suit filings. A total of 252 traditional filings would far exceed the 170 traditional securities lawsuit filings during the full year 2016, and would exceed the 1996-2015 annual filings average of 188 by 34%.
 The volume of securities suit filings is all the more striking if the decline in the number of publicly traded companies is taken into account. Due to bankruptcies, mergers, and going private transactions, there are 46% fewer publicly traded companies now than there were in 1996. The increase in the number of securities suit filings together with the decline in the number of publicly traded companies means that the litigation rate has increased substantially compared to historical levels. Measured as of June 30, 2017, and including the merger objection lawsuits, the 2017 filings were on pace for a litigation rate of 9.5% â compared to a comparable litigation rate for the full year 2016 of 5.6% and a 2.8% annual average litigation rate for the period 1996-2015.  A 9.5% litigation rate essentially means that one of ten publicly traded companies will get hit with a securities suit this year.
 Even if we disregard the merger objection lawsuits, the projected year-end 2017 total of 252 traditional lawsuits implies a litigation rate of 5.4%, which again would far exceed the 2016 litigation rate for traditional lawsuits of 3.9%. The implied 2017 litigation rate for traditional filings is nearly double the 1997-2015 average annual litigation rate of 2.8%.
 What is behind this extraordinary increase in the litigation rate? The likeliest explanation is that increased levels of securities suit filings reflect changes in the plaintiffsâ securities class action bar. As Prof. Michael Klausner and Jason Hegland of Stanford Law School detailed in a guest post on this blog (here), since 2009, a significantly larger number of securities class action lawsuits (both in terms of absolute numbers of lawsuit filings and in terms of percentage of all lawsuits filed) are now being filed by a group of small plaintiffsâ firms that were not previously active in filing securities lawsuits. The activities of these âemerging law firmsâ appear to account for a large proportion of recent increased numbers of securities class action lawsuits filings.
 In an August 22, 2017 Wall Street Journal article discussing the extraordinary rise in the rate of securities litigation filings (here), a comment by an attorney at one of the emerging firms seemed to corroborate the conjecture that changes in plaintiffsâ barâs approach explain the rise in the pace of securities suit filings. The attorney agreed that his firm and others have filed a broader range of cases in recent years, calling it a ânecessary adaptation as the more obvious accounting misstatements have become scarcer.â
 The changes in securities litigation filing patterns have important implications both for listed companies and for their insurers. Long-term securities litigation frequency risks have changed categorically. This means not only that publicly-traded companies now face an overall greater risk of securities class action litigation than in the past, but it also means that their D&O insurers also may be facing a significantly increased litigation frequency risk as well. To the extent that insurersâ pricing models are not taking these increased risks into account, their pricing calculations may result in premium charges that come up short.
 How Will President Trumpâs Judicial Nominees Shape the Federal Judiciary?
President Trumpâs appointment of Neal Gorsuch to the U.S. Supreme Court represents one of his administrationâs early accomplishments. However, as important as the U.S. Supreme Court is, it is in the lower federal courts that the Trump administration may have its most significant impact.
 The clamor of day-to-day White House activity dominates the news mediaâs attention, but in the meantime, the Trump administration has quietly been moving forward to fill the vacancies on the lower federal courts. The Trump administration also has been moving at what has been described as a âbreakneck paceâ to place its nominees in the federal judiciary. The Presidentâs efforts to put his nominees on the federal bench could have a far greater impact than his more attention-grabbing activities.
 There are a significant number of vacancies on the federal bench for President Trump to fill. As of September 1, 2017, there were 144 federal court judicial vacancies, representing over 16% of the authorized federal judgeships.
 As of August 31, 2017, the Senate has confirmed including six Trump administration judicial nominees, including one Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, three judges for the United States Courts of Appeals, and one judge for the United States District Courts. However, of even greater significance, and as of the same date, there are 30 Trump administration nominations to federal court judgeships awaiting Senate action, including eight for the Courts of Appeals and 22 for the District Courts.
 As Democratic Senator Chris Coons, a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee was recently quoted as saying, President Trumpâs influence on the federal judiciary as a result of his nominations âwill be the single most important legacy of the Trump administration,â adding with respect to the kinds of candidates that the Trump administration has been nominating, âgiven their youth and conservatism, they will have a significant impact on the shape and trajectory of American law for decades.â
 Some of Trump administrationâs nominees to the federal judiciary have proven to be controversial, most of Trumpâs judicial nominees have, as Jeffrey Toobin noted in a recent New Yorker article, âexcellent formal qualifications.â More to the point in terms of possible consequences of Trumpâs judicial nominations, Toobin noted that âTrump is poised to reshape the judiciary in a notably conservative direction.â
 With the benefit of a Republican-controlled Senate, the Trump administration appears well-positioned to continue to place its nominees on the federal bench. The decidedly conservative cast of the administrationâs nominees will have a significant impact on the proceedings in the lower federal courts for years to come. This impact may take a number of forms, but among other things, one likely impact would seem to be a more defendant-friendly approach to business disputes and other commercial matters, at least to the extent the adminitrationâs nominees share the Presidentâs anti-regulation, business-friendly outlook.  To the extent this defendant-friendly approach actually materializes, it could prove to provide a significant boost to corporate litigants and their D&O insurers.
 What Impact Will President Trumps Political Appointments Have on D&O Claims?
Beyond his judicial appointment authority, President Trumpâs authority to make executive branch and other political appointments affords him, through his administration, enormous power to set policy, promulgate or revise regulation, and determine the direction of the government and its course of conduct. As Michael Lewisâs potent July 26, 2017 Vanity Fair article about U.S. Department of Energy under the Trump administration demonstrates, the Presidentâs executive branch nominations and other political appointments potentially can have a dramatic impact on the policies and activities of the U.S. government and on its fulfillment of its responsibilities.
 Two of President Trumpâs appointments have the greatest potential to have a significant impact on companies and their directors and officers. First, the President appointed Senator Jeff Sessions as the Attorney General and head of the U.S. Department of Justice. Sessions is a former prosecutor and U.S. Attorney with a well-established reputation as defender of âlaw and order.â While he is well known for his focus on drug enforcement issues, he has also made it clear that he is prepared to be active on white collar crime issues. In his confirmation hearings as well as in numerous prior public statements, Sessions has made it clear that he places a high priority on fighting corporate misbehavior.
 Though Sessions has moved quickly to reverse Obama administration policies in a number of areas, expectations are that he will continue the Obamaâs aggressive approach to white collar crime enforcement. In a May speech, Sessions affirmed that would continue to vigorously enforce the nationâs anti-fraud laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), stating with respect to law enforcement that âone area where this is critical is enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.â
 One particularly important question about the Department of Justice under Sessions is the extent to which the agency will continue to enforce the so-called Yates Memo, which embodied the prior administrationâs policy of seeking to hold individual executives accountable for corporate misconduct. Though the Department administration will no longer refer to this policy as the Yates Memo, expectations are that the new administration will continue the policy of seeking to hold individuals accountable. Indeed, in his May speech, Sessions specifically said that âThe Department of Justice will continue to emphasize the importance of holding individuals accountable for corporate misconduct.â
 President Trumpâs appointee as Chairman of the SEC, Jay Clayton, is a Wall Street lawyer who has made a career representing large financial firms and other corporate clients in financial transactions and regulatory matters. His client list included most of the largest banks on Wall Street; his wife works for Goldman Sachs. His law practice generally did not include representing clients in connection with enforcement matters. His background contrasts from that of his predecessor, Mary Jo White, who was a career prosecutor who brought to her job a lifetime reputation as a âtough cop.â All else equal, it seems likelier that priority of the agency under Clayton would be more toward regulatory and finance issues, rather than toward enforcement issues.
 Just the same, in a July 12, 2017 speech, Clayton made a point of emphasizing that âI fully intend to continue deploying significant resources to root out fraud and shady practices in the markets, particularly in areas where Main Street investors are most exposed.â He also said that âthe Commission will continue to use its enforcement and examination authority to support market integrity.â One particular area he chose to emphasize in his speech is corporate responsibility for disclosure relating to cybersecurity. He said that âpublic companies have a clear obligation to disclose material information about cyber risks and cyber events. I expect them to take this requirement seriously.â
 In the past, Clayton contributed to a white paper suggesting that rigorous FCPA enforcement was pushing foreign companies to avoid registering as U.S. issuers and stating that the U.S. government should âdial back the scope of FCPA enforcement with respect to companies.â Nevertheless, expectations are that as head of the SEC, Clayton will continue prior administrationâs policies of active FCPA enforcement.
 How Will the Supreme Court Decide the Pending Securities Cases on its Docket?
In the past, years would pass between occasions on which the U.S. Supreme Court would take up cases raising questions under the securities laws. In more recent years, the Court inexplicably has seemed more inclined to take up securities cases. The upcoming Supreme Court term, which commences in October 2017, is no exception to this recent trend. The Court already has at least three important securities cases on its docket for the upcoming term.
 Leidos, Inc. v. Indiana Public Retirement System: This case will afford the Court an opportunity to resolve a circuit split by addressing the question of whether or not the alleged failure to make a disclosure required by Item 303 of Reg. S-K is an actionable omission under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. The Second Circuit has held that Item 303 does create an actionable duty of disclosure, while the Ninth and Third Circuits have held that it does not.
 Item 303 of Reg. S-K states in pertinent part that in its periodic reports to the SEC, a company is to â[d]escribe any known trends or uncertainties that have had or that the registrant reasonably expects will have a materially favorable or unfavorable impactâ on the company. Guidance provided by the SEC on Item 303 clarifies that disclosure is necessary where a âtrend, demand commitment event or uncertainty is both presently known to management and reasonably likely to have material effects on the registrantâs financial conditions or results of operations.â Issuersâ Item 303 disclosures appear in the Management Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) sections of their annual reports (and in interim or quarterly reports, where there have been material changes since the last annual report).
 The plaintiffs in the Leidos case allege that the SEC filings of SAIC (the predecessor of Leidos) omitted disclosures required by Item 303. The district court granted the defendantsâ motion to dismiss, ruling, among other things, that the plaintiffâs claims based on the allegation that the companyâs SEC filings omitted disclosures required by Item 303 were insufficiently pled. On appeal, the Second Circuit vacated the portion of the district courtâs ruling relating to the Item 303 allegations, at the same time noting the circuit split on the question relating to Item 303 disclosures. The defendants filed a petition seeking Supreme Court review of the Second Circuitâs ruling. The U.S. Supreme Courtâs March 27, 2017 order granting the writ of certiorari can be found here.
 The Supreme Courtâs consideration of these issues will address the circuit split on the question of whether or not Item 303 creates an actionable duty of disclosure under Section 10(b) and applicable regulations. Although some commentators have questioned the significance of this issue, the fact is Courtâs consideration of these issues will address an issue that comes in frequently in the securities cases in the lower courts and that the circuit courts have decided in differing ways that could allow cases to go forward in some judicial circuits that would not pass muster in other circuits. The case will be argued on November 6, 2017.
 Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver County Employees Retirement Fund: A recurring question that has arisen in recent years is whether or not state courts retain concurrent jurisdiction over lawsuits alleging liability under the Securities Act of 1933.
 Section 22(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 provides for concurrent state court jurisdiction for civil actions alleging violations of the â33 Actâs liability provisions. Section 22(a) specifies further that when an action is brought in state court alleging a â33 Act violation, the case shall not be removed to federal court.
 In the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998 (SLUSA), Congress enacted provisions to preempt state court jurisdiction over federal law securities suits and to require the âcovered class actionsâ to go forward in federal court.
 The question that arose after SLUSA was enacted was whether or not SLUSAâs provisions pre-empt the concurrent state court jurisdiction provisions in the â33 Act. The determinations of these issues have not been uniform, but that in the Ninth Circuit, the state of the law seems to be that â33 Act cases filed in state court in reliance on Section 22âs concurrent jurisdiction provisions are not removable from state court to federal court notwithstanding the provisions of SLUSA.
 The question of whether or not after SLUSA state courts retain jurisdiction for â33 Act liability lawsuits is a significant one. In recent years, a significant amount of IPO-related securities class action litigation has been filed in state court, particularly in California, as detailed in a recent guest post on this site. The question of whether post-SLUSA state courts retain their concurrent â33 Act liability lawsuit jurisdiction has vexed the courts and litigants for years. This case offers the opportunity for these questions finally to be resolved. Oral argument in the case has not yet been scheduled.
 Digital Realty Trust, Inc. v. Somers: At the end of its last term in June 2017, the Court also agreed to take up the question of whether or not the Dodd-Frank Actâs anti-retaliation provisions apply to and protect individuals who did not make a whistleblower report to the SEC. The lower courts have struggled with the question of whether or not the Actâs anti-retaliation protections extend to individuals who file internal reports within their own companies.
 The problem for the courts is that the statutory provisions conflict. The Dodd-Frank Actâs definitions seems to restrict the term âwhistleblowerâ to those filing whistleblower reports with the SEC, but the Actâs anti-retaliation provision seems to extend its protections to other whistleblowers, including, for example, those filing an internal whistleblower report within their own company under the Sarbanes Oxley Act. As one district court said with respect to the tension between these two provisions, âat bottom, it is difficult to find a clear and simple way to read the statutory provisions ⊠in perfect harmony with one another.â
 Of potential relevance to the resolution of these issues, the SECâs regulations in effect interpret the Actâs provisions to extend the anti-retaliation protections to all those who make disclosures of suspected violations, whether the disclosures are made internally or to the SEC.
 In taking up the case, the Court will not only have the opportunity to address the split between the circuits on the issues surrounding the Dodd-Frank Actâs whistleblower anti-retaliation protections, but it may also have the opportunity to take up the âChevron deferenceâ issue. Under this doctrine, which refers to the U.S. Supreme Court 1984 decision in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., courts defer to agency interpretations of statutory mandates unless the interpretations are unreasonable. Chevron deference has been a hot button issue in conservative circles for years. It is in fact an issue on which new Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch weighed in while he was on the Tenth Circuit; he called the doctrine âa judge-made doctrine for the abdication of the judicial duty.â To the extent the court takes up the Chevron deference issue, it will address the question of whether or not it should defer to the SECâs interpretation of the reach of the Dodd-Frank Actâs anti-retaliation provisions.
 The Supreme Court has not yet scheduled oral argument in the Digital Realty Trust case.
 How Will the Federal Court Merger Objection Lawsuits Fare?
As I noted above, an important part of the surge in YTD securities suit filings is a reflection of the shift of merger objection lawsuits from state to federal court. Of the 299 securities suit filings during the first eight months of 2017, 129 (or about 43%) are merger objection suits. The 129 federal court merger objection lawsuit filings YTD far exceed the 80 federal court merger objection lawsuit filings during the full year 2016.
 The surge in the number of federal court merger objection lawsuit filings is a direct result of a series of Delaware state court rulings, culminating in the January 2016 ruling in the Trulia case, in which a series of Delaware judges evinced their hostility to the type of disclosure only settlements that frequently characterize the resolution of merger objection lawsuits. As a result of the unfavorable climate in the Delaware courts, the plaintiffsâ lawyers have shifted their filings of many of these suits to federal court.
 With merger objection lawsuits now relatively more likely to be filed outside Delaware, the question of whether or not judges in other jurisdictions â and in particular, federal district court judges â will follow the lead of Delawareâs courts in rejecting disclosure-only settlements takes on greater significance. There has been some reason to be concerned that judges in other jurisdictions were not inclined follow Delawareâs lead and might continue to approve disclosure-only settlements of these kinds of cases.
 However, as discussed here, last year, in a lawsuit involving Walgreenâs acquisition of Alliance Boots, the Seventh Circuit, in a blistering opinion written by Judge Richard Posner, affirmatively adopted the Delaware Chancery Courtâs position on disclosure-only settlements. Saying that these kinds of lawsuits are âa racketâ and characterizing the additional disclosure that was the basis of the settlement as âworthless,â the appellate court reversed the district courtâs approval of the settlement.
 With the number of federal court merger objection lawsuit growing significantly, the question of whether or not the federal courts will, similarly to the Seventh Circuit in the Walgreens case, follow the Delaware courtsâ lead in rejecting disclosure-only settlements takes on increased urgency. If the federal courts show the same level of scrutiny and hostility as the Delaware courts, the flood of federal court merger objection suits may prove to be a short-lived phenomenon. However, if the federal courts decline to follow the Delaware courtsâ lead, federal court merger objection litigation could remain an important corporate and securities litigation phenomenon, representing a significant litigation exposure for companies and for their D&O insurers.
 Will Mandatory Securities Claim Arbitration Become a Serious Possibility?
For a time a few years ago, litigation reform bylaws were all the rage â including forum selection bylaws, fee shifting bylaws, even mandatory arbitration bylaws. More recently, discussion of the topic quieted down, in part because the Delaware legislature enacted legislation allowing Delaware corporations to adopt forum selection bylaws while also prohibiting fee-shifting bylaws. However, the topic of litigation reform bylaws may be back on the docket again. As discussed here, in July 2017 speech, SEC Commissioner Michael Piwowar invited companies heading toward an IPO to adopt arbitration provisions in their corporate bylaws.
 According to a July 17, 2017 Reuters article entitled âU.S. SECâs Piwowar Urges Companies to Pursue Mandatory Arbitration Clausesâ (here), Piwowar said in a speech at the Heritage Foundation that âFor shareholder lawsuits, companies can come to us to ask for relief to put in mandatory arbitration into their charters. I would encourage companies to come and talk to us about that.â
 As Alison Frankel points out on here On the Case blog (here), mandatory arbitration of shareholder claims is not a new idea. Academics have been debating the possibility for decades. And as I noted in a post a few years ago, several courts did uphold the enforceability of one companyâs bylaw provision requiring arbitration of shareholder claims.
 Nevertheless, at least until now, the view has been that the SEC opposes provisions requiring shareholder claims to be arbitrated. The agencyâs position has been a corporate charter provision mandating arbitration of shareholder claims would violate Section 29 of the â34 Act, which voids any contractual provision that would seek to waive any right under the statute.
 Though Piwowar seems to have invited companies planning IPOs to step forward with mandatory securities claim arbitration provisions, there may be some good reasons for companies to hold back. For starters, notwithstanding Piwowarâs comments, it is not entirely clear whether a securities claim arbitration provision would withstand scrutiny. Among other things, a court might conclude that, notwithstanding the SECâs position, an arbitration provision is contrary to the prohibitions in Section 29.
 There may be a more practical reason companies might hesitate to adope a securities claim arbitration provision, and that is concern about the marketâs reaction. In her blog post, Frankel raised the question whether big institutional investors might balk at waiving their right to sue. Frankel quotes Columbia Law School Professor John Coffee as noting that a companyâs adoption of an arbitration provision could have an impact on the companyâs share price at the IPO. On the other hand, Frankel also quotes Michigan Law School Professor Adam Pritchard as suggesting that investors might pay more for shares of companies that could be able to avoid the expenses of securities class action lawsuits.
 In any event, it may not be long before a company takes Piwowar up on his invitation and steps forward for an IPO with a securities claim arbitration provision in its bylaws. If the IPO candidateâs submission passes agency muster, not only will these kinds of provisions quickly become standard for IPO companies, but many of the already public companies will quickly take steps to adopt similar provisions, just as they did with forum selection bylaw provisions a few years ago.
 What might it mean if shareholder securities claim arbitration provisions become standard? It could mean serious changes in the way securities claims are litigated in this country. To whatever extent changes of this magnitude are even in the realm of the possible, we are a long way off from any of these kinds of things taking place. Even if these kinds of arbitration provisions actually do take hold, there are still a lot of other things that could happen. As we saw a few years ago when fee-shifting bylaw provisions were all the rage, the Delaware legislature stepped forward and changed the relevant laws, pretty much stopping the fee-shifting bylaw bandwagon in its tracks. By the same token, if securities claim arbitration provisions were to take off, Congress might act.
 The one thing that is certain is that if Piwowarâs recent suggestion succeeds on getting things started, it could get very interesting. For now, put the question of mandatory securities claim arbitration provisions on the list of things to watch.
 Will the Frequency of Collective Investor Actions Outside the U.S. Continue to Grow?
As the statistics discussed above reflect, securities class action litigation is an important part of the U.S. litigation landscape. By contrast, in the past, and until quite recently, there has not been significant collective investor litigation activity outside the United States, other than in Australia and Canada. However, as underscored by several recent developments, collective investor litigation outside the U.S. is now a significant phenomenon and it not limited just to Australia and Canada. The likelihood is that it will continue to grow.
 Two recent developments underscore the significance of the changes. First, as discussed here, in March 2016, shareholder associations acting on behalf of former shareholders of the failed financial firm Fortis entered a $1.3 billion settlement under the Dutch Collective Settlement procedures. Second, as discussed here, in December 2016, collective investor groups negotiated a $1.0 billion partial settlement in the U.K. of the credit crisis-era claims asserted against RBS. Subsequent settlements in the RBS case brought the total value of the RBS settlements close to $1.3 billion.
 It must be emphasized that settlements of this magnitude in collective investor actions outside the U.S. is absolutely unprecedented. Indeed, were these settlements to have taken place in the U.S., they would be among the ten largest settlements ever. The fact that the settlements took place outside the U.S makes them all the more significant.
 In addition to these massive settlements, there has also been a surge of new collective investor actions filed around the world, driven by a wave of high-profile corporate scandals. New claims have been filed in recent months in a variety of jurisdictions outside the U.S. against a number of companies, including Volkswagen, Tesco, Toshiba, Petrobras, and others.
 There are a number of factors driving this litigation activity. The disruption of the global financial crisis engendered a new willingness to try to hold corporate executives accountable. The global financial crisis also spurred increased regulatory enforcement activity and increased cross-border regulatory collaboration. Though the financial crisis has passed, the regulators have remained active. In addition, legislatures around the world have continued to enact legislative reforms that allow for various kinds of collective investor action. For example, in December 2015, Thailand enacted provisions allowing for securities class actions in that country.
 Another significant factor in the global rise of collective investor actions has been the growth of third-party litigation funding. Third-party litigation funding has been a major force in the rise of securities class action litigation in Canada and Australia, and is a significant contributing factor behind many of the more recently filed scandal-related collective investor actions.
 The spread and growth of litigation funding increases the likelihood that the collective action procedures various countries have recently adopted will be put into use for remedial purposes. The high-profile corporate scandals seems likely to provide ample motivation and incentive for these developments to continue.
 These developments have important implications for companies and their directors and officers, as well as for their D&O insurers. For the companies, these developments mean that their D&O claims exposure has expanded, as they face the potential for serious claims across a vastly expanded landscape. For the D&O insurers, these developments represent a radical shift, as the possibilities for D&O claims frequency and severity has changed in ways that defy long-standing assumptions. The future for D&O claims literally represents a whole new world.
 Will Cybersecurity Become a Significant D&O Claims Issue?
By now, every organization is aware of the importance of cybersecurity concerns. Indeed, news of a data breach of other type of cybersecurity event is a nearly daily occurrence. Many of these cybersecurity events lead to litigation, though the vast bulk of the litigation has concerned consumer privacy issues. As cybersecurity events have continued to mount, one question that has arisen is whether or not claims cybersecurity incidents will also lead to D&O claims in which the claimants allege that the senior officials at a company should be held liable.
 There has in fact been a small number of high profile data security-related D&O lawsuits filed. However, several of those cases â including, for example, the derivative lawsuits filed against Target (about which refer here) Wyndham Worldwide (here), and Home Depot  (here ) â were quickly dismissed. (It should be noted, however, that while appeal in the case was pending, the parties to the Home Depot case settled the case, with the defendant agreeing among other things to pay the plaintiffsâ attorneysâ fees of $1.1 million).
 With the dismissal of these cases, the plaintiffsâ prospects in these kinds of cases appeared dim. However, within days of Home Depot suit dismissal and just at the point where it seemed as if these kinds of cases might dwindle altogether, a plaintiff shareholder filed a new shareholder derivative lawsuit against the board of Wendyâs, as discussed here.
 In addition, in January 2017, plaintiffs filed a data breach-related securities lawsuit against Yahoo!, as discussed here. The securities suit filing followed the companyâs two announcements, in September and December 2016, that several years earlier the company had experienced separate data breaches in which hackers had obtained access to hundreds of millions of usersâ accounts. Among other things, the plaintiffs in the securities suit alleged that the announcement of the data breaches led to the delay and renegotiation of the terms of Verizonâs planned acquisition of Yahoo!
 The lawsuits against Wendyâs and Yahoo were only recently filed. It remains to be seen whether they will fare any better than the earlier suits. It also remains to be seen whether other prospective data breach claimants will choose to file D&O lawsuits. However, the arrival of the Wendyâs and Yahoo lawsuits is a reminder that it is far too early to conclude that we donât need to be worried about the possibility of cybersecurity-related D&O litigation.
 The reality is that the plaintiffsâ lawyers are still trying to find the right approach (or perhaps to find a case with just the right facts). The plaintiffsâ bar is creative and entrepreneurial and they have significant incentives to try to find a way to capitalize on the chronic cybersecurity risks and exposures that companies face. The plaintiffsâ lawyers will continue to experiment, and for that reason alone we are going to see further cybersecurity-related D&O lawsuits. The more important question for companies and their advisors is how frequent and how severe these claims will prove to be.
 Will Climate Change-Related Concerns Lead to More D&O Claims?
Even though President Trump announced on June 1, 2017 the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Climate Accords, it seems likely that climate change will remain a high profile issue for many corporate boards, and potentially could be a source of future corporate claim activity.
 Climate change-related issues have in fact already been the source of claims against corporate officials. As noted in a prior post (here), in November 2016, shareholders filed a climate change-related securities class action lawsuit against ExxonMobil, in which the claimants allege that the companyâs did not adequately disclose that its own internal analyses of the likely impact from climate change-related issues on its ability to realize the full value of the hydrocarbon assets on its balance sheet. Although one claim does not represent a trend, the ExxonMobil lawsuit does highlight the possibility of other investor claims based on climate change-related disclosure issues.
 Beyond the possibilities for these kinds of investor-related damages claims, activists and others frustrated by climate change-related developments in the political arena increasingly may to use the courts as a way to advance their agendas.
 A recent lawsuit filed in Australia provides a good example of the way in which climate change activists may seek to use the courts. As discussed here, on August 8, 2017, Environmental Justice Australia filed an action in the Federal Court of Australia, Victoria Registry, against Commonwealth Bank of Australia, on behalf of two Commonwealth Bank (CBA) shareholders.
 In their complaint (here), the plaintiffs allege the bankâs Annual Report reflected omissions with respect to climate change-related issues. Among other things, the complaint alleges that the Annual Report did not report on the companyâs climate change business risk or its management of climate change risks. The complaint alleges that in making these omissions, the Annual Report âcontravenedâ the requirements of the Corporations Act, by âfailing to give a true and fair view of the financial position and performanceâ of the company and by failing to include information that the companyâs shareholders âwould reasonably require to make an informed assessment of: the operations of CBA; the financial position of CBA; and the business strategies, and prospects for future financial years, of CBA.â
 The complaint seeks a judicial declaration that in failing to report the companyâs climate change risks, the 2016 Annual Report âcontravenedâ the relevant sections of the Corporations Act. The complaint also seeks an injunction restraining the company from continuing to fail to report on its climate change- related risks.
 The lawsuit has only just been filed and it remains to be seen how it will fare. While the shareholders who filed the lawsuit undoubtedly would be happy to have the court grant their requests for declaratory and injunctive relief, their objectives in filing the lawsuit do not depend on successfully obtaining this relief. Rather, the litigants and the lawyers that represent them are seeking to draw attention to climate change related issues and to use publicity measure to put pressure on companies to focus on and to address climate change issues.
 The lawsuit surely will not be the last one of the type, as activists seek to use the use the courts and the publicity surrounding their lawsuits as a way to advance climate change-related awareness. The bottom line is that notwithstanding â and perhaps even because of â the Trump administrationâs move to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris climate accords, climate change issues likely will remain an area of concern for corporate boards. Climate change-related disclosure seems likely to remain a particular area of focus, as I previously discussed here.
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What to Watch Now in the World of D&O
Every year just after Labor Day, I take a step back and survey the most important current trends and developments in the world of Directorsâ and Officersâ liability and D&O insurance. This yearâs survey is set out below. Once again, there are a host of things worth watching in the world of D&O.
 Will Securities Class Action Lawsuits Filings Continue Their Record Pace?
Year to date, as of September 1, 2017, 299 federal court securities class action lawsuits have been filed, representing a pace of securities suit filings that if continued would set an annual record. The 299 filings so far this year also already exceed the 272 securities suit filings during the full year 2016. The filing total through the yearâs first eight months projects to a year-end total of 448, which would be the highest annual number of securities suit filings since 2001, when a flood of IPO laddering cases swelled the filing totals. An annual total of 448 filings would exceed the 1996-2015 annual average of 188 securities suit filings by 138%.
 The high number of 2017 federal court securities suit filings is in part a reflection of the shift of merger objection lawsuits from state to federal court. As discussed further below, because of the hostility of the Delaware Court of Chancery to the disclosure-only settlements that frequently resolve these kinds of cases, the plaintiffsâ lawyers are filing these suits in federal court.
 However, even if the federal court merger objection lawsuit filings are disregarded, the YTD pace of securities suit filings is still at extraordinary levels. Through the first eight months of the year, there were 168 traditional securities lawsuit filings, which projects to a year-end total of 252 traditional securities suit filings. A total of 252 traditional filings would far exceed the 170 traditional securities lawsuit filings during the full year 2016, and would exceed the 1996-2015 annual filings average of 188 by 34%.
 The volume of securities suit filings is all the more striking if the decline in the number of publicly traded companies is taken into account. Due to bankruptcies, mergers, and going private transactions, there are 46% fewer publicly traded companies now than there were in 1996. The increase in the number of securities suit filings together with the decline in the number of publicly traded companies means that the litigation rate has increased substantially compared to historical levels. Measured as of June 30, 2017, and including the merger objection lawsuits, the 2017 filings were on pace for a litigation rate of 9.5% â compared to a comparable litigation rate for the full year 2016 of 5.6% and a 2.8% annual average litigation rate for the period 1996-2015.  A 9.5% litigation rate essentially means that one of ten publicly traded companies will get hit with a securities suit this year.
 Even if we disregard the merger objection lawsuits, the projected year-end 2017 total of 252 traditional lawsuits implies a litigation rate of 5.4%, which again would far exceed the 2016 litigation rate for traditional lawsuits of 3.9%. The implied 2017 litigation rate for traditional filings is nearly double the 1997-2015 average annual litigation rate of 2.8%.
 What is behind this extraordinary increase in the litigation rate? The likeliest explanation is that increased levels of securities suit filings reflect changes in the plaintiffsâ securities class action bar. As Prof. Michael Klausner and Jason Hegland of Stanford Law School detailed in a guest post on this blog (here), since 2009, a significantly larger number of securities class action lawsuits (both in terms of absolute numbers of lawsuit filings and in terms of percentage of all lawsuits filed) are now being filed by a group of small plaintiffsâ firms that were not previously active in filing securities lawsuits. The activities of these âemerging law firmsâ appear to account for a large proportion of recent increased numbers of securities class action lawsuits filings.
 In an August 22, 2017 Wall Street Journal article discussing the extraordinary rise in the rate of securities litigation filings (here), a comment by an attorney at one of the emerging firms seemed to corroborate the conjecture that changes in plaintiffsâ barâs approach explain the rise in the pace of securities suit filings. The attorney agreed that his firm and others have filed a broader range of cases in recent years, calling it a ânecessary adaptation as the more obvious accounting misstatements have become scarcer.â
 The changes in securities litigation filing patterns have important implications both for listed companies and for their insurers. Long-term securities litigation frequency risks have changed categorically. This means not only that publicly-traded companies now face an overall greater risk of securities class action litigation than in the past, but it also means that their D&O insurers also may be facing a significantly increased litigation frequency risk as well. To the extent that insurersâ pricing models are not taking these increased risks into account, their pricing calculations may result in premium charges that come up short.
 How Will President Trumpâs Judicial Nominees Shape the Federal Judiciary?
President Trumpâs appointment of Neal Gorsuch to the U.S. Supreme Court represents one of his administrationâs early accomplishments. However, as important as the U.S. Supreme Court is, it is in the lower federal courts that the Trump administration may have its most significant impact.
 The clamor of day-to-day White House activity dominates the news mediaâs attention, but in the meantime, the Trump administration has quietly been moving forward to fill the vacancies on the lower federal courts. The Trump administration also has been moving at what has been described as a âbreakneck paceâ to place its nominees in the federal judiciary. The Presidentâs efforts to put his nominees on the federal bench could have a far greater impact than his more attention-grabbing activities.
 There are a significant number of vacancies on the federal bench for President Trump to fill. As of September 1, 2017, there were 144 federal court judicial vacancies, representing over 16% of the authorized federal judgeships.
 As of August 31, 2017, the Senate has confirmed including six Trump administration judicial nominees, including one Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, three judges for the United States Courts of Appeals, and one judge for the United States District Courts. However, of even greater significance, and as of the same date, there are 30 Trump administration nominations to federal court judgeships awaiting Senate action, including eight for the Courts of Appeals and 22 for the District Courts.
 As Democratic Senator Chris Coons, a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee was recently quoted as saying, President Trumpâs influence on the federal judiciary as a result of his nominations âwill be the single most important legacy of the Trump administration,â adding with respect to the kinds of candidates that the Trump administration has been nominating, âgiven their youth and conservatism, they will have a significant impact on the shape and trajectory of American law for decades.â
 Some of Trump administrationâs nominees to the federal judiciary have proven to be controversial, most of Trumpâs judicial nominees have, as Jeffrey Toobin noted in a recent New Yorker article, âexcellent formal qualifications.â More to the point in terms of possible consequences of Trumpâs judicial nominations, Toobin noted that âTrump is poised to reshape the judiciary in a notably conservative direction.â
 With the benefit of a Republican-controlled Senate, the Trump administration appears well-positioned to continue to place its nominees on the federal bench. The decidedly conservative cast of the administrationâs nominees will have a significant impact on the proceedings in the lower federal courts for years to come. This impact may take a number of forms, but among other things, one likely impact would seem to be a more defendant-friendly approach to business disputes and other commercial matters, at least to the extent the adminitrationâs nominees share the Presidentâs anti-regulation, business-friendly outlook.  To the extent this defendant-friendly approach actually materializes, it could prove to provide a significant boost to corporate litigants and their D&O insurers.
 What Impact Will President Trumps Political Appointments Have on D&O Claims?
Beyond his judicial appointment authority, President Trumpâs authority to make executive branch and other political appointments affords him, through his administration, enormous power to set policy, promulgate or revise regulation, and determine the direction of the government and its course of conduct. As Michael Lewisâs potent July 26, 2017 Vanity Fair article about U.S. Department of Energy under the Trump administration demonstrates, the Presidentâs executive branch nominations and other political appointments potentially can have a dramatic impact on the policies and activities of the U.S. government and on its fulfillment of its responsibilities.
 Two of President Trumpâs appointments have the greatest potential to have a significant impact on companies and their directors and officers. First, the President appointed Senator Jeff Sessions as the Attorney General and head of the U.S. Department of Justice. Sessions is a former prosecutor and U.S. Attorney with a well-established reputation as defender of âlaw and order.â While he is well known for his focus on drug enforcement issues, he has also made it clear that he is prepared to be active on white collar crime issues. In his confirmation hearings as well as in numerous prior public statements, Sessions has made it clear that he places a high priority on fighting corporate misbehavior.
 Though Sessions has moved quickly to reverse Obama administration policies in a number of areas, expectations are that he will continue the Obamaâs aggressive approach to white collar crime enforcement. In a May speech, Sessions affirmed that would continue to vigorously enforce the nationâs anti-fraud laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), stating with respect to law enforcement that âone area where this is critical is enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.â
 One particularly important question about the Department of Justice under Sessions is the extent to which the agency will continue to enforce the so-called Yates Memo, which embodied the prior administrationâs policy of seeking to hold individual executives accountable for corporate misconduct. Though the Department administration will no longer refer to this policy as the Yates Memo, expectations are that the new administration will continue the policy of seeking to hold individuals accountable. Indeed, in his May speech, Sessions specifically said that âThe Department of Justice will continue to emphasize the importance of holding individuals accountable for corporate misconduct.â
 President Trumpâs appointee as Chairman of the SEC, Jay Clayton, is a Wall Street lawyer who has made a career representing large financial firms and other corporate clients in financial transactions and regulatory matters. His client list included most of the largest banks on Wall Street; his wife works for Goldman Sachs. His law practice generally did not include representing clients in connection with enforcement matters. His background contrasts from that of his predecessor, Mary Jo White, who was a career prosecutor who brought to her job a lifetime reputation as a âtough cop.â All else equal, it seems likelier that priority of the agency under Clayton would be more toward regulatory and finance issues, rather than toward enforcement issues.
 Just the same, in a July 12, 2017 speech, Clayton made a point of emphasizing that âI fully intend to continue deploying significant resources to root out fraud and shady practices in the markets, particularly in areas where Main Street investors are most exposed.â He also said that âthe Commission will continue to use its enforcement and examination authority to support market integrity.â One particular area he chose to emphasize in his speech is corporate responsibility for disclosure relating to cybersecurity. He said that âpublic companies have a clear obligation to disclose material information about cyber risks and cyber events. I expect them to take this requirement seriously.â
 In the past, Clayton contributed to a white paper suggesting that rigorous FCPA enforcement was pushing foreign companies to avoid registering as U.S. issuers and stating that the U.S. government should âdial back the scope of FCPA enforcement with respect to companies.â Nevertheless, expectations are that as head of the SEC, Clayton will continue prior administrationâs policies of active FCPA enforcement.
 How Will the Supreme Court Decide the Pending Securities Cases on its Docket?
In the past, years would pass between occasions on which the U.S. Supreme Court would take up cases raising questions under the securities laws. In more recent years, the Court inexplicably has seemed more inclined to take up securities cases. The upcoming Supreme Court term, which commences in October 2017, is no exception to this recent trend. The Court already has at least three important securities cases on its docket for the upcoming term.
 Leidos, Inc. v. Indiana Public Retirement System: This case will afford the Court an opportunity to resolve a circuit split by addressing the question of whether or not the alleged failure to make a disclosure required by Item 303 of Reg. S-K is an actionable omission under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. The Second Circuit has held that Item 303 does create an actionable duty of disclosure, while the Ninth and Third Circuits have held that it does not.
 Item 303 of Reg. S-K states in pertinent part that in its periodic reports to the SEC, a company is to â[d]escribe any known trends or uncertainties that have had or that the registrant reasonably expects will have a materially favorable or unfavorable impactâ on the company. Guidance provided by the SEC on Item 303 clarifies that disclosure is necessary where a âtrend, demand commitment event or uncertainty is both presently known to management and reasonably likely to have material effects on the registrantâs financial conditions or results of operations.â Issuersâ Item 303 disclosures appear in the Management Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) sections of their annual reports (and in interim or quarterly reports, where there have been material changes since the last annual report).
 The plaintiffs in the Leidos case allege that the SEC filings of SAIC (the predecessor of Leidos) omitted disclosures required by Item 303. The district court granted the defendantsâ motion to dismiss, ruling, among other things, that the plaintiffâs claims based on the allegation that the companyâs SEC filings omitted disclosures required by Item 303 were insufficiently pled. On appeal, the Second Circuit vacated the portion of the district courtâs ruling relating to the Item 303 allegations, at the same time noting the circuit split on the question relating to Item 303 disclosures. The defendants filed a petition seeking Supreme Court review of the Second Circuitâs ruling. The U.S. Supreme Courtâs March 27, 2017 order granting the writ of certiorari can be found here.
 The Supreme Courtâs consideration of these issues will address the circuit split on the question of whether or not Item 303 creates an actionable duty of disclosure under Section 10(b) and applicable regulations. Although some commentators have questioned the significance of this issue, the fact is Courtâs consideration of these issues will address an issue that comes in frequently in the securities cases in the lower courts and that the circuit courts have decided in differing ways that could allow cases to go forward in some judicial circuits that would not pass muster in other circuits. The case will be argued on November 6, 2017.
 Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver County Employees Retirement Fund: A recurring question that has arisen in recent years is whether or not state courts retain concurrent jurisdiction over lawsuits alleging liability under the Securities Act of 1933.
 Section 22(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 provides for concurrent state court jurisdiction for civil actions alleging violations of the â33 Actâs liability provisions. Section 22(a) specifies further that when an action is brought in state court alleging a â33 Act violation, the case shall not be removed to federal court.
 In the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998 (SLUSA), Congress enacted provisions to preempt state court jurisdiction over federal law securities suits and to require the âcovered class actionsâ to go forward in federal court.
 The question that arose after SLUSA was enacted was whether or not SLUSAâs provisions pre-empt the concurrent state court jurisdiction provisions in the â33 Act. The determinations of these issues have not been uniform, but that in the Ninth Circuit, the state of the law seems to be that â33 Act cases filed in state court in reliance on Section 22âs concurrent jurisdiction provisions are not removable from state court to federal court notwithstanding the provisions of SLUSA.
 The question of whether or not after SLUSA state courts retain jurisdiction for â33 Act liability lawsuits is a significant one. In recent years, a significant amount of IPO-related securities class action litigation has been filed in state court, particularly in California, as detailed in a recent guest post on this site. The question of whether post-SLUSA state courts retain their concurrent â33 Act liability lawsuit jurisdiction has vexed the courts and litigants for years. This case offers the opportunity for these questions finally to be resolved. Oral argument in the case has not yet been scheduled.
 Digital Realty Trust, Inc. v. Somers: At the end of its last term in June 2017, the Court also agreed to take up the question of whether or not the Dodd-Frank Actâs anti-retaliation provisions apply to and protect individuals who did not make a whistleblower report to the SEC. The lower courts have struggled with the question of whether or not the Actâs anti-retaliation protections extend to individuals who file internal reports within their own companies.
 The problem for the courts is that the statutory provisions conflict. The Dodd-Frank Actâs definitions seems to restrict the term âwhistleblowerâ to those filing whistleblower reports with the SEC, but the Actâs anti-retaliation provision seems to extend its protections to other whistleblowers, including, for example, those filing an internal whistleblower report within their own company under the Sarbanes Oxley Act. As one district court said with respect to the tension between these two provisions, âat bottom, it is difficult to find a clear and simple way to read the statutory provisions ⊠in perfect harmony with one another.â
 Of potential relevance to the resolution of these issues, the SECâs regulations in effect interpret the Actâs provisions to extend the anti-retaliation protections to all those who make disclosures of suspected violations, whether the disclosures are made internally or to the SEC.
 In taking up the case, the Court will not only have the opportunity to address the split between the circuits on the issues surrounding the Dodd-Frank Actâs whistleblower anti-retaliation protections, but it may also have the opportunity to take up the âChevron deferenceâ issue. Under this doctrine, which refers to the U.S. Supreme Court 1984 decision in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., courts defer to agency interpretations of statutory mandates unless the interpretations are unreasonable. Chevron deference has been a hot button issue in conservative circles for years. It is in fact an issue on which new Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch weighed in while he was on the Tenth Circuit; he called the doctrine âa judge-made doctrine for the abdication of the judicial duty.â To the extent the court takes up the Chevron deference issue, it will address the question of whether or not it should defer to the SECâs interpretation of the reach of the Dodd-Frank Actâs anti-retaliation provisions.
 The Supreme Court has not yet scheduled oral argument in the Digital Realty Trust case.
 How Will the Federal Court Merger Objection Lawsuits Fare?
As I noted above, an important part of the surge in YTD securities suit filings is a reflection of the shift of merger objection lawsuits from state to federal court. Of the 299 securities suit filings during the first eight months of 2017, 129 (or about 43%) are merger objection suits. The 129 federal court merger objection lawsuit filings YTD far exceed the 80 federal court merger objection lawsuit filings during the full year 2016.
 The surge in the number of federal court merger objection lawsuit filings is a direct result of a series of Delaware state court rulings, culminating in the January 2016 ruling in the Trulia case, in which a series of Delaware judges evinced their hostility to the type of disclosure only settlements that frequently characterize the resolution of merger objection lawsuits. As a result of the unfavorable climate in the Delaware courts, the plaintiffsâ lawyers have shifted their filings of many of these suits to federal court.
 With merger objection lawsuits now relatively more likely to be filed outside Delaware, the question of whether or not judges in other jurisdictions â and in particular, federal district court judges â will follow the lead of Delawareâs courts in rejecting disclosure-only settlements takes on greater significance. There has been some reason to be concerned that judges in other jurisdictions were not inclined follow Delawareâs lead and might continue to approve disclosure-only settlements of these kinds of cases.
 However, as discussed here, last year, in a lawsuit involving Walgreenâs acquisition of Alliance Boots, the Seventh Circuit, in a blistering opinion written by Judge Richard Posner, affirmatively adopted the Delaware Chancery Courtâs position on disclosure-only settlements. Saying that these kinds of lawsuits are âa racketâ and characterizing the additional disclosure that was the basis of the settlement as âworthless,â the appellate court reversed the district courtâs approval of the settlement.
 With the number of federal court merger objection lawsuit growing significantly, the question of whether or not the federal courts will, similarly to the Seventh Circuit in the Walgreens case, follow the Delaware courtsâ lead in rejecting disclosure-only settlements takes on increased urgency. If the federal courts show the same level of scrutiny and hostility as the Delaware courts, the flood of federal court merger objection suits may prove to be a short-lived phenomenon. However, if the federal courts decline to follow the Delaware courtsâ lead, federal court merger objection litigation could remain an important corporate and securities litigation phenomenon, representing a significant litigation exposure for companies and for their D&O insurers.
 Will Mandatory Securities Claim Arbitration Become a Serious Possibility?
For a time a few years ago, litigation reform bylaws were all the rage â including forum selection bylaws, fee shifting bylaws, even mandatory arbitration bylaws. More recently, discussion of the topic quieted down, in part because the Delaware legislature enacted legislation allowing Delaware corporations to adopt forum selection bylaws while also prohibiting fee-shifting bylaws. However, the topic of litigation reform bylaws may be back on the docket again. As discussed here, in July 2017 speech, SEC Commissioner Michael Piwowar invited companies heading toward an IPO to adopt arbitration provisions in their corporate bylaws.
 According to a July 17, 2017 Reuters article entitled âU.S. SECâs Piwowar Urges Companies to Pursue Mandatory Arbitration Clausesâ (here), Piwowar said in a speech at the Heritage Foundation that âFor shareholder lawsuits, companies can come to us to ask for relief to put in mandatory arbitration into their charters. I would encourage companies to come and talk to us about that.â
 As Alison Frankel points out on here On the Case blog (here), mandatory arbitration of shareholder claims is not a new idea. Academics have been debating the possibility for decades. And as I noted in a post a few years ago, several courts did uphold the enforceability of one companyâs bylaw provision requiring arbitration of shareholder claims.
 Nevertheless, at least until now, the view has been that the SEC opposes provisions requiring shareholder claims to be arbitrated. The agencyâs position has been a corporate charter provision mandating arbitration of shareholder claims would violate Section 29 of the â34 Act, which voids any contractual provision that would seek to waive any right under the statute.
 Though Piwowar seems to have invited companies planning IPOs to step forward with mandatory securities claim arbitration provisions, there may be some good reasons for companies to hold back. For starters, notwithstanding Piwowarâs comments, it is not entirely clear whether a securities claim arbitration provision would withstand scrutiny. Among other things, a court might conclude that, notwithstanding the SECâs position, an arbitration provision is contrary to the prohibitions in Section 29.
 There may be a more practical reason companies might hesitate to adope a securities claim arbitration provision, and that is concern about the marketâs reaction. In her blog post, Frankel raised the question whether big institutional investors might balk at waiving their right to sue. Frankel quotes Columbia Law School Professor John Coffee as noting that a companyâs adoption of an arbitration provision could have an impact on the companyâs share price at the IPO. On the other hand, Frankel also quotes Michigan Law School Professor Adam Pritchard as suggesting that investors might pay more for shares of companies that could be able to avoid the expenses of securities class action lawsuits.
 In any event, it may not be long before a company takes Piwowar up on his invitation and steps forward for an IPO with a securities claim arbitration provision in its bylaws. If the IPO candidateâs submission passes agency muster, not only will these kinds of provisions quickly become standard for IPO companies, but many of the already public companies will quickly take steps to adopt similar provisions, just as they did with forum selection bylaw provisions a few years ago.
 What might it mean if shareholder securities claim arbitration provisions become standard? It could mean serious changes in the way securities claims are litigated in this country. To whatever extent changes of this magnitude are even in the realm of the possible, we are a long way off from any of these kinds of things taking place. Even if these kinds of arbitration provisions actually do take hold, there are still a lot of other things that could happen. As we saw a few years ago when fee-shifting bylaw provisions were all the rage, the Delaware legislature stepped forward and changed the relevant laws, pretty much stopping the fee-shifting bylaw bandwagon in its tracks. By the same token, if securities claim arbitration provisions were to take off, Congress might act.
 The one thing that is certain is that if Piwowarâs recent suggestion succeeds on getting things started, it could get very interesting. For now, put the question of mandatory securities claim arbitration provisions on the list of things to watch.
 Will the Frequency of Collective Investor Actions Outside the U.S. Continue to Grow?
As the statistics discussed above reflect, securities class action litigation is an important part of the U.S. litigation landscape. By contrast, in the past, and until quite recently, there has not been significant collective investor litigation activity outside the United States, other than in Australia and Canada. However, as underscored by several recent developments, collective investor litigation outside the U.S. is now a significant phenomenon and it not limited just to Australia and Canada. The likelihood is that it will continue to grow.
 Two recent developments underscore the significance of the changes. First, as discussed here, in March 2016, shareholder associations acting on behalf of former shareholders of the failed financial firm Fortis entered a $1.3 billion settlement under the Dutch Collective Settlement procedures. Second, as discussed here, in December 2016, collective investor groups negotiated a $1.0 billion partial settlement in the U.K. of the credit crisis-era claims asserted against RBS. Subsequent settlements in the RBS case brought the total value of the RBS settlements close to $1.3 billion.
 It must be emphasized that settlements of this magnitude in collective investor actions outside the U.S. is absolutely unprecedented. Indeed, were these settlements to have taken place in the U.S., they would be among the ten largest settlements ever. The fact that the settlements took place outside the U.S makes them all the more significant.
 In addition to these massive settlements, there has also been a surge of new collective investor actions filed around the world, driven by a wave of high-profile corporate scandals. New claims have been filed in recent months in a variety of jurisdictions outside the U.S. against a number of companies, including Volkswagen, Tesco, Toshiba, Petrobras, and others.
 There are a number of factors driving this litigation activity. The disruption of the global financial crisis engendered a new willingness to try to hold corporate executives accountable. The global financial crisis also spurred increased regulatory enforcement activity and increased cross-border regulatory collaboration. Though the financial crisis has passed, the regulators have remained active. In addition, legislatures around the world have continued to enact legislative reforms that allow for various kinds of collective investor action. For example, in December 2015, Thailand enacted provisions allowing for securities class actions in that country.
 Another significant factor in the global rise of collective investor actions has been the growth of third-party litigation funding. Third-party litigation funding has been a major force in the rise of securities class action litigation in Canada and Australia, and is a significant contributing factor behind many of the more recently filed scandal-related collective investor actions.
 The spread and growth of litigation funding increases the likelihood that the collective action procedures various countries have recently adopted will be put into use for remedial purposes. The high-profile corporate scandals seems likely to provide ample motivation and incentive for these developments to continue.
 These developments have important implications for companies and their directors and officers, as well as for their D&O insurers. For the companies, these developments mean that their D&O claims exposure has expanded, as they face the potential for serious claims across a vastly expanded landscape. For the D&O insurers, these developments represent a radical shift, as the possibilities for D&O claims frequency and severity has changed in ways that defy long-standing assumptions. The future for D&O claims literally represents a whole new world.
 Will Cybersecurity Become a Significant D&O Claims Issue?
By now, every organization is aware of the importance of cybersecurity concerns. Indeed, news of a data breach of other type of cybersecurity event is a nearly daily occurrence. Many of these cybersecurity events lead to litigation, though the vast bulk of the litigation has concerned consumer privacy issues. As cybersecurity events have continued to mount, one question that has arisen is whether or not claims cybersecurity incidents will also lead to D&O claims in which the claimants allege that the senior officials at a company should be held liable.
 There has in fact been a small number of high profile data security-related D&O lawsuits filed. However, several of those cases â including, for example, the derivative lawsuits filed against Target (about which refer here) Wyndham Worldwide (here), and Home Depot  (here ) â were quickly dismissed. (It should be noted, however, that while appeal in the case was pending, the parties to the Home Depot case settled the case, with the defendant agreeing among other things to pay the plaintiffsâ attorneysâ fees of $1.1 million).
 With the dismissal of these cases, the plaintiffsâ prospects in these kinds of cases appeared dim. However, within days of Home Depot suit dismissal and just at the point where it seemed as if these kinds of cases might dwindle altogether, a plaintiff shareholder filed a new shareholder derivative lawsuit against the board of Wendyâs, as discussed here.
 In addition, in January 2017, plaintiffs filed a data breach-related securities lawsuit against Yahoo!, as discussed here. The securities suit filing followed the companyâs two announcements, in September and December 2016, that several years earlier the company had experienced separate data breaches in which hackers had obtained access to hundreds of millions of usersâ accounts. Among other things, the plaintiffs in the securities suit alleged that the announcement of the data breaches led to the delay and renegotiation of the terms of Verizonâs planned acquisition of Yahoo!
 The lawsuits against Wendyâs and Yahoo were only recently filed. It remains to be seen whether they will fare any better than the earlier suits. It also remains to be seen whether other prospective data breach claimants will choose to file D&O lawsuits. However, the arrival of the Wendyâs and Yahoo lawsuits is a reminder that it is far too early to conclude that we donât need to be worried about the possibility of cybersecurity-related D&O litigation.
 The reality is that the plaintiffsâ lawyers are still trying to find the right approach (or perhaps to find a case with just the right facts). The plaintiffsâ bar is creative and entrepreneurial and they have significant incentives to try to find a way to capitalize on the chronic cybersecurity risks and exposures that companies face. The plaintiffsâ lawyers will continue to experiment, and for that reason alone we are going to see further cybersecurity-related D&O lawsuits. The more important question for companies and their advisors is how frequent and how severe these claims will prove to be.
 Will Climate Change-Related Concerns Lead to More D&O Claims?
Even though President Trump announced on June 1, 2017 the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Climate Accords, it seems likely that climate change will remain a high profile issue for many corporate boards, and potentially could be a source of future corporate claim activity.
 Climate change-related issues have in fact already been the source of claims against corporate officials. As noted in a prior post (here), in November 2016, shareholders filed a climate change-related securities class action lawsuit against ExxonMobil, in which the claimants allege that the companyâs did not adequately disclose that its own internal analyses of the likely impact from climate change-related issues on its ability to realize the full value of the hydrocarbon assets on its balance sheet. Although one claim does not represent a trend, the ExxonMobil lawsuit does highlight the possibility of other investor claims based on climate change-related disclosure issues.
 Beyond the possibilities for these kinds of investor-related damages claims, activists and others frustrated by climate change-related developments in the political arena increasingly may to use the courts as a way to advance their agendas.
 A recent lawsuit filed in Australia provides a good example of the way in which climate change activists may seek to use the courts. As discussed here, on August 8, 2017, Environmental Justice Australia filed an action in the Federal Court of Australia, Victoria Registry, against Commonwealth Bank of Australia, on behalf of two Commonwealth Bank (CBA) shareholders.
 In their complaint (here), the plaintiffs allege the bankâs Annual Report reflected omissions with respect to climate change-related issues. Among other things, the complaint alleges that the Annual Report did not report on the companyâs climate change business risk or its management of climate change risks. The complaint alleges that in making these omissions, the Annual Report âcontravenedâ the requirements of the Corporations Act, by âfailing to give a true and fair view of the financial position and performanceâ of the company and by failing to include information that the companyâs shareholders âwould reasonably require to make an informed assessment of: the operations of CBA; the financial position of CBA; and the business strategies, and prospects for future financial years, of CBA.â
 The complaint seeks a judicial declaration that in failing to report the companyâs climate change risks, the 2016 Annual Report âcontravenedâ the relevant sections of the Corporations Act. The complaint also seeks an injunction restraining the company from continuing to fail to report on its climate change- related risks.
 The lawsuit has only just been filed and it remains to be seen how it will fare. While the shareholders who filed the lawsuit undoubtedly would be happy to have the court grant their requests for declaratory and injunctive relief, their objectives in filing the lawsuit do not depend on successfully obtaining this relief. Rather, the litigants and the lawyers that represent them are seeking to draw attention to climate change related issues and to use publicity measure to put pressure on companies to focus on and to address climate change issues.
 The lawsuit surely will not be the last one of the type, as activists seek to use the use the courts and the publicity surrounding their lawsuits as a way to advance climate change-related awareness. The bottom line is that notwithstanding â and perhaps even because of â the Trump administrationâs move to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris climate accords, climate change issues likely will remain an area of concern for corporate boards. Climate change-related disclosure seems likely to remain a particular area of focus, as I previously discussed here.
 The post What to Watch Now in the World of D&O appeared first on The D&O Diary.
What to Watch Now in the World of D&O syndicated from http://ift.tt/2qyreAv
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Quick Hits!
TorontoRealtyBlog
âLittle bit âa lotta thingsâ today, as they say.
They who? I donât know. But it sounded good when I wrote it.
Iâm going to cover five or six topics today, all noteworthy & newsworthy, all free for your commentary. Although I think I already know which one will get solicit the most opinionâŠ
  How Can You Put A Price On Emotion?
If you didnât read about this story a couple of weeks ago, then Iâm so happy to be the one bringing it to your attention.
Sellers of a Beaches home have decided that they will not sell their property to the highest bidder, but rather, âa deserving young family who will benefit from the neighbourhood and preserve and enrich the community,â as the MLS listing states.
Hereâs a Toronto Star article from May 15th:
âFor sellers of this semi-detached home, a deserving family trumps priceâ
âThis is about putting a nice young family in there. Weâre not interested in a bidding war or anything like that,â the deceased sellerâs daughter said.
As soon as this article came out, however, the reaction was just oh-so-perfect for the confusing times in 2018, in that the peanut gallery took a positive, and turned it into a negative.
Thatâs right; the peanut gallery started to call discrimination.
It is, I suppose.
Accepting the highest offer is an easy way to pick a winner. But when you start examining people, their personalities, their lives, their values, and start putting a value on their self-worth, then surely that does become, by very definition of the word, âdiscriminatory.â
Weâll never know how the sellers decided to pick the winner, and for many, thatâs the problem.
Personally, I think itâs the sellersâ right to sell to whoever they want, for whatever reasons.
But what if behind closed doors, they never intended to sell the house to a person of a particular race, age, demographic, sexual orientation, etc?
Wow. Do you see what weâve done as a society? Our glass is half empty. We create âwhat-ifâ scenarios, and then debate them. I miss the 1980âsâŠ
In any event, the clamouring died down a little bit, and the sale went forward.
Low and behold, the house sold for the asking price, and no more.
I wonder what itâll be like for that new family, with everybody in the neighbourhood asking, âWhat did they do, or who are they, to âwinâ that house?â
â
Who Doesnât Love A New Tax?
Wasnât this simply a matter of time?
âYork Region demands power to bring in new taxesâ
To the surprise of just about nobody, one of the taxes at the top of the list is a land transfer tax.
For those younginâs out there, I do recall a time when the sale of properties in Toronto only had one land transfer tax!
Ah, the good old days! When buying a $900,000 home only came with a $14,475 raping of the wallet, for absolutely no reason.
Then along came David Miller, who didnât realize that â2 x 1 = 2,â and the tax doubled overnight.
Now itâs almost $30,000 to simply move.
Tell me Iâm biased because Iâm in real estate, but this tax, in my opinion, is the most bizarre tax Iâve ever seen. The tax isnât tied to anything! Garbage pickup, hydro, sewer and water â all the services associated with a home are paid for via property taxes! What is the land transfer tax tied to? Itâs a nothing tax.
In any event, York Region councillors are demanding that the government of Ontario give them power to increase, and create new taxes. Theyâre facing a $220 Million budget shortfall, and while a fiscal conservative like myself might suggest reducing spending, the obvious answer for anybody in government is simply to increase taxes.
I think itâs prudent to keep in mind just how hard York Region has been hit with the decline in real estate prices in the last 12 months.
May I remind you of the chart from a blog post earlier this month:
(yes I know that chart is prettier than my usual screenshots from Excel, but I gussied it up for the Toronto Life presentation last nightâŠ)
York Region prices are down 20.6%, April YTD.
Adding another land transfer tax isnât exactly going to help stabilize real estate prices, but perhaps the government doesnât care?
â
F*** The Rich!
This is old news, but it was recently brought up again via an interaction I had with a buyer client.
This client is looking to purchase for $4,500,000, and was last active in November of 2016.
Heâs been away for 18 months, and when calculating the expenses associated with his purchase, he was using his old spreadsheet â from 2016.
Little did he know, the governmentâs rebate on land transfer tax for first-time home buyers in 2017 was offset by an increase in land transfer tax for luxury homes.
Do you guys even remember this? Itâs like it almost didnât make headlines.
Land transfer tax was increased from 2.0% to 2.5% on the portion of purchase price over $2,000,000.
That means an additional $12,500 in land transfer tax payable.
$12,500?
Really? Am I making a fuss about this?
$12,500 in the context of a $4,500,000 house is a rounding error!
But what if I told you that the total amount of land transfer tax payable on this purchase was $197,950? What then?
Itâs tough to define the word âfairâ in todayâs world, especially in the context of politics and governance.
But Iâd love to know what you all think. As I alluded to in the previous point, people donât really âget anythingâ for their payment of land transfer tax. Is shelling out nearly $200,000, fair? And would any of you subscribe to the simple theory that âThese people can afford to pay it?â
â
Have You Seen My Agent? I Canât Find HerâŠ
This is a great story.
And by âgreat,â I mean itâs entertaining. But in reality, itâs sad, and pathetic.
I was set to receive offers on a listing last week, and I got a call around 5:30pm from a young lady who asked, âWhat time are offers?â
I told her we were going to review offers at 7:00pm.
I asked, âAre you an agent?â since I assumed she was. But she said, âNo, Iâm not, but Iâd like to submit an offer.â
I wasnât sure if she meant through me, or not. So I simply asked, and she said, âMaybe, Iâm not sure yet.â
I dragged the situation out of her â it seems that she had a buyer agent working for her, who works out of Oakville, but she couldnât get ahold of the agent. She said she had been trying âall day,â and she knew âsomething was wrongâ when her agent didnât email her on the morning of offers (let alone, the night beforeâŠ) to tell her that offers would be reviewed at 7pm, remind her she needs a deposit cheque, etc.
Imagine that.
You hire somebody to represent you, and they do anything but.
âWhat about somebody at the brokerage?â I asked her. âIf your agent is away on vacation, surely she has somebody to look after her business, right?â
âI donât know,â she told me. âIâm not sure how she runs her business; sheâs often hard to reach. What can I do here? What are my options?â she asked me.
âIf you want to make an offer, that can happen,â I explained. âYou can do so through any agent, any brokerage, whoever you want.â I told her.
She asked if she could make the offer through me, and I explained that I was representing the seller, and while itâs technically possible, I donât like multiple representation, and Iâd rather her work with somebody from my brokerage. Or another brokerage.  It was totally up to her.
I further explained the buyer representation rules and regulations, and explained the difference between a Buyer Representation Agreement and a Customer Service Agreement and thatâs when she said something amazing: âIâve already signed a buyer representation agreement with my agent.â
Well, crap.
âFor me to speak to you about this property, a potential offer, and your options, technically, is interfering with a buyer under contract,â I explained. âThe B.R.A. is signed with the brokerage, not the agent,â I told her. âSo you can make the offer through anybody at the brokerage.â
Then I asked her, âWhich brokerage is it?â
Even more amazingly, she said, âI donât know.â
âYou donât know?â I asked. âRe/Max, Royal Lepage, Homelife, Century 21, Chestnut Park, Keller Williams,â I went on, and on, and on.
âNothing rings a bell,â she told me.
So I told her quite honestly, âYouâre under contract with a brokerage, working with an agent that you canât get in touch with. I honestly donât think I can help you.â
And this isnât about commission, in case youâre wondering. The truth is, Iâm not sure if I could have even drafted the offer for her to sign, and submitted it on her behalf â with the full understanding that she was working with another brokerage, and they would receive the commission. I just canât interfere with somebody elseâs client. Itâs very simple.
I felt bad for the girl. I told her to call the brokerage, and ask for the manager or the broker of record, to see if they could help.
Then she reminded me that she didnât know which brokerage it was, and I essentially gave up.
I donât know that thereâs a moral of the story, a conclusion, or any takeaway her. Itâs just really unfortunate.
â
âWhat Goes Up Must Come DownâŠâŠMost Of The Timeâ
We see a lot of real estate âfluffâ columns in the newspapers, so I love seeing something new and interesting; something I havenât read about before.
Shane Dingman from the Globe & Mail wrote an interesting, albeit depressing piece last week:
âElevators a let-down for Toronto condo dwellersâ
According to the article, condominiums have the lowest rate of elevator âavailabilityâ at 93%, which translates to 25 out-of-service days per year.
But the really interesting part of the article was about one specific building in Toronto: 59 East Liberty Street.
Apparently none of the elevators were in service at one point, and residents were without options â other than the stairs.
One of the three elevators has been out of service for a year!
And what of the board of directors?
They told residents not to voice any displeasure; not to âtweet, talk to the media, or make waves.â
What a mess.
The article is a solid read â click the link above.
The post Quick Hits! appeared first on Toronto Real Estate Property Sales & Investments | Toronto Realty Blog by David Fleming.
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What to Watch Now in the World of D&O
Every year just after Labor Day, I take a step back and survey the most important current trends and developments in the world of Directorsâ and Officersâ liability and D&O insurance. This yearâs survey is set out below. Once again, there are a host of things worth watching in the world of D&O.
 Will Securities Class Action Lawsuits Filings Continue Their Record Pace?
Year to date, as of September 1, 2017, 299 federal court securities class action lawsuits have been filed, representing a pace of securities suit filings that if continued would set an annual record. The 299 filings so far this year also already exceed the 272 securities suit filings during the full year 2016. The filing total through the yearâs first eight months projects to a year-end total of 448, which would be the highest annual number of securities suit filings since 2001, when a flood of IPO laddering cases swelled the filing totals. An annual total of 448 filings would exceed the 1996-2015 annual average of 188 securities suit filings by 138%.
 The high number of 2017 federal court securities suit filings is in part a reflection of the shift of merger objection lawsuits from state to federal court. As discussed further below, because of the hostility of the Delaware Court of Chancery to the disclosure-only settlements that frequently resolve these kinds of cases, the plaintiffsâ lawyers are filing these suits in federal court.
 However, even if the federal court merger objection lawsuit filings are disregarded, the YTD pace of securities suit filings is still at extraordinary levels. Through the first eight months of the year, there were 168 traditional securities lawsuit filings, which projects to a year-end total of 252 traditional securities suit filings. A total of 252 traditional filings would far exceed the 170 traditional securities lawsuit filings during the full year 2016, and would exceed the 1996-2015 annual filings average of 188 by 34%.
 The volume of securities suit filings is all the more striking if the decline in the number of publicly traded companies is taken into account. Due to bankruptcies, mergers, and going private transactions, there are 46% fewer publicly traded companies now than there were in 1996. The increase in the number of securities suit filings together with the decline in the number of publicly traded companies means that the litigation rate has increased substantially compared to historical levels. Measured as of June 30, 2017, and including the merger objection lawsuits, the 2017 filings were on pace for a litigation rate of 9.5% â compared to a comparable litigation rate for the full year 2016 of 5.6% and a 2.8% annual average litigation rate for the period 1996-2015.  A 9.5% litigation rate essentially means that one of ten publicly traded companies will get hit with a securities suit this year.
 Even if we disregard the merger objection lawsuits, the projected year-end 2017 total of 252 traditional lawsuits implies a litigation rate of 5.4%, which again would far exceed the 2016 litigation rate for traditional lawsuits of 3.9%. The implied 2017 litigation rate for traditional filings is nearly double the 1997-2015 average annual litigation rate of 2.8%.
 What is behind this extraordinary increase in the litigation rate? The likeliest explanation is that increased levels of securities suit filings reflect changes in the plaintiffsâ securities class action bar. As Prof. Michael Klausner and Jason Hegland of Stanford Law School detailed in a guest post on this blog (here), since 2009, a significantly larger number of securities class action lawsuits (both in terms of absolute numbers of lawsuit filings and in terms of percentage of all lawsuits filed) are now being filed by a group of small plaintiffsâ firms that were not previously active in filing securities lawsuits. The activities of these âemerging law firmsâ appear to account for a large proportion of recent increased numbers of securities class action lawsuits filings.
 In an August 22, 2017 Wall Street Journal article discussing the extraordinary rise in the rate of securities litigation filings (here), a comment by an attorney at one of the emerging firms seemed to corroborate the conjecture that changes in plaintiffsâ barâs approach explain the rise in the pace of securities suit filings. The attorney agreed that his firm and others have filed a broader range of cases in recent years, calling it a ânecessary adaptation as the more obvious accounting misstatements have become scarcer.â
 The changes in securities litigation filing patterns have important implications both for listed companies and for their insurers. Long-term securities litigation frequency risks have changed categorically. This means not only that publicly-traded companies now face an overall greater risk of securities class action litigation than in the past, but it also means that their D&O insurers also may be facing a significantly increased litigation frequency risk as well. To the extent that insurersâ pricing models are not taking these increased risks into account, their pricing calculations may result in premium charges that come up short.
 How Will President Trumpâs Judicial Nominees Shape the Federal Judiciary?
President Trumpâs appointment of Neal Gorsuch to the U.S. Supreme Court represents one of his administrationâs early accomplishments. However, as important as the U.S. Supreme Court is, it is in the lower federal courts that the Trump administration may have its most significant impact.
 The clamor of day-to-day White House activity dominates the news mediaâs attention, but in the meantime, the Trump administration has quietly been moving forward to fill the vacancies on the lower federal courts. The Trump administration also has been moving at what has been described as a âbreakneck paceâ to place its nominees in the federal judiciary. The Presidentâs efforts to put his nominees on the federal bench could have a far greater impact than his more attention-grabbing activities.
 There are a significant number of vacancies on the federal bench for President Trump to fill. As of September 1, 2017, there were 144 federal court judicial vacancies, representing over 16% of the authorized federal judgeships.
 As of August 31, 2017, the Senate has confirmed including six Trump administration judicial nominees, including one Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, three judges for the United States Courts of Appeals, and one judge for the United States District Courts. However, of even greater significance, and as of the same date, there are 30 Trump administration nominations to federal court judgeships awaiting Senate action, including eight for the Courts of Appeals and 22 for the District Courts.
 As Democratic Senator Chris Coons, a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee was recently quoted as saying, President Trumpâs influence on the federal judiciary as a result of his nominations âwill be the single most important legacy of the Trump administration,â adding with respect to the kinds of candidates that the Trump administration has been nominating, âgiven their youth and conservatism, they will have a significant impact on the shape and trajectory of American law for decades.â
 Some of Trump administrationâs nominees to the federal judiciary have proven to be controversial, most of Trumpâs judicial nominees have, as Jeffrey Toobin noted in a recent New Yorker article, âexcellent formal qualifications.â More to the point in terms of possible consequences of Trumpâs judicial nominations, Toobin noted that âTrump is poised to reshape the judiciary in a notably conservative direction.â
 With the benefit of a Republican-controlled Senate, the Trump administration appears well-positioned to continue to place its nominees on the federal bench. The decidedly conservative cast of the administrationâs nominees will have a significant impact on the proceedings in the lower federal courts for years to come. This impact may take a number of forms, but among other things, one likely impact would seem to be a more defendant-friendly approach to business disputes and other commercial matters, at least to the extent the adminitrationâs nominees share the Presidentâs anti-regulation, business-friendly outlook.  To the extent this defendant-friendly approach actually materializes, it could prove to provide a significant boost to corporate litigants and their D&O insurers.
 What Impact Will President Trumps Political Appointments Have on D&O Claims?
Beyond his judicial appointment authority, President Trumpâs authority to make executive branch and other political appointments affords him, through his administration, enormous power to set policy, promulgate or revise regulation, and determine the direction of the government and its course of conduct. As Michael Lewisâs potent July 26, 2017 Vanity Fair article about U.S. Department of Energy under the Trump administration demonstrates, the Presidentâs executive branch nominations and other political appointments potentially can have a dramatic impact on the policies and activities of the U.S. government and on its fulfillment of its responsibilities.
 Two of President Trumpâs appointments have the greatest potential to have a significant impact on companies and their directors and officers. First, the President appointed Senator Jeff Sessions as the Attorney General and head of the U.S. Department of Justice. Sessions is a former prosecutor and U.S. Attorney with a well-established reputation as defender of âlaw and order.â While he is well known for his focus on drug enforcement issues, he has also made it clear that he is prepared to be active on white collar crime issues. In his confirmation hearings as well as in numerous prior public statements, Sessions has made it clear that he places a high priority on fighting corporate misbehavior.
 Though Sessions has moved quickly to reverse Obama administration policies in a number of areas, expectations are that he will continue the Obamaâs aggressive approach to white collar crime enforcement. In a May speech, Sessions affirmed that would continue to vigorously enforce the nationâs anti-fraud laws, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), stating with respect to law enforcement that âone area where this is critical is enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.â
 One particularly important question about the Department of Justice under Sessions is the extent to which the agency will continue to enforce the so-called Yates Memo, which embodied the prior administrationïżœïżœs policy of seeking to hold individual executives accountable for corporate misconduct. Though the Department administration will no longer refer to this policy as the Yates Memo, expectations are that the new administration will continue the policy of seeking to hold individuals accountable. Indeed, in his May speech, Sessions specifically said that âThe Department of Justice will continue to emphasize the importance of holding individuals accountable for corporate misconduct.â
 President Trumpâs appointee as Chairman of the SEC, Jay Clayton, is a Wall Street lawyer who has made a career representing large financial firms and other corporate clients in financial transactions and regulatory matters. His client list included most of the largest banks on Wall Street; his wife works for Goldman Sachs. His law practice generally did not include representing clients in connection with enforcement matters. His background contrasts from that of his predecessor, Mary Jo White, who was a career prosecutor who brought to her job a lifetime reputation as a âtough cop.â All else equal, it seems likelier that priority of the agency under Clayton would be more toward regulatory and finance issues, rather than toward enforcement issues.
 Just the same, in a July 12, 2017 speech, Clayton made a point of emphasizing that âI fully intend to continue deploying significant resources to root out fraud and shady practices in the markets, particularly in areas where Main Street investors are most exposed.â He also said that âthe Commission will continue to use its enforcement and examination authority to support market integrity.â One particular area he chose to emphasize in his speech is corporate responsibility for disclosure relating to cybersecurity. He said that âpublic companies have a clear obligation to disclose material information about cyber risks and cyber events. I expect them to take this requirement seriously.â
 In the past, Clayton contributed to a white paper suggesting that rigorous FCPA enforcement was pushing foreign companies to avoid registering as U.S. issuers and stating that the U.S. government should âdial back the scope of FCPA enforcement with respect to companies.â Nevertheless, expectations are that as head of the SEC, Clayton will continue prior administrationâs policies of active FCPA enforcement.
 How Will the Supreme Court Decide the Pending Securities Cases on its Docket?
In the past, years would pass between occasions on which the U.S. Supreme Court would take up cases raising questions under the securities laws. In more recent years, the Court inexplicably has seemed more inclined to take up securities cases. The upcoming Supreme Court term, which commences in October 2017, is no exception to this recent trend. The Court already has at least three important securities cases on its docket for the upcoming term.
 Leidos, Inc. v. Indiana Public Retirement System: This case will afford the Court an opportunity to resolve a circuit split by addressing the question of whether or not the alleged failure to make a disclosure required by Item 303 of Reg. S-K is an actionable omission under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. The Second Circuit has held that Item 303 does create an actionable duty of disclosure, while the Ninth and Third Circuits have held that it does not.
 Item 303 of Reg. S-K states in pertinent part that in its periodic reports to the SEC, a company is to â[d]escribe any known trends or uncertainties that have had or that the registrant reasonably expects will have a materially favorable or unfavorable impactâ on the company. Guidance provided by the SEC on Item 303 clarifies that disclosure is necessary where a âtrend, demand commitment event or uncertainty is both presently known to management and reasonably likely to have material effects on the registrantâs financial conditions or results of operations.â Issuersâ Item 303 disclosures appear in the Management Discussion & Analysis (MD&A) sections of their annual reports (and in interim or quarterly reports, where there have been material changes since the last annual report).
 The plaintiffs in the Leidos case allege that the SEC filings of SAIC (the predecessor of Leidos) omitted disclosures required by Item 303. The district court granted the defendantsâ motion to dismiss, ruling, among other things, that the plaintiffâs claims based on the allegation that the companyâs SEC filings omitted disclosures required by Item 303 were insufficiently pled. On appeal, the Second Circuit vacated the portion of the district courtâs ruling relating to the Item 303 allegations, at the same time noting the circuit split on the question relating to Item 303 disclosures. The defendants filed a petition seeking Supreme Court review of the Second Circuitâs ruling. The U.S. Supreme Courtâs March 27, 2017 order granting the writ of certiorari can be found here.
 The Supreme Courtâs consideration of these issues will address the circuit split on the question of whether or not Item 303 creates an actionable duty of disclosure under Section 10(b) and applicable regulations. Although some commentators have questioned the significance of this issue, the fact is Courtâs consideration of these issues will address an issue that comes in frequently in the securities cases in the lower courts and that the circuit courts have decided in differing ways that could allow cases to go forward in some judicial circuits that would not pass muster in other circuits. The case will be argued on November 6, 2017.
 Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver County Employees Retirement Fund: A recurring question that has arisen in recent years is whether or not state courts retain concurrent jurisdiction over lawsuits alleging liability under the Securities Act of 1933.
 Section 22(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 provides for concurrent state court jurisdiction for civil actions alleging violations of the â33 Actâs liability provisions. Section 22(a) specifies further that when an action is brought in state court alleging a â33 Act violation, the case shall not be removed to federal court.
 In the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act of 1998 (SLUSA), Congress enacted provisions to preempt state court jurisdiction over federal law securities suits and to require the âcovered class actionsâ to go forward in federal court.
 The question that arose after SLUSA was enacted was whether or not SLUSAâs provisions pre-empt the concurrent state court jurisdiction provisions in the â33 Act. The determinations of these issues have not been uniform, but that in the Ninth Circuit, the state of the law seems to be that â33 Act cases filed in state court in reliance on Section 22âs concurrent jurisdiction provisions are not removable from state court to federal court notwithstanding the provisions of SLUSA.
 The question of whether or not after SLUSA state courts retain jurisdiction for â33 Act liability lawsuits is a significant one. In recent years, a significant amount of IPO-related securities class action litigation has been filed in state court, particularly in California, as detailed in a recent guest post on this site. The question of whether post-SLUSA state courts retain their concurrent â33 Act liability lawsuit jurisdiction has vexed the courts and litigants for years. This case offers the opportunity for these questions finally to be resolved. Oral argument in the case has not yet been scheduled.
 Digital Realty Trust, Inc. v. Somers: At the end of its last term in June 2017, the Court also agreed to take up the question of whether or not the Dodd-Frank Actâs anti-retaliation provisions apply to and protect individuals who did not make a whistleblower report to the SEC. The lower courts have struggled with the question of whether or not the Actâs anti-retaliation protections extend to individuals who file internal reports within their own companies.
 The problem for the courts is that the statutory provisions conflict. The Dodd-Frank Actâs definitions seems to restrict the term âwhistleblowerâ to those filing whistleblower reports with the SEC, but the Actâs anti-retaliation provision seems to extend its protections to other whistleblowers, including, for example, those filing an internal whistleblower report within their own company under the Sarbanes Oxley Act. As one district court said with respect to the tension between these two provisions, âat bottom, it is difficult to find a clear and simple way to read the statutory provisions ⊠in perfect harmony with one another.â
 Of potential relevance to the resolution of these issues, the SECâs regulations in effect interpret the Actâs provisions to extend the anti-retaliation protections to all those who make disclosures of suspected violations, whether the disclosures are made internally or to the SEC.
 In taking up the case, the Court will not only have the opportunity to address the split between the circuits on the issues surrounding the Dodd-Frank Actâs whistleblower anti-retaliation protections, but it may also have the opportunity to take up the âChevron deferenceâ issue. Under this doctrine, which refers to the U.S. Supreme Court 1984 decision in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., courts defer to agency interpretations of statutory mandates unless the interpretations are unreasonable. Chevron deference has been a hot button issue in conservative circles for years. It is in fact an issue on which new Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch weighed in while he was on the Tenth Circuit; he called the doctrine âa judge-made doctrine for the abdication of the judicial duty.â To the extent the court takes up the Chevron deference issue, it will address the question of whether or not it should defer to the SECâs interpretation of the reach of the Dodd-Frank Actâs anti-retaliation provisions.
 The Supreme Court has not yet scheduled oral argument in the Digital Realty Trust case.
 How Will the Federal Court Merger Objection Lawsuits Fare?
As I noted above, an important part of the surge in YTD securities suit filings is a reflection of the shift of merger objection lawsuits from state to federal court. Of the 299 securities suit filings during the first eight months of 2017, 129 (or about 43%) are merger objection suits. The 129 federal court merger objection lawsuit filings YTD far exceed the 80 federal court merger objection lawsuit filings during the full year 2016.
 The surge in the number of federal court merger objection lawsuit filings is a direct result of a series of Delaware state court rulings, culminating in the January 2016 ruling in the Trulia case, in which a series of Delaware judges evinced their hostility to the type of disclosure only settlements that frequently characterize the resolution of merger objection lawsuits. As a result of the unfavorable climate in the Delaware courts, the plaintiffsâ lawyers have shifted their filings of many of these suits to federal court.
 With merger objection lawsuits now relatively more likely to be filed outside Delaware, the question of whether or not judges in other jurisdictions â and in particular, federal district court judges â will follow the lead of Delawareâs courts in rejecting disclosure-only settlements takes on greater significance. There has been some reason to be concerned that judges in other jurisdictions were not inclined follow Delawareâs lead and might continue to approve disclosure-only settlements of these kinds of cases.
 However, as discussed here, last year, in a lawsuit involving Walgreenâs acquisition of Alliance Boots, the Seventh Circuit, in a blistering opinion written by Judge Richard Posner, affirmatively adopted the Delaware Chancery Courtâs position on disclosure-only settlements. Saying that these kinds of lawsuits are âa racketâ and characterizing the additional disclosure that was the basis of the settlement as âworthless,â the appellate court reversed the district courtâs approval of the settlement.
 With the number of federal court merger objection lawsuit growing significantly, the question of whether or not the federal courts will, similarly to the Seventh Circuit in the Walgreens case, follow the Delaware courtsâ lead in rejecting disclosure-only settlements takes on increased urgency. If the federal courts show the same level of scrutiny and hostility as the Delaware courts, the flood of federal court merger objection suits may prove to be a short-lived phenomenon. However, if the federal courts decline to follow the Delaware courtsâ lead, federal court merger objection litigation could remain an important corporate and securities litigation phenomenon, representing a significant litigation exposure for companies and for their D&O insurers.
 Will Mandatory Securities Claim Arbitration Become a Serious Possibility?
For a time a few years ago, litigation reform bylaws were all the rage â including forum selection bylaws, fee shifting bylaws, even mandatory arbitration bylaws. More recently, discussion of the topic quieted down, in part because the Delaware legislature enacted legislation allowing Delaware corporations to adopt forum selection bylaws while also prohibiting fee-shifting bylaws. However, the topic of litigation reform bylaws may be back on the docket again. As discussed here, in July 2017 speech, SEC Commissioner Michael Piwowar invited companies heading toward an IPO to adopt arbitration provisions in their corporate bylaws.
 According to a July 17, 2017 Reuters article entitled âU.S. SECâs Piwowar Urges Companies to Pursue Mandatory Arbitration Clausesâ (here), Piwowar said in a speech at the Heritage Foundation that âFor shareholder lawsuits, companies can come to us to ask for relief to put in mandatory arbitration into their charters. I would encourage companies to come and talk to us about that.â
 As Alison Frankel points out on here On the Case blog (here), mandatory arbitration of shareholder claims is not a new idea. Academics have been debating the possibility for decades. And as I noted in a post a few years ago, several courts did uphold the enforceability of one companyâs bylaw provision requiring arbitration of shareholder claims.
 Nevertheless, at least until now, the view has been that the SEC opposes provisions requiring shareholder claims to be arbitrated. The agencyâs position has been a corporate charter provision mandating arbitration of shareholder claims would violate Section 29 of the â34 Act, which voids any contractual provision that would seek to waive any right under the statute.
 Though Piwowar seems to have invited companies planning IPOs to step forward with mandatory securities claim arbitration provisions, there may be some good reasons for companies to hold back. For starters, notwithstanding Piwowarâs comments, it is not entirely clear whether a securities claim arbitration provision would withstand scrutiny. Among other things, a court might conclude that, notwithstanding the SECâs position, an arbitration provision is contrary to the prohibitions in Section 29.
 There may be a more practical reason companies might hesitate to adope a securities claim arbitration provision, and that is concern about the marketâs reaction. In her blog post, Frankel raised the question whether big institutional investors might balk at waiving their right to sue. Frankel quotes Columbia Law School Professor John Coffee as noting that a companyâs adoption of an arbitration provision could have an impact on the companyâs share price at the IPO. On the other hand, Frankel also quotes Michigan Law School Professor Adam Pritchard as suggesting that investors might pay more for shares of companies that could be able to avoid the expenses of securities class action lawsuits.
 In any event, it may not be long before a company takes Piwowar up on his invitation and steps forward for an IPO with a securities claim arbitration provision in its bylaws. If the IPO candidateâs submission passes agency muster, not only will these kinds of provisions quickly become standard for IPO companies, but many of the already public companies will quickly take steps to adopt similar provisions, just as they did with forum selection bylaw provisions a few years ago.
 What might it mean if shareholder securities claim arbitration provisions become standard? It could mean serious changes in the way securities claims are litigated in this country. To whatever extent changes of this magnitude are even in the realm of the possible, we are a long way off from any of these kinds of things taking place. Even if these kinds of arbitration provisions actually do take hold, there are still a lot of other things that could happen. As we saw a few years ago when fee-shifting bylaw provisions were all the rage, the Delaware legislature stepped forward and changed the relevant laws, pretty much stopping the fee-shifting bylaw bandwagon in its tracks. By the same token, if securities claim arbitration provisions were to take off, Congress might act.
 The one thing that is certain is that if Piwowarâs recent suggestion succeeds on getting things started, it could get very interesting. For now, put the question of mandatory securities claim arbitration provisions on the list of things to watch.
 Will the Frequency of Collective Investor Actions Outside the U.S. Continue to Grow?
As the statistics discussed above reflect, securities class action litigation is an important part of the U.S. litigation landscape. By contrast, in the past, and until quite recently, there has not been significant collective investor litigation activity outside the United States, other than in Australia and Canada. However, as underscored by several recent developments, collective investor litigation outside the U.S. is now a significant phenomenon and it not limited just to Australia and Canada. The likelihood is that it will continue to grow.
 Two recent developments underscore the significance of the changes. First, as discussed here, in March 2016, shareholder associations acting on behalf of former shareholders of the failed financial firm Fortis entered a $1.3 billion settlement under the Dutch Collective Settlement procedures. Second, as discussed here, in December 2016, collective investor groups negotiated a $1.0 billion partial settlement in the U.K. of the credit crisis-era claims asserted against RBS. Subsequent settlements in the RBS case brought the total value of the RBS settlements close to $1.3 billion.
 It must be emphasized that settlements of this magnitude in collective investor actions outside the U.S. is absolutely unprecedented. Indeed, were these settlements to have taken place in the U.S., they would be among the ten largest settlements ever. The fact that the settlements took place outside the U.S makes them all the more significant.
 In addition to these massive settlements, there has also been a surge of new collective investor actions filed around the world, driven by a wave of high-profile corporate scandals. New claims have been filed in recent months in a variety of jurisdictions outside the U.S. against a number of companies, including Volkswagen, Tesco, Toshiba, Petrobras, and others.
 There are a number of factors driving this litigation activity. The disruption of the global financial crisis engendered a new willingness to try to hold corporate executives accountable. The global financial crisis also spurred increased regulatory enforcement activity and increased cross-border regulatory collaboration. Though the financial crisis has passed, the regulators have remained active. In addition, legislatures around the world have continued to enact legislative reforms that allow for various kinds of collective investor action. For example, in December 2015, Thailand enacted provisions allowing for securities class actions in that country.
 Another significant factor in the global rise of collective investor actions has been the growth of third-party litigation funding. Third-party litigation funding has been a major force in the rise of securities class action litigation in Canada and Australia, and is a significant contributing factor behind many of the more recently filed scandal-related collective investor actions.
 The spread and growth of litigation funding increases the likelihood that the collective action procedures various countries have recently adopted will be put into use for remedial purposes. The high-profile corporate scandals seems likely to provide ample motivation and incentive for these developments to continue.
 These developments have important implications for companies and their directors and officers, as well as for their D&O insurers. For the companies, these developments mean that their D&O claims exposure has expanded, as they face the potential for serious claims across a vastly expanded landscape. For the D&O insurers, these developments represent a radical shift, as the possibilities for D&O claims frequency and severity has changed in ways that defy long-standing assumptions. The future for D&O claims literally represents a whole new world.
 Will Cybersecurity Become a Significant D&O Claims Issue?
By now, every organization is aware of the importance of cybersecurity concerns. Indeed, news of a data breach of other type of cybersecurity event is a nearly daily occurrence. Many of these cybersecurity events lead to litigation, though the vast bulk of the litigation has concerned consumer privacy issues. As cybersecurity events have continued to mount, one question that has arisen is whether or not claims cybersecurity incidents will also lead to D&O claims in which the claimants allege that the senior officials at a company should be held liable.
 There has in fact been a small number of high profile data security-related D&O lawsuits filed. However, several of those cases â including, for example, the derivative lawsuits filed against Target (about which refer here) Wyndham Worldwide (here), and Home Depot  (here ) â were quickly dismissed. (It should be noted, however, that while appeal in the case was pending, the parties to the Home Depot case settled the case, with the defendant agreeing among other things to pay the plaintiffsâ attorneysâ fees of $1.1 million).
 With the dismissal of these cases, the plaintiffsâ prospects in these kinds of cases appeared dim. However, within days of Home Depot suit dismissal and just at the point where it seemed as if these kinds of cases might dwindle altogether, a plaintiff shareholder filed a new shareholder derivative lawsuit against the board of Wendyâs, as discussed here.
 In addition, in January 2017, plaintiffs filed a data breach-related securities lawsuit against Yahoo!, as discussed here. The securities suit filing followed the companyâs two announcements, in September and December 2016, that several years earlier the company had experienced separate data breaches in which hackers had obtained access to hundreds of millions of usersâ accounts. Among other things, the plaintiffs in the securities suit alleged that the announcement of the data breaches led to the delay and renegotiation of the terms of Verizonâs planned acquisition of Yahoo!
 The lawsuits against Wendyâs and Yahoo were only recently filed. It remains to be seen whether they will fare any better than the earlier suits. It also remains to be seen whether other prospective data breach claimants will choose to file D&O lawsuits. However, the arrival of the Wendyâs and Yahoo lawsuits is a reminder that it is far too early to conclude that we donât need to be worried about the possibility of cybersecurity-related D&O litigation.
 The reality is that the plaintiffsâ lawyers are still trying to find the right approach (or perhaps to find a case with just the right facts). The plaintiffsâ bar is creative and entrepreneurial and they have significant incentives to try to find a way to capitalize on the chronic cybersecurity risks and exposures that companies face. The plaintiffsâ lawyers will continue to experiment, and for that reason alone we are going to see further cybersecurity-related D&O lawsuits. The more important question for companies and their advisors is how frequent and how severe these claims will prove to be.
 Will Climate Change-Related Concerns Lead to More D&O Claims?
Even though President Trump announced on June 1, 2017 the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Climate Accords, it seems likely that climate change will remain a high profile issue for many corporate boards, and potentially could be a source of future corporate claim activity.
 Climate change-related issues have in fact already been the source of claims against corporate officials. As noted in a prior post (here), in November 2016, shareholders filed a climate change-related securities class action lawsuit against ExxonMobil, in which the claimants allege that the companyâs did not adequately disclose that its own internal analyses of the likely impact from climate change-related issues on its ability to realize the full value of the hydrocarbon assets on its balance sheet. Although one claim does not represent a trend, the ExxonMobil lawsuit does highlight the possibility of other investor claims based on climate change-related disclosure issues.
 Beyond the possibilities for these kinds of investor-related damages claims, activists and others frustrated by climate change-related developments in the political arena increasingly may to use the courts as a way to advance their agendas.
 A recent lawsuit filed in Australia provides a good example of the way in which climate change activists may seek to use the courts. As discussed here, on August 8, 2017, Environmental Justice Australia filed an action in the Federal Court of Australia, Victoria Registry, against Commonwealth Bank of Australia, on behalf of two Commonwealth Bank (CBA) shareholders.
 In their complaint (here), the plaintiffs allege the bankâs Annual Report reflected omissions with respect to climate change-related issues. Among other things, the complaint alleges that the Annual Report did not report on the companyâs climate change business risk or its management of climate change risks. The complaint alleges that in making these omissions, the Annual Report âcontravenedâ the requirements of the Corporations Act, by âfailing to give a true and fair view of the financial position and performanceâ of the company and by failing to include information that the companyâs shareholders âwould reasonably require to make an informed assessment of: the operations of CBA; the financial position of CBA; and the business strategies, and prospects for future financial years, of CBA.â
 The complaint seeks a judicial declaration that in failing to report the companyâs climate change risks, the 2016 Annual Report âcontravenedâ the relevant sections of the Corporations Act. The complaint also seeks an injunction restraining the company from continuing to fail to report on its climate change- related risks.
 The lawsuit has only just been filed and it remains to be seen how it will fare. While the shareholders who filed the lawsuit undoubtedly would be happy to have the court grant their requests for declaratory and injunctive relief, their objectives in filing the lawsuit do not depend on successfully obtaining this relief. Rather, the litigants and the lawyers that represent them are seeking to draw attention to climate change related issues and to use publicity measure to put pressure on companies to focus on and to address climate change issues.
 The lawsuit surely will not be the last one of the type, as activists seek to use the use the courts and the publicity surrounding their lawsuits as a way to advance climate change-related awareness. The bottom line is that notwithstanding â and perhaps even because of â the Trump administrationâs move to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris climate accords, climate change issues likely will remain an area of concern for corporate boards. Climate change-related disclosure seems likely to remain a particular area of focus, as I previously discussed here.
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