#french protectorate of cambodia

[workingclasshistory]

On this day, 8 December 1949, a conference of dock workers in France agreed to prevent all cargo destined for Indochina from being transported from multiple ports during the anti-colonial war in the region. France had been at war with the anti-colonial movement in Vietnam since 1946 in a conflict which spread to the neighbouring French protectorates of Cambodia and Laos. The ports on the Mediterranean coast which were blacked were Marseille, Sete, Nice, Port-de-Bouc, Port-Saint-Louis, Port Vendre and Toulon. The move followed a refusal of dockers the previous month to load two ships headed for Indochina: the Montbeliard and the Cap Tourane (pictured). Learn more about the Vietnam war and opposition to it in our podcast series: https://workingclasshistory.com/tag/vietnam-war/ https://www.facebook.com/workingclasshistory/photos/a.296224173896073/2155302111321594/?type=3

[casbooks]

Book 51 of 2024 (★★★★★)

Title: French Foreign Légionnaire 1890–1914 Authors: Martin Windrow

Series: 157 of Osprey - Warrior ISBN: 9781849084222 Rating: ★★★★★

Subject Books.Military.18th-19th Century.Africa.Algeria, Books.Military.18th-19th Century.Asia.French Indochina, Books.Military.18th-19th Century.Europe.France.FFL, Books.Military.20th-21st Century.Africa.Algeria, Books.Military.Series.Osprey.Warrior

Description: Following the close of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and the establishment of the Third Republic, France embarked upon a new wave of colonialism, acquiring addition territories in Southeast Asia, including Tonkin and Annam which, together with Cambodia and Cochinchina, formed French Indochina. In North Africa their influence increased, with Tunisia acquired as a protectorate in 1881, until by the turn of the century much of North, West and Central Africa was under their control. France needed and army to police these new territories, and one of then most important elements of their colonial establishment was the French Foreign Legion. Originally founded in 1830, the Legion saw some its finest hours in North Africa and Indochina in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and it is this period of the legions' history that has been immortalized in popular culture in works such as Beau Geste. Drawing on memoirs and other period sources, this book covers a wide range of environments and types of action and will be a valuable reference to any scholar of the legionnaires.

[linkfortune138]

History of cambodia

The history of Cambodia is rich and complex, spanning thousands of years and marked by periods of great prosperity, cultural achievements, and political upheaval. Here is an overview of key periods and events in Cambodian history:

Ancient Civilizations: The earliest known civilization in Cambodia dates back to the Funan Kingdom in the 1st century CE. Funan was succeeded by the Chenla Kingdom in the 6th century, which eventually split into two rival states: Chenla Land to the north and Chenla Water to the south.

Angkor Empire: The Khmer Empire, centered around the city of Angkor, rose to prominence in the 9th century under King Jayavarman II. Angkor became one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in Southeast Asia, known for its impressive architecture, including the iconic Angkor Wat temple complex. The empire reached its zenith during the reign of King Jayavarman VII in the 12th century.

Thai and Vietnamese Incursions: The decline of the Khmer Empire began in the 13th century due to invasions by the Thai and Vietnamese kingdoms. Angkor was sacked by the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1431, leading to the eventual abandonment of the city.

Colonial Rule: Cambodia became a French protectorate in 1863 after King Norodom signed a treaty with the French colonial authorities. Under French rule, Cambodia was governed as part of French Indochina along with Vietnam and Laos.

Independence and Turmoil: Cambodia gained independence from France in 1953 under King Norodom Sihanouk. However, political instability and internal conflict plagued the country in the following decades, exacerbated by the Vietnam War and the rise of the Khmer Rouge insurgency.

Khmer Rouge Regime: The Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, seized power in Cambodia in 1975 after the fall of Phnom Penh. The Khmer Rouge regime implemented radical communist policies, resulting in widespread atrocities, forced labor, and the deaths of an estimated 1.7 to 2 million people during the Cambodian genocide.

Vietnamese Occupation: In 1979, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and overthrew the Khmer Rouge regime. Cambodia became a Vietnamese-backed socialist state known as the People's Republic of Kampuchea, leading to years of conflict and instability.

Peace Accords and Reconstruction: In the 1990s, Cambodia transitioned to a constitutional monarchy and began the process of national reconciliation and reconstruction. The Paris Peace Accords in 1991 laid the groundwork for democratic elections and the establishment of a multiparty system.

Modern Cambodia: Cambodia has made significant progress in the decades since the end of the civil war, experiencing economic growth, infrastructure development, and improvements in living standards. However, challenges remain, including political corruption, human rights abuses, and social inequality.

Despite its tumultuous history, Cambodia continues to be home to a rich cultural heritage, vibrant traditions, and resilient people who are working towards a brighter future for their country.

[transformationsbymunch]

Neak Neang Chom Dara “A Star’s Beauty Image” (Protectorat français du Cambodge 1863- 1953)

King Norodom, born as Ang Votey, requested establishment of a French protectorate over the Kingdom of Kampuchea in 1863 during land disputes and closing in from the west (Siam) and the east (Vietnam: Nguyen Dynasty). The capital moved from Oudong to Phnom Penh in 1865. In the first few decades under French protection was harsh to adapt. In comparison to Vietnam and Laos, Cambodia paid the highest taxes per capita, revolts for the throne, King puppeteers to the French- was it protection from outsiders or doing more damage on the inside?

Infrastructures grew at a slower pace and rubber plantations setup all over Cambodia as the car industry grew in France. Although widely practiced, Theravada Buddhism shared a spotlight with Roman Catholicism, which successfully converted a small portion of the population. Cultural customs and beliefs integration had a big impact on livelihood and survival rates. Cambodia was under protection of the French, however that meant they had sovereignty over customs, politics and resources. Mothers from the countryside often sent their daughters to the capital to be educated in French language and groomed to be a woman of society- attending private and selective social gatherings, galas and balls often to heighten their statuses and reputations to become prospects to their counterpart.

French fashion integrated with Khmer textiles and still is today. “Au Pak” or laced tops is still used in Khmer wedding ceremonies, temple wears, and for custom holidays. Dark coiled hair, finger-waved, blushed cheeks, crimson lips, strong brows… a country girl turned city girl in order to bring honor and status to her family. Amidst the danger of being in the city sometimes, woman had to go through extensive training from their mentors to be educated, poised and still hold Khmer customs and traditions. It was not easy to be a Khmer woman in a climate that the French men had control of and upper hand in.

[brookston]

Holidays 2.3

Holidays

American Painters Day

Artist Appreciation Day

Battle of San Lorenzo Day (Argentina)

Benelux Treaty Day (EU)

Booty Pic Day

Bowling Green Massacre Day (Kellyanne Conway Fictional Event)

Commemoration of the Batepá Massacre (São Tomé and Príncipe)

Communist Party Foundation Day (Vietnam)

Cow Day (French Republic)

Day of Finnish Architecture and Design (Finland)

Day of the Virgin of Suyapa (Honduras)

Desmond Tutu Day

Doggy Date Night

The Day the Music Died (according to Don McLean)

Elmo’s Day

Endangered Species Act Day

Feed the Birds Day

Four Chaplains Day

Halfway Point of Winter

Heroes' Day (Mozambique)

International Golden Retriever Day

International Lawyers Day

International Straw Free Day

John Lewis Day (Alabama)

Liberation of the Battle of Manila Day

Martyrs' Day (São Tomé and Príncipe)

Meaka Bochea Day (Cambodia)

National Cordova Ice Worm Day

National Doggy Date Night

National Honey Badger Day

National Missing Persons Day

National Patient Recognition Day

National Trevor Day

National Wedding Ring Day

National Women Physicians Day

National Women’s Heart Day

Nuestra Señora de Suyapa (Festival of the Virgin of Suyapa; Honduras)

Number Day

Take a Cruise Day

Veteran’s Day (Thailand)

Veterinary Pharmacists Day

Wedding Ring Day

World Free Love Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

National Carrot Cake Day

National Carrot Day

1st Saturday in February

Barber Day [1st Saturday]

Burning the Hom Strom (Graubünden, Switzerland) [1st Saturday]

Global Chaplains Day [1st Saturday]

Ice Cream For Breakfast Day [1st Saturday]

International Pisco Sour Day [1st Saturday]

Lace Day [1st Saturday]

National Play Outside Day [1st Saturday of Every Month]

Pork Rind Appreciation Day [1st Saturday]

Satyr's Day (Silenus, Greek God of Beer Buddies and Drinking Companions) [1st Saturday of Each Month]

South African National Beer Day (South Africa) [1st Saturday]

Take Your Child to the Library Day [1st Saturday]

Independence & Related Days

Danielland (Declared; 2015) [unrecognized]

Illinois Territory Day (Illinois; 1818)

Keep Watch (Declared; 2009) [unrecognized]

Liberation Movement Day (Angola)

Festivals Beginning February 3, 2024

Arizona Renaissance Festival (Apache Junction, Arizona) [thru 3.31]

Carnival Brasiliero (Austin, Texas)

Carnival of Viereggio (Viereggio, Italy) [thru 2.24]

Carolina Chocolate Festival (Moorehead City, North Carolina) [thru 2.4]

Downtown Gadsen Chili Cook-Off (Gadsen, Alabama)

Florida Renaissance Fair (Deerfield Beach, Florida) [thru 3.24]

Hudson Valley Wingfest (Poughkeepsie, New York)

Kurentovanje Carnival (Ptuj, Slovenia) [thru 2.13]

Melodifestivalen (Malmö, Sweden)

Northwest Briefest (Chicago, Illinois)

South Florida Garlic Festival (Wellington, Florida) [thru 2.4]

Temecula Valley Barrel Tasting (Temecula, California) [thru 2.4]

Yukon Quest (Whitehorse, Yukon)

Feast Days

Aaron the Illustrious (Syriac Orthodox Church)

Ansgar, Archbishop (a.k.a. Anskar; Christian; Saint) [Denmark]

Auscharius (Christian; Saint)

Berlindis of Meerbeke (Christian; Saint)

Blaise (Christian; Saint) [Blessing of Throats]

Blessing of Throats Day (St. Blaise’s Day); Everyday Wicca)

Build a Relationship with Brigid Day (Starza Pagan Book of Days)

Celsa and Nona (Christian; Saints)

Claudine Thévenet (Christian; Saint)

Day of Remembrance for Oleg the Prophet (Asatru/Slavic Pagan)

Dom Justo Takayama (Christian; Saint) [Japan, Philippines]

Ewok Day (Pastafarian)

Festival of Sulis Minerva (Pagan)

Fiesta de San Blas (Protector of the Harvest; Puerto Rico)

Fukuju no mai (Jimai; Dance of the Seven Gods of Fortune; Japan)

Gaelic Lullaby Day (Celtic Book of Days)

Gertrude Stein (Writerism)

Gillian Ayres (Artology)

Hadelin (Christian; Saint)

Henning Mankell (Writerism)

Hickety Pickety (Muppetism)

ia (Christian; Virgin)

James Michener (Writerism)

Laurence of Canterbury, Srchbishop (Christian; Saint)

Laurence of Spoleto, Bishop (Christian; Saint)

Lesser Eleusinian Mysteries, Day 3 of 3 (Ancient Greece festival honoring Ceres, Demeter, Persephone, and Proserpine)

Magnolia and Fish Jubilee (Shamanism)

Margaret of England (Christian; Saint, Virgin)

Norman Rockwell (Artology)

Our Lady of Suyapa (Honduras)

Pagerwesi (Festival to Sang Hyang Pramesti Guru, god of teachers and creator of the universe; Bali)

Paul Aster (Writerism)

Pokémon Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint) 

Richard Yates (Writerism)

Setsubun (Bean-Throwing Festival; Shinto/Japan)

Theocritus (Positivist; Saint)

Werburga (a.k.a. Werburgh; Christian; Saint)

Woodrow Wilson Day

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Fatal Day (Pagan) [3 of 24]

Taian (大安 Japan) [Lucky all day.]

Unfortunate Day (Pagan) [8 of 57]

Premieres

Air Force (Film; 1943)

Amapola, by Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra (Song; 1941)

Birds of a Feather (Disney Silly Symphonies Cartoon; 1931)

Boys on the Side (Film; 1995)

Canned Feud (WB LT Cartoon; 1951)

Chilly Con Carmen (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1930)

Chronicle (Film; 2012)

Dead Man’s Curve (TV movie; 1978)

Death Be Not Proud, by John Gunther (Memoir; 1949)

Earthling, by David Bowie (Album; 1997)

Earwig and the Witch (Animated Film; 2021)

Fun, Fun, Fun, by The Beach Boys (Song; 1964)

Hanna (TV Series; 2019)

The IT Crowd (UK TV Series; 2006)

Jane Eyre (Film; 1944)

La Dolce Vita (Film; 1960)

Norman Normal (WB Cartoon; 1968)

Rock You Like a Hurricane, by the Scorpions (Song; 1984)

Roman Carnival, by Hector Berlioz (Overture; 1844)

Santa Clarita Diet (TV Series; 2017)

Semiramide, Gioachino Rossini (Opera; 1823)

Shanghai Knights (Film; 2003)

Society Dog (Disney Cartoon; 1939)

The Space Between Us (Film; 2017)

Transformations, by Anne Sexton (Poetry; 1971)

What the Bleep!?: Down the Rabbit Hole (Documentary Film; 2006)

Yield, by Pearl Jam (Album; 1998)

Today’s Name Days

Ansgar, Blasius, Oskar (Austria)

Simeon (Bulgaria)

Blaž, Tripun, Vlaho (Croatia)

Blažej (Czech Republic)

Blasius (Denmark)

Hubert, Hugo, Huko (Estonia)

Hugo, Valo (Finland)

Blaise, Nelson, Oscar (France)

Ansgar, Blasius, Michael, Oskar (Germany)

Asimakis, Asimina, Malamati, Simeon, Stamatia, Stamatis (Greece)

Balázs (Hungary)

Biagio (Italy)

Aīda, Ansgars, Ida, Laida (Latvia)

Blažiejus, Oskaras, Radvilas, Radvilė (Lithuania)

Ansgar, Asgeir (Norway)

Błażej, Hipolit, Hipolita, Laurencjusz, Maksym, Oskar, Stefan, Telimena, Uniemysł, Wawrzyniec (Poland)

Ana, Simeon (Romania)

Blažej (Slovakia)

Blas, Olivia, Óscar (Spain)

Disa, Hjördis (Sweden)

Simon (Ukraine)

Ansgar, Barclay, Baxter, Blaise,, Blase, Blasia, Blaze, Norma, Norman, Norris (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 34 of 2024; 332 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 6 of week 5 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Luis (Rowan) [Day 14 of 28]

Chinese: Month 12 (Yi-Chou), Day 24 ()

Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)

Hebrew: 24 Shevat 5784

Islamic: 23 Rajab 1445

J Cal: 4 Grey; Foursday [4 of 30]

Julian: 21 January 2024

Moon: 42%: Waning Crescent

Positivist: 6 Homer (2nd Month) [Theocritus)

Runic Half Month: Elhaz (Elk) [Day 10 of 15]

Season: Winter (Day 45 of 89)

Zodiac: Capricorn (Day 13 of 28)

[brookstonalmanac]

Holidays 2.3

Holidays

American Painters Day

Artist Appreciation Day

Battle of San Lorenzo Day (Argentina)

Benelux Treaty Day (EU)

Booty Pic Day

Bowling Green Massacre Day (Kellyanne Conway Fictional Event)

Commemoration of the Batepá Massacre (São Tomé and Príncipe)

Communist Party Foundation Day (Vietnam)

Cow Day (French Republic)

Day of Finnish Architecture and Design (Finland)

Day of the Virgin of Suyapa (Honduras)

Desmond Tutu Day

Doggy Date Night

The Day the Music Died (according to Don McLean)

Elmo’s Day

Endangered Species Act Day

Feed the Birds Day

Four Chaplains Day

Halfway Point of Winter

Heroes' Day (Mozambique)

International Golden Retriever Day

International Lawyers Day

International Straw Free Day

John Lewis Day (Alabama)

Liberation of the Battle of Manila Day

Martyrs' Day (São Tomé and Príncipe)

Meaka Bochea Day (Cambodia)

National Cordova Ice Worm Day

National Doggy Date Night

National Honey Badger Day

National Missing Persons Day

National Patient Recognition Day

National Trevor Day

National Wedding Ring Day

National Women Physicians Day

National Women’s Heart Day

Nuestra Señora de Suyapa (Festival of the Virgin of Suyapa; Honduras)

Number Day

Take a Cruise Day

Veteran’s Day (Thailand)

Veterinary Pharmacists Day

Wedding Ring Day

World Free Love Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

National Carrot Cake Day

National Carrot Day

1st Saturday in February

Barber Day [1st Saturday]

Burning the Hom Strom (Graubünden, Switzerland) [1st Saturday]

Global Chaplains Day [1st Saturday]

Ice Cream For Breakfast Day [1st Saturday]

International Pisco Sour Day [1st Saturday]

Lace Day [1st Saturday]

National Play Outside Day [1st Saturday of Every Month]

Pork Rind Appreciation Day [1st Saturday]

Satyr's Day (Silenus, Greek God of Beer Buddies and Drinking Companions) [1st Saturday of Each Month]

South African National Beer Day (South Africa) [1st Saturday]

Take Your Child to the Library Day [1st Saturday]

Independence & Related Days

Danielland (Declared; 2015) [unrecognized]

Illinois Territory Day (Illinois; 1818)

Keep Watch (Declared; 2009) [unrecognized]

Liberation Movement Day (Angola)

Festivals Beginning February 3, 2024

Arizona Renaissance Festival (Apache Junction, Arizona) [thru 3.31]

Carnival Brasiliero (Austin, Texas)

Carnival of Viereggio (Viereggio, Italy) [thru 2.24]

Carolina Chocolate Festival (Moorehead City, North Carolina) [thru 2.4]

Downtown Gadsen Chili Cook-Off (Gadsen, Alabama)

Florida Renaissance Fair (Deerfield Beach, Florida) [thru 3.24]

Hudson Valley Wingfest (Poughkeepsie, New York)

Kurentovanje Carnival (Ptuj, Slovenia) [thru 2.13]

Melodifestivalen (Malmö, Sweden)

Northwest Briefest (Chicago, Illinois)

South Florida Garlic Festival (Wellington, Florida) [thru 2.4]

Temecula Valley Barrel Tasting (Temecula, California) [thru 2.4]

Yukon Quest (Whitehorse, Yukon)

Feast Days

Aaron the Illustrious (Syriac Orthodox Church)

Ansgar, Archbishop (a.k.a. Anskar; Christian; Saint) [Denmark]

Auscharius (Christian; Saint)

Berlindis of Meerbeke (Christian; Saint)

Blaise (Christian; Saint) [Blessing of Throats]

Blessing of Throats Day (St. Blaise’s Day); Everyday Wicca)

Build a Relationship with Brigid Day (Starza Pagan Book of Days)

Celsa and Nona (Christian; Saints)

Claudine Thévenet (Christian; Saint)

Day of Remembrance for Oleg the Prophet (Asatru/Slavic Pagan)

Dom Justo Takayama (Christian; Saint) [Japan, Philippines]

Ewok Day (Pastafarian)

Festival of Sulis Minerva (Pagan)

Fiesta de San Blas (Protector of the Harvest; Puerto Rico)

Fukuju no mai (Jimai; Dance of the Seven Gods of Fortune; Japan)

Gaelic Lullaby Day (Celtic Book of Days)

Gertrude Stein (Writerism)

Gillian Ayres (Artology)

Hadelin (Christian; Saint)

Henning Mankell (Writerism)

Hickety Pickety (Muppetism)

ia (Christian; Virgin)

James Michener (Writerism)

Laurence of Canterbury, Srchbishop (Christian; Saint)

Laurence of Spoleto, Bishop (Christian; Saint)

Lesser Eleusinian Mysteries, Day 3 of 3 (Ancient Greece festival honoring Ceres, Demeter, Persephone, and Proserpine)

Magnolia and Fish Jubilee (Shamanism)

Margaret of England (Christian; Saint, Virgin)

Norman Rockwell (Artology)

Our Lady of Suyapa (Honduras)

Pagerwesi (Festival to Sang Hyang Pramesti Guru, god of teachers and creator of the universe; Bali)

Paul Aster (Writerism)

Pokémon Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint) 

Richard Yates (Writerism)

Setsubun (Bean-Throwing Festival; Shinto/Japan)

Theocritus (Positivist; Saint)

Werburga (a.k.a. Werburgh; Christian; Saint)

Woodrow Wilson Day

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Fatal Day (Pagan) [3 of 24]

Taian (大安 Japan) [Lucky all day.]

Unfortunate Day (Pagan) [8 of 57]

Premieres

Air Force (Film; 1943)

Amapola, by Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra (Song; 1941)

Birds of a Feather (Disney Silly Symphonies Cartoon; 1931)

Boys on the Side (Film; 1995)

Canned Feud (WB LT Cartoon; 1951)

Chilly Con Carmen (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1930)

Chronicle (Film; 2012)

Dead Man’s Curve (TV movie; 1978)

Death Be Not Proud, by John Gunther (Memoir; 1949)

Earthling, by David Bowie (Album; 1997)

Earwig and the Witch (Animated Film; 2021)

Fun, Fun, Fun, by The Beach Boys (Song; 1964)

Hanna (TV Series; 2019)

The IT Crowd (UK TV Series; 2006)

Jane Eyre (Film; 1944)

La Dolce Vita (Film; 1960)

Norman Normal (WB Cartoon; 1968)

Rock You Like a Hurricane, by the Scorpions (Song; 1984)

Roman Carnival, by Hector Berlioz (Overture; 1844)

Santa Clarita Diet (TV Series; 2017)

Semiramide, Gioachino Rossini (Opera; 1823)

Shanghai Knights (Film; 2003)

Society Dog (Disney Cartoon; 1939)

The Space Between Us (Film; 2017)

Transformations, by Anne Sexton (Poetry; 1971)

What the Bleep!?: Down the Rabbit Hole (Documentary Film; 2006)

Yield, by Pearl Jam (Album; 1998)

Today’s Name Days

Ansgar, Blasius, Oskar (Austria)

Simeon (Bulgaria)

Blaž, Tripun, Vlaho (Croatia)

Blažej (Czech Republic)

Blasius (Denmark)

Hubert, Hugo, Huko (Estonia)

Hugo, Valo (Finland)

Blaise, Nelson, Oscar (France)

Ansgar, Blasius, Michael, Oskar (Germany)

Asimakis, Asimina, Malamati, Simeon, Stamatia, Stamatis (Greece)

Balázs (Hungary)

Biagio (Italy)

Aīda, Ansgars, Ida, Laida (Latvia)

Blažiejus, Oskaras, Radvilas, Radvilė (Lithuania)

Ansgar, Asgeir (Norway)

Błażej, Hipolit, Hipolita, Laurencjusz, Maksym, Oskar, Stefan, Telimena, Uniemysł, Wawrzyniec (Poland)

Ana, Simeon (Romania)

Blažej (Slovakia)

Blas, Olivia, Óscar (Spain)

Disa, Hjördis (Sweden)

Simon (Ukraine)

Ansgar, Barclay, Baxter, Blaise,, Blase, Blasia, Blaze, Norma, Norman, Norris (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 34 of 2024; 332 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 6 of week 5 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Luis (Rowan) [Day 14 of 28]

Chinese: Month 12 (Yi-Chou), Day 24 ()

Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721 (until February 10, 2024)

Hebrew: 24 Shevat 5784

Islamic: 23 Rajab 1445

J Cal: 4 Grey; Foursday [4 of 30]

Julian: 21 January 2024

Moon: 42%: Waning Crescent

Positivist: 6 Homer (2nd Month) [Theocritus)

Runic Half Month: Elhaz (Elk) [Day 10 of 15]

Season: Winter (Day 45 of 89)

Zodiac: Capricorn (Day 13 of 28)

[thewellnessinsider]

Phnom Penh’s Tower of Power

The Kingdom of Cambodia has had a fascinating and bloody history. The once prosperous and powerful Khmer empire that ruled and occupied the lands mysteriously declined and vanished. Centuries later, French imperialists signed a protectorate treaty to colonise the country in order to expand their economical influence and interests in the surrounding regions. After decades of liberation from French…

[dan6085]

Sure, here are some more details on the major events in Cambodia's history:

- 1st millennium CE: The Khmer Empire was one of the most powerful empires in Southeast Asia, with its capital at Angkor. The empire was known for its impressive architecture, including the temples of Angkor Wat and Bayon, and for its sophisticated irrigation and water management systems.

The Khmer Empire, which flourished from the 9th to the 15th century CE, was one of the most powerful empires in Southeast Asia. Its capital was located at Angkor, which is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most popular tourist destinations in Cambodia.

Under the Khmer Empire, Cambodia expanded its territory to include parts of present-day Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. The empire was known for its impressive architecture, including the temples of Angkor Wat and Bayon, as well as for its sophisticated irrigation and water management systems.

The Khmer Empire was a Hindu-Buddhist state, with the kings of the empire adopting both Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The empire's religion and culture were heavily influenced by India, with Sanskrit being used as a court language and Indian epics and myths being adapted into Khmer literature.

The Khmer Empire's economy was based on agriculture, with rice being the main crop. The empire's sophisticated irrigation systems allowed for year-round cultivation, which helped to support a large population. The empire also traded with China, India, and other neighboring states, exporting luxury goods such as silk, spices, and precious stones.

The decline of the Khmer Empire began in the 13th century, with the invasion of the Thai kingdom of Sukhothai. The empire also faced challenges from internal power struggles and environmental factors such as drought and disease. By the 15th century, the empire had collapsed, and its capital of Angkor was abandoned. The ruins of Angkor are a major tourist attraction and an important symbol of Cambodia's cultural heritage. The Khmer Empire's legacy can be seen in the country's language, art, and architecture, as well as in its religious and cultural practices.

- 1863: Cambodia became a French protectorate after King Norodom signed a treaty with the French colonial authorities. The French established a colonial administration in Cambodia and began to introduce Western-style education and modern infrastructure.

- 1953: Cambodia gained independence from France after a long struggle for independence led by King Norodom Sihanouk. Sihanouk became the country's first prime minister and worked to balance political relations with both the West and communist countries.

- 1970: Prince Norodom Sihanouk was overthrown in a coup led by General Lon Nol, who established a pro-Western government. This led to a civil war between Lon Nol's forces and the Khmer Rouge, a communist group led by Pol Pot.

- 1975: The Khmer Rouge seized power in Cambodia and began a genocidal campaign that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1.7 million people, including intellectuals, professionals, and ethnic and religious minorities. The Khmer Rouge emptied the cities and forced the population to work in collective farms in a brutal attempt to create a communist utopia.

- 1979: The Vietnamese military invaded Cambodia and overthrew the Khmer Rouge government. The Vietnamese installed a government led by Hun Sen, a former Khmer Rouge member who had defected to Vietnam.

- 1989: Vietnam withdrew its troops from Cambodia, and the country began a process of political and economic liberalization. The Paris Peace Accords were signed, ending the civil war in Cambodia and establishing a framework for a democratic government.

- 1993: Cambodia held its first democratic elections, which were won by the royalist FUNCINPEC party. Hun Sen's Cambodian People's Party (CPP) came in second and refused to accept the results, leading to a tense political standoff that was eventually resolved through a power-sharing agreement.

- 1997: A coup led by Prime Minister Hun Sen ousted the co-prime ministers, Prince Norodom Ranariddh and Sam Rainsy, and established one-party rule. Hun Sen has since consolidated his power through a combination of repression and co-option of opposition parties.

Hun Sen is the current Prime Minister of Cambodia and has been in power since 1985. He is one of the world's longest-serving leaders, having been in office for more than three decades. Hun Sen was born in 1952 in Kampong Cham province, Cambodia, and joined the Khmer Rouge in the early 1970s. He later defected to Vietnam and was appointed as a deputy prime minister in the Vietnamese-backed government that took power after the fall of the Khmer Rouge in 1979.

Hun Sen became Prime Minister in 1985, after the resignation of his predecessor, Chea Sim. He initially shared power with Prince Norodom Ranariddh, the leader of the royalist FUNCINPEC party, in a power-sharing agreement brokered by the United Nations in 1991. However, in 1997, Hun Sen launched a coup and ousted Prince Ranariddh, consolidating his power and establishing one-party rule.

Hun Sen's rule has been characterized by political repression, corruption, and human rights abuses. His government has been accused of suppressing dissent, imprisoning opposition politicians and activists, and cracking down on independent media and civil society organizations. The government has also been criticized for its close ties with China, which has provided Cambodia with economic and military aid in exchange for political support.

Despite these criticisms, Hun Sen remains popular in Cambodia, particularly among rural voters who have benefited from the country's economic growth and development under his leadership. The Cambodian People's Party, which Hun Sen leads, has won every election since 1998, although the fairness and transparency of these elections have been widely questioned.

Hun Sen's legacy in Cambodia is a subject of much debate. While some credit him with bringing stability and development to the country after years of conflict and civil war, others accuse him of undermining democracy and human rights and perpetuating a system of patronage and corruption.

- 2013: Cambodia held a general election, which was won by the ruling Cambodian People's Party amid allegations of election fraud. The opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) refused to accept the results and staged protests that were violently suppressed by the government.

- 2018: The Cambodian People's Party won all of the seats in the National Assembly following an election that was widely criticized for being unfair and undemocratic. The CNRP had been dissolved by the government in 2017, and its leader, Kem Sokha, was arrested on charges of treason.

- 2021: The Cambodian government arrested Kem Sokha again, this time on charges of plotting to overthrow the government, further tightening its grip on power. The government has also cracked down on independent media, civil society organizations, and opposition politicians, leading to concerns about the erosion of democracy in Cambodia.

[trustclips]

Cake topper golden sparkle one year old boy

CAKE TOPPER GOLDEN SPARKLE ONE YEAR OLD BOY HOW TO

70th Party Decorations, Gold Glitter 70th Party Decor Cheers to 70 Years. PO Box, APO/FPO, Afghanistan, Alaska/Hawaii, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan Republic, Belarus, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of the, Congo, Republic of the, Cook Islands, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Fiji, French Polynesia, Gabon Republic, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greenland, Guam, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, US Protectorates, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vatican City State, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (U.S. Charming Touch PartiesShaking a persons hand when you first meet them is a.

CAKE TOPPER GOLDEN SPARKLE ONE YEAR OLD BOY HOW TO

20's 40's 50's 60's 70's 80's 90's Addams Family Alice in Wonderland Animals & Insects Around the World Avengers Batman Baywatch British Careers & Professions Cartoon Characters Catwoman Cavemen & Women Christmas Circus Clowns Cops & Robbers Cowboys & Indians DC Comics Dinosaurs Disney Disney Boutique Disney Princess Doctors and nurses Easter Egyptian Elvis England Fairies Fairytale Festival Film & TV Flintstones Food and Drink Frozen Funny Gangsters Ghost Busters Grease Greek & Roman Halloween Harry Potter Hawaiian & Beach Hen Party Historical How to Train Your Dragon Incredibles Iron Man Marvel Mary Poppins Masquerade Medieval Mermaids Mexican Military Minions Minnie & Mickey Mouse My Little Pony Ninjas Oktoberfest Party Ponchos Paw Patrol Peppa Pig Piggy Back Pirates PJ Masks Pokémon Pop Stars Princess Rainbow Religious Roald Dahl Robin Hood Rocky Horror Sailor Sale School Uniform Scooby Doo Sexy Space Spider-Man SpongeBob Sports St.Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Republic of, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, French Guiana, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guernsey, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Korea, South, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Martinique, Mexico, Monaco, Montserrat, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vietnam

[rankinggreys]

3m 109 wallsaver removable mounting tape

to fix and stick car phone holders, posters, photo frames, wall stickers, hooks, gadgets, decorative patches and other items. Versatile use - upgraded double-sided tape heavy duty can be used on walls, floor, doors and windows, car, table etc. the tape will probably can't stick still if the it gets wet, p. can be reused more than 1000 times and won't damage your walls or surfaces and leave no residue or glue when removed. Washable & reusable - our nano grip tape is washable, when it get dirty accidentally, just wash it with cold water and dry it to regain its stickiness, don't use any other wipes or detergent. Ideal width and length ⭆ each roll is 1/4 inch in width and 12.6 yards in length. once it's in place it will no longer be affected by damp. (tip: make sure the wall is dry upon application. you can use it to attach bathroom fixtures or secure a phone holder to the dash of your car, without worrying about heat or moisture affecting its bonding strength. Weatherproof ⭆ hot or cold environments will not affect the sticking capacity of the mounting tape. it sticks to brick, ceramic, tiles, concrete, drywall, wood, plaster, glass and metal. Safe for various surfaces ⭆ the mounting tape is safe to use on all types of clean surfaces. it has ultra strong adhesion, but it's easy to remove if needed without leaving any residue behind. you can pull the red protective cover to reveal one side first, then cut it to strips depending on the size you need. decorating and rearranging your frames will be a breeze.Įasy to apply and remove ⭆ this clear mounting tape is super sticky on both sides. you can hang your favorite ornaments without damaging your wall. PO Box, APO/FPO, Afghanistan, Alaska/Hawaii, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan Republic, Belarus, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of the, Congo, Republic of the, Cook Islands, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Fiji, French Polynesia, Gabon Republic, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greenland, Guam, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, US Protectorates, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vatican City State, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (U.S.Prevents damage ⭆ the tape is a perfect alternative for hooks, bolts, nails and screws. Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Republic of, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, French Guiana, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guernsey, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Korea, South, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Martinique, Mexico, Monaco, Montserrat, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vietnam

[researchpiner]

Easy chopper 2 blades

EASY CHOPPER 2 BLADES HOW TO

Made with premium materials like grade 420 stainless steel blades and food-grade bpa-free materials, it's the perfect tool to make home cooked meals easier and faster. Unmatched Quality – Chop, Dice, Slice or Grate with our newest Multi Chopper and Slicer by Mueller! This functional kitchen gadget will alleviate your prep time to just a couple of minutes.

EASY CHOPPER 2 BLADES HOW TO

You’ll find everything from detailed instructions on how to use each product correctly (including pictures) as well as ratings from 1-5 stars based on performance across different categories such as ease of use/setup/cleaning/maintenance). Our reviews are designed with busy people in mind: they’re short and sweet so that you can easily get the information you need without having to read through pages of text or do hours of research yourself. We don’t just look at how well it works we also examine the quality of materials used, how easy it is to get set up and start using right away, and how well it holds up over time when used under normal conditions. You can trust us because we’re experts – our team of reviewers tests out each product rigorously before recommending it to our readers. Luckily, we are here to help! We’ve done all the research for you, so you can get started on your search for a new Innovative Astro Solutions without having to worry about whether or not it’s worth buying. But as we all know, it’s not always easy to find that perfect combination. When you’re shopping for a new Innovative Astro Solutions, you want to find the best possible quality and features at the best price. What Customers Say About Innovative Astro Solutions.Mueller Pro-Series 10-in-1, 8 Blade Vegetable Slicer, Onion. PO Box, APO/FPO, Afghanistan, Alaska/Hawaii, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan Republic, Belarus, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of the, Congo, Republic of the, Cook Islands, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Djibouti, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Fiji, French Polynesia, Gabon Republic, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greenland, Guam, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, US Protectorates, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vatican City State, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (U.S. Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Republic of, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, French Guiana, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guernsey, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Korea, South, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Martinique, Mexico, Monaco, Montserrat, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vietnam

[pinervina]

Speedball india ink

#SPEEDBALL INDIA INK PROFESSIONAL#

When drawing with a fine nib pen, pausing to ponder your next line or even to answer someone's yes or now question causes the ink to stop flowing.

#SPEEDBALL INDIA INK PROFESSIONAL#

the cupcake was inked with Speedball Super-black and the Avocado with Liquitex Professional Acrylic Inkīoth deliver a nice line and the Speedball black seems to dry a little faster than the Liquitex, however, therein lies the problem, and hence the loss of a half star in my rating. It has a wide base and narrower opening, so clumsy me is less likely to accidentally knock it over than the Liquitex.īoth inks deliver a true black, as you can seen in my photos for comparison. I saw this Speedball product that is also a Carbon Black so I thought I'd try in and compare the two.įirst off, I like the shape of the container. The teacher recommended any ink that had "Carbon Black" in it, and specifically Liquitex Acrylic Carbon Black. Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Republic of, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, French Guiana, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guernsey, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Korea, South, Kuwait, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Martinique, Mexico, Monaco, Montserrat, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Reunion, Romania, Saint Kitts-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, VietnamĪPO/FPO, Afghanistan, Alaska/Hawaii, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan Republic, Belarus, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of the, Congo, Republic of the, Cook Islands, Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Fiji, French Polynesia, Gabon Republic, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greenland, Guam, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, US Protectorates, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vatican City State, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (U.S.I bought this ink when I started an online course for drawing subjects in Ink.

[autodidact-adventures]

Cambodian History (Part 32): Revolt of the Parasols

In 1941, the French decided to replace the ancient Khmer script (based on Sanskrit) with quoc ngu khmer, a romanized alphabet named after the reformed Vietnamese script.  Indignance spread rapidly, especially in the proto-nationalist circles around Son Ngoc Thanh & Nagaravatta, and in the Buddhist sangha.  Son Ngoc Thanh spoke secretly with the Japanese, who advised him to be prudent, but didn’t discourage him.  For the nationalists, the alphabet issue was a focus for popular dissent.

In July 1942, Hen Chieu (a nationalistic monk) gave a savage anti-French speech in a Phnom Penh wat, to a group of Cambodian tirailleurs.  An informer told the French police.  The police arrested Hem Chieu, and some monks & lay nationalists.

Several thousand angry Khmers marched on the Résidence Supérieure, demanding their release.  They included monks, with their orange robes and parasols.  It led to a riot, with some police members & demonstrators injured.  Arrests were made.  The Kempeitai (Japanese military police) stood by but didn’t get involved, and their presence probably prevented further bloodshed.

It became known as the Revolt of the Parasols.  For most other countries, it would have been insignificant, but for Cambodia, it was an important step towards independence.

The French ordered a general crackdown, banning Nagaravatta.  They sentenced several of the perceived ringleaders to death, but the French government commuted their sentences to life imprisonment, on the Poulo Condore prison island in the South China Sea.  In prison, they were taught by Vietnamese nationalist prisoners, becoming even more anti-colonialist.  Son Ngoc Thanh had been taken to safety in Japan, where he’d remain until the last months of the war.  He kept in contact with his Cambodian supporters via post.

In mid-1944, the D-Day landings led quickly to the liberation of Paris, and the fall of the Vichy regime.  Decoux realized it was time to change his politics back, and made a secret with the Allies to back them when the time came for it.  He was careful not to alert the Japanese, but he dropped the fascist paraphernalia and pro-Axis rhetoric, which made them suspicious.  And with Vichy France gone and a new anti-Axis government in Paris, Decoux’s usefulness had dropped sharply.

[vietnamwarera]

In the second half of the nineteenth century Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia all fell under French rule, and the Nguyen Dynasty's emperors became no more than puppets of the French. The French conquest began under Napoleon III, whose forces captured Saigon in 1859. By 1867 the French had taken control of the whole of Cochin China, roughly the southern third of Vietnam. They also secured a protectorate over Cambodia. The French conquest of Vietnam was completed under the Third Republic, after the fall of Napoleon III's Second Empire during the Franco-German War of 1870-1871. In 1883 France used military force to get Emperor Tu Duc to accept a protectorate over the rest of Vietnam. In 1893 the French rounded off their empire in Indochina by establishing a protectorate over Laos. Although Cochin China was technically a colony and the rest of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were protectorates, the French endeavored to establish a fairly unified administrative system throughout the area they ruled.

Vietnam’s High Ground: Armed Struggle for the Central Highlands, 1954-1965 by JP Harris, page 2.

[workingclasshistory]

On this day, 8 December 1949, a conference of dock workers in France agreed to prevent all cargo destined for Indochina from being transported from multiple ports during the anti-colonial war in the region. France had been at war with the anti-colonial movement in Vietnam since 1946 in a conflict which spread to the neighbouring French protectorates of Cambodia and Laos. The ports on the Mediterranean coast which were blacked were Marseille, Sete, Nice, Port-de-Bouc, Port-Saint-Louis, Port Vendre and Toulon. The move followed a refusal of dockers the previous month to load two ships headed for Indochina: the Montbeliard and the Cap Tourane (pictured). More info here: https://libcom.org/news/marseille-dockers-refuse-load-arms-headed-saudi-arabia-18062019 https://www.facebook.com/workingclasshistory/photos/a.296224173896073/1602480409937103/?type=3

[memecucker]

fun fact about Marshal Lyautey: While he obviously didn’t invent the idea of colonialism via recruitment and protection of indigenous culture and hierarchies (Dutch colonialism in Asia tended to follow that route) he develop it into a “theory” and this happened while he was a colonial administrator in French Cochinchina which was a part of French Indochina

Now as a quick rundown of the political situation in French Indochina the colony was divided into five territories: Cochinchina in the southern end of what is now Vietnam, Annam taking up most of the middle section of Vietnam, Tonkin taking up the northernmost end, and also Laos and Cambodia which more or less correspond to the modern borders of those countries. These five territories had different systems of governance and were placed under French domination at different points.

Cochinchina was the first French territory acquired in Indochina in 1862 and marked the return of the French to SE Asia a nearly hundred years after the French aligned city of Syriam in what is now Burma/Myanmar was captured by the new and energetic Konbaung dynasty. What’s interesting about Cochinchina as the years went on and the French acquired all of the territory of the Nguyen dynasty as well as its Laotian and Cambodian subjects is that Cochinchina was a direct “colony” of France whereas the other Viet territories of Annam and Tonkin used the label of “protectorate”. Now the way things worked is that in a “colony” like Cochinchina the prevailing law was the law of France. In protectorates like Annam (whose nominal head of state was actuslly the Nguyen emperor) and Tonkin these were nominally autonomous states under indigenous domestic rule with French administration of external and economic affairs. Now this is a big oversimplification (eg Annam still had its imperial Confucian bureaucracy presvered but not Tonkin) and overlooks French Laos and Cambodia which were in some ways under a ‘double-colonization’ because the French continued the Nguyen colonial project of settling Vietnamese in those areas and would bring in Vietnamese people to fill up administrative offices reserved for native colonial collaborators but anyway back to Cochinchina and Lyautey.

Since Cochinchina used French law this meant that for example French laws pertaining to freedom of speech held sway over there but not elsewhere which meant it became a hotbed of anticolonial agitation and printing presses publishing anticolonial literature. In addition to that, the ‘traditional’ Imperial system of the Nguyen dynasty was totally done away with. In the eyes of Lyautey, this contributed to Cochinchina having a more unstable situation with a more defiant populace. In his eyes the removal of traditional power structures was a huge mistake, in his eyes colonizers should not aim to replace local elites but rather demonstrate to local elites how colonialism can benefit them directly by means of protecting their standing in society (if an individual ruler happened to still dissent they can be replaced with one that does not). This also meant that the stable colonizer would not seek to do away with indigenous traditions or customs that were seen as directed towards preservation of traditional cultural power structures. For Lyautey, it not only made pragmatic sense but was also justifiable because it helped preserve the local cultures as well as French culture from too much cross-appropriation or ‘ mongrelization’ (a Vichy era term used in a similar context) which he believed to be a good in itself.