#juliets about to cry over her biochem book

[aroace-cat-lady]

HEY GUYS I NEED YOUR HELP

So. I have a biochem exam this tuesday and it seems like I cant stay away from my phone. So. If I can't put down my phone to study, I guess I can study using my phone right??

So this is what I was thinking. I'm gonna do kind of an ask game to study!!! It sounds stupid I know but I need you to help me with this!!

The subjects are Water (W), Vitamins (V), Proteins (P), Enzymes (E) and Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Send the respective initials and numbers of the questions you wanna ask.

Idk what this does so pls explain something really generic to me

How does it work?

Where do they come from?/Where can I find it?

Of what is it made of?

Are different kinds of it?? Which ones?

Why is it important?

What happens when there's a deficiency of this?

Tell me something specific about this

Do they produce any illness?

Which are it's components?

Any other question.

Pls pls pls give me a hand with this. You can ask me as many things as you like (but one at a time please) I have no problem with follow-up questions.

Anyways. Send help.

[aroace-cat-lady]

E + 9 and 10

i’m gonna send a bunch of these bc it’s fun to force you to study

Fun to force me study, well i hope its just as fun to read about enzymes, cuz im gonna rant you about them.

They do not exactly produce illnesses, but if they dont work as they should, the body gets affected.

If there's a genetic failure that makes them unable to process the molecules they were created for, then there's gonna be a deficiency of this one. Even if the person consumes it, its body wont absorb it.

There are some medicines that inhibit permanently the enzymes, so consume them Too Much can affect the body For Good. The most famous example is aspirin, that inhibits cyclooxygenase, stoping the synthesis of postaglandin and thromboxane, that help with blood clot formation

Well, it wasnt too much rant, but still

thank you so so so so so much *mwah* *mwah* *mwah* *squeeze* *squeeze* *mwah*—

[aroace-cat-lady]

What happens when there's a deficiency of ETC?

Okay so the ETC it's a process that makes NADH and FADH² to lose electrons and to produce hydrogens to make the ATP synthase work. The ATP synthase uses this hydrogen to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and phosphate. Without the ETC, there's no ATP production. The ATP it's the energetic coin the body uses the most, so if there's no ATP the body doesn't get the energy it needs

The only reason to have a deficiency of ETC is to have mitochondrial mutation (the ETC happens in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, the organelle that's responsable of the production of energy) or that an inhibitor get to the ETC and stops the process. Some of these can be amital, busty, antimycin a, cyanide (the last one attacks directly the ATP synthase)

Tysm for the ask <3

[aroace-cat-lady]

V7 W6

Vitamins, what happens when there is a deficiency??

Well. A lot. Looks this gonna be a long post.

Depends of which vitamin you are talking about

We have hydrosoluble and liposoluble. It's easier to get a deficiency of water solubles cuz the liposolubles are stored in the body as a reserve (that's exactly what gives them some toxicity)

So the hydrosolubles are vitamin C and complex B.

Vitamin C is also known as ascorbic acid, and it's an antioxidant that helps with cicatrization and connective tissue maintenance. A deficiency causes you an illness called scorbutus, that's characterized by gums pain, hemorrhage, fragility of blood vessels, bone alterations, etc

Then we have complex B, that won the complex thing by hand.

Vitamin B¹ it's also called Thiamine. And it's in charge of the processing of ATP (that's THE energy coin) and passing this energy to the nervous system. It's deficiency causes Beriberi, and it's common in places with a white rice diet. It can alter the periferic nervous system or cause edema because of dilated cardiomyopathy. The deficiency of tiamina can also cause a syndrome called Wernicke-Korsakoff, but that's mostly seen in alcoholics.

Vitamin B² it's called Riboflavin, and it deficiency it's not related to an specific illness, but it seen other vitamin deficiencies.

B³ (niacin) produces NAD, that's one of the molecules needed to create ATP. It's deficiency causes pellagra, that's characterized by the three D's: Dermatitis, Diarrea, Dementia. And if it isn't treated it ends with the 4th D, Dead.

B⁵, pantothenic acid. There's no characteristic human deficiency.

B⁶, pyridoxine. It's the only hydrosoluble vitamin that can be toxic. But it's deficiency causes periferic neuropathy.

B⁷, biotina. You have to be a crazy raw eggs eater to get a deficiency of this. Like. Not joking. Like 20 raw eggs per day. It gives you dermatitis, lost of hair, nauses, low appetite.

B⁹, folic acid. This one helps with the metabolism of monocarbone (remember earlier I talked to you about hemoglobin, and that it transport oxygen to the whole body?? Well, it is more avid to bond with monocarbone than it is to do it with oxygen, so. Bad). It's deficiency causes megaloblastic anemic, that makes the erythrocytes bigger than they should. Also, if pregnant woman don't consume enough B⁹, the baby could born with anencephaly (no brain) or with split spine.

And we have cobalamin (B¹²) that also causes CNS problems, and pernicious anemia (small erythrocytes)

Then we have the liposoluble vitamins

Vitamin A's active form it's retinol/retinal/retinoic acid. It helps with vision, reproduction, tissue maintenance and growth. So the body gets affected these ways in deficiency.

Vitamin D works with calcium. Its defiency causes osteomalacia (adults) and rickets (children).

Vitamin K. Its defiency in adults it's weird cuz the intestinal bacterial flora usually produces it, but some medicines with a component called warfarin (that inhibits the enzyme that process vK) can cause it. Nevertheless, it's more common in new borns, because they dont have bacterias to produce it yet.

Vitamin E. Its not very usual, but new borns can develop hemolysis and retinopathy because they don't have reserves.

Now. Why is water important?? It's the universal solvent by excellence, it has multiple qualities that help to keep balance (thermoregulation, osmolarity, etc etc). It's a really chill pal that doesn't get in any trouble but that thanks to it everything go smoothly.

Thanks again darling *mwah*

[aroace-cat-lady]

P and 8!

Hiiii pari thanks so much (I had to write pari thrice cuz the autocorrect kept putting it in capital letters???)

They are the most abundant and with the most functional diversity biomolecule in life systems. They are made mainly of aminoacids and have different structure levels.

My favorite protein is hemoglobin. It has four hemo groups and each of them can get bonded to an O². Its mainly a transport protein, cuz it makes sure the oxygen gets to all the body tissues. It has a porphyrin ring with Fe² in it's center, that if gets to become Fe³ the whole molecule stops being functional for good.

[aroace-cat-lady]

W + 2 and 5

Water how does it work?? Oh boy it was easier to ask how does it not work cuz this is gonna take me a while.

So, water is the most abundant molecule in the living systems. It helps with everything: sinthesis of biomolecules, energy production, breathing process, enzymatic activity, thermoregulation, acids-bases balance, transport of molecules, etc.

It has the ability to form hydrogen bonds that can be really important for the structures of some components.

And has a lot of physiochemical properties that make it esencial to a bunch of process and so.

Now, there are these things called aqueous solutions that allow the administration of medicines, electrolytes and nutrients to patients. There is this kind that's called crystalloids, that's made of ionic and no ionic solutes with low molecular mass (like electrolytes, proteins, sugars) that are use in intravenous therapy to return lost physiological fluids. This capacity is related with sodium, cuz it's the factor determinant of a phenomenon called osmolality (uhhh the water tries to find the balance between two sides of a solution that's divided with a semipermeable membrane). So this solutions are divided in hypotonics, isotonics and hypertonics, depending on if their osmolarity is bigger than plamas' or not.

[aroace-cat-lady]

ECT + 1 and 10

you can do it i believe in youuuuuuu!!!!!!!

Ahhh thanksthanksthanks

Okay so the electron transport chain is one of the mechanism our cells have to produce energy. It mainly uses two molecules: NADH (that comes from vitamin B³) and FADH² (whose origin goes from vitamin B²)

It is found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. And it's components are four protein complex (NADH deshidrogenase, succitato reductase, cytocrome bc¹ and cytocrome a³) and two mobile components (cytocrome c and coenzyme q)

As they go thru the chain, the NADH and the FADH² lose electrons and when they finally get to complex IV (cytocrome a³) it reduce their oxygen to H²O.

[aroace-cat-lady]

ETC 8

Oh. Hi there. Thanks so much.

Well, it happens in the inter membrane mitochondrial. And it's a process to generate energy.

It has four protein complexes (NADH deshidrogenase, succitato reductase, cytocrome bc¹ and cytocrome a³) and two mobile components (coenzyme q (CoQ) and cytocrome c)

It uses NADH and FADH² and the as they pass thru the complexes, they lose electrons. First, NADH goes to complex 1 (NADH deshidrogenase), then to CoQ, to complex three (cytocrome bc¹), cytocrome c and finally to complex four (cytocrome a³). When NADH gets there, complex IV reduces the molecules of O² to H²O.

FADH² goes thru a similar process but it starts in complex II, then goes to CoQ, cytocrome bc¹, cytocrome c, cytocrome IV.

When NADH and FADH² go thru the complexes, they not only lose electrons, but generate hydrogen. This goes to another complex called ATP synthetase that uses that energy to create ATP from ADP molecules.

Again, thanks.

[aroace-cat-lady]

E + 2 and P + 5 !!! you got this!!!!

Enzymes, how does it works??

So, they made of a protein part, that's called apoenzyme and a non protein part that can be an organic molecule (mostly vitamins) thats called coenzyme or a mineral/metal part known as cofactor. They also have a hollow part that's called active site, that's actually the most important part of an enzyme, cuz they are specific and only do one kind of reaction with one specific molecule (it works with the same mechanism of a doorlock?? It only opens with the right key??) And if the active site gets altered for some reason, the enzyme can't stop work anymore and becomes useless.

They work to meet the needs of the cell, which means they'll do everything to process all the substratum and transform it in the molecule the body needs.

They are pretty awesome actually (so as you thnks so much)

[aroace-cat-lady]

E + 6!!!!!!!

Y buena suerte con tu examen :)

I love you so much right now ngl

Y gracias!!! <333

Okay so enzymes optimize reactions. Their job is to produce the components the body needs from more complex or simpler molecules. There are six kinds of enzymes (based on the kind of reaction they do and how they do it):

Oxidoreductases, that use oxygen to reduce the subtratum to smaller molecules.

Transferases, that transfer groups of carbone, nitrogen or phosphate.

Hydrolases, that brake bonds using *hydrogen*

Lyases: that brake bonds of carbone with other carbones, sulfurs and nitrogens

Isomerases, they rearrange chemical structures

Ligases, they catalyze the formation of two chemical bonds.

Again, muchas muchas gracias!!! *Mwah*