#kokand

[aoawarfare]

The Kokand Autonomy

When we last left the Jadids in Tashkent, the Russian Settlers had created the Tashkent Soviet, which was a governmental body for Russians only. The Jadids and their fellow modernizers held a congress of Muslims in Kokand in response and created the Kokand Autonomy. This was an eight-man governmental body that answered to a 54-member council, with about 1/3 of those seats reserved for Russian settlers. Muhammedjan Tinishbayev was elected prime minister and minister of internal affairs, Mustafa Cho’qoy was named minister of external affairs, Ubaydulla Xo’jayev oversaw creating a people’s militia, and Obidjon Mahmudov became minister of food supply. 1917 ended with the Kokand Autonomy discovering discussing what an ideal government should be was easier than actually governing a territory in the midst of a civil war and famine. Meanwhile the Tashkent Soviet viewed an autonomous Turkestan as an existential threat.

It is now 1918 and the Kokand Autonomy is fighting for its life.

How (Not) to Govern

The Kokand Autonomy has been created, but now Tinishbayev and his ministers have to figure out what to do with this newly created governmental body. They faced three big problems: lack of funds and raging famine, lack of arms and an aggressive neighbor, and overall lack of governmental experience amongst its members.

Finances

As we’ve talked about in our other episodes, famine hit Turkestan hard starting in 1917, increasing ethnic clashes, creating groups of bandits who would later become the Basmachi in the rural areas, and providing the Russian Settlers the excuse they needed to settle old scores with their indigenous neighbors and forcefully establish themselves as agents of order and security. The Kokand ministers were aware of all of these issues, but also understood that they would not be able to government effectively without money first and foremost. However, they were unable to levy taxes and had no other sources of funding.

Since all of the cabinet ministers were inexperienced scholars, merchants, and members of the religious class with no governing experience, they relied on what they knew: talking to the people through various publications and venues and organizing mass demonstrations.

Mustafa Choqoy

[Image Description: A black and white photo of a man with soft, black hair and a long mustache. He has round cheeks. He is wearing a high collared shirt with three gold buttons holding the collar closed. A white collar peeks out over the collar.]

Their first demonstrations occurred in Andijan on December 3rd and Tashkent itself on December 6th. A second demonstration occurred in Tashkent a week later, and, this time, the demonstrators targeted the local prison that held political enemies arrested by the Tashkent Soviet when they first took power in November. Russian soldiers were called to suppress the demonstration which they did by firing into the crowd, killing several demonstrators, while others were crushed to death during the stampede that followed. The freed prisoners were eventually recaptured and executed by the Tashkent Soviet.

However, the Kokand Autonomy got this idea that public support could be turned into financial support, if approached the right way. To achieve this end, many members of the Kokand government traveled throughout Turkestan, holding fundraisers. For example, on January 14th, Choqoy and Mirjalilov held a fundraiser in Andijan and raised 17,200 rubles. However, their most successful financial scheme was a public loan which raised 3 million rubles by the end of February 1918. Yet, the Kokand Autonomy was still unable to levy taxes on its population, meaning it didn’t have a sustainable method of extracting wealth.

If we think back about our discussion on the IRA, we’ll remember that Michael Collins’ greatest contribution was actually in the financial realm. Without his national loan scheme, the IRA would not have survived or been as successful as it was. The money allowed the IRA to buy arms and create an alternative shadow government that opposed “established” British rule. This is the same exact situation the Kokand Autonomy was facing, but not only was it finding it hard to consistently raise funds and manage widespread famine and ethnic violence, it also didn’t have an IRA equivalent to protect it or enforce its edicts.

This brings us to the second biggest problem facing the Kokand Autonomy: the lack of arms.

Military Capabilities

In 1918, the Russian Settlers had most of the guns and were supported by the Russian soldiers and many POWs stationed in Turkestan. The Kokand Autonomy didn’t have many weapons nor did they have an army they could pull from for defense. Because Russia never conscripted its Turkestan population, the only potentially friendly troops with experience available to the Kokand government were the Tatar and Bashkir troops stationed in the region. But they weren’t enough to constitute an army and there were tensions amongst the Tatars, Bashkirs, and other peoples who made up Central Asia. Instead, the Kokand Autonomy had to rely on volunteers to form the bulk of their army. Similarly, to the region wide fundraisers, members of the Kokand government would travel throughout Turkestan to recruit soldiers. They were never able to create an army but seemed to attract enough volunteers to hold a parade in the old city of Kokand on January 9th, 1918.

            Once they had enough men to constitute a “army” they needed to find a commander. To that end, they offered command to Irgush. We talked about Irgush in our episode on the Basmachi, but he had been a cop before becoming Kokand’s commander-in-chief. What he inherited was a collection of unarmed men who had no officers to train them and no military experience. Meanwhile, the Tashkent Soviet was preparing to launch an attack on Kokand to crush the Kokand government.

Tashkent Soviet

The Tashkent Soviet was threatened by having an autonomous, Muslim government next door. Their anxiety was increased by the December demonstrations and news that the Kokand government was organizing an army (never mind that the violent actions of the Soviet itself justified Kokand’s need for an army).

We must remember this was happening within the context of WWI and by 1918, the Russian war front in the Caucasus had collapsed, opening a path for the Ottoman army. While the Jadids would always flirt with a deep love for the Ottomans, and even sent one of their ministers Mahmudov to Baku to negotiate with the Ottoman forces for grain, there is no evidence they ever made concrete plans for the Ottoman Empire to invade Central Asia and support their cause. The connection Mahmudov made with the Ottoman officer Ruseni Bey is an interesting movement of what-ifism, but never led to any solid plans. Instead, Ruseni Bey would travel to Kokand but arrive too late to be of any use. He would later organize a branch of the CUP in Tashkent and former members of the Kokand Autonomy would travel back and forth from Central Asia to Istanbul in 1918 and 1919, but again these efforts came to almost nothing, except to haunt the Bolsheviks.

            The second biggest driver for the Tashkent Soviet was the lack of food. As we’ve seen in our other episodes, food and resources had always been a painful point of contention for the Russian Settlers and the indigenous population. WWI made things worse with Russians attacking Muslim merchants for hoarding food and settlers getting into violent quarrels with the nomads of the steppe over food and land. As famine swept through Turkestan, the Russian Settler’s belief that the Muslims of Turkestan were hoarding mountains of food grew. When the Russians heard of the Kokand Autonomy, they were convinced that the government owned huge stocks of grain that they refused to share with the similarly starving Russians. This, in itself, was justification enough for a violent confrontation. They began recruiting in December of 1917, targeting former soldiers and POWs. On February 14th, 1918, they launched their assault.

It began with cannon fire joined in by indiscriminate machine fire, killing thousands and setting most of old Kokand on fire. The soldiers, once the meager defense fell apart, swarmed the city and began looting. According to one eyewitness account:

“All the stores, trading firms, and rows of stalls in the old city were looted, as well as all banks, and all private, more or less decent apartments. Safes…were broken open and emptied. The thieves gathered their plundered goods on carts and drove them to the railway and the fortress.” - Jeff Sahadeo, Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865-1923, pg. 202

The assault killed an estimated 14,000 people, most of whom were Muslim, and overthrew the Kokand government 78 days after its creation.

The Russians, however, proved to themselves that they could organize a full-scale military operation and would use these skills to continue their requisitions of indigenous property and food, using communist rhetoric to justify their actions. In doing so, they created a new problem for themselves: starving indigenous refugees fleeing from all over the region into Tashkent looking for food while the Soviet’s own armed soldiers turned into nothing short of armed thugs, using force to take the best of whatever food was around for themselves.

Without any indigenous body of government to speak up for them, the Muslims of Turkestan were at the mercy of their Russian neighbors and Basmachi warlords while their Russian neighbors were at the mercy of their only militant monster they created to survive.

Kokand Legacy

Despite being a failed attempt at autonomous government, the Kokand Autonomy mentally scarred the Russian settlers and the Bolsheviks. For decades after the Soviet Union established control over Central Asia, association with the Kokand Autonomy would be an eventual death sentence. The Soviets would associate the alternate government with bourgeois nationalism and Pan-Turkic aspirations which of course threatened the Soviet’s version of imperial communism. It also left their Central Asian borders open to outside interference whether from the Ottoman Empire or, much later, Afghanistan and the British.

When it comes to the Ottoman Empire, there is some evidence that the high command considered annexing Turkestan, but these were pipe dreams at the most. The closest the Ottomans came to threatening Russian rule in the Caucasus and Central Asia was taking Baku in 1918, but their lack of resources and four years of ruthless modern warfare prevented any further expansion. Even the fears about British or Afghani intervention (which we’ll discuss later in the season) were half-baked and revealed more about Russian fears than reality on the ground. Just as the British feared the Russian bogeyman during the Great Game, the Soviets went through a similar period of insecurity in Central Asia between 1918 and 1930.

            The Kokand Autonomy’s gravest sin, in Soviet eyes, was that it was an alternate form of government that maybe could have worked if it hadn’t been smothered during its infancy. While the members of the Kokand government were inexperienced, they were desperately trying to build governmental infrastructure through their fundraisers and army recruitment while also trying to win international recognition. Members of the government such a Behbudiy tried to bring their case to the Paris Peace Conference. Behbudiy was arrested by the Bukharan Emir and tortured to death before he could make it to Paris, but Mustafa Cho’qoy tried again after the fall of Kokand. Long story short, Mustafa fled Tashkent in 1918 and found his way to Ashgabat, where the Russian Mensheviks had just overthrown Soviet power and established its own autonomous government. Cho’qoy along with Vadim Chaikin, a Socialist Revolutionary Lawyer, send a telegram to Woodrow Wilson and the Paris Peace Conference, asking for the recognition of the territorial unity of Turkestan and its right to “free and autonomous existence in fraternal friendship with the people of Russia” (Khalid, pg. 82).

The peace conference ignored the telegram, but the Bolsheviks believed it was proof that Cho’qoy and the Kokand Autonomy were going to sell Turkestan out to imperialists. Even though the telegram went nowhere, it frightened the Bolsheviks, believing that “imperialists” would use it as an excuse to stamp out communism within Central Asia. Cho’qoy who would eventually resettle in Paris became the devil incarnate for the Bolsheviks and any association with him-past and present- proved fatal to many of Cho’qoy’s associates. In the end, the Kokand Autonomy was a non-Bolshevik approved form of government that risked being a rallying cry for the Soviet’s enemies and thus it had to be destroyed and anyone associated with it had to be monitored and eventually destroyed as well.

            The Kokand Autonomy’s final legacy is in what was created out of its fall. Men such as Irgush would flee to the rural areas of Turkestan and create the first true instance of what would known as the Basmachi. We talked about it briefly in our episode on the Basmachi, but after Kokand fell Irgush went to the Ferghana and by the end of 1918 had organized 4,000 fighters under his command. He would later ally with another Basmachi commander, Madamin Bey and hinder Bolshevik efforts to establish control form 1919 onward. Others, like Fitrat, Xo’jayev, and Tinishbayev fled to “safe” spaces within Turkestan and crafted new ways to protect the Muslims of Turkestan while achieving the Muslim led government they desired. Famine grew worse as the Tashkent Soviet violently requisitioned food and property from their Muslim neighbors and Turkestan saw a massive population decrease as people died or fled to neighboring regions. And the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were still raging their war in the north, threatening Kazakh and Kyrgyz lands.

Turkestan was currently in its own little bubble of ethnic conflict and starvation, but the fall of Kokand created the circumstances that would enable Muslim reformists to find common cause with the approaching Bolsheviks while providing the fuel the Basmachi would need for a prolonged guerrilla campaign.

[ask-hws-uzbekistan]

Who are your siblings and what is your relationship with them?

You could say I'm the literal middle child of my family, given that I share a border with all my siblings. So in a sense...I'm the center of Central Asia!

Kazakhstan is my younger brother! He's known for his nomadic history years back, falconry, and for being the space hub of the now dissolved Soviet Union.

Yuri Gagarin, the first man to ever go to outer space, was launched in Baikonur, Kazakhstan. A little after his independence, Kazakhstan created his own space program, and enjoys keeping up to date with the latest news on space exploration and astronomy(NOT astrology), and won't hesitate to tell you about it. Please listen to him, his eyes light up like stars when he speaks.

Linguistically, he's the closest to Kyrgyzstan and then me. Though due to sharing a border with Russia, he's lost a lot of his language and tends to use more Russian loanwords.

He's great at horseback riding, given his nomadic history from years back. He, like Kyrgyzstan, loves fermented mare's milk, called kumis! And he also loves eating horse meat. Don't knock it till you try it!

He's the "face" of Central Asia, and has been insistent on us Central Asians working together as a team under regional unity(ironic since he declared independence from me way back when I was the Bukharan Khanate...).

Since borders have never really been concrete in Central Asia(not until the Russians came, that is...), there's a significant ethnic Uzbek population in the south of Kazakhstan, namely in places like Turkestan and Shymkent.

He's also been the most modernized Central Asian nation, and talks to Russia the most, whether he likes it or not(he doesn't). Regardless, I really do admire him for being the "trailblazer" representing the rest of us Central Asians.

However, bearing the brunt of all this comes with its drawbacks. I better get him to stop smoking at some point...

Also. Don't ever talk about B*rat in front of him. America made the mistake of doing that once.

Then we have my older brother Kyrgyzstan. He's... a handful. We've had a history of border disputes that only recently resolved, involving our diasporas in each other's regions. There's a large population of Kyrgyz-Uzbeks in Uzbekistan, and a population of Uzbek-Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan.

He's dependent on me for fuel and gas...so my old boss used to turn off pipelines or put off delivery time periods as a way of getting what he wanted.

But we have our moments where we get along now and again. We both worked together in the Basmachi Revolt of 1917 to fight against Imperial Russia. However, it failed when the Russians tried to increase nationalism in each of our regions to split us up... what with calling Uzbeks more "civilized" and "sedentary" than the "nomadic" Kyrgyz.

The both of us are also rather religious and sometimes nag our other siblings(Kazakhstan i mean Kazakhstan) into cutting down their vodka intake(Kyrgyzstan can't resist kumis though...it's his soft spot. What a hypocrite). We also jump Kazakhstan every time he uses a Russian loanword when he could've used a native word.

There have been moments where I was in control of some parts of his territory under the Emirate of Kokand...until he successfully broke away from my rule. Hmph.

I do admire how Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan both are very outspoken and are able to protest at all...something I don't have.

He, like Kazakhstan, also enjoys horseback riding, and is good with blacksmithing. And he enjoys eavesdropping on Tajikistan and my gossip... he tries to play it off like he doesn't care, but I don't buy it.

My sister Tajikistan is a very bubbly person. We're both very much alike. A lot of Tajiks look like Uzbeks, and vice versa! There's also a lot of Uzbeks and Tajiks living across our borders. However, as border sharers do, Tajikistan had tension with me and Kyrgyzstan for a while, especially during my former boss's tenure...

That weird sproingle on her hair is a result of years of Persian influence, what with sharing a border with Iran. That's why she's kind of the odd one out. She speaks Persian instead of a Turkic language like the rest of us, but her script is in Cyrillic because of Russian colonization, so she kind of sticks out among Iran and Afghanistan.

And like with Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, I also controlled parts of Tajikistan under the Bukharan Khanate...

(Can you stop flexing with your whole "I ruled over all of you guys" thing? It's super annoying. Thanks ❤️ -T)

Tajikistan, stop hijacking my blog!

Anyway, when she's not gossiping with Turkmenistan and I, she loves decorating the sleeves of her dresses with elaborate embroidery and blasting Persian songs on full volume.

Finally, my other sister Turkmenistan! A lot of people don't know much about her and she definitely does tend to keep to herself more. She's most famous for...how weird her bosses can be. She gets awful tired of her boss sometimes. She had to record a video of him rapping once! Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan can't get enough of it, they've made up games and bets on what Turkmenistan's boss will make her do next...

Ashgabat is really pretty...it just seems a bit lonely at times. Speaking of pretty, Turkmenistan has a long history of ornate headwear and jewelry. She knows a lot about jewelry, especially silver, and we'll talk about our pretty pieces sometimes! I know I can count on her to find something for me to wear on weddings and other special occasions.

Linguistically, she's closest to Turkey and Azerbaijan. A lot of her people go to Turkey to study at Turkish universities, and for travel. Turkey's trying to get her to join the Organization of Turkic States as a member instead of an observer state. It's still up in the air on what she'll do...

Those are all my siblings! I hope this helped!

[bobemajses]

Bukharan Jewish bride wearing a traditional veil, Kokand, Uzbekistan, 1988

[determinate-negation]

Judeo-Tajik is a Persian language spoken and written by Bukharan Jews in the 18th to 20th centuries. Bukharan Jews have lived in Central Asia, in areas currently in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, since antiquity, most recently in cities such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, and Dushanbe. Due to immigration and language shift, Judeo-Tajik is currently endangered, spoken by small communities in Central Asia, Israel, and the United States.

History

During the second half of the eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, political and territorial changes in Central Asia led to the gradual transformation of Judeo-Persian into Judeo-Tajik. Initially, this language was used by Bukharan Jews for communication within the family and community. In the late nineteenth century, however, Judeo-Tajik developed into a literary language thanks to the enterprise undertaken by Rabbi Shimon Hakham (1843–1910), the founder of a literary school in Jerusalem. The active members of this school published the first translation of the Bible into Judeo-Tajik. They also translated numerous other religious and secular works from Hebrew into Judeo-Tajik.

In the early twentieth century, this Jerusalem-based enterprise published important literary works written in Judeo-Tajik, dictionaries in various languages, and more. Most of these books were sent to Central Asia, where many Bukharan Jews still lived at the time. During this period, no books in Judeo-Tajik were published in Russia. A single newspaper, רחמים (Rahamim) (1910–1916) was published in the city of Skobelev in the district of Fergana and later in Kokand.

Following the rise of the Soviet regime, hundreds of schoolbooks were printed in Central Asia for a network of Jewish schools where classes were taught in Judeo-Tajik. Between 1920 and 1930, this language gave rise to works of poetry and prose, plays, the newspaper "Roshnaji" (Light) (1925-1930), whose name was later changed to "Bajroqi Mihnat" (1930-1938) (Workers' Flag), and socio-political reviews including "Hajoti Mihnat" (Life of the Workers), named later "Adabijoti Soveti" (Soviet Literature) (1930-1938). This was the golden age of Judeo-Tajik literature.

Up until 1928, these publications made use of the Hebrew alphabet (Rashi letters were used in handwriting, while square letters were used in print) and some Jews used the Arabic alphabet, which was used by local non-Jews at that time. These alphabets were briefly replaced by the Latin one, and, in 1938, the republics of Central Asia began transitioning to the Cyrillic alphabet. This change was not imposed on Judeo-Tajik, since the demise of Jewish culture (theaters, newspapers, literary reviews, museums, and so forth) during this period amounted to a death sentence for the literary use of Judeo-Tajik. In 1940, it became forbidden to publish in this language, and Jewish schools switched to teaching in Tajik, Uzbek, and Russian. For the following fifty years, Judeo-Tajik served solely for communication within the family and community. Only a small number of Judeo-Tajik publications appeared in Israel between 1950 and 1980.

​

[margocooper]

Шиповник кокандский, или Роза кокандская (лат. Rósa kokanica).

Rosehip Kokand, or Rose Kokand (lat. Rósa kokanica).

[eruverse]

There are around 600k Uzbeks in Kazakhstan. Not its biggest minority (that would be Russian), but one of the largest. Wondering now if there would be a personification of these Kazakhstani Uzbeks, and if there is, which region would this personification be attached to (since basically there are Uzbeks everywhere in the country)? And now I’m wondering if.. Turkistan region?

Turkistan is a region (there’s also Turkistan city that’s the capital city of this region), previously named South Kazakhstan. Very close to Uzbekistan including the capital Tashkent. Majority of Uzbeks in the country live in this region.

The region also formerly housed Shymkent, the third largest city in Kazakhstan which now stands as a city with equal status to a region alongside Astana and Almaty. Shymkent understandably has a large Uzbek population as well (around 17% of the population). Shymkent was once part of Kokand Khanate, an Uzbek state that was a breakaway of Bukharan Khanate.

Does that mean Kaz and Uz have two kids, Turkistan and Shymkent? Maybe!! One of them looks like this btw:

Edit: how powerful it is for Kaz and Uz to have a kid that’s basically named ‘the land of Turks’ lmao

[rethatview]

When you have 'kokande heit' lasagna in front of you and all you think about is 'Lunken Mat'.

[ikimono-clips]

Russian-Asiatic Bank (1910) - Kokand, Uzbekistan by John Meckley

[matmamma]

Baka Sverigekakan till nationaldagen!

Blågult till Sveriges nationaldag! På måndag den 6 juni är det Sveriges nationaldag och det ska förstås firas med något gott. Varför inte med Sverigekakan? Godare mjuk kaka får man leta efter – den är minst lika god som någon tårta – och gör garanterat succé på kaffebordet! Till kakan: 3 ägg 2 dl strösocker 1 dl kokande vatten 3 dl vetemjöl 2 tsk bakpulver Till vaniljkrämen 125 g smör 1 dl mjölk…

[byolsen]

ADHD MEDS WIN WIN!

”Och jag som trodde att knäböj skulle vara det jobbigaste momentet idag. 🥲😭

This is gonna hurt my ego!

Testade ju bara maxa skiten ur mig på dessa för skojs skull!

Då brukar det gå bra för mig!”

När det sen helt plötsligt blir allvar och står i ett schema?

Ja då försvinner otroligt mkt av mitt ”ROLIGT” och ”KRIGARPANNBEN” pga = NU har det blivit ett MÅSTE & då tycker min hjärna att vi ska skita i det för det har gått från ASKUL till ”VÄRLDSTRÅKIGT” IN A SPLIT SEC!!!! 😤😤😤😤😤😤

Förut hade jag

1) skitit i det helt,

eller

2) gjort dem extremt halvdant & ÄNNU MER EXTREMT SLARVIGT och förmodligen dragit på mig något mer skit i höften/ljumsken/ryggen pga sviktande teknik/brukar ej allvar hur mkt jag än egentligen vill!!!!!

Och som följd hade jag bara blivit mer och mer förbannad på mig själv för att hjärna & kropp inte bara kan connecta SOM DEM SKA, tills jag bokstavligen blivit så explosionsartat förbannad (på mig själv för att jag INTE BARA KAN BRUKA ALLVAR ”som alla andra”) att hela passet sen hade slutat i… MÖG SKIT AS DÅLIGT, och jag lämnar gymmet så lack att jag …. Förmodligen exploderat på VAD som helst inom loppet av några timmar senare, för ja….

Adhd hjärnan och fokus när JAG VILL VILL VILL - men hjärnan tycker TYDLIGEN INTE att det är något vi vill tillräckligt mycket.

Och hjärnan vann alltid förut…

Jag har mediciner nu.

Nästan maxad dos…

Den kanske inte hjälper mycket mot ätstörningarnas jävla påhitt…. (Där behöver vi tydligen mer hjälp…..🤮😡)

MEN JAG KAN TA MIG FAN GÖRA SÅNT HÄR NU 💯

SOM JAG VILL-MÅSTE,

MEN SOM HJÄRNAN INTE TILLÄT MIG GÖRA FÖRUT (Iaf inte utan en eventuell katastrof som följd)…

I know.

I just fucking know I can!

I DID IT!

JAG KAN HÄRMED FAKTISKT GÖRA SAKER NU SOM JAG FÖRUT INTE KUNDE FÖRMÅ MIG SJÄLV ATT GÖRA ÖHT PGA EN (ADHD-) HJÄRNA SOM BARA JOBBADE MOT MIG/tyckte att klättra på väggarna och leka apa är himlans mycket mer intressant än det jag faktiskt SKA och BORDE göra!!!

T.o.m. en sån sak som en viss övning i min egen träning?

En övning jag t.o.m. GILLAR och VILL/E göra.

TILL OCH MED DET FUCKADE MIN HJÄRNA FÖR MIG FÖRUT!

Så många övningar jag var tvungen att skita i för att skaderisken blev för stor pga NO-CONNECTION between body and mind.

Idag vann jag (eller okej, medicinen vann kanske MEN JAG KÄNNER DET MER SOM ATT JAG VANN!).

Att det sen tog mig OFANTLIGT mycket mer/längre tid än vad det ”borde ha gjort” är en helt annan femma, som jag är helt beredd på att bara totalt SKITA I just nu.

För det är något jag får jobba bort med tiden.

JAG KUNDE FOKUSERA!

JAG KUNDE BRUKA ALLVAR MED ATT GÖRA NÅGOT SOM VANLIGTVIS (Mia pre-meds) ALDRIG HADE GJORT (eller om jag hade tvingat mig = kaosat totalt sen blivit kokande-skogstokigt-rosenrasande-flyförbannad när allting hela tiden bara kändes skit, eller gjorde ont, eller bara allmänt gick käpprätt åt helvete)!

I FUCKING WON TODAY!

Och jag tänker ta mitt WIN idag och bära det med mig, stoltare än en jävla tupp, HELA JÄVLA DAGEN!

Och förhoppningsvis kunna fortsätta det här!

Att GÖRA SAKER även fast hjärnan inte vill/samarbetar.

Utan att KONSTANT behöva leta/hitta massa ”lura mig själv och min hjärna”-genvägar (som tex ⏱️gör detta nu innan micron plingar, ⏲️ska du promenera 30 min? Då kan du lika bra betala räkningar och kolla hur budgeten ligger till. 🧭Glömt svara sms & mail? Lika bra att ta ytterligare en promenad så vi får det ur världen⏰) en jävla massa extrajobb som suger ÄNNU MER ENERGI, för mig mentalt NÄR JAG ÄRLIGT TALAT REDAN HAR FULLT TILLRÄCKLIGT 💣 med alla intryck, människor, ljus, ljud, lukter, KÄNSLAN AV HUR VÄDER: särskilt hur VÄRMEN OCH FUKTAN KÄNNS MOT MIN HUD!!!!🤮, 🧨 som har en tendens att göra mig rätt så jävla överstimulerad bara det!

För ibland måste man göra saker som man inte vill göra (mammas eviga tjat 🫠), en relativt normalt funtad hjärna som inte har motivationen till det - KAN GÖRA DET ÄNDÅ!

En hjärna med adhd eller liknande diagnoser - VI KAN INTE ”BAAAAARA” GÖR DET!

Det är som att försöka gå rakt fram, samtidigt som en STOR JÄVLA TJOCK OCH TUNG CEMENTVÄGG TRYCKER DIG TILLBAKA!

Många gånger, inte ens när vi faktiskt VILL GÖRA DET SJÄLV; kan vi göra det, för att den där jävla hjärnan har fått för sig att …. Jamen tex, DET ÄR JU SÅ HIMLA MKT INTRESSANTARE ATT KOLLA IGENOM ALL VÄRLDENS FÅGLAR UTOMHUS än att städa/tvätta/laga mat/ÄTA/betala räkningar/träna/ringa sin vän man inte pratat med på 6 månader/jobba/SOVA/gå på toa (håller mig ibland tills det är total kris och jag ligger dubbelvikt på golvet för att blåsan är så full att det bokstavligen krampar i hela nedre delen av magen) JAG KAN FORTSÄTTA I EN OÄNDLIGHET MED SENARION.

Men jag hoppas.

Jag hoppas verkligen att dem få som faktiskt tagit sig tid att läsa det här väldigt ogenomtänkta inlägg, särskilt ni ”nOrMaLa”….

SÄRSKILT NI!

Att ni kan sluta hålla på med att slänga med diagnoser ”jag har nog det” ”hen har säkert det” ”du kan inte skylla på din adhd det kan man ju inte” OCH BLA BLA BLA!

Tror ni på allvar att vi inte gör vårt fucking bästa med dem förutsättningar och hjärna vi blivit blessed med?

Kalla aldrig mer någon lat eller trög någonsin igen!

Utan att veta bakgrunden och eventuella orsaker/diagnoser/andra funktionshinder innan!

YOU DON’T GET TO JUDGE US!

WE’RE JUST TRYING TO SURVIVE IN A WORLD THAT UNLIKE YOU, ISN’T BUILT FOR US!

[random-racehorses]

Random Real Thoroughbred: KOCANDY

KOCANDY is a bay horse born in The United States in 1994. By KOKAND out of NEWS FROM BARON. Link to their pedigreequery page: https://www.pedigreequery.com/kocandy

[aoawarfare]

Episode 35 Turkestan and Bolshevism 1918

For this episode, we’re going to leave the Alash Orda in the Steppe with their Bolshevik and White Movement problem and return to the Jadids in Turkestan. Things were not going well for the Jadids. The Tashkent Soviet strangled the Kokand Government before it could breathe, the Bukharan and Khivan Emirs showed no interest in reform. Famine swept the land and the Basmachi were organizing themselves in the Ferghana. The Jadids themselves were on the run, without any real power, and the Bolsheviks were determined to spread communism into the region.

Enter Pyotr Kobozev

Lenin understood that the first step in regaining control over Turkestan was to settle the dispute between the indigenous peoples and the settlers. While the Bolsheviks negotiated with the Alash Orda in the Kazakh Steppes and the Czech Legion made their way to Vladivostok, the Bolsheviks appointed Pyotr Kobozev as plenipotentiary commissar for Turkestan.

Pyotr Kobozev

[Image Description: A black and white drawing of a man in a military cap with a star and the sickle and hammer. He has a thick, circular beard and mustache. He is looking to the left. He is wearing a white shirt and dark coat.]

Kobozev is an interesting figure of the Russian Civil War. He was born on August 4th, 1878, in the village of Pesochyna, Russia. He was born to a Moscow railroad employee but fell in love with theology and attended the Moscow seminary. He either left (or was expelled for taking part in a student uprising) and attended the Moscow secondary school of Ivan Findler. He frequented Marxist circles and joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1898 while attending the Moscow Higher Technical School before being expelled once more for taking part in a student strike. He was exiled to Riga, Latvia. He remained involved with Marxist and Communist circles, making it almost impossible to find work. In 1915 he moved to Orenberg where he worked a railroad engineer and the leader of the city’s Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.

During the February Revolution he organized an agitation train along the Orenburg-Tashkent route, urging for support of the Bolsheviks. He would have been the Commissar of the Tashkent Railroad if the Provisional Government had not blocked his appointment. Instead, he was appointed the chief inspector over the educational institutions of the Ministry of Transport. Then the October Revolution.

Ataman Alexander Dutov took advantage of the revolution to claim power in the Orenburg region, which the Bolsheviks opposed. Kobozev was appointed the extraordinary commissar for the resistance to Dutov’s counterrevolution. He spent the rest of 1917 planning an assault on Dutov’s forces, reclaiming the city in January 1918. It is said he drove one of the armored trains himself.

After he reclaimed Orenburg, Kobozev was sent to Baku to nationalize the local old industry. With 200 million rubles, he was able to prop up the Bolsheviks in Orenburg, Baku, and Tashkent, successfully re-establishing the oil flow to Russia. In early 1918, Lenin sent a telegram to the Tashkent Soviets, announcing the arrival of Kobozev and two members of the People’s Commissariat of Nationalities in Tashkent. One of his travel companions was Arif Klebleyev a former member of the Kokand Autonomy. In fact, he was the one who sent a telegram to the Tashkent Soviet asking they recognize the Kokand Autonomy as a legal authority in Turkestan. Now he was working with the Soviets.

Lenin’s telegram read:

“We are sending to you in Turkestan two comrades, members of the Tatar-Bashkir Committee at the People’s Commissariat for Nationalities Affairs, Ibrahimov and Klebleyev. The latter is maybe already known to you as a former supporter of the autonomous group. His appointment to this new post might startle you; I ask you nevertheless to let him work, forgiving his old sins. All of us her think that now, when Soviet power is getting stronger everywhere in Russia, we shouldn’t fear the shadows of the past of people who only yesterday were getting mixed up with our enemies: if these people are ready to recognize their mistakes, we should not push them away. Furthermore, we advise you to attract to [political] work [even] adherents of Kerensky from the natives if they are ready to serve Soviet power-the latter only gains from it, and there is nothing to be afraid of in the shadows of the past” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 94

Kobozev arrived in April 1918 and made the following changes:

First, he forced the inclusion of indigenous peoples in governing bodies, including the Fifth Congress of Soviets that convened in Tashkent on April 21st, 1918.

He also elected himself as chair of the presidium during the Congress.

During the same congress, he created the Central Executive Committee of Turkestan (TurTsIK) as the supreme authority in the region. He ensured that nine of its 36 members were Muslims.

Second, he proclaimed a general amnesty for everyone involved with the Kokand Government.

Third, he created the Communist Party in Turkestan (KPT) in June 1918. By 1920, it would consist of 57 thousand members.

Fourth, He forced a re-election to the Tashkent Soviet, winning a “brilliant victory of ours in the elections to Tashkent’s proletarian parliament has decisively crushed the hydra of reaction…White Muslim turbans have grown noticeably in the ranks of the Tashkent parliament, attaining a third of all seats” - Adeeb Khalid, making Uzbekistan, pg. 94

The Rise of the Jadids

Jadids were not enthused at first. Between the bloodbath that followed the Russian Revolution and the overthrow of the Kokand Autonomy, they had little reason to trust the Bolsheviks. Abdurauf Fitrat would write in 1917:

“Russia has seen disaster upon disaster since the [February] transformation and now a new calamity has raised its head, that of the Bolsheviks!” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 95

G’ozi Yunus, another Jadid, would write about the Tashkent Soviet:

“Muslims have not seen a kopek’s worth of good from the Freedom [i.e., the Revolution]. On the contrary, we are experiencing times worse than those of Nicholas” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 95

For a moment, they looked to the Ottoman Empire as a source of salvation and G’ozi Yunus even traveled to Istanbul to petition the Ministry of War. When the Ottoman Empire was defeated during the world war (and Russia leaked the secret treaty between Britain and France divvying up Ottoman land amongst themselves), the world lost the last independent Muslim empire and the Jadids were forced to turn internally and to their neighbors for support.

The Jadids used their new political power to, first, punish their old enemies the ulama. They used the KPT in old city Tashkent to take land from the ulama and on May 21st, 1918, the commissar of the old city shut down the Ulamo Jamiyati, their journal al-Izoh and took its property. For the next two years, the Bolsheviks would requisition lands once owned by the ulama on the behalf of the new-method schools started by the Jadids and their theatrical groups, empowering one set of indigenous peoples over another. The Jadids also targeted the ulama’s control over the waqf. A waqf is a religious donation of land or money that can be used to support the community. The ulama controlled what could be donated and how it was distributed amongst the community. The Jadids, by taking control, wanted to use the waqf founds to support causes they thought worthy and would help modernize society.

The ulama for their part either found refugee with the more conservative elements of the society, joined the Basmachi, or attempted to win Bolshevik support by proclaiming that socialism had roots in Islam and they were the truly anti-capitalist sect whereas the Jadids were westernized modernizers who would bring about capitalism to Turkestan.

The Muslims of Turkestan were granted the right to use firearms, and, despite Kobozev’s efforts, the old dynamics returned to the city. The newer settlements remained the stronghold of the Russian settlers while the Muslims’ power was confined to the old city. The Jadids recruited Ottoman POWs to serve as teachers where they created clubs and secret societies. Some of these clubs were nationalistic, others were social gatherings. From 1918-1920, the Ottoman POWs became a core facet of Turkestan society as the indigenous peoples tried to survive the tumultuous end of the decade.

Turar Risqulov

The opening of the political world attracted other activists who did not support the Jadid’s version of reform. The Jadids got their start in political activism via the arts and education. This new cadre of politicians entered politics through the radicalization of the famine and violence against Muslim peasants and nomads and spoke the language of Bolshevism and the revolution. Many of these new politicians were younger than the Jadids and had gone through the Russian-native schools, giving them the benefit of speaking fluent Russian (similar to the members of the Alash Orda). Few had ever taken part in the Islamic reform championed by the Jadids.

Turar Risqulov

[Image Description: A black and white pciture of a man standing at an angle. He is looking at the camera. He has bushy black hair and a short mustache. He is wearing round, wire frame glasses. His hands are in his dark grey suit pants. he is wearing a white button down shirt, a grey tie, and a dark grey vest and suit jacket. A flag is pinned to his suit lapel.]

One of these men, a fascinating person who is my newest obsession was Turar Risqulov (1894-1938) He was born in Semirech’e to a Kazakh family who was poor but had high status. He went to a Russo-native school and worked for a Russian lawyer and then went to the agriculture school in Pishpek. In October 1916 he went to the Tashkent normal school and then the Russian revolution happened. Up to this point he had no public life but in 1917 he returned to his hometown of Merke and founded the Union of Revolutionary Kazakh Youth. He returned to Tashkent in 1918 and was named Turkestan’s commissar for health.

In November 1918, Risqulov was reporting to the Turkestan Sovnarkom about the situation in Avilyo Ota uezd where 300,000 Kazakhs died from starvation, but the settlers levied an additional tax of 5 million rubles on the survivors. Risqulov called this what it was-colonial exploitation This inspired an ideology of communistic anticolonialism. In May 1920, Turar wrote:

“In Turkestan as in the entire colonial East, two dominant groups have existed and [continue to] exist in the social struggle: the oppressed, exploited colonial natives, and European capital.” Imperial powers sent “their best exploiters and functionaries” to the colonies, people who liked to think that “even a worker is a representative of a higher culture than the natives, a so-called “Kulturtrager.” - Adeeb Khalid, Central Asia, pg. 170

For Turar the communist revolution was synonym was anti-imperialist in all its forms. If the revolution could not throw off the shackles of imperialism, then it was a failed revolution. While we’ll talk more about his political career, his ideology raises an important question for us: what did communism actually mean to the indigenous people of Central Asia?

A revolutionary example for the Muslim World

The Jadids

For the Jadids, Bolshevism was a revolutionary force they could use to achieve modernization. Even though they adopted Bolshevik language, they could not map the Bolshevik obsession with class to their own society. Instead, they translated class warfare into anticolonialism, conflating Islam, nationalism, and revolution into a singular vision of anti-imperialism with their enemies including the ulama, the emirs, and the British (the conquerors of the Ottomans and the latest colonizer of Muslim lands). Fitrat even went as far as to write that India’s efforts to overthrow Britain’s rule was

“as great a duty as saving the pages of the Quran from being trampled by an animal…a worry as great as that of driving a pig out of a mosque.” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 103

The Jadids wanted to create a Turkestan that was Muslim, nationalistic, and revolutionary, free of settler dominance and source of revolution for the Muslim world. They discovered that the Bolsheviks shared in their belief in women liberation, economic redistribution, and power of the people (or proletariat). Additionally, the Bolsheviks had the power to do what the Jadids could not: overthrow the settlers and the emirs just as they overthrew the Tsar and the aristocracy of Russia. In 1919, the First Congress of Muslim Communists passed the following resolution:

“To the revolutionary proletariat of the East, of Turkey, India, Persia, Afghanistan, Khiva, Bukhara, China, to all, to all, to all!

We the Muslim Communists of Turkestan, gathered together at our first regional conference in Tashkent, send you our fraternal greeting, we who are free to you who are oppressed. We wait impatiently for the time when you will follow our example and take control in your own hands, in the hands of local soviets of workers’ and peasants’ deputies. We hope soon to come shoulder to shoulder with you in your struggle with the yoke of world capitalism, manifested in the East in the form of the English suffocation of native peoples” – Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 106

The Jadid’s embrace of an anticolonial revolution coincided with Afghanistan defeating the British in 1919, the wave of Ottoman POWs now free to roam Turkestan as well as an influx of Indian activists via Afghanistan. The Afghan Khan, Amanullah, looked to the Soviets for support against a British return. For their part, the Bolsheviks helped established a modern army in Afghanistan and allowed Afghanistan to open a consulate in Tashkent (but their relationship would always be strained whether because the Bolsheviks feared Afghan intervention in favor of the Bukharan Emir or because Afghanistan made no secret its desire to expand its influence into the rest of Central Asia).

The Indian activists (as well as many Ottoman expats) traveled through Afghanistan and into Turkestan to meet with the Bolsheviks, who represented an anti-colonial revolution about to overtake the world. Sakirbeyzade Rahim, an Anatolian representative would write in 1920 that:

“Turkestan is the path to liberation of the East, [and] the Red Soviets are the way to our natural and human rights. From now on, Turkestan and Turan will live only under the Red Soviet banner” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 105

Yet, despite all of this revolution activity, these efforts never materialized into an organized revolution. Instead, many hopeful revolutionaries came together, talked, and started nascent organizations, but were never able to go further than that.

If the Jadids believed they were the leaders of a Muslim revolution, what did the Bolsheviks believe?

The Bolsheviks

Back in 1917, the Bolsheviks were very anticolonial and Muslim friendly, claiming:

"All you, whose mosques and shrines have been destroyed, whose faith and customs have been violated by the Tsars and oppressors of Russia! Henceforward your beliefs and customs, your national and cultural institutions, are declared free and inviolable! Build your national life freely and without hindrance.” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 91

I don’t think this changed as they marched into 1918, but their understanding of what Turkestan needed conflicted with what the Jadids and Alash Orda were fighting for. The Bolsheviks thought in terms of class and industry and for them nationalism was the form class took in the colonies. So, while they initially supported nationalistic projects, they always intended for nationalism to be a steppingstone to true communism. But for the Jadids and Alash Orda, nationalism was the end goal. The Bolsheviks failed to win the Alash Orda’s trust and support and they were determined now to make the same mistake in Turkestan.

But what made Turkestan so important for the Bolsheviks? There is an ideological and an economic reason.

Ideologically, the Bolsheviks believed that converting Turkestan to communism would open the door for further communist expansion into the East. As Lenin argued in November 1919:

“It is no exaggeration to say that the establishment of proper relations with the peoples of Turkestan is now of immense, world-historic importance for the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic. For the whole of Asia and for all the colonies of the world, for thousands and millions of people, the attitude of the Soviet worker-peasant republic to the weak and hitherto oppressed peoples is of very practical significance.” (Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan pg. 92)

This was particularly appealing as communist expansion floundered in the West. Trotsky would argue that:

“The road [to revolution in] Paris and London [lay] via the towns of Afghanistan, the Punjab, and Bengal” - Adeeb Khalid, Central Asia, pg. 172

They legitimately believed that Communism would flounder if it didn’t get a foothold outside of Russia and so they turned to the peoples the Tsar once oppressed. As they made overtures to the Jadids (and the Alash Orda) Lenin stressed the importance of not upsetting the indigenous peoples and to put the Russian settlers in their place before they ruined everything.

Vladimir Lenin

[Image Description: A black and white photo of a balding man staring intensely into the camera. He has a wiry mustache and goatee. He is wearing a white collared, button down shirt, a black tie, and a black suit]

Economically, the Soviets needed material and economic resources, especially cotton. The Russia the Soviet’s inherited was a stunted version of Tsarist Russia. No longer could they count on the economic and material resources of their western colonies and now the vast lands of the Steppe and Turkestan were at risk of escaping Russian control. The Commissar for Trade and Industry, L. B. Krasin, wrote:

“the recent reunion of Turkestan presents the opportunity…for making broad use of the region as well as of countries neighboring it…for the export of cotton, rice, dry fruits, and other goods necessary not only for the internal market of Russia, but also for its external trade.” - Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, pg. 93

The challenge was benefiting from Turkestan’s resources without invoking the greed and bad memories of the Tsars.

By the end of 1918, the Jadids and Bolsheviks were working together to rebuild a functioning government in Turkestan. And yet, they both had two very different, clashing visions for Turkestan’s future. The Jadids entered 1919 needing to settle their differences with the Bolsheviks or risk the fate of the Alash Orda: a modernizing movement marginalized by its “allies” and the civil war.

Resources

Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR by Adeeb Khalid

Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865-1923 by Jeff Sahadeo

Central Asia: a History by Adeeb Khalid

[ssorknimajneb]

Die Seidenstraße

Als Seidenstraße bezeichnet man ein altes Netz von Karawanenstraßen, dessen Hauptroute den Mittelmeerraum auf dem Landweg über Zentralasien mit Ostasien verband. Die Bezeichnung geht auf den deutschen Geografen Ferdinand von Richthofen zurück, der den Begriff erstmals 1877 verwendete.

In Richtung Westen wurden – außer Seide – vor allem Pelze, Keramik, Porzellan, Jade, Bronze, Gewürze, Lacke und Eisen getragen. Karawanen in Richtung China transportierten unter anderem Gold, Edelsteine und vor allem Glas. Nicht nur Kaufleute, Gelehrte und Armeen nutzten ihr Netz, sondern auch Ideen und Religionen.

Das Kernstück der Seidenstraße, manchmal auch mittlere Seidenstraße genannt, erstreckt sich von der ostiranischen Hochebene und der Stadt Merw im Westen bis zur Wüste Gobi und der Stadt Dunhuang im Osten. Es verbindet drei der wichtigsten asiatischen Kulturräume: Iran, Indien und China. Das Land ist gekennzeichnet durch Wüsten mit alten Oasenstädten, der Kasachensteppe im Westen und der mongolischen Steppe im Osten sowie hohen Gebirgen.

Die Hauptroute teilt sich streckenweise in verschiedene Zweige auf. Von Merw konnte man den Oxus (heute Amudarja) überqueren und erreichte die in Transoxanien gelegenen Städte Buchara und Samarkand. Von dort aus führte ein Nordostzweig über Taschkent nördlich des Tian-Shan-Gebirges über Beshbaliq (bei Ürümqi) und über Turpan (Turfan), Hami (Kumul), vereinigte sich bei Anxi (heute Guazhou) wieder mit dem Hauptzweig. Der Hauptzweig folgte von Samarkand aus dem Oberlauf des Jaxartes (Syrdarja) durch das von diesem bewässerte Ferghanatal über Kokand (Qoʻqon) und Andijon, überquerte das Tian-Shan-Gebirge und gelangte nach Kaschgar (Kaxgar) im Tarimbecken.

Für viele der großen Städte in Usbekistan war in den vergangenen Jahrhunderten vor allem dieser Handel Basis des Wohlstandes, des Kulturaustausches und der internationalen Beziehungen. Natürlich trugen die Kriegszüge der Timuriden ebenfalls bei.

In Samarkand ist dem Thema Seidenstraße ein ganzes Museum gewidmet, welches ich auch besucht hatte.

In der heutigen Zeit strebt die Volksrepublik China den Aufbau einer "neuen Seidenstraße" an, indem sie massiv in den Ausbau von Schienen- und Straßen- Infrastrukturprojekte investiert, um so den Warentransfer Richtung Westen via Landweg zu verbessern und beschleunigen.

[gokitetour]

9 of the best places to visit in Uzbekistan

Nestled in the heart of Central Asia, Uzbekistan is a land of vibrant culture, rich history, and breathtaking landscapes. Bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Tajikistan to the southeast, Afghanistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, Uzbekistan holds a strategic position along the ancient Silk Road trade route.

The country's landscape is diverse, ranging from the vast deserts of the Kyzylkum and Karakum in the west to the lush Fergana Valley in the east, surrounded by the imposing peaks of the Tian Shan and Pamir Mountains. The Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, once the lifeblood of the region, still carve through the land, sustaining fertile oases amid the arid plains.

Here are nine must-visit places in Uzbekistan:

1.Samarkand: Known as the "Pearl of the Orient", Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Central Asia and boasts magnificent Islamic architecture, including the Registan Square, Shah-i-Zinda, and the Bibi-Khanym Mosque.

2.Bukhara: With its well-preserved historic center, Bukhara is like stepping back in time to the Silk Road era. Highlights include the Kalon Minaret and Mosque, the Ark Fortress, and the trading domes of the Old City.

3.Khiva: This ancient city is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is renowned for its well-preserved mud-brick architecture. Wander through the labyrinthine streets of the Itchan Kala, visit the Tash-Hauli Palace, and climb the minaret of Islam Khodja for panoramic views.

4.Tashkent: As the capital city, Tashkent offers a blend of modernity and tradition. Visit the Khast-Imam Square to see the ancient Quran of Caliph Uthman, explore the Chorsu Bazaar for a taste of local life, and stroll through the beautiful Amir Timur Square.

5.Shakhrisabz: Birthplace of the great conqueror Timur, Shakhrisabz is home to several historic sites, including the Ak-Saray Palace ruins, the Dorus-Saodat Complex, and the Kok Gumbaz Mosque.

6.Fergana Valley: This fertile region is known for its lush landscapes, traditional crafts, and rich history. Visit the city of Kokand to see the impressive Khudayar Khan's Palace and explore the vibrant markets of Fergana City.

7.Nurata: Nestled amid scenic mountains, Nurata offers a tranquil retreat with its ancient fortress, sacred spring, and nearby petroglyphs. Don't miss the opportunity to experience a traditional yurt stay in the surrounding countryside.

8.Chimgan Mountains: Nature lovers will enjoy exploring the Chimgan Mountains, located just outside of Tashkent. Hike through alpine meadows, take a cable car ride for breathtaking views, or try your hand at skiing during the winter months.

9.Aral Sea: While the Aral Sea has diminished significantly over the years due to environmental issues, visiting its shores provides a sobering reminder of the consequences of human impact on the environment. Explore the eerie ship graveyard in Moynaq and learn about efforts to mitigate the ecological damage.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Uzbekistan is a treasure trove of history, culture, and natural beauty, offering travelers a unique and unforgettable experience. From the ancient cities of Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva, with their stunning architecture and rich heritage, to the serene landscapes of the Nuratau Mountains and the Aral Sea, there is something for every traveler to discover. With the recent simplification of the Uzbekistan visa process, it has become easier than ever to explore this hidden gem of Central Asia. Whether you're drawn to the intricate tilework of mosques and madrasas, the bustling bazaars filled with spices and handicrafts, or the untouched wilderness of its deserts and mountains, Uzbekistan promises to captivate and inspire all who visit. Plan your trip today and unlock the secrets of this enchanting destination.

Read More-: Ireland visa

[herbmaestro03]

Guide till CBD-te: Fördelar, Användning och Köpguide

CBD-te har blivit alltmer populärt på senare år, och det finns många skäl till varför människor vänder sig till denna dryck för att främja sitt välbefinnande. I denna guide kommer vi att utforska fördelarna med cbd te, hur det används och vad du bör tänka på när du köper det.

Fördelar med CBD-te

CBD, eller cannabidiol, är en av de många föreningar som finns naturligt i cannabisväxten. CBD är känt för sina potentiella hälsofördelar och har blivit ett populärt tillskott i många människors hälsorutiner. När det konsumeras i form av te har CBD flera potentiella fördelar, inklusive:

Avslappning och stressreduktion: Många använder CBD-te för dess avslappnande egenskaper, vilket kan hjälpa till att minska stress och främja lugn och ro.

Sömnförbättring: CBD-te kan också bidra till att förbättra sömnen för vissa människor genom att främja avslappning och minska sömnlöshet.

Lindring av smärta och inflammation: CBD har antiinflammatoriska egenskaper och kan hjälpa till att lindra smärta och obehag orsakade av olika tillstånd.

Stöd för mental hälsa: Vissa forskning har visat att CBD kan vara användbart för att hantera ångest och depression genom att främja en känsla av lugn och välbefinnande.

Användning av CBD-te

Att använda CBD-te är enkelt. Du kan köpa färdigpackade CBD-teblandningar eller göra din egen genom att blanda CBD-olja eller extrakt med ditt favoritte. För att göra CBD-te, följ dessa steg:

Koka upp vatten i en kastrull eller vattenkokare.

Lägg en tepåse eller löst teblad i en kopp.

Tillsätt önskad mängd CBD-olja eller extrakt i koppen.

Häll det kokande vattnet över teet och låt det dra i några minuter.

Ta bort tepåsen eller sila tebladen och njut av din CBD-te.

Var noga med att följa doseringsinstruktionerna på CBD-produkten för att säkerställa att du får önskad effekt.

Köpguide för CBD-te

När du köper CBD-te är det viktigt att välja en högkvalitativ produkt för att få bästa möjliga resultat. Här är några tips att tänka på när du handlar:

Välj en pålitlig leverantör: Se till att köpa från ett företag som är känt för sin pålitlighet och kvalitet. Läs recensioner och gör lite forskning innan du köper.

Kontrollera CBD-innehållet: Se till att produkten innehåller den mängd CBD som anges på förpackningen för att vara säker på att du får önskad dos.

Kolla efter organiska ingredienser: Försök att välja CBD-te som är tillverkat med organiska ingredienser för att undvika onödiga kemikalier och bekämpningsmedel.

Be om tredjeparts testresultat: Många tillverkare erbjuder tredjeparts testresultat för att bekräfta kvaliteten och renheten hos deras produkter. Be om dessa resultat om de inte redan finns tillgängliga.

Genom att följa dessa riktlinjer kan du hitta en högkvalitativ CBD-teprodukt som passar dina behov och förbättrar ditt välbefinnande på ett naturligt sätt. Njut av din CBD-te och de potentiella fördelar den kan erbjuda för din hälsa och ditt välmående.

[movienized-com]

Renki

Renki (Serie 2023) #EeroRitala #JoonasSaartamo #KreetaSalminen #EemeliHoltta #EedlaHoglund #HilmaKoskinen Mehr auf:

Serie Jahr: 2023- (April) Genre: Comedy / Drama Hauptrollen: Eero Ritala, Joonas Saartamo, Kreeta Salminen, Eemeli Hölttä, Eedla Höglund, Hilma Koskinen, Martti Suosalo, Ylermi Rajamaa, Mimosa Willamo, Chike Ohanwe, Jarno Harju, Jenni Kokander, Aki Kivelä, Matilda Hägg, Miitta Sorvali … Serienbeschreibung: Arbeit und Haushalt sind zu viel für einen Mann. Der Steuerbeamte Petri (Eero Ritala)…