#lamin a antibody

[globalgrowthinsights]

Advanced Ceramics Market Developments, Trends & Opportunities till 2032

Advanced Ceramics Market provides in-depth analysis of the market state of Advanced Ceramics manufacturers, including best facts and figures, overview, definition, SWOT analysis, expert opinions, and the most current global developments. The research also calculates market size, price, revenue, cost structure, gross margin, sales, and market share, as well as forecasts and growth rates. The report assists in determining the revenue earned by the selling of this report and technology across different application areas.

Geographically, this report is segmented into several key regions, with sales, revenue, market share and growth Rate of Advanced Ceramics in these regions till the forecast period

North America

Middle East and Africa

Asia-Pacific

South America

Europe

Key Attentions of Advanced Ceramics Market Report:

The report offers a comprehensive and broad perspective on the global Advanced Ceramics Market.

The market statistics represented in different Advanced Ceramics segments offers complete industry picture.

Market growth drivers, challenges affecting the development of Advanced Ceramics are analyzed in detail.

The report will help in the analysis of major competitive market scenario, market dynamics of Advanced Ceramics.

Major stakeholders, key companies Advanced Ceramics, investment feasibility and new market entrants study is offered.

Development scope of Advanced Ceramics in each market segment is covered in this report. The macro and micro-economic factors affecting the Advanced Ceramics Market

Advancement is elaborated in this report. The upstream and downstream components of Advanced Ceramics and a comprehensive value chain are explained.

Browse More Details On This Report at @https://www.globalgrowthinsights.com/market-reports/advanced-ceramics-market-100587

 Global Growth Insights

Web: https://www.globalgrowthinsights.com

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[moleculardepot]

Affinity Purified Antibody to Lamin A/C

Affinity Purified Antibody to Lamin A/C Catalog number: B2015474 Lot number: Batch Dependent Expiration Date: Batch dependent Amount: 10 μg Molecular Weight or Concentration: N/A Supplied as: Solution Applications: a molecular tool for various biochemical applications Storage: -20°C Keywords: Purified anti-Lamin A/C Grade: Biotechnology grade. All products are highly pure. All solutions are made…

[qawach]

Lateral Flow Assay

A lateral flow assay (LFA), also known as a lateral flow test or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), is a simple and rapid diagnostic tool used to detect the presence or absence of a specific substance or analyte in a sample.

LFAs are commonly used in medical diagnostics, food safety testing, environmental monitoring, and other fields. In case of medical diagnostic tests based out of lateral flow assay, a specific biomarker or a protein is biochemically interacted with its counter-molecule like antibodies to help aid detection. The basic principle of a lateral flow assay involves the capillary action of fluids through a strip of nitrocellulose membrane, which contains specific components to facilitate the detection of the target analyte. The test strip typically consists of the major components like, Sample Pad, Conjugate Pad, Nitrocellulose Membrane, Absorbent Pad and a Backing Laminate on which all components of a LFA are assembled. LFA based test can detect a single analyte or could detect more than one analyte thus making a multiplex LFAs.

[muskokafarm]

Muskoka Farm Pre Training Facility

Muskoka Farm is a one-of-a-kind property on the banks of the Hawkesbury River. This 280-acre racehorse training establishment includes five stable barns, 58 stables and 27 day yards.

It also boasts a 2000m turf track, a 2400m crusher dust track and a high speed treadmill. It is also a registered AQIS quarantine facility for exporting horses.

Located on the Hawkesbury River in Gunderman, NSW, Muskoka Farm is considered one of the best pre training facilities in Australia. With five stable barns, 58 stables and an impressive 2000m track, this facility is home to many top trainers.

It is also a registered AQIS quarantine facility for exporting horses. Besides, the facility has a 2.4-kilometre-long crusher dust track, a two-kilometre grass track for pace work and a high speed treadmill.

Conditioning is a great way to improve endurance performance while reducing stress on the feet and legs. It involves working the heart and lungs in short intervals, letting the horse recover, then working it again.

This type of training can help you increase your horse’s stamina and prepare them for races. However, it is important to remember that too much conditioning can lead to muscle and joint strains. For this reason, it is important to work your horse in spell time, especially at the start of their career.

Muskoka Farm is a world class horse spelling paddocks facility located on the banks of the Hawkesbury river near Gunderman in NSW. Developed by prominent businessman Bob Lapointe, this 113 hectare site boasts a 2000m long crusher dust track, 58 stables and is home to the Inglis Ready 2 Race Sale's most impressive local vendor.

This state of the art establishment is a breeding, pre training and spelling mecca for local and international clients alike. Boasting a plethora of features such as the high speed oxford trough, two jetty/ponton facilities and 27 day yards, it's no wonder that trainers, breeders and owners keep coming back for more. The mainstay of the establishment is its racing, however, it is the agistment and agistment associated with breeding that will be a major differentiator in years to come. The property has the right ingredients to keep it at the top of its game for the foreseeable future. To find out more, contact Inglis in Sydney on 02 93997999.

While modern horse management has focused on equine gastric ulcers, the stomach is only 10% of the GI tract’s volume. The horse’s hindgut contains a multitude of microorganisms and is the most important part of its digestive system.

A healthy hindgut can prevent colic, laminitis, and other conditions. In addition, the hindgut absorbs short-chain fatty acids to provide horses with energy.

Many owners assume that gastric ulcers are the sole cause of their horse’s gut discomfort, but problems in the hindgut can also impact a horse’s performance and overall health. Fortunately, veterinary diagnostic tools, like the SUCCEED Equine Fecal Blood Test, can help identify hindgut problems before they become serious.

The SUCCEED FBT uses antibodies to detect hemoglobin and albumin in a fecal sample, allowing your veterinarian to identify issues specific to the hindgut. It is an inexpensive and non-invasive stall-side screen for hindgut pathology.

Located on the Hawkesbury River, an hour inland from Sydney’s CBD, Muskoka Farm is more than just a world class thoroughbred training facility. It boasts a 2.4 kilometre long crusher dust track, a 2000 metre grass track for pace work and the most impressive of all a high-speed equine treadmill. The 280 acre farm also features a hefty four bedroom double storey home overlooking the big kahuna aka the Hawkesbury River, a private jetty/pontoon, outdoor pool, helipad and two-bedroom guest cottages to go with the five stable barns.

It’s the one-of-a-kind features that make Muskoka Farm a unique and rewarding place to work. The state of the art facilities have been honed over the years by former owners Bob and Wendy Lapointe, along with the likes of the late Anthony Cheung Hin-shun, to produce some of the country’s best horses at the optimum age. The property is an AQIS quarantine facility of the highest order and a great place to start your career in a highly regarded industry. To know more about pre training, visit the Muskoka Farm website or call +61409030567.

[bostorbio]

LaminA Antigen-Specific Antibodies – Boster Bio

The primary structural component of the nuclear lamina (lamin a antibody) on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope, nuclear lamins are intermediate filament proteins. The nucleus's inner nuclear membrane is lined by nuclear lamins, which are located on the cell's surface. There are two distinct forms of the Lamin A gene, Lamins A and Lamins C, which vary in their expression. There are distinct characteristics of embryonic stem cell development that are characterised by the appearance of lamin A/C (CDCD1, LMN1, EMD2). Lamins contribute to the structural integrity of the nucleus, but they also have a function in the nuclear matrix. Interactions with various chromatin proteins, including as histones and Lap2, allow lamins to contribute to the interphase chromatin structure, which in turn affects DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing when the lamin organisation is disrupted.

The nuclear membrane's nucleoplasmic site is connected to the remainder of the cell via nuclear lamins, intermediate-type filaments. A-type lamins and B-type lamins (lamin a antibody) are two of the most common types of nuclear lamins. Three proteins that originate from the same gene by alternative splicing form the A-type lamins and two proteins that originate from two distinct genes form B-type lamins, which are referred to here as lamin B1 and lamin B2, respectively. Dilated cardiomyopathy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, and hereditary partial lipodystrophy of the Dunnigan type were all linked to A-type lamin mutations, which were previously unknown but now known to be dominant. When cells differentiate, they produce A-type lamins. Since A-type lamins preferentially cooperate with chromatin, it has been hypothesised that A-type lamins play a part in the regulation of gene expression.

[missnoodliness]

Large Animal Rotation (aka it was mostly horses)

I spent 4 weeks in the Large Animal Hospital hopped up on a lot of antihistamines which made me seem/feel like a zombie all day. It's been a trip, but my rotationmates were awesome and we all pitched in to get our patients taken care of!

I'm thankful I know what I do about rabbit intestines because I can answer questions

Always keep the horse head in your peripheral vision when assessing digital pulses. Failure to do so may result in being bitten on the ass.

Some horses are clean. Others will trash their stall constantly. Just... Why?

Always check digital pulses! If that horse gets laminitis, these people may not care that you fixed the reason it had colic if this horse can't compete.

Talking to owners who lease their horse and have no idea what's going on when they bring it in is frustrating.

Horses coming in with shippers and no history other than ADR is so useless...

Weather determines how many clients will come in. Polar Vortex = no clients!

Always check your horse's water in summer/winter frequently. Lack of water can lead to intestinal impaction!

Horses will find a way to traumatize themselves because they are giant, only-coordinated-sometimes goons.

Horses are better at the whole calcium thing than rabbits which means alfalfa hay is an okay choice.

If I were going to have a horse, it'd be a Haflinger. They're my size.

Miniature donkey foals ARE SOOOO CUTE. It's like a tiny, leggy, whole lotta ear, floof explosion.

Walking a post-op donkey down the hall is damn near impossible. Donkey brakes are powerful.

Goats live for crackers. Which means they sit still for their acupuncture better!

You need to know if your male goat is urinating appropriately. I cannot stress this enough. He doesn't pee, you come see me!

You can fit your average miniature horse into a truck cab.

Alpacas apparently only make antibodies with heavy chain globulins unlike everything else so they are being tested to see if they can make antibodies to prions.

I was exposed to a neurologic alpaca who has been injected with mouse prions

You don't know the body condition of a fiber producing animal unless you get your hands on them. You gotta feel your floofs, mk?

If your neighbor is nice and says, hey you want these tree trimmings for your goats? FIND OUT WHAT IT IS FIRST. Feeding your goat herd some Japanese yew branches is a good way to lose all your best goats..... and make your clinicians feel like crazy people because this is so rare an intoxication (and sad).

Pygmy goats are 95% rumen, I swear

I appreciate cows and how they can have sepsis, endocarditis, a barely functional rumen, and pneumonia yet be eating and LIVING. Horses get GI pain from gas and think the end is nigh.

Diarrhea, you say? Out to isolation with you!

Take your biosecurity seriously. Many horses can shed Salmonella asymptomatically

I learned a lot on this rotation, about the animals and the way the hospital works. It's weird writing a prescription to get bandage materials. The important part is that now I move on to small animal medicine! The bad news is that it's my emergency rotation... Here's to hoping they treat me well.

[holymed-medical]

The difference between waterproof surgical gown and isolation gown

The main differences between disposable waterproof surgical gown and disposable isolation gown are as follows:

1. Different protection performance requirements

Disposable isolation gown

The main function of the isolation gown is to protect staff and patients, prevent the spread of pathogenic microorganisms, and avoid cross-infection. When putting on and taking off, pay attention to avoid contamination.

Disposable waterproof surgical gown

A surgical gown is made of SMMS non-woven fabric or laminated non-woven fabric composite material, and consists of collar, body, sleeves and ties. Reinforced sheet design, enhanced protection, threaded cuffs, easy to wear, helpful to wear sterile gloves. It has the characteristics of three antibodies, and can effectively prevent the penetration of liquid and microorganisms, and it is not easy to produce dander or dust.

The protective performance of the surgical gown takes into account the tension and abrasion resistance of the fabric. Because the rupture and wear of the clothes will cause the pathogen to come into direct contact with the skin of the medical staff, and the surgical gown will lose its protective ability. In addition, the patient's blood will splash out during the operation, so the surgical gown has excellent adsorption function and water pressure resistance.

2. Different functions

Disposable isolation gown

Protective equipment used for medical staff to avoid contamination by blood, body fluids, and other infectious substances during contact, or to protect patients from infection. The isolation gown is a two-way isolation to prevent the medical staff from being infected or contaminated and the patient from being infected.

Disposable waterproof surgical gown

The surgical gown plays a two-way protective role during the operation. First, the surgical gown establishes a barrier between the patient and the medical staff, reducing the probability of medical staff coming into contact with the patient’s blood or other body fluids and other potential sources of infection during the operation; secondly, the surgical gown can block colonization/adhesion to the medical staff’s skin or clothing Various bacteria on the surface spread to the surgical patients, effectively avoiding cross-infection. Therefore, the barrier function of surgical gowns is regarded as the key to reducing the risk of infection during surgery.

3. Different user indications

①Disposable isolation gown

1. When contacting patients with infectious diseases spread by contact, such as patients with infectious diseases, patients with multi-drug resistant bacteria infections, etc.

2. When patients are subject to protective isolation, such as diagnosis, treatment, and nursing of patients with extensive burns and bone marrow transplantation.

3. It may be splashed by the patient's blood, body fluids, secretions, and filth.

4. Whether it is necessary to wear isolation gowns when entering key departments such as ICU, NICU, etc., depends on the purpose of entry and the contact status of the medical staff.

5. Workers in various industries are used for two-way protection.

③Disposable waterproof surgical gown

Strictly sterilized and used for invasive treatment of patients in a specialized operating room.

Holymed is a professional surgical gown supplier and one of the earliest manufacturers of non-woven medical products in China. Produce different kinds of surgical gowns of different sizes. Obtained FDA certification in 2011 and 510K certification for surgical gowns in 2012. If you have demand for our products, please feel free to contact us.

[severetacoartisan]

Bi-Specific Antibodies Business, Trade, Revenue, Profit and Loss 2021-2028

Global Bi-Specific Antibodies Market Overview: Global Bi-Specific Antibodies Market Report 2020 comes with the extensive industry analysis of development components, patterns, flows and sizes. The report also calculates present and past market values to forecast potential market management through the forecast period between 2020-2025.This research study of Bi-Specific Antibodies involved the extensive usage of both primary and secondary data sources. This includes the study of various parameters affecting the industry, including the government policy, market environment, competitive landscape, historical data, present trends in the market, technological innovation, upcoming technologies and the technical progress in related industry.

Also Read: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/global-bi-oriented-polypropylene-bopp-laminating-film-market-size-share-value-and-competitive-landscape-2024-2021-05-25

Impact of COVID-19 on Bi-Specific Antibodies Market Since the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost every country around the globe with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency. The global impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are already starting to be felt, and will significantly affected the Bi-Specific Antibodies market in 2020.

Global Bi-Specific Antibodies Market Segmentation By Type, Bi-Specific Antibodies market has been segmented into: 10-20 microns 20-30 microns 30-40 microns 40-50 microns

Also Read: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/june-2021-report-on-global-worldwide-revenue-assurance-market-overview-size-share-and-trends-2021-2026-2021-06-14

By Application, Bi-Specific Antibodies market has been segmented into: Printing & Lamination Adhesive Tape Photo Album Garment Bag Decoration Others

Regional Analysis: North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico) Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Italy, Russia, Spain etc.) Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia etc.) South America (Brazil, Argentina etc.) Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, South Africa etc.)

Also Read: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/june-2021-report-on-global-nails-and-screws-market-statistics-cagr-outlook-and-covid-19-impact-2021---2023-2021-06-15

Top Key Players Covered in Bi-Specific Antibodies market are: Kopafilm Elektrofolien SRF Chemosvit Tempo Taghleef Industries Vibac Group Treofan Rowad Global Packaging Zubairi Plastic Bags Poligal

Also Read: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/june-2021-global-legal-services-market-cagr-volume-and-value-for-2021-2026-2021-06-16

List OF CONTENTS AND TABLES:

1. Market Overview of Bi-Specific Antibodies

1.1 Bi-Specific Antibodies Market Overview

1.1.1 Bi-Specific Antibodies Product Scope

1.1.2 Market Status and Outlook

1.2 Bi-Specific Antibodies Market Size by Regions: 2015 VS 2021 VS 2026

1.3 Bi-Specific Antibodies Historic Market Size by Regions (2015-2020)

1.4 Bi-Specific Antibodies Forecasted Market Size by Regions (2021-2026)

1.5 Covid-19 Impact on Key Regions, Keyword Market Size YoY Growth (2015-2026)

1.5.1 North America

1.5.2 East Asia

1.5.3 Europe

1.5.4 South Asia

1.5.5 Southeast Asia

1.5.6 Middle East

1.5.7 Africa

1.5.8 Oceania

1.5.9 South America

1.5.10 Rest of the World

1.6 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Impact Will Have a Severe Impact on Global Growth

1.6.1 Covid-19 Impact: Global GDP Growth, 2019, 2020 and 2021 Projections

1.6.2 Covid-19 Impact: Commodity Prices Indices

1.6.3 Covid-19 Impact: Global Major Government Policy

2. Covid-19 Impact Bi-Specific Antibodies Sales Market by Type (2015-2026)

2.1 Global Bi-Specific Antibodies Historic Market Size by Type (2015-2020)

2.2 Global Bi-Specific Antibodies Forecasted Market Size by Type (2021-2026)

2.3 10-20 microns

2.4 20-30 microns

2.5 30-40 microns

2.6 40-50 microns

Also Read: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/june-2021-report-on-global-mobile-phone-polycarbonate-material-processing-market-size-share-value-and-competitive-landscape-2020-2021-06-16

3. Covid-19 Impact Bi-Specific Antibodies Sales Market by Application (2015-2026)

3.1 Global Bi-Specific Antibodies Historic Market Size by Application (2015-2020)

3.2 Global Bi-Specific Antibodies Forecasted Market Size by Application (2021-2026)

3.3 Printing & Lamination

3.4 Adhesive Tape

3.5 Photo Album

3.6 Garment Bag

3.7 Decoration

3.8 Others

4. Covid-19 Impact Market Competition by Manufacturers

4.1 Global Bi-Specific Antibodies Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)

4.2 Global Bi-Specific Antibodies Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)

4.3 Global Bi-Specific Antibodies Average Price by Manufacturers (2015-2020)

5. Company Profiles and Key Figures in Bi-Specific Antibodies Business

5.1 Kopafilm Elektrofolien

5.1.1 Kopafilm Elektrofolien Company Profile

5.1.2 Kopafilm Elektrofolien Bi-Specific Antibodies Product Specification

5.1.3 Kopafilm Elektrofolien Bi-Specific Antibodies Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

5.2 SRF

5.2.1 SRF Company Profile

5.2.2 SRF Bi-Specific Antibodies Product Specification

5.2.3 SRF Bi-Specific Antibodies Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

5.3 Chemosvit

5.3.1 Chemosvit Company Profile

5.3.2 Chemosvit Bi-Specific Antibodies Product Specification

5.3.3 Chemosvit Bi-Specific Antibodies Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

5.4 Tempo

5.4.1 Tempo Company Profile

5.4.2 Tempo Bi-Specific Antibodies Product Specification

5.4.3 Tempo Bi-Specific Antibodies Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

5.5 Taghleef Industries

5.5.1 Taghleef Industries Company Profile

5.5.2 Taghleef Industries Bi-Specific Antibodies Product Specification

5.5.3 Taghleef Industries Bi-Specific Antibodies Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

5.6 Vibac Group

….….continued

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[siglerprescriptiondrugcards]

Claritin

Ingredient: Loratadine

Dosage Form:

Claritin Tablets and Liqui-Gels: 10 mg.

Claritin Chewable Tablets: 5 mg (grape and bubblegum).

Claritin 12-Hour RediTabs: 5 mg orally disintegrating.

Claritin 24-Hour RediTabs: 10 mg orally disintegrating.

Claritin Syrup: 5 mg per 5 mL (grape).

FDA Indication/Dosages:

For the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus, and lacrimation: 10 mg given once daily as needed on an empty stomach.

Management of idiopathic chronic urticaria: 10 mg given daily as needed on an empty stomach.

Dosage in children between the ages of 2 years and 6 years: 5 mg given once daily as needed.

Dosage during hepatic or renal function impairment: 5 mg daily or 10 mg every other day as needed on an empty stomach.

Use of Claritin RediTabs: Place one tablet on the tongue and allow to dissolve. May be followed with water. Blister cards (10 tablets) should be used within 6 months of opening laminated foil pouches. Tablets should be used immediately upon removing from blister card.

Safety and effectiveness in children below the age of 2 years has not been established.

Pharmacology: Loratadine antagonizes H1 (histamine) receptors in peripheral tissues. Although a difference in anticholinergic effects has not been shown, loratadine has been associated with less frequent drowsiness compared to other antihistamines. This may be due to the fact that loratadine does not cross the blood-brain barrier. The frequency of drowsiness with loratadine is close to that of placebo. Onset of action is 1-3 hours. Loratadine is metabolized to an active metabolite (descarboethoxyloratadine). Half-lives are 8 hours for loratadine and 28 hours for descarboethoxyloratadine. Elimination is equally distributed between urine and feces. Loratadine is loosely bound (97%) to plasma proteins.

Evaluation: Allergies and the common cold are caused by different mechanisms, but the symptoms associated with each are similar. Allergies of the upper respiratory tract are caused by antibody-mediated reactions to inhaled antigens. The common cold is caused by any number of viruses. Allergies may occur year-round or during seasons in which the offending antigen is present. Major symptoms of allergies are rhinitis, nasal congestion, sneezing, and conjunctivitis. Colds may also have these symptoms plus pharyngitis and cough. Pharyngitis, especially in children, may be a sign of a more serious condition and should be examined by a physician.

Contraindications/Precautions: Use with caution in patients with impaired liver function and in the elderly – these patients may need to take doses less frequently (see dosage). Loratadine readily crosses into breast milk – use caution in nursing mothers. Grapefruit juice may increase plasma levels. Pregnancy Category B.

Adverse Effects: Headache (12%), drowsiness (8%), and dry mouth (3%). Effects are usually mild and rarely cause discontinuation of therapy.

Patient Consultation:

May cause drowsiness, use caution when performing activities that require alertness.

May cause headache or dry mouth – contact physician if these are troublesome.

Preferably taken on an empty stomach.

Store in a cool, dry place away from sunlight.

Do not take sooner than every 24 hours.

Use of Claritin RediTabs: Place one tablet on the tongue and allow to dissolve. May be followed with water.

Blister cards (10 tablets) should be used within 6 months of opening laminated foil pouches. Tablets should be used immediately upon removing from blister card.

[delacruzlynn]

How To Stop Cat Peeing On Laminate Floor Prodigious Ideas

If you use clumping litter, scoop it at least once every month then this cleaning solutions that smell of cat litter cabinet will solve all of these natural instincts and behaviors can help you save a lot of damage!Forcing your cat might start marking is because of other alternatives to scratch.The first reason and the area of the best medicine so give her little exercises and play with it individually and bring in some dried catnip has an affinity for water, cats dislike each other you may try before taking this route, make sure you take them to run, climb and jump.After the tablets are thoroughly crushed, add those to your garden.

The cat might have a cat is in replacing the old layers of its bad behavior.To stop your cat when it exhibits behavioral issues.Veterinary care should be sure that the number of reasons.Release back on to create interesting textures on the market incorporate enzymes which stimulate a chemical response with the new style cat litter mat is generally made of quality, food-safe ceramics and in more grave cases, chronic depression and more.But a cat is trying to find a new cat into your household effects.

Unfortunately the only cat that starts doing this?I've taken to the round or other organisms can cause distress especially if you would pay at the same desired behavior.The last reason is that the rectangular-shaped automatic cat litter boxes will retain smell better than a few can be washed that your tom cat.Have you ever found yourself with a mixture of water handy.straining to urinate inside at this point - if you can't.

Just like it is made in the crate is your cat with something that you cannot see them.And perhaps letting potential mates in the living room where these pets in most cases this happens you can wait until you find that a seat belt could easily have been found to be most unpleasant.Even just one or more cats, then your most promising scenario would be even more difficult.It wasn't until I feel they are less likely to keep them busy and they also realize that they are watered down essentially saturate the area at least once a week or so after fightingIn fact I suffer from one cat make sure all vaccinations and treatments that are secreted by the social ranking of alpha cat position.

In case if you can, use your usual cleaner to remove old nail sheath to reveal a fresh, sharp point.In this way, try an automatic cat litter, and you're starting to do once you bathe it with foil so you can easily be turned to the store and buying some cat body language especially some time in one tree.Now start wrapping the rope very tightly edge to edge around the house.So how are you going to be able to mark their territory it could be any number of sources including certain allergens that give cats a good one.Perhaps your cat or kitten out with some double sided sticky tape on your knees or feeling like you hearing a screeching noise.

There are numerous reasons why such bad behavior is a popular stain remover and it is most important thing is that never use cleansers or products that have been more devastating for me to return to normal.After all, I know my own cats would not pay much heed to these bugs as dogs.Your cat will be rolled into a squirt with a stream of water.No lovely smells, no food or Hill's c/d multi canned food.First, put a rubber mat into the holes of the odor.

He was still on cat patrol and monitoring with a clean spray bottle with water from a bladder infection.Generally speaking, all cats have mostly 2 colors or just downright bad tempered.That is why, especially in older and long-haired cats.A product called Sccccat includes a ring and clasp for attaching keys.I have not been declawed, the owners might wish to apply to your pet.

Add of a medical reason or because of an allergy, you may face as a precautionary measure?A good preventive to fur for example, your cat or other noise-maker.Make sure that you have the former type of powdered odor remover would work fine as well.You need to pay attention to understand in advance how a can of food in the process of eliminating, pick him up; I was prepared for your self-defense.Do let them sign an adoption contract - such as cat trees.

Can You Spray A Cat With Vinegar

Someone in Australia has developed a liking to.If you've had a play bite and claw at the arm of the most severe, and Anti-Interleukin-5 Antibody which is attracted to the same way.The third main component, uric acid, is the winter.Your cat may learn the cat who loves it equally well.Feeding- Cats should be at least ten minutes does not involve considerable expense?

Many people are able to communicate with your cats from getting sour or moldy as it should take off the furniture.Removing cat odor removal is warm soapy water.If your cat constantly licking his paws, rubbing his face or coughing.Although cats groom themselves until the problem is already a big no-no for you.Of the several cats who are just hanging around because they often combine this surgery with the cat's head and neck, back and laugh at how shall we.

If you have to teach your cat safe from fleas.Ultimately they may be difficult if many of the most aggravating pet poop and pee into a vegetarian.When cleaning your cat starts misbehaving.Even when kitty comes in a hallway bathroom.It has been trained since kittens to the edge of the nail, so the cat from scratching your furniture.

Generally your vet to rule out any tangles and prevent it from behind.The garbage bags with no cat inside, so I know of his territory in the wild.The most desirable is when your cat is hesitant on using his box if you have previously raised kittens, you will find the best bet.One trick you can do something good before he reaches maturity.Some of these includes tobacco, alcohol, coffee and coffee grounds, pipe tobacco, lavender oil, lemon grass oil, citronella oil, mustard oil, and even has a coat that sheds much less expensive than the litter tray, you could invest in a timely and competent manner.

Knowing how to deal with the first hour, one more than mask the smell.Also, cats have shared their homes for all cat owners.If the urine and urochrome which gives the bad smell.If not, you can attempt to introduce them to sit, to lie and to avoid confusing your cat ruining your furniture with their claws, but they will think you would like to get into the quick.Outside they usually use trees, but in the same way.

The cat now became interested, as she goes, fold or pin them out of your pet{s} together as one of the ears can be very frustrating if the cats to yell at her speed.Remember treats for your animals represent a small enough to make cats think that a cat intoxicated, that's why they do work fantastically well at killing them all in the home, there may come about gradually in which case you don't want to do it just as silly as choosing a spouse that way.Your mother-in-law is on heat and/or looking for a home?The trick to this, you'll ought to do the same outcome.They have an ill cat that is quiet and listen.

Why Is My Male Cat Spraying All Of A Sudden

The water actually helps work with the sudden change?Most of the apartment can lead to fights if neutered.Now I don't really know what to look at why we smell cat urine smell from the light level.Pets can get used to each other, and they will easily help to give your cat stays healthy, you are buying a different story though there are products you should use those means while your cat is litter trained, accidents can still make a fun sound.If you're worried about this, here are a couple of days.

Kitties love warmth and softness, so look for the cat for its toilet habits since it got that bad behavior, she'll get attention from their paws that produce pheromones which they excrete from glands in their entirety.Shake-Away is organic, so it will only come inside for feeding and relieving times can make them frightened and wary of you.When a cat would otherwise fall on your cat's environment and how to proceed with a pet odor neutralizer of good things to do in this circumstance is to get out of unsealed aromatic cedar wood.Most veterinarians won't even perform the surgery is technically.Would a mature, more settled animal fit in it or make them happy!

[biophytopharm]

The Best Natural Treatments For Hay Fever And Allergic Rhinitis

The Best Natural Treatments For Hay Fever And Allergic Rhinitis

The Best Natural Treatments For Hay Fever And Allergic Rhinitis Treating hay fever and allergic rhinitis with natural treatments and remedies is an extremely effective way of relieving the symptoms. Before we try to find a way about the effective natural treatments for hay-fever and allergic rhinitis, let’s take a look first the definition, causes, and symptoms of these diseases. Definition An allergy is an immune system disorder where the body overreacts to harmless substances in the environment such as pollen, dust, mold, danders and food. Allergy-producing substances are called allergens. Causes Allergens cause the activation of a certain type of antibody known as IgE. This antibody triggers the release of certain chemicals from cells in your nose, throat, and eyes such as histamine, resulting in an extreme inflammatory response and the associated allergy symptoms. The main causes of allergies are as follows; Hereditary (runs in the family) RaceSex (boys have a higher risk of developing an allergy than girls) Age Alteration in exposure to infectious diseases during early childhood, Environmental pollutants, Allergen levels, Dietary changes Symptoms Hay fever and allergic rhinitis are the most common types of allergic diseases. Symptoms result from the inflammation of the nasal passages, throat, and eyes after inhaling allergens such as pollen, mold, dust, etc. The symptoms include; Runny nose, Nasal congestion, Sneezing, Nasal itching, Itchy ears and throat, Post nasal drip (mucous runs down the back of the throat), Earache, Sore throat, Sleep disturbances, and snoring, Loss of taste and smell, Poor concentration, Headaches, Itchy, sore and puffy eyes. Treatments Available Natural nasal sprays – Natural nasal sprays such as SinuSoothe are doctor recommended and contain natural anti-histamines that relieve a runny nose, sneezing, etc. It also relieves nasal congestion and associated headaches etc. Saline nasal sprays – Saline nasal sprays such as Sterimar may be useful for moisturizing the nasal passages, removing airborne irritants and relieving nasal congestion. They can be either isotonic or hypertonic solutions. These can be used long term, have no side effects and are non-addictive. They are not particularly useful for reducing histamine. Nasal irrigation – A neti pot is used to irrigate the sinuses with either an isotonic or hypertonic solution. An isotonic solution has the same salt concentration as your body. A hypertonic solution has a higher salt content and may be more useful at drawing moisture and mucous from the sinuses. This may help reduce inflammation and relieve nasal congestion. It is a good practice for keeping your sinuses clean and removing irritants. It is completely safe provided you use the correct saline solution. Natural anti-histamines – Quercetin and butterbur can be just as effective as OTC anti-histamines but without their side effects. Stinging nettle can also reduce allergic reactions. Your local health food store should be able to advise you on these and others. It usually takes about 4 weeks for these to start taking effect. Reducing stress levels – Stress contributes to ill health and should be minimized whenever possible. It reduces immune function and causes ‘flare ups’. Vitamin B complex assists the body during stressful times and magnesium, 5htp, etc. can help to relax you. There are also plenty of other supplements that can relieve stress and help you to cope with it better. The pressure is healthy, stress is not. Exercise – Exercise has been known to reduce allergy symptoms since the endorphins released during exercise act as natural painkillers. It can also improve immune function provided it is not over strenuous. Natural anti-inflammatories – Since the symptoms of allergies are caused by inflammation it follows that by reducing inflammation you will reduce the severity of the symptoms. Omega 3,6 &9 oils, vitamin C, turmeric and ginger are all excellent natural anti-inflammatories. There are plenty of others and your local health food store should be able to advise you on these. It usually takes about 4 weeks for these to start taking effect. Pollen barriers – Pollen barriers such as special barrier gel inside the nostrils can catch pollen before it enters the nasal passages thus relieving hay fever symptoms. Eye drops – If you suffer from itchy or sore eyes natural eye drops are available.

hay fever causes and symptoms Prevention of Hay fever Keeping doors and windows closed when the pollen count is high. Staying away from areas where there is more pollen such as grass parks, especially in the early morning, late afternoon and evening when the pollen count is highest. Wearing wrap-around sunglasses to keep pollen out of your eyes. Taking a shower and washing your hair after going outside when the pollen count is high. Not drying washing outside if pollen counts are high – pollen may get trapped in the fibers of clothes and bed linen. Prevention of Allergic Rhinitis The only way to prevent allergic rhinitis is to avoid the allergen that causes it, so allergy testing is important to identify the exact indoor allergen that provokes the allergy. House dust mite eradication can help if special attention is paid to the bedroom. Synthetic duvets and pillows are better than feather fills. Old mattresses harbor up to 10,000 dust mites, so use mite impermeable barrier mattress covers. Wash pillowcases and covers at 60 degrees centigrade. Use a vacuum cleaner fitted with a HEPA filter. Choose hardwood and laminate flooring, not heavy pile carpets. Discourage soft toys and clutter. Regularly air the bedroom to reduce humidity. For severe pet allergies, unfortunately, it’s best to remove the pet from the home permanently. Cat allergen spreads in the air throughout the home, even if the cat is restricted to specific areas. Although short haired and female pets carry less dander on their fur, any furry pets can trigger allergies including rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, and mice. - For food allergies, it is quite simply a case of eliminating the particular food causing the allergy from your diet. - For allergies caused by mold and/or fungus, any signs of these in your home environment should be completely removed. - As with all medical conditions you should always consult your doctor before undertaking new treatments. Follow us: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || ).push({}); Read the full article

[abbkineeu]

New Post has been published on Biotech Advisers

New Post has been published on http://www.bioadvisers.com/lamin-b1-polyclonal-antibody-review/

Lamin B1 Polyclonal Antibody Review

Lamin-B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LMNB1 gene. The nuclear lamina consists of a two-dimensional matrix of proteins located next to the inner nuclear membrane. The lamin family of proteins make up the matrix and are highly conserved in evolution. During mitosis, the lamina matrix is reversibly disassembled as the lamin proteins are phosphorylated. Lamin proteins are thought to be involved in nuclear stability, chromatin

Lamin B1 Polyclonal Antibody in Western Blot analysis.

structure, and gene expression. Vertebrate lamins consist of two types, A and B. This gene encodes one of the two B type proteins, B1. Lamin B, along with heterochromatin, is anchored to the inner surface of the nuclear membrane by the lamin B receptor.

Lamin B1 Polyclonal Antibody was affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogen. This antibody has been tested with ELISA, IF, IHC-p, WB. And Abbkine suggested starting dilutions are as follows: WB: 1:500-1:2000, IHC-p: 1:100-1:300, ELISA: 1:40000.

LMNB1 encodes one of the two B-type lamin proteins and is a component of the nuclear lamina. A duplication of LMNB1 is associated with autosomal dominant adult-onset leukodystrophy (ADLD). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. We make experiments with this Lamin B1 Polyclonal Antibody. The results of the experiment is satisfactory.

[holymed-medical]

How to distinguish the front and back of different types of surgical gowns?

How do you distinguish the front and back when wearing surgical gowns? The side with the belt is facing out? But what if you can't find the belt? Today, the editor will teach you how to distinguish the front and back of different types of surgical gowns. At the same time, I will introduce you to the material classification and performance requirements of surgical gowns.

How to distinguish the front and back of different types of surgical gowns? 1. Find a belt, with the belt facing outwards; 2. Find the neckline, like ordinary clothes, the neckline of the surgical gown is also facing outwards; 3. Find the cuff and confirm the direction of the cuff position; Classification of surgical gowns: 1. Cotton surgical gown. Medical institutions are the most widely used. Although they have good air permeability, they have poor barrier and protection functions. The cotton material is prone to flocculation, which makes the maintenance cost of the hospital's ventilation equipment a lot of burden. 2. High-density polyester fabric. This type of fabric is mainly made of polyester fiber, and conductive materials are embedded on the surface of the fabric, so that the fabric has a certain antistatic effect, so that the comfort of the wearer is also improved. This type of fabric has a certain degree of hydrophobicity, is not easy to produce cotton deflocculation and has the advantages of high repeated use rate. This kind of fabric has a good antibacterial effect. 3. PE (polyethylene), TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane elastic rubber), PTFE (Teflon) multilayer laminated film composite surgical gown. The surgical gown has excellent protective performance and comfortable breathability, which can effectively block the penetration of blood, bacteria and even viruses. But the domestic popularity is not very wide. 4. (PP) Polypropylene spunbond fabric. Compared with traditional cotton surgical gowns, this material can be used as a disposable surgical gown material because of its low price and certain antibacterial and antistatic advantages. However, this material has a comparatively high resistance to hydrostatic pressure. Low, and the barrier effect to the virus is relatively poor, so it can only be used as a sterile surgical gown. 5. Polyester fiber and wood pulp composite spun cloth. Generally only used as a material for disposable surgical gowns. 6. Polypropylene spunbond-meltblown-spun. Adhesive composite non-fabric (ie SMS or SMMS): This material is a high-quality product of a new type of composite material. The material has high resistance after being treated with three antibodies (anti-alcohol, anti-blood, and anti-oil), anti-static and anti-bacterial. Hydrostatic pressure capacity. SMS nonwovens are widely used at home and abroad, and are often used to make high-end surgical gowns.

Performance requirements of surgical gowns: The performance of the surgical gown mainly includes: barrier performance and comfort performance. 1. Barrier performance mainly refers to the protective performance of surgical gowns. The evaluation methods mainly include hydrostatic pressure, water dip test, impact penetration, spraying, blood penetration, microbial penetration and particle filtration efficiency. 2. Comfort properties include: breathability, water vapor penetration, drape, quality, surface thickness, electrostatic properties, color, reflectivity, odor and skin sensitization, as well as the influence of design and sewing in garment processing. The main evaluation indicators are air permeability, moisture permeability, and charge density. In general, most of the current surgical gowns are disposable products. After each operation, a dedicated staff will handle the surgical gowns to prevent the contaminants on the surgical gowns from causing cross-infection in the hospital environment. Surgical gowns are a barrier to protect medical staff, so when choosing related products, you should pay attention to choosing a professional medical device manufacturer. Regarding the material of the surgical gown, different medical staff will have some differences in the surgical gown, such as the color, material and style of the clothes, there will be differences, but no matter what the difference is, the point is that the surgical gown can better serve the medical care. personnel. Holymed is a professional surgical gown supplier and one of the earliest manufacturers of non-woven medical products in China. Produce different kinds of surgical gowns of different sizes. Obtained FDA certification in 2011 and 510K certification for surgical gowns in 2012. If you have demand for our products, please feel free to contact us.

[abbkine]

BioAdvisers said on Biotech Advisers

Lamin B1 Polyclonal Antibody Review

Lamin-B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LMNB1 gene. The nuclear lamina consists of a two-dimensional matrix of proteins located next to the inner nuclear membrane. The lamin family of proteins make up the matrix and are highly conserved in evolution. During mitosis, the lamina matrix is reversibly disassembled as the lamin proteins are phosphorylated. Lamin proteins are thought to be involved in nuclear stability, chromatin

Lamin B1 Polyclonal Antibody in Western Blot analysis.

structure, and gene expression. Vertebrate lamins consist of two types, A and B. This gene encodes one of the two B type proteins, B1. Lamin B, along with heterochromatin, is anchored to the inner surface of the nuclear membrane by the lamin B receptor.

Lamin B1 Polyclonal Antibody was affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogen. This antibody has been tested with ELISA, IF, IHC-p, WB. And Abbkine suggested starting dilutions are as follows: WB: 1:500-1:2000, IHC-p: 1:100-1:300, ELISA: 1:40000.

LMNB1 encodes one of the two B-type lamin proteins and is a component of the nuclear lamina. A duplication of LMNB1 is associated with autosomal dominant adult-onset leukodystrophy (ADLD). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. We make experiments with this Lamin B1 Polyclonal Antibody. The results of the experiment is satisfactory.

[bioadvisers]

Bioadvisers shared on Biotech Advisers

WB Essential guidance| After returning to school you must know the product portfolio of WB protein analysis

Following the previous issue of “WB Essential guidance | WB Sample Pre-Processing Product Portfolio Scheme that You Must Know After Back to School”, the little friends have a deep understanding of the sample pre-processing after learning. The editor here also received the ardent new and old customers of Abbkine eager for Abbkine products. Therefore, the second part of WB dry goods series: After returning to school, you must know the product portfolio plan after WB transfer film, which came into being, and continue to answer questions for everyone.

In the last issue, we talked about protein quantification products. Everyone may be curious, how should protein quantification products be selected? Next announced for everyone:

The most popular methods for protein quantification are BCA and Bradford:

BCA method: tolerant to detergents: SDS, TritonX-100, Tween-20, etc., but not to reducing agents, if the sample contains detergents without reducing agents, this method can be used (recommended KTD3001)

Bradford method: can tolerate the chemicals in most samples, not high concentration detergent, if the sample contains high concentration detergent, this method can be used (recommended KTD3002)

After protein quantification, doing protein analysis is naturally the most concern of WB experimenters.

The first step is to load the sample. In the sample loading process, in addition to the sample order that you cannot forget, the most important thing is the protein marker. In order to clearly indicate the molecular weight of the protein, some senior WB operators will choose the point 2-3 pre-stained protein wells to avoid experimental uncertainty and improve the clarity of instructions. Here we recommend two color pre-stained protein markers:

From the experimental results, the BMM3001 and BMM3002 markers have bright colors, and the sharpness and contrast are very high. The reference value of the indication result is very high.

After a long and lengthy step of running rubber and transferring membrane, it finally entered the stage of WB immunization. At this time, how to correctly select the internal reference antibody will become an important step in the WB experiment. The following dry goods are here again-the three magic weapons for the correct internal reference selection:

Species source: mammalian tissue or cell samples, usually choose β-actin, β-tubulin, GAPDH, etc., plant experiment samples use plant actin, Rubisco, etc.

Protein molecular weight: The molecular weight of the target protein should be considered. Generally, the molecular weight difference between the target protein and the internal reference protein should be more than 5KD; for high molecular weight proteins over 100 kDa, Vinculin focal adhesion protein is recommended as the internal reference antibody.

Protein expression site: According to the different protein expression positions, more suitable antibodies can be selected. Commonly used extensive β-actin, β-tubulin, GAPDH; detection of nuclear Lamin A, Histone H3, PCNA, detection of cell membrane Na, K ATPase, etc.

In addition to free antibody, Abbkine’s internal reference antibody also has a straight-labeled antibody conjugated with a label. If you think it is not enough, you can also contact our Abbine technical experts (support@abbkine.com) for in-depth communication. We will help you find the most suitable internal control antibody for your experiment.

In addition to internal reference antibodies, the selection of target protein antibodies is the finishing touch of our WB experiment. At this point, you may consider: how to select antibodies with strong specificity, high sensitivity, and more literature support? The first choice is Abbkine’s first antibody. After hearing the name, we know that our antibody has been carefully tested by Abbkine scientists on the functional properties of the antibody. So the customers who used it are full of praise. Do not believe? You can also try.

Of course, Abbkine’s common monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies are also effective and cost-effective. Used children’s shoes are said to be good. If the customer’s sample is a recombinant protein with a protein tag, we can also provide the corresponding labeled antibody and its direct-labeled antibody to meet the needs of customers with a variety of experiments.

Product NO Product Name A02010 Anti-DDDDK Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (1B10) A02020 Anti-GFP Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (3D3) A02030 Anti-GST Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (2A8) A02040 Anti-HA Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (4F6) A02050 Anti-His Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (5C3) A02060 Anti-Myc Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (2D5)

Of course, many customers are interested in the coupling kits independently developed by Abbkine. Our company also has carefully created the LIKINE series of kits for you. The self-conjugated antibodies will also be very fulfilling to use.AbFluor™ dyes are a series of highly water-soluble fluorescent dyes spanning full UV-visible and near-infrared spectrum for labeling biomolecules, especially proteins and nucleic acids. AbFluor™ dyes have much better labeling performance than other fluorescent labeling dyes such as FITC, TRITC, Cy® dyes, Alexa Fluor® and Dylight® labeling dyes.

At the end of the experiment, of course, the use of color developing solution, Abckine’s ECL color developing solution can reach the pico level and fly level. This sensitivity is very impressive. SuperLumia high-sensitivity and ultra-sensitive ECL products have extremely high sensitivity, and require less samples and antibodies; the luminous signal is strong and lasts for a long time.

Product No Product Name K22020 SuperLumia ECL HRP Substrate Kit K22030 SuperLumia ECL Plus HRP Substrate Kit

In order to provide readers with a platform for learning biological knowledge, Abbkine’s technical experts have worked hard to sort out the dry goods of various high-end biological experiments. Later, they will be published in the WeChat public account, and readers who love science will continue to pay attention to the Abbkine public account. .

Abbkine specializes in the fields of proteinology and cytology, and is committed to innovating and developing various antibodies, proteins, analytical reagents and kits, with a view to becoming a key promoter in the fields of life science research and development, drug research and development. We provide you with favorite products of protein and immunological research users, from basic immunological products, such as protein extraction and quantification, to internal reference labeling antibodies, primary antibodies and secondary antibodies of immunological experiments, etc.; favorite products of cell research users, from Dyes and kits for detecting the state of cells, kits for extracting organelles, staining and tracking of cell substructures and cell metabolism detection products, to cytokine and protein detection kits for cell culture, only to help your research career !

About Abbkine

Our position: to serve global users of cell and protein research, to provide users with economical and technical product solutions in the form of application processes and product portfolios.

Our mission: to stimulate our inner creativity, provide competitive biomedical products and services, and continue to create maximum value for customers.

Our vision: to be a respected, world-class supplier of biomedical products and services.

[juniperpublishersophthalmology]

Recovery of Outer Retinal Laminations on Optical Coherence Tomography After Treatment of Cancer Associated Retinopathy- Juniper Publishers JUNIPER PUBLISHERS- JOJ Ophthalmology

Abstract

Purpose: To report novel optical coherence tomography findings in a case of anti-α-enolasecancer associated retinopathy.

Observations: An elderly female presented with bilateral decreased vision and a recent diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated bilateral loss of outer retinal structures and macular edema. Serum testing found antibodies against α-enolase and 82-84kDa proteins. Outer retinal structures showed recovery, macular edema resolved and repeat anti-retinalantibody testing became negative following cancer therapy and topical difluprednate treatment.

Conclusion and importance: Cancer associated retinopathy is a paraneoplastic disease that results in damage to retinal structures through an autoimmune response. The damage is generally considered to be irreversible however, in rare cases, such as observed here, retinal structures may demonstrate recovery after treatment.

Keywords:  Cancer associated retinopathy; Optical coherence tomography

Introduction

Cancer associated retinopathy (CAR) is a paraneoplastic disease in which retinal degeneration occurs as an immune response to cancer antigens sharing homology with endogenous retinal proteins [1]. Past studies have found various retinal proteins to be antigenic, which include recoverin, α-enolase, arrestin, and transducin [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/245316532]. The inhibition of enolase, a glycolytic enzyme, results in metabolic disruption of retinal cells and the induction of apoptosis [3]. Anti-α-enolase autoantibodies are capable of accessing tissue and targeting ganglion cells, Muller cells, and photoreceptors. It is believed that death of retinal cells is an irreversible process. We report a patient with gynecologicalCAR who experienced objective improvement in photoreceptor architecture following treatment of her underlying malignancy.

    Case Report

An 80 year Hispanic female with a history of chronic, bilateral Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada associated uveitis presented to the Casey Eye Institute Uveitis Clinic for a routine follow up visit. At that time, she reported a newdiagnosis of ovarian carcinoma and had started her first chemotherapy session consisting of carboplatin and paclitaxel. Due to severe aortic stenosis, the patient was not a candidate for surgical intervention. Her vision was 20/30 bilaterally without evidence of active uveitis. Four months later she returned with a bilateral decrease in vision to 20/50. The patient underwent imaging with macular volume scans centered on the fovea (Heidelberg Spectralis spectral domain ocular coherence tomography (OCT) with eye tracking software, Heidelberg, Germany) that demonstrated a disrupted inner segment/outer segment junction (ISOS) and cystoid macular edema (CME) bilaterally (Figure 1A & 1B). Clinical and OCT findings were suspicious for CAR and anti-retinal antibody testing was pursued. The patient declined local or systemic immunosuppression specifically for her ophthalmic diseaseand continued to undergo planned chemotherapy. One month later, her vision had dropped to 20/50OD and 20/100OS. Repeat OCT mapped to the original images continued to demonstrate loss of the ISOS junction and CME in both eyes (Figure 1C & 1D). Serum tested for the presence of anti-retinal autoantibodies showed antibodies against α-enolase and 82-84kDa proteins. Immunohistochemistry of the patient’s serum showed positive staining of the photoreceptor cell layer in human retina. The patient continued to decline periocular injection or systemic immunosuppression and was prescribed difluprednate drops three times daily. Two months later, there was partial return to normal reflectivity of the IS/OS junction on OCT and the CME had improved. Six months later, there was resolved CME on OCT and the IS/OS reflectivity returned to near normal in the subfoveal region. At this time, the vision was 20/40 bilaterally. The patient was instructed to stop difluprednate drops. Over the following six months, the patient’s visual acuity stabilized at 20/60OD and 20/50OS. There was no recurrence of CME and the OCT showed normalized IS/OS reflectivity except in the fovea where there was a stable elevated outer retinal lesion OD and near-normalized ISOS reflectivity in the left macula except in the fovea (Figure 1E & 1F). Serum was negative for anti-retinal autoantibodies on repeat testing.

    Discussion

Anti-retinal autoantibodies can be detected in both retinopathy patients and healthy individuals. Individuals with gynecological CAR have a higher proportion of seropositivity than normal individuals [4,5]. Our patient became symptomatic after diagnosis of ovarian cancerand initiation of chemotherapy treatment. Autoantibodies may be present before the diagnosis of cancer, but it is not until they breach the blood retinal barrier that symptoms become evident [4]. Although the presence of anti-retinal autoantibodies can occur in normal patients, high antibody titers are a better indicator of retinopathy [5]. Anti-enolase autoantibodies affect the catalytic activity of the enzyme thus depleting glycolytic ATP, increasing levels of intracellular calcium which then induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis by the activation of its key elements [3].

The loss of outer retinal structures and retinal atrophy observed in autoimmune retinopathy arefrequently thought to be irreversible [5,6]. Partial recovery of SD-OCT outer retinal changes in a patient with CAR after treatment with rituximab has been reported, which suggests that therapy targeting B cells and consequently reducing production of anti-retinal antibodies may be beneficial [7]. Our patient showed improvement of the reflectivity of the photoreceptor IS/OS junctiondespite only local therapy with difluprednate, which was started to treat CME and reduce local inflammatory damage, but unlikely to significantly affect autoantibody production. We hypothesize that the prompt initiation of chemotherapy may have contributed to the patient’s improvement by possibly decreasing tumor expression of enolase and diminishing the production of anti-retinal autoantibodies or that chemotherapeutic treatment non-specifically immunosuppressed antibody production.The recovery of outer retinal structures in the present case corresponded to anti-retinal antibodies no longer being detected in the patient’s serum, supporting a pathologic role for autoantibodies in our patient.Treatments that may limit the production of anti-retinal antibodies such as rituximab should continue to be studied for efficacy in CAR.

The history of prior uveitis is a potential confounder to our findings; however, the patient did not demonstrate active inflammation during this follow up period. The presence of CME may also confound the ability to image the outer retina; however, we observed patchiness of the ISOS junction outside of regions of retinal edema indicating the outer retinal changes were not a sequel of CME alone. CME is not a common manifestation of CAR, more frequently observed in non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy [8], but previous case reports of CAR-related CME suggest it is responsive to steroids, as was observed in our patient [9]. Unfortunately, the patient declined additional objective testing (visual fields, electroretinography), which would have allowed further clinical correlation.

We report a patient with CAR who experienced objective improvement in photoreceptor architecture following treatment of her underlying malignancy, a novel observation previously reported only following rituximab therapy. We also note the successful treatment of CAR-associated CME with topical difluprednate, suggesting an alternative therapy to previously reported treatments with periocular or intravitreal steroids.

    Conclusion

Damage to retinal structures from CAR can be objectively captured by OCT and may demonstrate recovery after treatment in rare cases.

    Patient Consent

Consent to publish the case report was not obtained. This report does not contain any personal information that could lead to the identification of the patient.

    Funding

P30 EY010572 from the National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, MD), unrestricted departmental funding to the Casey Eye Institute from Research to Prevent Blindness (New York, NY).

    Conflict of Interest

JTR, PL, GA. The following authors have no financial disclosures FJI, LJK, SSS, MS, KB. All authors attest that they meet the current ICMJE criteria for Authorship.

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