#leo is a chemist confirmed

[leosmasktails]

Dose milk powder + milk = double milk

Nah, it would just be saturated milk flavored milk

Cause if you think about it you can take chocolate milk powder and milk, and it wouldn’t be double milk.

You’re just flavoring the milk.

So putting the milk powder in milk would just be flavoring the milk with milk flavor.

[tmnt-brave-new-world]

Prologue

He was running faster than he had ever moved before, his breaths came out in heavy pants. It wasn’t supposed to be like this. They had known going into this, there were damning consequences to failing. It simply wasn’t an option. Icy blue eyes gazed up at the sky as the pieces of Krang’s ship and dimensional gate loomed over the city of New York. It was forming a giant ring above them, and no one was willing to try and imagine what might come pouring forth once it did.

Humans couldn’t survive the atmospheric conditions from Donnie’s understanding, which meant it was up to them to stop this from happening. They were heading towards a building to try and determine the best way to stop the gate from fully forming, and additionally to use the high advantage point as a jumping off point to hopefully reach their intended target.

“Come on! We got this bros!” Mikey yelled excitedly before he took a running leap from the roof top, and landed on a piece of floating metal headed towards the giant conglomerate of moving parts, in the sky.

“Damn it Mikey! Don’t just rush in, you idiot!” Raph yelled after him, before following his lead and jumping on another piece of metal and machinery as it floated by. He would never admit how grateful he was for Mikey’s regular bouts of pure dumb luck.

It took longer than they had originally expected to reach the structure, and the fight with Krang himself was absolutely brutal. It didn’t help that they were down a man as Donnie attempted to override the protocols and force the override to disengage the pieces. They had thought that Shredder was a nightmare, but in retrospect he was nothing compared to this. They didn’t have the experience, or any given advantage in this fight. They were exhausted and had only recently began to repair their brotherly bond after the infighting from the past week. It was just too much at once.

“Leo! There’s something wrong, I’m out of time! I can’t stop this! Oh God, I’m so sorry; I tried. I gave it all I had!”

As the fight between Krang and his three brothers played out, Donnie poured everything he had into breaking the code, he was certain he had it and just needed to tease out the finer points before he could take total control. The others just needed to hang in there a little longer. His fingers flew over the keyboard until, with a sense of relief he managed to stop the impending doom that would follow the systems countdown. They had won, it was over, and with literal seconds to spare. He stood from where he had been seated at the controls prepared to tell his brothers the good news, however he paused. Nothing was changing; why hadn’t the ship stopped constructing the gate?

He looked back at the command system, attempting to determine what he had missed. As he scanned the system his stomach tightened itself into knots as the sudden spike of dread began to drive itself throughout his nervous system.

The system had shifted into a second control override system, and the clock continued its countdown to the end.

The had failed. They couldn’t stop what was to come next.

Leo swallowed hard against the sudden fear, and bile that tightened his throat. “We’re leaving now, we don’t have a choice, we need to retreat back, and try to formulate another plan!”

The brothers quickly regrouped and leapt off of the giant piece of alien tech, they managed to use one of Donnie’s last ditch tools, a grappling gun, to attach to a building and use the momentum to swing themselves away. The force flung them harshly towards the gravel laid roof top of another near by building. The landing was anything but gentle and resulted in several injuries that would take awhile to heal, even with their elevated healing abilities.

As they ran from the empowered machine, they couldn’t help but pause for a moment at the sudden blinding light that it admitted, beaming towards the sky. Unknown to them the beam of light was more than a terrifying display. It was alerting the rest of the galaxy to Earth’s presence and placing this relay of the Krang network online. There was no way they could hide now; The bell had been rung, and it had been heard by any all planets and peoples that had the appropriate technology to do so.

…….. 12 years later……….

 The Turtles listened intently to their communicators as each of the special handpicked teams, took their positions. It was so close, Leo had waited for over a decade for this opportunity; a chance to finally begin to atone for his failing that had allowed Krang to change the world, stripping resources, and taking people off world to be used for all sorts of terrifying reasons.

He glanced at several of the men and women that were apart of his assigned unit for this maneuver. Not all the change brought on by the gate had been for the worst. It had allowed the rest of the universe to find them, and allowed them to find new allies, technologies, and experiences they wouldn’t have otherwise encountered. A significant number of those present were not human, but from the other races across the stars, who had relocated to Earth, or had joined in the resistance against Krang and his tyrannical mechanisms.

There was one other factor that had given he, and his bothers something they had only dreamed of. With the wide variety of peoples and cultures that came from this new world, they were by no means the strangest creatures around; Mutants were no longer feared or threatened. They just simply were. Another group of other beings. The Humans in the first few years had been shocked and terrified of the new species that came to Earth, but had learned over time that shared cooperation, kept everyone alive, and their resources replenished. It was truly, the one good thing that had came from the past decade of hiding and scrapping to get by. Most people were too hungry or scared of Krang and his control of everything else to act like asses with the new neighbors who were moving in every new day.

Leo snapped back to the task at hand. It was crucial that they manage to take out Krang this time. If they failed the resistance would be exposed, and most likely traced back to their bases and obliterated, one by one. Today, was their first, and last chance to complete the assassination attempt. It had taken months and many lives to painstakingly determine Krang’s location and determine a strategy with a decent enough percentage of success to make it worth the attempt.

Leo took the opportunity to check with Raph, Mikey and Donnie to confirm they were in position and ready to act.

“Donnie, are you ready to do this?”

“I have counted the minutes to the time when I would have a chance to finish what I started so many years ago. I am more than ready Leo.”

His voice was cool and his tone seemed to lack emotion over the com link, but Leo knew Donnie was full of fire and wasn’t leaving until this day was done. Donnie had suffered from possibly the largest sense of guilt. He blamed himself for failing to crack the code to controlling Krang’s ship, and thus for the devastation that followed. He had spent almost all his waking moments applying his knowledge to any and every area that he could. In the short time since the Last day of earth, he had become a master chemist, surgeon, and triage doctor, architect, engineer, and mechanic, in addition to his previously developed skill set. His talents and abilities were endless and applied whenever needed.

“Mikey, you in position?”

“I’m watching our target and his guard as we speak. He isn’t getting away this time.”

Mikey had matured tremendously over the years. He still laughed and smiled, especially with the children of the resistance, but in the quiet moments when they were alone, his eyes showed the loss he felt at the countless lives snuff out prematurely, or taken against their wills to be enslaved among the stars. He spent his free time taking what was around him and creating things of beauty, or finding ways to make the bland camp rations into foods that even the smallest and pickiest of eaters craved. He felt a need to give those around him acts of inspiration. It was as much a balm for his soul as for those around him.

“Raph, Its you and me brother. Are you and your team prepared?”

“We’re ready on this side. We either succeed today or die trying. I’ve put everything I have into training these men and women. We will not fail today.”

When Krang had succeeded in setting up his relay that day, and Earth fell so easily in the days that followed, Raph raged, and lashed out at anything that moved, until he simply had nothing left to give. It was the loss of the world, and so many people above, that had made him feel that his rage meant nothing. He spent years taking his anger, and negative emotions and channeling them into trying to save the lives of those who called him a monster and a freak. Except, with everything else going on in the world, they no longer saw him that way. He became accepted and for once, finally accepted himself.

Taking his fathers teaching he began to show others how to defend themselves and to protect the weak, and those they cared for the most. He had become an incredible teacher over the past decade, and with his abilities, it had been noted by several commanding forces, from across the galaxy that the loss of life had diminished by notable percentages in hand to hand combat, whenever they clashed with Krang forces.

Leo after accepting the loss of the most important battle of his life, had spent his efforts coordinating mass evacuations of the people of New York, which had turned to organizing refugee camps. He fought to protect them, including the alien life forms that had come to Earth hoping to escape the devasted home worlds they fled from. As time and the need built, he soon found himself commanding a ragtag band of freedom fighters, taking back areas and stealing supplies whenever available. Under his leadership, life had been tolerable, and people had faired significantly better. The camps had swelled into the thousands over the years until he was effectively running a small, ironically, underground city.

Krang even with as many spies as he had working for him, had never been able to find the location of the city. It moved and changed its shape whenever needed, and those within it realizing how better off they were fought to keep its secrets, by whatever means necessary. His abilities to win people, and see several moves ahead, is why those who had opposed Krang on their own planets sought him out, and after a time, Leo decided it was time to try and take back what Krang had taken from them all. For the lives and peace of so many he was willing to attempt this suicide mission.

That is how they found themselves here today. There cause was noble, and their reach extended across the universe. They were here on behalf of the billions of lives that Krang had suppressed for an unknown fixture of time.

Today it would end. Today was a new day

“Everyone into position, we begin operation Star Waltz within the next 60 seconds. This is everything we have prepared and trained for. Don’t let me down my brothers and sisters.”

…… 20 years later………

 Leo finished his glass of smoky aged bourbon, with a small sigh. 32 years. That was how long ago it had been from the Fall of Earth, marked in the calendars as E.F. and the current year of 21 New Earth, or N.E. The world at the Death of Krang had been overjoyed, but soon after they found themselves in a new struggle. As with every change in power, a vacuum had formed and it had taken a significant amount of time and effort to help elect a governing body, for the planet, as well as root out those who had benefited the most from Krang’s control. Banning slavery and freeing those who had found themselves under its control had taken Leo to places around the world, and to other galaxies he never thought he would see. He had also gone to meet the elected official of each new territory, determine if this was by the will of the people or simply another power crazed asshole who needed to have an “unfortunate” accident. After the time he and his brothers had spent fighting Krang, they had all agreed, that no one would ever suffer a monster so long as they drew breath. Whom ever found themselves in charge, was well indoctrinated that they were a civil servant, and if at any point they became a tyrant, they would be dealt with, in one way or another.

Some fell in line without incident, having survived the new world, they understood the need for cooperation. Others depending upon their policies and whatever else the brothers managed to dig up, were given one of two sentences, they were either executed on the spot, and their cabinet might also suffer the same fate. Ff they were deemed to be just as corrupt, or on rare occasions when they weren’t truly bad, just bad enough, they awoke on Donnie’s exam table, with a bomb inserted into their necks, and a very strongly worded warning. The control to which was held by the world elected federation, who acted as a voice for Earth.

What they did was decidedly not ethical, however they had all survived hell for far to long and had to do too many terrible things, to dance around a megalomaniac. Those who were in charge, were there for the sake of the people, not to line their own pockets, or benefit from the suffering of others. That was the primary reason that Krang had a chance to come to Earth in the first place. They would do whatever it took to keep those same circumstances from ever happening again.

Which reminded Leo, as he stared out across the skyline of his high rise to the glow of the gateway. They hadn’t been able to remove the gate. There wasn’t a way to “turn it off” once it was activated. Destroying it also wasn’t an option, tampering with the gate would have released the equivalent of so many thousands of nuclear warheads directly upon New York and several other states in which the radiated particles would have been carried upon the winds to. Additionally, the Nanites which managed its upkeep would have been released in the trillions and would have cannibalized the planet and all its inhabitants along with it, to rebuild the infrastructure.

Definitely not an option to alter the Gateway, whatsoever. Not to mention, if something big and bad did ever arrive to the planet to try and conquer or destroy it, the Gateway was ultimately an escape route. Per Donnie’s calculations they could evacuate everyone on the planet in under a week, and for those that didn’t want to go, well good luck and best wishes.

The new residents, and all the worlds that until Krang, had been unknown, were now very much aware of Earth, and Earth was just as aware of them. They had simply decided it was a cultural trade, and good for commerce. Not to mention, the mutants got to stay above ground and live as federation recognized citizens.

Life was definitely good, and their new lives, were significantly improved. Each of the brothers had found a niche that worked exceptionally well for them, and from the new world, came many new opportunities. Which Lead to the creation of Tartaruga Bros incorporated. It was a stretch for a name, but they did need a last name, and O’Neil they all agreed, carried too much of a painful memory of happier times.

Somethings had definitely stayed the same. A small smile came to his lips, as he listened to Raph and Mikey argue over toppings to the artesian Pizza that they were creating for a late-night snack. The brothers had decided that they did better together, especially as they worked best as a team. They stood together as a united front as defenders of Earth and all of her peoples.

  They had upgraded though, from a lair in the sewer to a state-of-the-art penthouse in the sky. Life was better, but everyday held something new in this Brave new world.

[unlikelyhologrampuppy]

A view of acrylic

Acrylic plastic refers to a family of synthetic, or man-made, plastic materials containing one or more derivatives of acrylic products acid. The most common acrylic plastic is polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), which is sold under the brand names of Plexiglas, Lucite, Perspex, and Crystallite. PMMA is a tough, highly transparent material with excellent resistance to ultraviolet radiation and weathering. It can be colored, molded, cut, drilled, and formed. These properties make it ideal for many applications including airplane windshields, skylights, automobile taillights, and outdoor signs. One notable application is the ceiling of the Houston Astrodome which is composed of hundreds of double-insulating panels of PMMA acrylic plastic.

Like all plastics, acrylic plastics are polymers. The word polymer comes from the Greek words poly, meaning many, and meros, meaning a part. A polymer, therefore, is a material made up of many molecules, or parts, linked together like a chain. Polymers may have hundreds, or even thousands, of molecules linked together. More importantly, a polymer is a material that has properties entirely different than its component parts. The process of making a polymer, known as polymerization, has been likened to shoveling scrap glass, copper, and other materials into a box, shaking the box, and coming back in an hour to find a working color television set. The glass, copper, and other component parts are still there, but they have been reassembled into something that looks and functions entirely differently.

The first plastic polymer, celluloid, a combination of cellulose nitrate and camphor, was developed in 1869. It was based on the natural polymer cellulose, which is present in plants. Celluloid was used to make many items including photographic film, combs, and men's shirt collars.

In 1909, Leo Baekeland developed the first commercially successful synthetic plastic polymer when he patented phenol formalde-hyde resin, which he named Bakelite. Bakelite was an immediate success. It could be machined and molded. It was an excellent electrical insulator and was resistant to heat, acids, and weather. It could also be colored and dyed for use in decorative objects. Bakelite plastic was used in radio, telephone, and electrical equipment, as well as counter tops, buttons, and knife handles.

Acrylic acid was first prepared in 1843. Methacrylic acid, which is a derivative of acrylic acid, was formulated in 1865. When methacrylic acid is reacted with methyl alcohol, it results in an ester known as methyl methacrylate. The polymerization process to turn methyl methacrylate into polymethyl methacrylate was discovered by the German chemists Fittig and Paul in 1877, but it wasn't until 1936 that the process was used to produce sheets of acrylic safety glass commercially. During World War II, acrylic glass was used for periscope ports on submarines and for windshields, canopies, and gun turrets on airplanes.

Acrylic plastic polymers are formed by reacting a monomer, such as methyl methacrylate, with a catalyst. A typical catalyst would be an organic peroxide. The catalyst starts the reaction and enters into it to keep it going, but does not become part of the resulting polymer.

Acrylic plastics are available in three forms: flat sheets, elongated shapes (rods and tubes), and molding powder. Molding powders are sometimes made by a process known as suspension polymerization in which the reaction takes place between tiny droplets of the monomer suspended in a solution of water and catalyst. This results in grains of polymer with tightly controlled molecular weight suitable for molding or extrusion.

Acrylic plastic sheets are formed by a process known as bulk polymerization. In this process, the monomer and catalyst are poured into a mold where the reaction takes place. Two methods of bulk polymerization may be used: batch cell or continuous. Batch cell is the most common because it is simple and is easily adapted for making diy acrylic key chain sheets in thicknesses from 0.06 to 6.0 inches (0.16-15 cm) and widths from 3 feet (0.9 m) up to several hundred feet. The batch cell method may also be used to form rods and tubes. The continuous method is quicker and involves less labor. It is used to make sheets of thinner thicknesses and smaller widths than those produced by the batch cell method.

We will describe both the batch cell and continuous bulk polymerization processes typically used to produce transparent polymethyl methacrylic (PMMA) sheets.

The mold for producing sheets is assembled from two plates of polished glass separated by a flexible "window-frame" spacer. The spacer sits along the outer perimeter of the surface of the glass plates and forms a sealed cavity between the plates. The fact that the spacer is flexible allows the mold cavity to shrink during the polymerization process to compensate for the volume contraction of the material as the reaction goes from individual molecules to linked polymers. In some production applications, polished metal plates are used instead of glass. Several plates may be stacked on top of each other with the upper surface of one plate becoming the bottom surface of the next higher mold cavity. The plates and spacers are clamped together with spring clamps.

An open comer of each mold cavity is filled with a pre-measured liquid syrup of methyl methacrylate monomer and catalyst. In some cases, a methyl methacrylate prepolymer is also added. A prepolymer is a material with partially formed polymer chains used to further help the polymerization process. The liquid syrup flows throughout the mold cavity to fill it.

The mold is then sealed and heat may be applied to help the catalyst start the reaction.

As the reaction proceeds, it may generate significant heat by itself. This heat is fanned off in air ovens or by placing the molds in a water bath. A programmed temperature cycle is followed to ensure proper cure time without additional vaporization of the monomer solution. This also prevents bubbles from forming. Thinner sheets may cure in 10 to 12 hours, but thicker sheets may require several days.

When the plastic is cured, the molds are cooled and opened. The glass or metal plates are cleaned and reassembled for the next batch.

The plastic sheets are either used as is or are annealed by heating them to 284-302°F (140-150°C) for several hours to reduce any residual stresses in the material that might cause warping or other dimensional instabilities.

Any excess material, or flash, is trimmed off the edges, and masking paper products or plastic film is applied to the surface of the finished sheets for protection during handling and shipping. The paper or film is often marked with the material's brand name, size, and handling instructions. Conformance with applicable safety or building code standards is also noted.

The storage, handling, and processing of the chemicals that make acrylic plastics are done under controlled environmental conditions to prevent contamination of the material or unsafe chemical reactions. The control of temperature is especially critical to the polymerization process. Even the initial temperatures of the monomer and catalyst are controlled before they are introduced into the mold. During the entire process, the temperature of the reacting material is monitored and controlled to ensure the heating and cooling cycles are the proper temperature and duration.

Samples of finished acrylic materials are also given periodic laboratory analysis to confirm physical, optical, and chemical properties.

Acrylic plastics manufacturing involves highly toxic substances which require careful storage, handling, and disposal. The polymerization process can result in an explosion if not monitored properly. It also produces toxic fumes. Recent legislation requires that the polymerization process be carried out in a closed environment and that the fumes be cleaned, captured, or otherwise neutralized before discharge to the atmosphere.

Acrylic plastic is not easily recycled. It is considered a group 7 plastic among recycled plastics and is not collected for recycling in most communities. Large pieces can be reformed into other useful objects if they have not suffered too much stress, crazing, or cracking, but this accounts for only a very small portion of the acrylic display case boxes plastic waste. In a landfill, acrylic plastics, like many other plastics, are not readily biodegradable. Some acrylic plastics are highly flammable and must be protected from sources of combustion.

The average annual increase in the rate of consumption of acrylic plastics has been about 10%. A future annual growth rate of about 5% is predicted. Despite the fact that acrylic plastics are one of the oldest plastic materials in use today, they still hold the same advantages of optical clarity and resistance to the outdoor environment that make them the material of choice for many applications.

With so many options for clear plastic on the market, it is no surprise that lots of people misunderstand the differences between the types. Each type is made in a different way using different materials, which results in many different price points. We've put together this resource page to help sort out some of the most frequently asked questions, like "is acrylic a plastic or a glass?" and "what is the difference between acrylic and plastic?". While acrylic is a plastic, not all plastic is acrylic. The term "acrylic" represents a family of petroleum-based thermoplastics made from the derivation of natural gas. Another common name for acrylic is "polyacrylate" which is one of the most common types. This material is made from Methyl Methacrylate (MMA), Poly Methyl Methacrylate, or a combination of both.

Although the composition is pretty much the same, acrylic has many brand names. Plexiglas was the original trademark name when the Rohm and Haas Company first introduced the product to a mass market, but many others have established their own brand names including Lucite by du Pont and Acrylite by Evonik Cyro LLC. Some other common brands are Perspex, Oroglass, Optix, and Altuglass.Injection molded acrylic is manufactured by injecting acrylic or polymethyl methacrylate material into a mold. This transparent thermoplastic makes a great alternative to glass, which is why it is commonly used to manufacture bakery bins, sunglasses, and display risers. Unlike polystyrene, injection molded acrylic table number plate can be made without the issues of hazing or coloration. Additionally the material is much stronger and has minimal relief markings when removed from the mold. Injection molding takes less labor than hand-crafting, which results in a lower cost.

[injectionmouldmaker2-blog]

Plastic-type material Injection Molding: Past, Found and Future

Injection Mould Maker Plastic shot molding is a course of action in which forces liquid plastic-type material right into a mold to help make custom cheap name dishes, plaques, indicators and merchandise branding aspects. Once the actual plastic cools as well as confirms, it releases in the mildew to form a assortment of plastic material parts with regard to any industry. Famous utilizes of injection-molded incorporate: machine name plates, brand china for industrial gear, auto emblems, vehicle printing and also license plate slots, while well as product identity regarding recreational products.

Injection Mould Maker

Injection-molded plastic-type name plates along with other ingredients are created by a device this consists of three standard components:

A mold that can be created to make any size and appearance that is certainly needed A clamping device that clamps in addition to contains the mold jointly over the whole process A injection product will after that inject molten plastic-type material in to the mold, where it can remain until it possesses enough cooled and published

The actual molten plastic utilized for injection-molded products is usually produced by burning smaller plastic pellets, that happen to be raised on into an injection equipment heating the pellets to your molten or liquid application form.

Once the now smelted cheap pellets reach some sort of established temperature the partially liquefied is forcefully shot in to a mold. The rate and stress of this particular process is managed by simply a hydraulic cylinder which, once engaged, forces the particular liquid plastic into typically the form.

In "dwell" cycle from the plastic injection creating practice, the plastic is definitely left within the mold for you to ensure that it absolutely fills the mold then allowed to cool to help the point where this solidifies and the ideal thing is produced. The idea is and then ready intended for secondary processes seeing that decor, sub assembly, or even transport.

The injection-molded plastic material procedure allows manufacturers to generate customized plastic name discs as well as components that would become very costly to make because intricately by making use of traditional machining methods. Injection-molded plastics likewise saves money, time and attention by letting many components of the exact same component to be built concurrently, from the very same mold; every single copy equivalent to the a single ahead of it. This process in addition reduces labor costs by means of minimizing the need to get manual labor via personnel. There is also close to zero wasted material, since any rarely used or still left over plastic could be re-cycled to be reused in the operation

The History of Cheap Treatment Molding

Plastic injections creating originated with chemists throughout Europe and The particular United States have been trial and error with plastics. Originally ?t had been done by hand and also pushed into a shape using Parkesine but that proved to be as well delicate and flammable. Ruben Wesley Hyatt is often the official developer of plastic-type injection creating and the actual process has a prosperous history with brilliant heads.

John Wesley Hyatt was obviously a creative inventor and created the processing of celluloid plastics. This was a amazing action for a new young printer by The state of illinois who took about the difficult task from the New You are able to Pool Company to exchange the cream color that had been used in billiard projectiles.

So began his occupation in plastics engineering while he and his buddy Isaiah started making a number of mixtures with regard to checkers along with other objects. As time passes hoping various mixtures, Bob merged nitrocellulose, camphor in addition to alcohol consumption together. He hard pressed all these ingredients into a rounded steel mold that has been hot and allowed the idea in order to cool. When the particular material ended up being removed through the mold, they understood that he had effectively develop a billiard ball consisting of plastic-type material. Thus started the process of cheap injection molding.

John spectacular brother Isaiah patented this procedure of producing celluloid with 1870 and continued through making dentier from their own new material which usually swapped out dentures made of silicone. Thus began the production process of celluloid jackets. Steve was quite similar to the Kc Vinci associated with industrial invention since he / she also was traced using the invention of typically the regular sewing machine and spinning bearings all of which often contributed heavily to be able to producing.

Today, Celluloid as well as Cellulosic plastics can be identified virtually anywhere including electric screwdriver holders, tooth brushes and also items. Celluloid can end up being found in Hollywood, Florida today and is applied for creation of your own personal favorite films.

To advance often the processes of plastic treatment molding another great designer arrived to plastics actively within New york city after traveling coming from Rome on a fellowship. Leo Hendrick Baekeland commenced working with polymers along with this lead to the technology for Kodak Eastman which has been Velox. Velox is actually a final paper which will could be produced inside gaslight instead of sun rays.

As a chemist this individual made many developments throughout this field additionally planning on to investigate precisely how polymers were molecularly set up. All these investigations lead also many pioneering technological advances and developments beyond precisely what chemists possessed discovered so far about films and glues.

In 1926 Eckert in addition to Ziegler designed the parts molding unit in Philippines which seemed to be the first successful appliance used in manufacturing materials. This kind of brought injection plastic material creating on the generation line efficiently.

Many much more creative inventors attended by way of the process of plastic-type hypodermic injection molding in historical past and it has break through an even finer method regarding production in modern-day products for instance appliances as well as name system, signs and also plaques.

Typically the Injection Plastic material Molding Course of action Today

Modern-day version in the plastic shot molding machines are computer manipulated and plastic-type material raw materials is inserted into stainlesss steel and metal molds for you to produce the custom made cheap name plates, plastic material factors and many of the actual plastic-type products we utilize daily. The molding products injects hot plastic directly into the fungal and relax the plastic along with concentrated amounts the parts. Often the creating equipment of today helps make mass production of plastic-type material components easy and charge effective.

Right now, plastic injections molding suppliers use top to bottom and plan presses, treatment screw squeezes, electric pushes and hydraulic presses intended for whatever pace of strain is needed to finish the product pressure to help form. This procedure produces every little thing from car parts in order to license plates and possibly toothbrush.

The Future regarding Plastic Injection Creating Tools

Plastic injection creating will be a very innovative course of action containing created many valuable merchandise that we make use of every single day in your households. While the background involving plastic injection creating is pretty full of ingenuity and advancement, the foreseeable future is filled with perhaps greater likelihood as a lot more creative intellects add brand-new ways to improve cheap injection molding equipment in addition to process.

While the changes inside the plastic injection machines proceed, the future connected with injection molding is actually transforming its attention to the particular molds and mold elements. High tech plastic conforms may be made of material, epoxy or perhaps carbon soluble fiber and can increase end result through faster cooling instances and cycle times.

Introduced of 3D printing presents us a glimpse showing how far plastic injection creating can travel into typically the future. THREE DIMENSIONAL printing is usually a process of building a three-dimensional solid object associated with virtually any shape via a a digital model. Using the integration regarding 3D IMAGES printing in the plastic material injection molding process, models and samples can always be developed with far a lesser amount of expense.

A number of innovative thoughts have actually been doing work with corn seed starting makers to replace traditional oil based plastic into ingrown toenail starch based plastic. m Biodegradable material is at present getting used on a constrained scale in addition to many makes use of this material could possibly rapidly have that would impress the mind. All the item would acquire would possibly be the mold and often the substance to produce the new wave for the future to get plastics engineering. Researcher are generally still researching polymers how they did when plastic hypodermic injection molding began and their particular studies unbelievable at this specific point with many alternatives to come.

[djgblogger-blog]

Atomic age began 75 years ago with the first controlled nuclear chain reaction

http://bit.ly/2BoOFk5

For the first time, human beings harnessed the power of atomic fission. Keith Ruffles, CC BY

Over Christmas vacation in 1938, physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch received puzzling scientific news in a private letter from nuclear chemist Otto Hahn. When bombarding uranium with neutrons, Hahn had made some surprising observations that went against everything known at the time about the dense cores of atoms – their nuclei.

Meitner and Frisch were able to provide an explanation for what he saw that would revolutionize the field of nuclear physics: A uranium nucleus could split in half – or fission, as they called it – producing two new nuclei, called fission fragments. More importantly, this fission process releases huge amounts of energy. This finding at the dawn of World War II was the start of a scientific and military race to understand and use this new atomic source of power.

Leo Szilard lectures on the fission process. Argonne National Laboratory, CC BY-NC-SA

The release of these findings to the academic community immediately inspired many nuclear scientists to investigate the nuclear fission process further. Physicist Leo Szilard made an important realization: if fission emits neutrons, and neutrons can induce fission, then neutrons from the fission of one nucleus could cause the fission of another nucleus. It could all cascade in a self-sustained “chain” process.

Thus began the quest to experimentally prove that a nuclear chain reaction was possible – and 75 years ago, researchers at the University of Chicago succeeded, opening the door to what would become the nuclear era.

Harnessing fission

As part of the Manhattan Project effort to build an atomic bomb during World War II, Szilard worked together with physicist Enrico Fermi and other colleagues at the University of Chicago to create the world’s first experimental nuclear reactor.

For a sustained, controlled chain reaction, each fission must induce just one additional fission. Any more, and there’d be an explosion. Any fewer and the reaction would peter out.

Nobel Prize winner Enrico Fermi led the project. Argonne National Laboratory, CC BY-NC-SA

In earlier studies, Fermi had found that uranium nuclei would absorb neutrons more easily if the neutrons were moving relatively slowly. But neutrons emitted from the fission of uranium are fast. So for the Chicago experiment, the physicists used graphite to slow down the emitted neutrons, via multiple scattering processes. The idea was to increase the neutrons’ chances of being absorbed by another uranium nucleus.

To make sure they could safely control the chain reaction, the team rigged together what they called “control rods.” These were simply sheets of the element cadmium, an excellent neutron absorber. The physicists interspersed control rods through the uranium-graphite pile. At every step of the process Fermi calculated the expected neutron emission, and slowly removed a control rod to confirm his expectations. As a safety mechanism, the cadmium control rods could quickly be inserted if something started going wrong, to shut down the chain reaction.

Chicago Pile 1, erected in 1942 in the stands of an athletic field at the University of Chicago. Argonne National Laboratory, CC BY-NC-SA

They called this 20x6x25-foot setup Chicago Pile Number One, or CP-1 for short – and it was here they obtained world’s the first controlled nuclear chain reaction on December 2, 1942. A single random neutron was enough to start the chain reaction process once the physicists assembled CP-1. The first neutron would induce fission on a uranium nucleus, emitting a set of new neutrons. These secondary neutrons hit carbon nuclei in the graphite and slowed down. Then they’d run into other uranium nuclei and induce a second round of fission reactions, emit even more neutrons, and on and on. The cadmium control rods made sure the process wouldn’t continue indefinitely, because Fermi and his team could choose exactly how and where to insert them to control the chain reaction.

A nuclear chain reaction. Green arrows show the split of a uranium nucleus in two fission fragments, emitting new neutrons. Some of these neutrons can induce new fission reactions (black arrows). Some of the neutrons may be lost in other processes (blue arrows). Red arrows show the delayed neutrons that come later from the radioactive fission fragments and that can induce new fission reactions. MikeRun modified by Erin O’Donnell, MSU, CC BY-SA

Controlling the chain reaction was extremely important: If the balance between produced and absorbed neutrons was not exactly right, then the chain reactions either would not proceed at all, or in the other much more dangerous extreme, the chain reactions would multiply rapidly with the release of enormous amounts of energy.

Sometimes, a few seconds after the fission occurs in a nuclear chain reaction, additional neutrons are released. Fission fragments are typically radioactive, and can emit different types of radiation, among them neutrons. Right away, Enrico Fermi, Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner and others recognized the importance of these so-called “delayed neutrons” in controlling the chain reaction.

If they weren’t taken into account, these additional neutrons would induce more fission reactions than anticipated. As a result, the nuclear chain reaction in their Chicago experiment could have spiraled out of control, with potentially devastating results. More importantly, however, this time delay between the fission and the release of more neutrons allows some time for human beings to react and make adjustments, controlling the power of the chain reaction so it doesn’t proceed too fast.

Nuclear power plants operate in 30 countries today. AP Photo/John Bazemore

The events of December 2, 1942 marked a huge milestone. Figuring out how to create and control the nuclear chain reaction was the foundation for the 448 nuclear reactors producing energy worldwide today. At present, 30 countries include nuclear reactors in their power portfolio. Within these countries, nuclear energy contributes on average 24 percent of their total electrical power, ranging as high as 72 percent in France.

CP-1’s success was also essential for the continuation of the Manhattan Project and the creation of the two atomic bombs used during World War II.

Physicists’ remaining questions

The quest to understand delayed neutron emission and nuclear fission continues in modern nuclear physics laboratories. The race today is not for building atomic bombs or even nuclear reactors; it’s for understanding of basic properties of nuclei through close collaboration between experiment and theory.

Researchers have observed fission experimentally only for a small number of isotopes – the various versions of an element based on how many neutrons each has – and the details of this complex process are not yet well-understood. State-of-the-art theoretical models try to explain the observed fission properties, like how much energy is released, the number of neutrons emitted and the masses of the fission fragments.

Delayed neutron emission happens only for nuclei that are not naturally occurring, and these nuclei live for only a short amount of time. While experiments have revealed some of the nuclei that emit delayed neutrons, we are not yet able to reliably predict which isotopes should have this property. We also don’t know exact probabilities for delayed neutron emission or the amount of energy released – properties that are very important for understanding the details of energy production in nuclear reactors.

In addition, researchers are trying to predict new nuclei where nuclear fission might be possible. They’re building new experiments and powerful new facilities which will provide access to nuclei that have never before been studied, in an attempt to measure all these properties directly. Together, the new experimental and theoretical studies will give us a much better understanding of nuclear fission, which can help improve the performance and safety of nuclear reactors.

Artist’s rendition of two merging neutron stars, another situation where fission occurs. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/CI Lab, CC BY

Both fission and delayed neutron emission are processes that also happen within stars. The creation of heavy elements, like silver and gold, in particular can depend on the fission and delayed neutron emission properties of exotic nuclei. Fission breaks the heaviest elements and replaces them with lighter ones (fission fragments), completely changing the element composition of a star. Delayed neutron emission adds more neutrons to the stellar environment, that can then induce new nuclear reactions. For example, nuclear properties played a vital role in the neutron-star merger event that was recently discovered by gravitational-wave and electromagnetic observatories around the world.

The science has come a long way since Szilard’s vision and Fermi’s proof of a controlled nuclear chain reaction. At the same time, new questions have emerged, and there’s still a lot to learn about the basic nuclear properties that drive the chain reaction and its impact on energy production here on Earth and elsewhere in our universe.

How the Atomic Age began at UChicago.

Artemis Spyrou receives funding from the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration.

Wolfgang Mittig receives funding from NSF.

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On This Day...

On this day in 1939, physicists Leo Szilárd, Edward Teller, and Eugene Wigner, sent a letter under the signature of Albert Einstein to to President Franklin Roosevelt, apprising him of recent developments in the field of nuclear physics, especially by German scientists, and the possibility that a powerful weapon could be developed out of these scientific breakthroughs. The letter goes on to recommend that the United States take steps to secure supplies of uranium around the globe and to set up an office to coordinates further advancements in this field to the relevant departments of the United States government. This letter convinced Roosevelt later that fall to set up an advisory committee on the subject, and it was this committee which eventually grew into the Manhattan Project; the gigantic scientific and industrial effort to harness nuclear fission and develop it into a war-winning superweapon.

In December 1938, German chemist Otto Hahn and physicist Fritz Strassmann discovered uranium fission. In February 1939, physicist Lise Meitner confirmed that this was a form of nuclear fission and described the theoretical basis for it, essentially explaining the blueprint of the chain reaction and how to induce it. Shortly thereafter, physicists Enrico Fermi and John R. Dunning, working together at Columbia University, replicated the experiment. Reviewing their results, Fermi and Dunning were convinced that, given enough uranium and carbon, they could scale up the experiments and create a vessel in which a larger nuclear reaction could occur; i.e. they sought to build the first nuclear reactor.

The United States at the time did not have sufficient stocks of the type of uranium Fermi and Dunning needed to construct a reactor; they would have to seek foreign sources. The largest uranium mines in Europe were located in Czechoslovakia. In 1938, following the Munich Agreement, Germany annexed the mountainous border region of Czechoslovakia, the Sudetenland. At Munich, Hitler convinced British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier that the Sudetenland would be the last territorial concession he sought. Then in March 1939, the German Army occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia, its government fleeing into exile. German intentions to control ever more territory in Europe became clear.

Fermi and Dunning knew that physicists in Germany were conducting experiments similar to their own, and that with a now unfettered source of uranium, they would be able to conduct a reactor of their own in Berlin; it was only a matter of time. Fermi shared his concerns with his colleague Leó Szilárd, who in turn consulted with his fellow countrymen Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner. The largest uranium deposits in the world were located in the Belgian Congo (present day Democratic Republic of the Congo). With the prospect of war in Europe on the horizon, and continued progress of German scientists in Berlin, the four men decided to warn the Belgian government via letter. Albert Einstein knew several members of the Belgian Royal Family, and so it was decided that the letter be sent under his signature. Szilárd, who had known Einstein since they worked together in Berlin in the 1920s, contacted Einstein, who consented to his name being used.

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After writing a draft of the letter, Szilárd decided also to send a copy to the State Department to notify them of their intentions and to ensure that the government had no policy or diplomatic objection to the letter being sent. In the course of writing a letter warning to the Belgian government, it occurred to Szilárd and his colleagues that this was a useful time to seek U.S. government support for the acquisition of more uranium. Therefore, it was decided that another letter, again under Einstein’s signature, would be sent directly to the White House in the hope of gaining the support of the Roosevelt administration. It was this letter, dated August 2, which Roosevelt received. Roosevelt consulted with Alexander Sachs, one of his many informal advisors. Before he could respond to Einstein, Germany invaded Poland September 1, 1939, and World War II began.

In October, Roosevelt responded and, at the recommendation of Sachs, he agreed with Einstein (and by extension Szilárd, Teller, and Wigner) to set up a committee to study the matter, keep track of German developments, and coordinate among scientists in the United States and Britain on their research. The Uranium Committee at first consisted of only a few ordinance experts from the Army and Navy along with Sachs and other government officials. In agreeing to set up the committee, Roosevelt told Sachs “Alex, what you are after is to see that the Nazis don't blow us up.”

The Committee coordinated with Britain’s secret program seeking develop nuclear weapons, code-named Tube Alloys. Eventually, as the Uranium Committee morphed into a large research office of its own, gaining more members and federal funding, and going through a series of name changes, the work of Tube Alloys was subsumed by the growing American research program. As the progress of the war looked increasingly dire for the Allies--France and the Low Countries were occupied in 1940--and the United States entered the war itself in December 1941, it became clear that a much larger, national effort would be necessary. In January 1942, Roosevelt authorized this effort and placed it under the control of the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers’ Manhattan District.

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Eventually, the Manhattan Project, which had laboratories and factories all over the country, employed 130,000 people and cost $2 billion (about $27 billion in 2016). In 1945, the culmination of effort of nearly six years of work produced three atomic devices; one that was exploded in a test in Alamogordo, New Mexico, and the two that were dropped on Japan, finally ending the war. This was the end result of a letter, sent unsolicited to the White House in the late summer of 1939.

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