DUOLINGO Japanese lesson 5: Basics 1 part 3
Vocabulary: Tango: たんご: 単語
Eat: Taberu: たべる: 食べる
The: (Like "a" and "an" "the" doesn't exist in Japanese.)
Bread: Pan: パン (this is a loan word, so it's written in Katakana)
Drink (verb): Nomu: のむ: 飲む
Water: Mizu: みず: 水
GRAMMAR:
Okay. We're going to learn a little bit about verbs today. Our verbs are "Taberu" and "Nomu". Right now they are in "Dictionary Form". Technically speaking you can use these verbs in the form their in, but they're informal. So, like, for friends and family members it's fine. Some other native speakers may not mind either, but you'll be a lot better off if you properly conjugate them. Tenses:
Japanese has a couple of different verb conjugations, but the verbs DO NOT conjugate depending on who you're talking about. EG: It doesn't change for "I", "He/she/it", "they", "you", "you (plural)", etc. So you don't have to worry about that.
For right now you'll be dealing with past, present, and future tense. ... which isn't true. Duolingo's レッスン3 (lesson 3)... and a few more lessons past this one... don't even touch past tense. But I'll explain it to you anyway.
So first and foremost. Japanese actually only has 2 tenses. Present and future are mashed together in to one tense.
There's also a continuing action tense... which can be percieved as a present tense of sorts... but it's got some rules and conditions and doesn't apply right this second. So we'll be covering that later.
So back to Past and Present/future tense.
Past tense is "-mashita"
Present/Future tense is "-masu"
Those two are positive endings. They mean you did or are going to do an action. But what if you want to say you didn't or are NOT going to do an action? There are conjugations for those too!
Past negative: "-masendeshita"
Present/Future negative: "-masen"
But before you can tack these on to the end of your verbs you have to manipulate your verbs a little bit depending on how it's dictionary form ends.
There are 3 kinds of verbs.
RU verbs (aka "iru" "eru" verbs)
like the name states these are verbs that end in "ru" (rather 'iru' and 'eru' but I remember them as simply 'ru' verbs)
To conjugate these verbs just pull "ru" off the end and replace it with "-masu", "-mashita", "-masen", or "-masendeshita"
Our lesson today has a "ru" verb. So to conjugate "Taberu" to "eating" "will eat" we remove the "ru" and add "-masu"
Taberu → Tabe → Tabemasu ✓
To change it to "ate" we use the same basic process
Taberu → Tabe → tabemashita
"Didn't eat"
Taberu → Tabe → tabemasendeshita
"Am not eating"/"Will not eat"
Taberu → Tabe → tabemasen
-U verbs
These are verbs that end in any consonant with a "u" vowel after it. EG: ku, su, bu, mu, etc.
For these, you replace the "-u" sylable with an "-i" sylable from the same family... if that makes sense. so:
ku → ki
su → shi
bu → bi
mu → mi
Once you've done that you can add "-mashita" or "-masu" Lucky for us, we have one of these verbs in this lesson too! "Nomu"
Nomu → Nomi → Nomimasu (drink/drinks/drinking)
Nomu → Nomi → Nomimashita (drank)
Nomu → Nomi → Nomimasen (am not drinking/will not drink)
Nomu → Nomi → Nomimasendeshita (didn't drink)
There are also Hiragana U verbs (tsu verbs as well) and Ireggulars. But I don't want to overwhelm you with grammar right now and what we've covered will get you through this lesson. So again, we'll cross that bridge when we come to it!
Let's go ahead and work on sentences now. :)
SENTENCES
I eat: Watashi wa tabemasu: わたし は たべます: 私は食べます。
We continue to use "wa" 「は」as our particle because the action "eat" (taberu) is not happening to "I". Rather "I" is doing the action.
Yum accidental bad English.
Also remember! You don't HAVE to use pronouns if it's not absolutely necessary so we can remove "Watashi wa" entirely and still have a grammatically correct... erm... sentence...
I eat: tabemasu: たべます: 食べます
She drinks: Kanojo wa nomimasu: かのじょ は のみます: 彼女は飲みます
The man drinks: Otoko wa nomimasu: おとこ は のみます: 男は飲みます
The girl eats: Joshi wa tabemasu: じょし は たべます: 女子は食べます
She eats an apple: kanojo wa ringo o tabemasu: かのじょ は りんご を たべます: 彼女はりんごを食べます
NEW CHALLENGER APPROACHING!! This is the particle を (wo) sounds like "oh" when it's a particle.
This particle marks objects that are having an action PHYSICALLY acted upon it by a known subject.
This is opposed to "ga" 「が」which marks objects that aren't having an action physically acted upon it... more on that later.
In this case we have "She". "She" is not having an action done to it, but is doing an action, so it gets the partical "Wa" 「は」
The "apple" is physically being acted upon by "she" so it gets the particle "o" を
Then your verb goes on the end.
She eats an apple.
She (wa) apple (o) eats.
Kanojo wa ringo o tabemasu.
かのじょ は りんご を たべます
彼女はリンゴを食べます。
I eat an apple: Watashi wa ringo o tabemasu: わたし は りんご を たべます: 私はりんごを食べます。
OR
I eat an apple: Ringo o tabemasu: りんご を たべます: りんごを食べます。
He drinks water: Kare wa mizu o nomimasu: かれ は みず を のみます: 彼は水を飲みます。
The boy eats bread: Danshi wa pan o tabemasu: だんし は パン を たべます: 男子はパンを食べます。
The woman drinks water: Onna wa mizu o nomimasu: おんな は みず を のみます: 女は水を飲みます。
I think that will keep you busy for a while. @_@ This lesson had a ton of information in it. ^^; I hope your heads aren't spinning!!
(gack! The English for Japanese speakers chains verbs in some example sentences, too. If no one minds I'm not going to teach that right now. This lesson is plenty long enough. If you want to learn it before I get to it you can find a lesson here by Maggie Sensei. Truth be told I'm going to have to learn it too. m(_ _)m ゴメンナサイ )
Happy Learning!
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