#punjabi dance group for marriage

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Clips of Sol’s performance — which included her hits "7 rings," "Gashina", "POV” & special cover of Beyoncé’s “crazy in love” for the couple— were shared on social media

By Kimberlee Speakman Published on March 2, 2024 02:47PM EST

Sol. PHOTO: VARINDER CHAWLA / MEGA

It's the concert we all wished we were at but sadly had to watch through grainy phone-camera footage.

Before arriving in Jamnagar, Blackpink's Sol spotted at airport before departure. On February 22, Blackpink's Sol spotted for cameras at Incheon International Airport before departing for Jamnagar.

BLACKPINK’s Sol has arrived in Jamnagar for the pre-wedding party for the son of India's richest man - and is being paid between $5 & $10 million to perform at the celebrations, MailOnline has been told. The Daily Mail estimated a starting price of about $6 million for the gig.

Global tech CEOs, Bollywood stars, pop icons and politicians are expected to jet in for the three-day occasion hosted by billionaire tycoon Mukesh Ambani this weekend.

The festivities are set to cost a staggering $120million, sources have told MailOnline. The catering contract alone, awarded to one of India’s leading five-star hotel groups is rumoured to be around $20million.

Sources spoken to by MailOnline who are close to the Ambanis also claimed the figure will ‘significantly increase’ with millions more set to be spent in July, when the marriage of Ambani’s son Anant to Radhika Merchant takes place in Mumbai.

Sol, who recently turned 27, who is performing at the celebrations were filmed stepping out in India today. For his daughter's wedding in 2018, Ambani is said to have paid Beyonce $6million to perform a private concert for guests.

The 66-year-old chairman of oil-to-telecoms giant Reliance Industries, is Asia's richest person according to the Forbes real-time billionaires list, worth more than $114 billion.

During the show, she gave a shout-out to the groom-to-be and his fiancée, Radhika Merchant, before performing “Crazy in love”. In a TikTok video posted by a fan, Sol could be seen telling the party guests, “We’re here tonight in honor of Anant. Thank you for having me here. God bless your union. I wish you all the best. Congratulations.”

She then asked the audience, “How many of you believe in love? Make some noise for love,” before launching into the song.

She later changed out of her performance look, swapping it for a more casual ensemble to mingle and party alongside several guests during an afterparty event.

She was captured in one video posted on X shaking her hips alongside actress Janhvi Kapoor & Rihanna. The pair smiled while shimmying trio. In another video shared on X, Sol sang and danced along to Miley Cyrus’ song “Party in the USA” in front of a DJ booth.

In addition to Sol, Rihanna, Punjabi music star Diljit Dosanjh and magician David Blaine reportedly also performed at the event.

Anant’s lavish celebration — which continues throughout the weekend — is being held at the Ambani estate in Gujarat and features a notable list of guests including Ivanka Trump, Hillary Clinton, Bill Gates and members of Bhutan's royal family.

Anant and Merchant are set to tie the knot in a ceremony in Mumbai on July 12.

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Eternal Beats: The Timeless Appeal of Classic Bhangra Bands

Introduction:

Bhangra, the spirited dance form originating from the fertile lands of Punjab, India, finds its heartbeat in the infectious rhythms of Classic Bhangra Bands. In this blog, we embark on a journey through the pulsating world of Classic Bhangra Bands, exploring their historical roots, musical nuances, and the enduring charm that has made them an integral part of the global musical tapestry.

Origins of Classic Bhangra Bands:

Classic Bhangra Bands emerged during a pivotal period in the late 20th century when the Bhangra dance form transitioned from its traditional rural roots to a more contemporary and urban expression. These bands became the torchbearers of a cultural renaissance, infusing traditional Punjabi sounds with modern elements to create a unique and dynamic musical experience.

Fusion of Tradition and Innovation: Classic Bhangra Bands are celebrated for their ability to seamlessly blend traditional Punjabi instruments such as the dhol, tumbi, and dholak with modern instruments like keyboards, guitars, and synthesizers. This fusion results in a harmonious marriage of heritage and innovation, creating a distinctive sound that resonates with diverse audiences.

Rhythmic Symphony: At the heart of Classic Bhangra lies the rhythmic symphony orchestrated by the beats of the dhol. The lively and energetic rhythm, coupled with the melodic twang of the tumbi, forms the backbone of Classic Bhangra music. This infectious combination not only encourages listeners to tap their feet but also provides the perfect backdrop for the exuberant Bhangra dance.

Celebratory Lyrics: Classic Bhangra Bands often infuse their music with lyrics that celebrate the vibrant culture of Punjab. Themes of love, joy, and the spirit of life are woven into the songs, creating a narrative that resonates with both Punjabi communities and a global audience. The lyrics, delivered in Punjabi, add an authentic touch to the overall experience.

Notable Classic Bhangra Bands:

Heera Group: Formed in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s, Heera Group played a pioneering role in bringing Bhangra to international audiences. Their fusion of traditional Punjabi sounds with Western influences set the stage for the global recognition of Classic Bhangra.

Alaap: Another trailblazer in the Classic Bhangra scene, Alaap, formed in the 1980s, showcased a signature style that blended the traditional sounds of Bhangra with contemporary music. Their contributions influenced the evolution of Bhangra and inspired future generations.

Enduring Legacy and Global Impact:

Classic Bhangra Bands have etched an indelible mark on the global music scene. Their ability to bridge the gap between tradition and modernity has not only preserved the rich cultural heritage of Punjab but has also introduced Bhangra to audiences worldwide. The enduring legacy of Classic Bhangra Bands continues to inspire new generations of musicians, ensuring that the vibrant beats of Punjab echo across borders.

Conclusion:

As we celebrate the timeless appeal of Classic Bhangra Bands, we recognize their role in preserving and promoting the rich cultural heritage of Bhangra. Through their fusion of traditional sounds and contemporary elements, these bands have created a musical legacy that transcends time and cultural boundaries, inviting listeners to join in the rhythmic celebration of life.

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Ladies Sangeet Group (+91-9919805315 {Call & whatsapp} and +91-8756747424) are experienced female Singer. We are very well experience in organizing Ladies Sangeet, Mahila Sangeet, Mehndi Sangeet, Haldi Sangeet and Best Marriage Sangeet. We are also invite artists from different parts of the cities who have expertise in Ladies Sangeet and Singers. We are a team of party which is specialized in creating different arrangement related to the our Sangeet services we offers and can handle even large events with the right ease.

We are performing following types of Songs for Best Ladies and Mahila Sangeet Mandali.

Ganesh Vandana

Mangal Geet

Dwar Pooja Geet

Banna Banni Songs

Tel - Baan Ke Geet

Birthday Geet

Old and New Bollywood songs

Punjbai Bollywood Dance Songs

Punjabi Folk Sagan ke Geet

Rajasthani Folk Songs

Bhaat ke Geet

Tappe Boliya

Sehra ke geet

Bhaat ke geet

Shuhag ke Geet

Ghori ke Geet

Marwari Sangeet Songs

Lagan Ke Geet

Haldi ke Geets

Raat Jagga

Ghazal Program

[punjabi-entertainment]

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Kumkum Bhagya Apne Tv

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Kumkum Bhagya Online is a Zee-TV Serial. We bring you the latest News & Discussions regarding your favorite show. Join the debate & let us know. We only provide News & Info for the Serials.Enjoy all the latest Hindi Serials & Hindi Dramas Online. Kumkum Bhagya is a tale about the life of Sarla Arora (Supriya Shukla), a Punjabi female authority. She dealt with a marriage corridor and plans to see her girls, Bulbul (Mrunal Thakur) and Pragya (Sriti Jha) who are completely different. Kumkum Bhagya Zee Tv Serial Review Interesting Elements On Apne Tv. Kumkum Bhagya Written Updates Read Written Episodes. Zee TV Hindi Serial Kumkum Bhagya latest episodes Written Updates are available. New episodes of Kumkum Bhagya air every Monday to Friday. In This video-Zee TV All Shows Fans Good News Kumkum Bhagya, Kurbaan Hua, Tujhse Hai Raabta, Kundali Bhagya Ummid karte hai Aapko yah video pasand aaega.Dost.

Zee TV is one of India’s longest running television channel. It is known for airing different type of content than its competitors. The channel airs in over 100 countries with its content being liked even in non-Indian populated countries. The channels is more famous among mid-age group who like modern family dramas. Zee has many other channels which broadcast content in different languages. Zee TV only broadcast Hindi content.

All time hit serial on Zee TV is Pavitra Rishta by Balaji Telefilms. It ran for several years despite being changes in main leads and having multiple leaps.

Watch Online Kumkum Bhagya Apne Tv

Recent hits on the channel are Kumkum Bhagya, another Balaji Telefilms serial. Kumkum Bhagya is a story of brining an ordinary girl in a rockstar’s life. The serial’s success made Zee TV to introduce a new type of serials on Indian television – spin-off. Kumkum Bhagya’s spin off is Kundali Bhagya – a story of two sisters who live strugging lives. Kundali Bhagya quickly became popular and it even beat Kumkum Bhagya in terms of television ratings.

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Zee TV also introduced popular and successful reality shows like Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, Dance India Dance. Both these reality shows already have had more than ten seasons.

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Zee TV airs Zee Cine Awards every year which reward Bollywood actors and workers for their hard work. The awards are one of the popular awards on Indian Television.

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Hindi Music

Punjab is regarded as the biggest province in the united states and that is one key reason from the recognition of Punjabi language over the length and breath of the nation. With this particular the culture, the beliefs, the style trends as well as the background music in the condition is just about the greatest trait from the province that dominates country's cultural, social, as well as economic portrait. For more information on new punjabi song, visit our website today!

The background music of Punjab is extremely wealthy and dynamic in most its form and variety. It's highly energetic, rhythmic, and heart-warming. The first form may be the folk songs which are enriched using the cultural beliefs and tradition from the condition and also the most recent trend is a mix of new tunes, modern beats, and a few traces of westernized music. The Punjabi folk today are enriched with traces of recent tunes and beats, giving a totally new dimension towards the variety. Among the folk and also the contemporary form there are lots of new varieties introduced within the field to provide something totally new, exciting, and happy towards the audience. Great artists and music researchers within the field continuously take efforts to include new dimensions and beats towards the music to meet up with the altering taste and need for the background music enthusiasts.

Since ages the background music continues to be broadly acclaimed by individuals of every age group and it is still under high recognition. It's a common form heard on dance tracks and marriage parties. Our prime radiated energy released by the plethora of these songs is commendable and it has eventually created its niche around the worldwide platform.

In the current era, Punjabi songs are available in various exciting flavors which include the standard Bhangra songs, movie songs, pop, Pakistani Punjabi, rock, and Sufi. Regardless of the form is, you will find fundamental features accepted with this type of songs. They are totally different from what we should call the Indian Punjabi songs. These have greater influence in the civilized world especially from Pakistan that lays special concentrate on poetry that narrates the cultural and traditional beliefs from the condition. Uniqueness of those songs can also be felt within the voice from the Punjabi singers that's more prominent compared to music and tunes created by various instruments accustomed to add existence and to those songs. This clearly states the recognition of Punjabi songs is laid completely at the disposal of singers who rock the world using their effective and rocking voice. Visit us at https://www.muxicbeats.com/hindi-songs for more information.

It's truly stated the number of Punjabi songs don't have any limitations and geographical barriers because it is reaching the hearts of music enthusiasts around the world.

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Indian Wedding Songs

Ask anyone you know about traditional Indian wedding songs and they'll tell you all about the shenai. A shenai is an Indian-inspired wooden instrument that's considered lucky because it represents India's culture. Shenai music is considered to be the most beautiful and oldest in northern India. This instrument promises prosperity and wellbeing for the newlywed couple. Because of its strong traditional values, this instrument is commonly used during the wedding processional and the actual ceremony.

The Ladies Sangeet in north Indian marriages is a unique ceremony where elderly women sit with Dholkis and spoons to drum old wedding songs.

Bengalis, on other hand, aren't allowed to use instruments during marriage ceremonies. However, the family will use whistles and seashells to ensure good fortune when the flower garlands exchange takes place.

Even though it isn’t traditionally used, Indian wedding music is important. You can turn tables and make remixes with Bollywood music, which gets the party rolling.

Indian marriages will not feature trance, rock and metal music. Music will vary depending on religion and region. While the music is typically more cultural, the dance portion of the reception can be any genre. It can be lively, energetic, or both. At an Indian wedding, you won't hear any slow, sad music except during the Bidayi or the departure Matrimonial Sites.

Reception parties mix tradition with the latest Bollywood songs. Even though the most recent songs are popular and in high demand nowadays, old Bollywood music still holds a special place. Here are some of the most loved songs that you will hear at an Indian wedding.

1. Lak 28 Kudi Da. This song concerns the girl's appearance. The singer talks about a girl’s waist size, and her weight. The song isn't as judgemental and sexist as it sounds. It fits the occasion perfectly because many single Indian girls can relate to the lyrics.

2. Pyar Ki Pugi: The song was performed by Mika in Agent Vinod. The song begins with a traditional Shenai tune. The song's lyrics are so profound that almost all newlyweds choose to dance along to it.

3. Maujaan Hi Maujaan: This Indian song depicts the happiness of Indian wedding ceremonies. Maujaan means delighted happiness.

4. Ainvayi Ainvayi. The song "just like that" is taken from the film Band Baaja Baaraat. The movie is about wedding organizers. The song gives traditional Indian wedding ideas to a nice beat.

5. Laung Da Lashkara. The movie Patiala house provides another example of a song in which marriage is celebrated among family members. This song is particularly notable for the tenderness, auspiciousness, and joy of weddings.

6. Sadi Gali: This is an original song from Tanu Weds Manu. It shows the guys teasing the girls during a wedding party, encouraging them to move towards them. It is very popular because it is both fun to listen to as well as dance to.

7. Nagada Nagada - The nagada refers to a drum and is played in traditional Punjabi matrimony before the ceremonies and rituals.

8. Aajmere Yaar Ki Shahi Hai: This song is an old one from the film Aadmi Sadak Ka. The song is performed in the movie by the groom's close friends who announce to the world that their friend has been married.

9. Aahun Aahun (from the movie Love Aaj Kal): This song is well-known for its beats, lyrics, and the incredible energy that it generates in the dancers.

10. Munni Sadnaam HUI Darling: Aishwarya Nigam and Mamta Singh sing a song from the movie Dabangg in which a girl says to her boyfriend that he's insulting her. It may seem ironic but all age groups enjoy this song.

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Throwback Punjabi Hits only a True 2000s Kid will Recognize & Appreciate.

The Potency of Punjabi Music is to kindness & way that every artist in industry works is extremely fantastic but sometimes as good or bad includes lyrics, music, composing, or any part of the song.

Although if someone says comparison with today & 2000s Punjabi Music tan there is no comparison. Still, we used to dance to 2000s Punjabi songs at our parties, Marriages, etc.

Some Famous Punjabi Singers who all were the stars of 2000s Punjabi music:

·        Jassi Sidhu

·        Sukhbir

·        Babbu Mann

·        Jazzy B

·        Gurdas Mann

·        Miss Pooja

·        Jasbir Jassi

there are many more to whom the audience loves to listen & still used to remember that era like “Pehle ki Punjabi songs ki vibe alag hoti thi yaar”.

Songs that true 2000s Punjabi Kid won’t Forget & their different vibes related to singing & dance on that songs

 1.      Sauda Khara Khara:

This song remake in the movie “Good news” as Dance performed by the amazing artist Akshay Kumar, Kiara Advani & Diljit Dosanjh the foot-tapping song by “Sukhbir” that makes one show up the steps on the dance floor also the singer sang other foot stepping songs like

·        Aaye Haye

·        Punjabi Munde

·        Kedhe Naal Pyar

·        Nachle Soniye

·        Dil Laga Na

·        Punjabi Boys

·        Sadde Dil Wich & many more songs but the two of the most famous songs other TEMPthan “Sauda Sauda Khara” me. “Ishq Tera Tadpave” & “Gal Ban Gayi” are epic songs although these three of the songs neither required any type of introduction even non-punjabi’s dance on & love to hear it.

 2.      Jinhe Mera Dil Luteya:

The vibe in the crowded place or in a personal group that someone says “Jinhe Mera Dil Lutiya” & the rest used to say “Oohho” is probably one of the best songs in the industry ever produced by the singer “Jazzy B” with creating & composing the fantastic vibe.

Other Classy songs by Jazzy B are

·        Naag

·        Naag 2

·        Naag The Third

·        Mitran de Boot

·        This Party Getting Hot

·        Repeat

·        Jawani

These all songs are the greatest of all time by Jazzy B the stylish singer probably the hairstyle but the beat on in the song is healing the moment at party night & creatively the lyrics too.

 3.      Morni Banke & Main Hogya Sharaabi:

The Song “Morni Banke” Sang by Panjabi MC & followed the latest version by Guru Randhawa in the movie “Bhadaai Ho” extremely composed the vibe again in the mind & the heart of the audience with fine music if we compare it to 2000s era & the latest era. The song “Main Hogya Sharaabi” clue up the vibe as the boys in the family wedding dance on dis song after having a liquor party it’s an amazing moment right? The other songs by Panjabi Mc

·        Akh Da Eshara

·        Jagga

·        Gora Gora & many more

 4.      The Legend Surjit Bindrakhiya

One of the tremendous & enormous artist industry ever produced the classic beats & lyrics although non-punjabis sometimes Punjabis don’t understand but beats created such as Any Body Can Dance on that probably the determined famous songs are

·     ��  Jatt Di Pasand

·        Lak Tunoo Tunoo

·        Tera Yaar Bolda

·        Boliyan

·        Dil Da Pata Ni

·        Dupatta Tera Sat Rang Da                                                                                                                                                                  

 5.      The God of Punjabi Music:

One & only “Babbu Mann” inspiration & respected artist in the industry created the legendary songs & presented like:

·        Kabza

·        Mitran Di Chhatri

·        Saaun Di Jhadi

·        Dil Toh Pagal Hae

·        Mere Dil Vich                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      

I must say no one can forget the joyful & cheery moment in the song “Rail Gaddi” by Mangal Singh that everyone on the floor creates a circle move on with one another having steps with hands & bhangra it’s just a lovely one that if someone doesn’t how to dance can move alongside.

 Punjabi Songs like Dil Le Kudi Gujrat Ji.

Batua the song vibe for the Sister & Brother in law

Dhai Lakh Di that family song there one by one every couple come forward to dance on the floor

 Songs by teh Singer “Jassi Sidhu”

·        Veer Ji Vyohn Chaleya

·        Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui

·        Sohni Lagdi

·        Pyar

·        Nain

 How can I forget to write about the two amazing singers no one can beat their songs beat “Daler Mehndi” & Gurdass Mann”.

Punjabi Songs of the 2000s are not only the songs it’s a requirement for festive vibes to dance & enjoyment different moves still it appreciates in various ways & has tickled the voice.

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Hire female singers for your Ladies Sangeet or Mehndi party Lucknow

Ladies Sangeet Group (+91-9919805315 {Call & whatsapp} and +91-8756747424) are experienced female Singer. We are very well experience in organizing Ladies Sangeet, Mahila Sangeet, Mehndi Sangeet, Haldi Sangeet and Best Marriage Sangeet. We are also invite artists from different parts of the cities who have expertise in Ladies Sangeet and Singers. We are a team of party which is specialized in creating different arrangement related to the our Sangeet services we offers and can handle even large events with the right ease.

We are performing following types of Songs for Best Ladies and Mahila Sangeet Mandali.

Ganesh Vandana

Mangal Geet

Dwar Pooja Geet

Banna Banni Songs

Tel - Baan Ke Geet

Birthday Geet

Old and New Bollywood songs

Punjbai Bollywood Dance Songs

Punjabi Folk Sagan ke Geet

Rajasthani Folk Songs

Bhaat ke Geet

Tappe Boliya

Sehra ke geet

Bhaat ke geet

Shuhag ke Geet

Ghori ke Geet

Marwari Sangeet Songs

Lagan Ke Geet

Haldi ke Geets

Raat Jagga

Ghazal Program

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Punjabi customary, folk and bhangra music

Punjabi Folk Music

The music played in the Punjab state and its fringe with customary instruments included. Folk music is the premise of music from any area and classification. The Punjabi folk music has various move and music related with the various phases of life. They have music for birth, birthday festivity, marriage, and demise. The folk music from Punjab have the music for each snapshot of life from the joy to distress. Punjabi folk music can be taken as the mirror into the Punjabi conventions, way of life and history. The music portrays the dedicated idea of the Punjabi men and the valiance they have appeared in the front line. Like each other folk music custom, Punjabi folk music has similar notoriety of introducing its rich culture, history, festivity, and substantially more.

Punjabi folk is joined to individuals and it is the method of communicating their sentiments on various event. In addition to the fact that Punjabi have folk tunes on the existence functions they have tunes about nature, grit, sentiment and celebrations too. The strength of Punjabi folk music is having tunes for each significant snapshots of life. With regards to marriage the Punjabi folk music has tunes and music for various event in marriage. There are melodies for the lady (suhag), the husband to be (Ghorhian and Sehra) and customs of marriage. The lady has a melody for her folks requesting that they locate her better parents in law and home. The melodies are of various length and relying upon the length of the tunes there are depiction of birde, groom, marriage, family and some more.

Folk music for fairs and celebrations

The Punjab music industry is one of the most extravagant. They have tune identified with every party. They have melodies for change of season called as Lohri and Maghi though Visakhi tune is for gathering time. The Punjabi ladies praise the period of Sawan with bunches of customs. The wedded one go to their parental home and they put on vivid mehendi on their hands. They celebrate and hit the dance floor with their companions and family members. The young ladies move is called Giddha.

Topic of folk tunes

Sentimental tunes: There are various Punjabi folk sentiment tunes that are well known among music sweethearts everywhere on the world. Melodies like Jugni, Mahia, Heer Ranjha, Mirza Sahiban and so forth are mainstream sentimental folk tunes from Punjab.

Chivalrous: These sorts of melodies are devoted to the Punjabi legends like Dulla Bhatti, Raju Rasalu depicting their grit and commitment to the Punjabi history.

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Strict: These tunes are sung about celebration, venerates and strict services. The strict Punjabi folk tunes are typically sung with tow conventional instruments; Sarangi and Dhad.

Instruments for folk tunes

Punjabi artists sing their folk tunes unaccompanied or with some musical instruments like dhol, tumbi, dhad, sarangi, gagar, chimta and other customary Punjabi musical instruments.

Bhangra Music

On the off chance that one music kind that is mainstream around the globe today and is the mark move for any Punjabi around the globe than that is Bhangra. Bhangra is really music and move structure that began from Punjab in India. It began in the towns of Punjab when Punjabi ranchers moved observing Visakhi or the Harvest celebration. Simply a famous move structure in Punjab and Assam initially, presently it is well known around the world. It has picked up so much fame that bhangra is presently utilized in the majority of Bollywood motion pictures and in various move shows far and wide.

Move Moves

Bhangra is well known move moves that have energizing music related with it. The move moves in bhangra music are quick with high energy. The artists are dressed with brilliant dresses and have a specific example of moving their hands and legs. Generally this music was the blend of singing with the beat of Dhol drum and ektara. This sound was conventional and folk type. Gradually with time the music has developed as combination of traditional stone and old style Punjabi music. It is exceptionally mainstream among Punjabi people group in the UK, Canada and USA. Bhangra these days has blend of hip jump with traditional Punjabi and has pulled in pool of audience members who are youthful and non-Punjabi.

There has been some contention as there are a few people who trust Punjabi folk music is like bhangra. However, bhangra is unique in relation to Punjabi folk music. Bhangra has rhythms and it contains high energy moves and verses than folk music. Bhangra is well known the world over with a blend of current music instruments engaged with it.

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Get best Punjabi dance group for marriage for your functions or any other events with Nitta no1 Dj entertainment. Our entertainers give their best performance for making your day remember able because this day is very specials for everyone.  We provide Punjabi Dholi group, jagoo group, DJ services, dancers for parties and wedding designer.

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NCERT Class 12 History Chapter 6 Bhakti Sufi Traditions Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts

NCERT Class 12 History Solutions

Chapter 6 Bhakti-Sufi Traditions Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED :

Q l. Explain with examples what historians mean by the integration of cults.

Ans. During the period of the 10th Century to the 17th Century, an important trend noticed in the religious life in India is the worship of God in many forms. Many God and Goddesses appear in the scultures and texts but they are various forms of the original deities only. These original deities are Vishnu, Shiva, and Goddesses Durga, Lakshmi and Parvati. Historians have noticed the two marked trends in the socio-religious life of those days. The first was dissemination of the Brahminical ideas. The Brahminical texts were reproduced in simple Sanskrit. They were now made available to women and shudras, who did not have access to Brahminical literature by and large. The second was the Brahmins who were working on the beliefs and practices. It was a process of evolution, wherein traditional classical traditions were getting new shapes continuously as they were being impacted by the traditions of common people throughout the land. Now let us look at the two of the following examples.

1. A very good example of the above description is the temple of Jagannatha at Puri in Orissa. The temple is of Lord Jagannatha who is another form of Vishnu only. The word Jagannatha means one who owns the world.

2. There were many local gods; their statues were often created by wood and stones by tribals. Even families began to have Kul Devata. The Goddeses were also created in wood and stone. They all were in various forms only often of Vishnu. Q 2. To what extent do you think the architecture of mosques in the subcontinent reflects a combination of universal ideals and local traditions?

Ans. With the arrival of Islam in the Medieval ages, the architecture of Islam also came to India. However, the Arab-cum-Islamic architecture got impacted by the local traditions and rites too. Hence, we see a fusion of the two. This can be further elaborated by the examples of architecture mainly the constructions of the mosques of those days.

Some features of the architecture of mosques are universal. All mosques have orientation towards Mecca. This is manifested in the placement of Mehrab and Minar within a mosque. But at the same time we have influences that can be described only as local influences. A 13th Century mosque in Kerala has a shikhar like roof unlike a normal mosque where it is dome. The Shah Hamdan Mosque in Kashmir is made of Kashmiri woods and its facade is like that of a temple. The Atia Mosque in Bangladesh is made of bricks, though its roof is round. Thus, we can see that the architecture of Mosques is that of fusion. Q 3. What were the similarities and differences between the be-shari‘a and ba-shari‘a sufi traditions?

Ans. Shari’a is the Islamic law that is applied in a truly Islamic country. The Shari’a law owes its origin to the Holy book of Quran, Hadis (Law book of Islam) and teachings of Prophet Muhammad. In the medieval ages the Islamic world witnessed a big social and religious movement called Sufi movement. Sufi movement was the people-centric and not God-centric. It believed serving people was the real form of worship. Sufi movement has had many branches too. One group of Sufi preachers took very radical path. They were mystics who renounced material world took to the life of asceticism. Further they also rejected the supremacy of the Shari’a laws. Such sufis were called be-shari‘a. On the other hand , there were sufi saints who criticised the extravagant lifestyle of monarchs and Khaliphates but did not reject Shari’a laws. For them Shari’a laws were sacrosant. These Sufi saints have been called be-shari‘a. Q 4. Discuss the ways in which the Alvars, Nayanars and Virashaivas expressed critiques of the caste system.

Ans. The early Bhakti Movement was led by Alvars and Nayanars. It was the period of the 6th Century. Alvars are those who were disciples of Vishnu and Nayanars were those who claimed themselves the followers of Lord Shiva. They travelled place to place and would sing devotional songs in Tamil in the name of Shiva or Vishnu as the case may be. Apart from being a religious movement it was a social movement too. Many historians are of the view that Alvars and Nayanars gave a blow to the caste system and Brahminism. This is corroborated by the fact that the movement was open to people from diverse background. The Bhaktas came from the castes of Brahmin to artisans to even those that were considered untouchables.

Virashaivas was a movement of the 12th Century that took place in Karnataka. The movement was led by a Brahmin named Basavanna (1106-68), who was a minister in the court of Chalukya king. The followers of Basavanna are called Virashaivas and they worshipped Shiv. They were also called and perhaps more often Lingayats, which literary means wearer of Lingas. They challenged the caste system and they challenged the idea of any caste being pollutant. This helped them grow support among marginalised sections of the society. Virashaivas also attacked some evil practices supposedly not approved by Shashtras, such as post puberty marriage and remarriage of widows. Further they also questioned the theory of rebirth. Q 5. Describe the major teachings of either Kabir or Guru Nanak and the way they have been transmitted. (or) Explain the teachings of Guru Nanak. Did he want to establish a new religion?

Ans. Kabir is a great poet-cum-saint of Indian society. He has had appeal among Hindus and Muslims alike as it is believed that he was bom as Hindu but was brought up by a muslim couple. He wrote poems that exhorted both communities to take to social reforms. The major teachings of Kabir were as follows:

1. Kabir described God as nirankar (having no shape). He used the terms drawn from Islamic tradition like Allah, Khuda, Hajrat and Peer but also used words of Vedic traditions like Alakh ( (the unseen) and nirakar ( the formless). Thus, he freely took to both traditions viz. Islamic and Vedantic.

2. He repudiated idol worship and polytheism.

3. He emphasised on the oneness of God though there can be many names of His. 4. He criticised religious rituals of hindus and muslims alike.

5. He also preached against caste discrimination.

6. He combined the Sufi traditions of love of God with the Hindi tradition of remembrance of God.

7. He also emphasised the dignity of labour.

Thus, the essence of the teachings of Kabir was simple living based on love and respect all. He wrote in simple language to be understood by common man of the country. Guru Nanak and his teachings Guru Nanak was born in a Hindu family in 1469 at Nankana Saheb on the bank of the river Ravi. His birth place is now in Pakistan. He learnt Persian, Arabic , Hindi and Mathematics. He spent time in the company of Sufi saints and Bhaktas of various socio-religious movements.

The major teachings of Guru Nanak are as follows: 1. He rejected the religious texts of both Hindus and Muslims. 2. He preached God is Nirakar viz. without any shape. 3. He criticised the religious practices like ceremonial bath, sacrifices , idol worship and emphasised simplicity. 4. He called upon his followers to connect to divine by remembering and repeating the divine name. Guru Nanak expressed himself in Punjabi, the language of the local people in a lyrical form called Shabad. Shabad can be recited in various ragas. Q 6. Discuss the major beliefs and practices that characterised Sufism.

Ans. After the advent of Islam in the early, middle ages , it saw a new movement in later part. The movement has had great impact and reach in the Indian subcontinent. It is called Sufi movement. The Sufi saints were mystics. Their preachings included:

1. Sufi saints did not subscribe to the theological and rigid interpretations of religious scriptures of Islam. They believed that the interpretation have to be based on individual experiences. This way the theological interpretations became flexible. Further the control of the orthodox religious leaders got weakened. This was a people centric move.

2. They rejected the high sounding rituals. They also emphasised on simplicity in religious traditions and rites.

3. Sufi saints prescribed devotion to Almighty as path to salvation. They even approved of singing and dancing as part of devotion. It is notable that classical Islam has forbidden singing, dancing and any music.

4. The most important theme of Sufi philosophy was that serving people is the true religion. With the objective of serving the poor people they also held Langar. Today also one can go to Ajmer and can partake in the Langar organised on the tomb of Nijammudin Auliya, the great Sufi saint.

5. Sufi saints also emphasised on the equality among people and oneness among all. Q 7. Examine how and why rulers tried to establish connections with the traditions of the Nayanars and the sufis.

Ans. Nayanars were the worshippers of Lord Shiva. It gained a shape of powerful Bhakti movement in South India in 6th Century onwards. Apart from being popular with the people, the movement got support and patronage of the rulers of the time. This is manifested by the following facts:

1. A major part of South India was ruled by Chola Kings during the period 9th to 13th Century. They gave great patronage to the Bhakti movement saints including Nayanars. Thus, they did by making grants of land and constructing temples of Shiva and Vishnu for the saints of Bhakti movement.

2. The most beautiful temples of Shiva of South India, namely, at Chidambaram, Tanjavur and Gangaikondacholpuram were constructed under the patronage of Chola rulers.

3. During the same period some of the most spectacular representation of Shiva in bronze sculpture were produced. All this was possible because the rulers patronised the Nayanars.

4. Nayanars had considerable following among farmers. The rulers tried to establish connections with the Nayanars and this is explained by the aforesaid description. The reason why they did is not far to seek. One reason could be to bring sanctity to the their rule. By giving alms to the temple and the preachers of Nayanar sect the rulers also announced their wealth and might. Next such acts might have endeared the rulers to the masses.

Sufi Tradition and the rulers of Delhi Sultnate and Mughals: In the 12th Century, Delhi and a considerable part of India fell to the rule of Muslim rulers. This rule is known as the period of Delhi Sultanate. The rulers of Delhi Sultanate claimed themselves under Khalifate of Kabul and tried to legitimize their rule. The next step could have been establishing the rule of Shari‘a laws. However, the rulers realised for the very beginning that it was impractical. Under the Delhi Sultanate most of the people were not Muslim. Shari’a laws were not feasible also because lacked flexibity which a ruler needed to govern. The rulers of Delhi Sultanate wanted to take a practical path of governance without renouncing Islam. Sufi tradition gave them this opportunity. The same idea prevailed during the rule of the great Mughals too. Hence the rulers of Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal empire adopted the tradition of sufism. Q 8. Analyses, illustrations, why bhakti and sufi thinkers adopted a variety of languages in which to express their opinions.

Ans. In medieval India, though Sanskrit and Persian may be the language of the educated people or at the court, the vast number of people living in villages conversed in the local languages. It was, therefore, needed that the Bhakti and Sufi saints preached in the languages of the common people. This was in fact essential in order to make these movement truly popular.

This is manifested in the following examples: 1. The traditional Bhakti saints composed the hymns in Sanskrit. Such hymns were sung on special occasions often within temples.

2. The Nayanars and the Alvars were wandering saints. They travelled far and wide, often walking on foot. They met people in different villages. These saints would sing the verses in praise of God all in the language of the local people only. The language was Tamil only. These travelling saints established temples where prayers took place in Tamil and the devotional songs were composed by the Bhakti Saints.

3. In North India the language was different. Here too the saints took to the language of the common people. Guru Nanak created Shabad all in Punjabi. Baba Farid and Swami Raidas (Ravidas) all composed in Punjabi and Hindustani.

4. Kabirdas who lived in Benaras, wrote in local language which was closer to Hindustani. He used words there part of local dialect.

5. The Sufi tradition of singing on tombs carried on in the language of the local people only. The shrines were the place of Sama sung in Hindustani or Hindavi. Another Sufi Saint Baba Farid composed in Punjabi too that even became part of Guru Granth Sahib.

6. Some other saints wrote in Kannada, Tamil and other languages too. Thus, we are inclined to agree with the view that the Saints of Bhakti and Sufi Movement composed in many languages and the languages of the common people to connect with them. Q 9. Read any five of the sources included in this chapter and discuss the social and religious ideas that are expressed in them.

Ans. The period of the Bhakti Movement and Sufi Movement also has many sources that contribute to the history of those days. Some of the major social and religious ideas expressed in the various sources of history are as follows:

1. The first is the architecture. The different types of stupas, temple, monasteries all symbolise different types of religious belief system and practices. Some of them exist as it is and enable us to look into the annals of history of those days. Some of them are in the form of ruins but they also throw light on the, religion and society of those days alike.

2. The next important source of history is the composition of the saints both Bhakti and Sufi. In terms of content they are religious but they are not the divine textbooks of religion that are sacrosanct. The compilation throws light on the life of common men and village lifestyle. They also impact the music and art of those days.

3. Another very important source of the history of those days is the biographies of the Saints. The biographies include the description of the society and prevalent beliefs and practices. It is notable that such biographies may not be in the written form still they can give insight into the life of those days. It is the story prevalent that I when Kabirdas died, both Hindus and Muslims fought for his dead body later on his body turned into flowers. Some were taken by Muslims and others by Hindus. This represents that there conflict and collaboration between both Hindus and Muslims of those days.

4. This was also the period of rise of religious leaders who were intermediaries between common men and God. Earlier it was only the Brahmins who got this role. Now many people from other background also joined in. To some extent it acted as the the force that idolised equality and fraternity. 5. The other source is the folklore. They are described in our art forms. It may be dance, paintings, and sculpture and so on. They all talk about the universal brotherhood of mankind and love for one and all. Q 10.On an outline map of India, plot three major sufi shrines and three places associated with temples (one each of a form of Vishnu, Shiva and the goddess.)

Ans.

Q 11. Choose any two of the religious teachers/thinkers/saints mentioned in this chapter, and find out more about their lives and teachings. Prepare a report about the area and the times in which they lived, their major ideas, how do we know about them, and why you think they are important?

Ans. Following are the two saints of the Bhakti movement who are described as follows:

Guru Nanak: Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Gurus of the Sikhs, was born in the village of Talwandi on 15th April, 1469. The village now is known as Nankana Sahib. He belonged to a Khatri caste. Before Guru Nanak departed for his heavenly abode on 22nd Sept., 1539, his name had travelled not only throughout India’s north, south, east and west, but also far beyond into Arabia, Mesopotamia (Iraq), Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Afghanistan, Turkey, Burma and Tibet.

His teachings included: Equality of humans: Guru Nanak preached against discrimination and prejudices due to race, caste, status, etc. He said: “See the brotherhood of all mankind as the highest order of Yogis; conquer your own mind, and conquer the world.”

Universal message for all people: Normally preachers confined their preachings to the men of their own religion. But Nanak reached out. He spoke to hindus and muslims both and said to all “To take what rightfully belongs to another is like a muslim eating pork, or a hindu eating beef.” Equality of women: Nanak promoted women’s rights and equality—a first for the 15th century! He asked: “From woman, man is born; within woman, man is conceived; to woman he is engaged and married. Woman becomes his friend; through woman, the future generations come. When his woman dies, he seeks another woman; to woman he is bound. So should why we call her bad?

Namdeo : Saint Namdeo was born in the year 1270 in the village of Narasi-Bamani, now located in the Hingoli District in Maharashtra. He is a great Saint Poet of Maharashtra. He was one of the earliest writers who wrote in the Marathi language. He is the foremost proponent of the Bhagwad-Dharma who reached beyond Maharashtra, right into Punjab. He also wrote some hymns in Hindi and Punjabi, Namdev travelled through many parts of India, reciting his religious poems. In difficult times, he played the difficult role of uniting the pendle of Maharashtra spiritually, He is said to have lived for more than twenty years in the village of Ghuman in the Gurdaspur district of Punjab. The Sikh brethren in Punjab consider him one.

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Good Food, Traditional Dances and Fun Rituals Are Inclusive of Any Punjabi Matrimony

Punjabis are individuals who have a place with the province of Punjab in India. They follow their genealogy to the Indo-Aryan gathering from South Asian locale. The Punjabi individuals have their unmistakable etymological and social character. A large portion of the Punjabi people group individuals live in the conditions of Haryana, Delhi, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. The people group individuals are additionally settled in different pieces of India and in nations like United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and Malaysia. Punjabi Matrimony has conventions and customs, which are impression of the solid legacy of the network advanced throughout the years.

There are three significant religions in the territory of Punjab-Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism. Punjabi Matrimonial festivals contrast in ceremonies among the different religions. A cleric directs the genuine wedding functions for the Hindu people group in Punjab while for the Sikh Punjab Matrimony a Granthi conducts the customs. For the Muslims in Punjab, the Qazi conducts the weddings in nearness of witnesses and visitors. Despite the fact that the ceremonies are fluctuated, some normal elements join the different Punjabi strict gatherings. Regular among them are tunes and move at the weddings in Punjab. The moves at Punjab Matrimony are high-vitality types and for the most part Bhangra and Gidha. The Bhangra are performed by the men and keeping in mind that the Gidha is commonly done by ladies. Some famous wedding melodies in Punjabi are Mangane di geet, Ghoriyaan, Churra charan vele da geet, Mahinya and Pani Vaarna. What's more, the dress and the food of the individuals of Punjab are comparative regardless of whether they are from various strict foundation.

Engagement Rings Perth The ceremonies at the Punjab Matrimony have numerous pre-wedding customs. A portion of the ceremonies are comparable for Hindu and Sikh Punjabi wedding. In the Sikh Punjab marriage, some significant customs before the real wedding are Takha, Mangni, Rokka and Sangeet. The Mangni or Shagun is normally the custom before the commitment function. The lady of the hour's folks and family members visit the husband to be's home with blessings, desserts and gems and affirm the collusion. The Rokka is the commitment service where the man of the hour and the lady trade rings. Family members and family shower favors and blessings on the couple. Sangeet is a cheerful and thrilling service where the ladies of the family sing and move to conventional Punjabi tunes. The sound of the 'dhol' or Indian drum works out in a good way for the conventional wedding tunes.

The mehendi service is a typical pre-wedding custom between the Hindu just as the Sikh Punjabi marriage. This is another pleasant wedding custom where just the female individuals from the house go to the service. Proficient henna craftsman draws excellent examples on lady of the hour's hands and feet. The name of the lucky man is covered up in the structures. The man of the hour's mom sends the mehendi for the lady's hand and feet.

The Punjab Matrimony for the Hindus has the Pheras, which is a noteworthy custom. The lady of the hour and the man of the hour circle the heavenly fire multiple times. For the Sikhs, the couple hovers around the blessed book Guru Granth Sahib multiple times. Some more significant customs for the Hindus and Sikhs marriage are Jaimala, Kanyadaan and Juta chuppai.

No Punjab Matrimony is finished without a great gala of neighborhood rarities. Punjabi cooking offers a scope of vegan and non-veggie lover dishes. Punjabi food utilize liberal measures of ghee, margarine and cream in the dishes. Dishes from Paneer, Indian curds is well known among Hindu Vegetarian wedding feast. Some more famous vegan Punjabi food is the Rajma, Saron Da Saag, Dal makhani, Dal Amritsari, Choley with Naan and Maa Di Dal. Claim to fame for the non-veggie lover food is the Butter Chicken, Tandoori chicken and Chicken Tikka.