#scientific_method

[phonemantra-blog]

Researchers propose using X-rays to study interstellar objects and reveal their composition and origin A research team from Yale University offers advice for the next encounter with a wandering interstellar object: study its X-ray emission. Since the discovery of the interstellar object Oumuamua passing through the solar system in 2017, scientists have increasingly noted the likelihood of interstellar objects visiting the solar system. However, there is no agreement regarding the composition and origin of these objects. Of particular interest to astronomers is whether interstellar objects accelerate as they exit the solar system, like Omuamua. The same anomalous acceleration occurs when an interstellar comet is heated by the sun. This has led some astronomers to speculate that 'Omuamua and other space objects are made of exotic ice. [caption id="attachment_69199" align="alignnone" width="780"] X-ray analysis[/caption] But there is a problem: if interstellar objects accelerate because they are made of ice and start to melt when they are close to the sun, there should be a trail of gas (such as water vapor or carbon dioxide) behind them. However, advanced telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Spectrometer have not detected gases around Omuamua. This is a mystery that has divided the scientific community into two opinions. Some scientists believe 'Omuamua was composed of an exotic form of ice that is invisible to most telescopes in its gaseous state, while others suggest it was an unusually light object that allowed it to shift slightly under the pressure of sunlight. A new study led by Yale University astronomy doctor Samuel Cabot offers the possibility of some answers. Cabot and his colleagues argue that X-rays may hold the key to understanding interstellar objects. X-ray analysis will help choose a path in the study of interstellar objects “X-ray telescopes will be especially important when the interstellar object approaches us again. If we detect X-rays, it would indicate that there is a cloud of gas around the object, and the anomalous acceleration is likely due to the sublimation process. If we don't see X-rays, then maybe there's a different physics at work," Cabot said. The theory is based on the solar wind, which is responsible for the aurora on Earth. "Wind" is a fast flow of ionized particles. When these ions enter the cold gas, they capture electrons, emitting X-rays and photons as these electrons move to a lower energy level. This process occurs with different types of gases, even those that are invisible in the optical or infrared ranges. “Typically, X-rays are used to diagnose the most extreme environments, such as hot gases around black holes. However, they can also be used to study planets and potentially interstellar objects,” said Daniel Wang, co-author of the study. For example, comets and planets such as Venus, Mars, and Jupiter emit X-rays—not directly, but because the solar wind collides with their atmospheres. Cabot and his co-authors intend to test their theory by observing new interstellar objects using the LSST telescope. “The upcoming LSST survey will give us increased sensitivity to detect these objects, which will greatly increase our capabilities and help us cover virtually the entire southern hemisphere every night. We expect LSST to discover several interstellar villains each year,” said study co-author Daryl Seligman.

[whencyclopedia]

Scientific Method

The scientific method was first used during the Scientific Revolution (1500-1700). The method combined theoretical knowledge such as mathematics with practical experimentation using scientific instruments, results analysis and comparisons, and finally peer reviews, all to better determine how the world around us works. In this way, hypotheses were rigorously tested, and laws could be formulated which explained observable phenomena. The goal of this scientific method was to not only increase human knowledge but to do so in a way that practically benefitted everyone and improved the human condition.

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[seasidewanderers]

hi! you may find this useful: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method

The real issue with endos and their “sources” is that they’re working backwards trying to find justifications of their version of the truth.

Instead of looking at the evidence as it is, they’re coming at the subject with their own preconceived notion of “the truth” and desperately scrambling for anything that even tangentially agrees with them.

That’s why most of their sources are biased, or taken out of context. Instead of looking at studies about how systems and dissociated parts work (where endos often aren’t mentioned at all because they’re not relevant or even real), they’re specifically looking for sources that validate them- even if those sources are poorly researched or just flat out biased and not peer reviewed.

They don’t care how poor their “sources” are, they just want validation for their claims that they can throw at anyone who disagrees. That way they can keep living in their comfortable lie, and claim that anyone who disagrees with them is just a “denier of science/the truth”. Despite their sources all being, essentially a hot pile of biased garbage.

[charlesandthefury]

https://soundcloud.com/scientific_method/sets/music-inspired-by-blade-runner

[zwischeneinsichten]

Bischof über Konrad Lorenz’ Werk

Ich plädiere dafür, daß man [Lorenz’] Werke weiterhin liest und sich von dem unsterblichen Lebensfunken, der darin immer glimmen wird, anstecken und inspirieren läßt.

Diejenigen, die das am nötigsten hätten, die Vertreter der Humanpsychologie, werden diesen Appell freilich wohl nicht vernehmen. Von ihnen haben die wenigsten begriffen, daß sie es waren, die er eigentlich erreichen wollte, daß er letztlich, bei aller Tierliebe, immer den Rätseln des menschlichen Selbstverständnisses auf der Spur war.

Was könnte die Wissenschaft vom Menschen alles von ihm lernen! Das unbeirrbare Bekenntnis zum kreativen Potential der Beobachtung, zum Primat der Deskription vor dem Experiment. Die konsequente Verwendung der Zweckmäßigkeit, der auf Bernd Hellmann zurückgehenden Frage »Ist das im Sinne des Erfinders?« als heuristisches Prinzip der psychologischen wie der biologischen Forschung. Das Wissen, daß alle Psychologie vom Vergleich lebt. Die Einsicht, daß in den Lebenswissenschaften die Tiefe der Erkenntnis von der Breite der Induktionsbasis und nicht, wie in der Physik, von der Höhe des Abstraktionsniveaus abhängt. Die Erkenntnis, daß man organische Strukturen nur aus ihrem Gewordensein. aus der Evolution begreifen kann. Und nicht zuletzt: den Mut, sich im wissenschaftlichen Disput der Umgangssprache zu bedienen entgegen allen Modevorschriften eines Akademismus, der seine Banalität hinter der Gestelztheit objektloser Kunstworte zu verbergen sucht.

Norbert Bischof (1993), »Gescheiter als alle die Laffen«, S. 163

[phonemantra-blog]

This supports the theory that there may be lava tubes on the Moon large enough to be used for lunar bases. The Moon was once geologically active, with active volcanoes and lava flows. The airless environment perfectly preserved traces of this past, which today can be seen in the form of dark deposits, volcanic domes, and cones. But the most recognizable features are the ancient lava tubes. Recently, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) camera captured images of one such 48 km-long "sinuous groove" on the Moon's northern hemisphere. Lava tubes have been observed on various objects in the solar system, including the Moon, Mars, and Mercury. On Earth, they were formed by volcanic eruptions, where flowing lava cooled and formed a crust on the surface. This crust sealed the lava inside, allowing it to flow for considerable distances before solidifying. Over time, these lava tubes can collapse due to seismic activity or meteorite impacts, creating a chain of pits and holes. [caption id="attachment_64719" align="aligncenter" width="580"] Scientists[/caption] Scientists have discovered traces of collapsed lava tubes on the Moon Such a groove, imaged by LROC, was discovered near the Gruithuisen crater in the Ocean of Storms. This is the largest "ocean" on the Moon, its area is 4 million square kilometers, and occupies 10.5% of the Moon's surface. The large crater at the top left of the image may be the source of the lava flow. He formed a lava tube, which, according to scientists, can have a diameter of up to 500 meters in some places. This confirms previous research that indicated the Moon could have lava tubes up to 10 kilometers wide and hundreds of kilometers long - large enough to accommodate entire cities. Other studies indicate that the temperature in these tubes may be stable, averaging around +17 °C, while surface temperatures range from +127 °C during the day to –173 °C at night. In particular, for these reasons, NASA, China, and other space agencies are considering stable lava tubes as potential sites for future lunar bases. In addition to space and acceptable temperature conditions, they can offer protection from cosmic radiation, solar flares, and meteorite impacts.