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juniperpublishers-agriculture · 6 years ago

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Biological and Reproductive Characteristics of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Dip.: Tephritidae), on Six Host Plants Under Vitro Conditions-Juniper Publishers

Abstract

Mediterranean fruit fly, (Wiedemann) Ceratitis capitata, is one of the most problematic pests of fruit trees in the world, which has been reported in recent years in the fruit gardens of northern Iran. In this research, some of the important biological and reproductive characteristics of this fly including the average daily egg in two selective and non-selective tests, the length of larval and pupal periods, the percentage of hatching eggs, the percentage of total insect excretion and sex ratio on six different plant hosts persimmons, Clementin mandarin, Valencia oranges, Golden apple smoothie, Red apples, and peaches) were measured in laboratory conditions. Among the studied hosts, peach contributed to the highest average egg density of 4.74 eggs per individual fly/day and a hatching percentage of (62.79%). Moreover, it exhibited short duration of larval stages (4. 10 days) and pupation (7.76 days), the most favorable host for Mediterranean flies was determined. In contrast, Valencia oranges were identified as the most undesirable host because of the low average egg density and egg hatching percentage (zero and 67.49%), respectively. Also, the yellow and red apple fruits also indicated low average daily egg laying (respectively, 0/56 and 1/15 eggs per individual fly/day) and the length of the larval stage (14.84 and 24.08 days) were established as low-quality food hosts for this fly. Due to the high sensitivity of peach fruits to this pest, it is recommended to exercise prudence in the construction of new peach orchards, especially mixed with citrus.

Keywords: Host preference; Host plant; Nutrition and fruit fly; Ceratitis capitata

Introduction

The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemnann) is a polyphagous pest. So far, more than 400 plant species have been reported as its host (2012 USDA), of which the most important are citrus, nutrient fruits such as peaches, grainy fruits such as apples and other ones such as persimmons, figs and even the fruits of some gourds [1]. In some countries, commercial production is riddled by some serious challenges and even impossibility because of the Mediterranean fruit fly damage. In California, this fly accounts for an annual financial loss of about $1.1 billion [2]. The damage caused by this pest in Europe was reported at 68 and 71% respectively in tangerines (Citrus reticulata Blanco and Japanese persimmons (Diospyros kaki Thunb) respectively. Currently, in many parts of the world, the use of insecticides is the most effective alternative in controlling the Mediterranean fruit fly and the availability of appropriate diets for the cultivation of large amounts of larvae and insects is one of the main pillars of this way [3]. The quality and quantity of food are very important in feeding the larvae of the Mediterranean fruit fly, because in addition to providing the energy necessary for the survival and appearance of the larvae, they can also be used in the body during their inactivity period [4,5]. The nutritional effects of plant varieties on the biological and reproductive characteristics of this group of flies have been reported [6-9]. By assessing the nutritional value of different hosts for larvae and adult insects, the Mediterranean fruit fly showed that the highest percentage of insect excretion and egg numbers were observed in mango fruits, while lemon and apple fruits did not have any complete outflow flies failed. The study of viability and the appearance of immature larvae of the Mediterranean fruit fly on citrus varieties showed that the fruit variety and different parts of the fruit had a significant effect on the larval function, but the effect of pepper (Capiscum annum) was particularly lower and on the eggs, no effect was indicated [9]. Studies by [2] showed that the Kiwi fruit, in comparison to the nectarine fruit, was less favorable for the Mediterranean fruit fly [2]. The effect of different species and varieties of host plants on the demographic parameters of the Mediterranean fruit fly, including the inherent rate of population growth, has also been reported Papanastasiou et al. [10]. The Mediterranean fruit fly was introduced to Iran through imports of fresh fruits from 1973 to 1979 and quickly settled in the country’s fruit producing regions [11]. The activity of this pest in recent years has caused severe damage in Tehran-Varamin Research Farm University of Varamin is located in the southern region of Tehran City, Geographically, this training farm is located at 51 degrees and 38 minutes north latitude and 35 degrees and 19 minutes east longitude with a height of 920 meters above sea level. [12,13]. Despite the economic importance of Mediterranean fruit fly in Iran, so far, limited studies have been conducted on the effect of the type of diet on reproduction and its reproduction [12, 14,15].

Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding the larvae of this fly on several species of important and common hosts in Tehran-Varamin province on its characteristics and its reproductive characteristics in vitro. Knowing the nutritional quality of different host plants, in addition to improving the efficiency of the pest management program, can help predict the trend and pattern of infestation in Tehran-Varamin province.

Materials and Methods

The place and time of the research

This study was conducted during the period of 2017-2018 at the Plant Protection Research Institute of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (PFUR).

Preparation of primary population

The primary population of the fresh fruit flies was made up of four pairs of adult insects from a laboratory belonging to the department of plant protection, PFUR in Russia (Figure 1). In this lab, the population was raised for five generations on an artificial diet (a diet based on wheat bran for larvae and a diet based on hydrolyzed protein for full insects).

Purification and propagation of the population

Due to the low number of the primary population and also to create a colony with identical nutritional conditions, the initial population of the flies for three generations was grown on Prusus persica L. and then for two generations on artificial diet (five generations in total). In order to cultivate peach fruits, the primary population was covered in wooden cages of 50×50×50cm, with their ceilings and walls wrapped with wire holes 0.2mm in diameter (approximately 50 meshes). In order to access the interior of the cages in one side, a hole in the diameter of 10cm was created and a piece of white shirt in the form of a sleeve was sewn and inserted into it. The cages were placed in a growing room of 2 × 3m with a temperature of 25±2 °C, relative humidity of 65 ± 10 °C, an optimal period of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. Every two to three days, three to four peach fruits were placed on the floor of the cage for the laying of female flies in order to feed adult insects in the cages, a diet based on hydrolyzed protein was used [16,17].

The infested fruit was gradually removed from the cages and placed in plastic pots with a diameter of 22cm and a height of 15cm with holes of 3cm diameter on the floor. Pots containing infected fruits were blocked using a Lace fabric and the pots were placed on plastic containers containing a mixture of fine soil and sawdust d (at a thickness of 3cm and as a bedding for saplings). The pupas were placed in plastic containers containing a mixture of fine soil and sawdust and transferred to new cages to remove insects from them. Due to the lack of access to peach fruits all year round and after the arrival of the population density of the flies at a desirable level, it was used to continue the development of artificial diets proposed by Martínez-Ramírez et al. [16]. Artificial food was used to feed full flies in liquid form, and each unit contained warm gr of liquid hydrolyzed protein, three gr of sugar and 25ml of distilled water. Each artificial larvae, unit was completely and sufficiently sustained by 100g of wheat bran, 25g of sugar, 25g of powdered beer yeast from (Health Aid Company of UK), one gram of hydrochloric acid, one gram of sodium benzoate and 210ml of distilled water.

Daily egg laying average: Two non-selective and selective tests were used to measure the average daily egg. In the non-selective test, the persimmon fruits (Diospyros sp.), Citrus reticulata blanco and Valencia oranges (Citrus cinensis (L) were used as experimental treatments alone and without other fruits. For this purpose, approximately 20 pairs of full-day flies fed on artificial nutrition during the larval period were dispensed with a wooden cage with dimensions of 25×25×25cm, and the protein mixture was hydrolyzed, and water fed to them. Given that the average period before mating of this swarm was reported to be at least four days, after four days the flies were placed inside the cages. A piece of the camellia fruit was cut from it within each cage given. After 24 hours, all fruits were removed from the cages and fresh fruits were replaced. This action lasted for 10 days. Having been removed from the egg cages, the fruits were carefully checked under the stereomicroscope, and the eggs were marked on them.

In the next step, the marked sites were split using insect needles and the number of eggs laid in each of them was counted. By dividing the number of eggs laid per day by the number of flies in the cage, the average daily egg was calculated on different fruits. In the selective test, from apple fruits, Malus domestic (Borkh)(Golden smoothie and Red) and Peach (sixty-day cultivar) were used as experimental treatments. At first, 20 pairs of swarms that had reached the laying period were released into the wooden log cabin. Then, all three fruits were placed in the cage simultaneously and together. After 12 hours, the fruits were removed from the cage and healthy fruits were replaced. Then, the number of eggs laid in them was counted as before. By dividing the total number of eggs counted on each fruit with the total number of flies in the cage (including the number of dead flies per day), the average daily egg was calculated on each fruit.

Hatching eggs: According to the Hussain [18] method, Clementin mandarin, apple (Golden smoothie and Red) and peaches (sixty-day) cultivars put in the wooden cages that were pre-purified for Mediterranean fruit (maximum 24 hours) during their growing season [18]. After 24 hours, the fruits were removed from the cage and the laying sites were marked under a stereomicroscope. The fruits were then placed in the germinator (25 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 5%, 12 hours’ light and 12 hours’ darkness). Given that the length of the embryonic period of the flies was reported to be 1.5 to three days and given the maximum length of time that it was possible to store split fruits inside the germinator, tangerines, persimmon, peaches were removed after four days, and Valencia orange fruits, yellow apples and red apples were removed from the germinator after six days [19]. All the laying sites were split over them and the number of hatching eggs remained (based on the number of egg shells) and percentage of hatching eggs were calculated. Due to the low level of normal egg laying in the Valencia oranges, a sharp knife was used to cut the skin in semi-circular orientation and a certain number of eggs were placed under the skin and on the fruit. Then, the cut was restored to its original location and tightened with tape.

Larval and pupae age: After determining the percentage of hatched eggs, each contaminated fruit was separately packaged in a plastic container with a diameter of 10cm and a height of 7cm and a layer of a centimeter mixture of fine soil and sawdust and multi-layer newspaper (as a substrate of pupae). The craters of the dishes were covered with lace fabric and then turned into germinator. The dishes were regularly visited until the pupae were formed. The time interval between egg hatching on each fruit and the formation of saplings was determined as the length of the period and the larval aspect. In order to determine the length of the pupae period, the soil in containers that had infested fruits was observed on a daily basis until the key removal of the larvae from the fruits and their transfer into the soil to form pupas. The pupas were collected per day depending on the type of fruit and placed in 8cm diameter petri dishes that were covered with a centimeter layer of mixture containing fine soil and sawdust. Then, petri dishes containing pupas were kept until the insects were completely embedded in the germinator. The time interval between the formation of pupae to the complete extinction of insects was considered as the duration of the pupal period.

Percentage of insect outflow and the proportion of female insects: In order to calculate the total insect outflow rate and sex ratio of individuals, the number of pupae per fruit and the number of insects removed from them were counted on a daily basis, and the sex of all the flies was determined based on the presence or absence of egg yolks.

Statistical analysis

All experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. The treatments in this study included persimmon, Tangerine, Valencia orange, yellow apples of Golden smoothie, red apples and peaches (sixty-day cultivar). Due to technical problems (for example, lack of sufficient swarms of flies and non-simultaneous possession of all fruits by reason of different growing seasons, some characteristics were not measured on some fruits. The number of replicates varied according to the type of character; the average daily egg, hatching percentage, total insect emergence percentage and female percentage in 10 replicates and length of larval and pupal periods in 25 replicates were measured. The data were analyzed using SAS (SAS 1999, Institute) software and the meanings were compared using Duncan’s multi-domain test and at 5% probability level. Excel 2007 software was used to draw charts.

Results

Daily egg laying average

Analysis of variance showed that in both selective and non-selective tests, the host plant type at the level of probability influenced the percentage of average daily laying of female flies (P ≤ 0.05). Based on comparison of the averages in the non-selective test (Figure 2), the highest and lowest mean of eggs laid were observed on persimmon fruits (6.95 ± 0.68 eggs per female per day) and Valencia oranges (0 eggs per female per day). The average daily egg density of Clementin mandarin was lower than persimmons but more than Valencia oranges. In the selective test (Figure 2), the mean daily egg laying of female flies on peach fruits was significantly higher than apple fruits (Lebanese yellow and Red varieties), but there was no significant difference between the two apple cultivars.

Period of pupal development

The analysis of variance showed that the plant host type had a significant effect on the length of the larval period (P≤ 0.05, and pupae, P ≤ 0.05,) Mediterranean fly has a significant impact. Larval period and larval stage varied from 8.92 ± 0.33 days to 24.08 ± 1.67 days, respectively, on Valencia orange and red apple fruits. The lowest period of pupas (7.76 ± 0.3 days) was in peaches and the highest in persimmons fruit (13.84 ± 0.59 days) (Table 1).

* Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P<0.05, Duncan’s multiple test).

Hatched eggs

Analysis of variance showed that the effect of host plant on hatching percentage was significant at level of probability (P ≤ 0.05) Based on the results of the comparison of the averages (Table 1), the highest number of eggs after feeding the larvae of the hatching Clementin mandarin fruit (93.65 ± 5.03%), while the lowest egg hatching (67.49 ± 10.72%) was observed after larvae feeding from Valencia orange fruits.

insects

Mean variance analysis showed that plant host type had no significant effect on the percentage of emergence of insects and the ratio of female subjects (P > 0.05). Based on the comparison of the means, the average emergence rate of the adult insects was from 81.08 ± 8.6% in the red apple to 98.55±0.88% in the case of Valencia oranges and the mean the proportion of females varied from 43.25 ± 10.05% in red apples to 59.35 ± 3.01% in Valencia orange (Table 1).

Discussion

The results of this study showed that among the biological and reproductive characteristics of the Mediterranean fruit fly, the average daily egg laying, larval stage and pupae, and the percentage of hatched eggs were affected by the type of fruit. However, the percentage of total insect outflow and the ratio of individuals were not influenced. The material did not differ significantly in different fruits. The effect of fruit type on the biological and reproductive characteristics of Mediterranean fruit fly [9,16,20] and other fruit flies [21]. These characteristics are influenced by various traits of the different fruits, such as differences in the thickness of the fruit skin [9,22], fruit color [23], fruit size [24], relative humidity within the fruit [25], fruit quality for larvae [25], and the density of the essential oils in the fruit juice [4,23]. According to the results of various researchers in this regard, the difference in the values of biological properties and reproductive production on different fruits in the present study may be due to some of the above-mentioned factors, which confirms that this particular aspect requires further research.

Effect of fruit type on mediterranean fruit flies

The findings of this research in non-selective test indicated that the number of female flies was low on Valencia orange and Clementin mandarin fruit compared to persimmons fruit. This result was consistent with Chang and Follett’s findings [2,4] and [26,27]. Szyniszewska et al. [28] and Tanga et al. [29], in justifying the low mean of female flies on orange fruits and citrus fruits (C. limon L.), showed that between the regeneration of female flies and endocrine densities there was a negative correlation between the secretion and the amount of essential oils in the fruit of the citrus fruit. For this reason, the researchers attributed the non-infestation of these fruits by the Mediterranean fruit flies to the presence of essential oils in their skin. The resistance of different varieties of citrus has been reported in different Mediterranean fruit flies. Papanastasiou et al. [10] showed that the emergence of Mediterranean fruit fly on some citrus varieties such as orange (C. aurantium L.) was at a relatively high level [10,23]. The researchers have shown that the lemons are safe against the attack, and the orange is largely resistant. Also, the results of the present study in the selective test showed that female flies for oviposition preferred peach fruits to red and yellow apple. So far, the comparative study of the preference of peaches and apple fruits for Mediterranean flies has not been reported.

But Mahmoud et al. [30] and El-Hawagry [31] Based on the number of pupas in the fruit and the percentage of insect excretion, they concluded that the apple fruits are more resistant to Mediterranean flies than orange fruits [30,31]. Joachim-Bravo et al. [32] also, based on the percentage of total insects’ emergence and duration, the Mediterranean fruit flies preferred papaya fruits (Carica papaya L.) more than apple fruits [32]. In contrast, [22], Contrary to our research results, the number of eggs laid by the Mediterranean fruit fly on apple fruits (cultivars Golden smoothie) is much higher than Valencia oranges and Clementin mandarin [22].

Effect of fruit type on egg hatching

The results of this study showed that the percentage of hatched eggs on Valencia orange or persimmons fruits was lower than those of red and yellow apple fruits, peaches and Clementin mandarin. [23,26] studying the effect of different species and varieties of citrus on hatching percentage of Mediterranean flies, showed that, despite the difference in skin thickness, acidity, pH, in citrus species and cultivars, the percentage of hatched eggs in each other did not differ significantly [23,26]. Therefore, in order to justify the low percentage of egg hatching on different species and varieties of citrus, the role of other physical and chemical characteristics of the fruit should be investigated. Despite the low average egg content in Clementin mandarin fruits, a high percentage of eggs were hatched, while in Valencia orange fruits, in addition to lower average egg laying, the percentage of hatching eggs was also very low.

This may be due to the different physical structure of the skin and the chemical nature of the essential oils contained in Clementin mandarin fruits compared to the Valencia orange. The basis of the total average egg yield and the percentage of egg hatching can be that the essential oils contained in the skin of the Clementin mandarin fruit only prevent the laying of female flies on the fruit (the role of antioxidants), but their concentration and their chemical nature to inhibit hatching is not enough within the skin of the fruit. Moreover, the probable second-order metabolic compounds present in the skin of Valencia oranges, play a reverse role and prevent the hatching of eggs. According to the results of this study, the average egg contained in persimmons fruits was significantly higher than those of Valencia orange and Clementin mandarin, but the percentage of hatching eggs in it was much lower than those of Clementin mandarin. In justifying this phenomenon, it can be said that the antioxidants are probably not strong in persimmon fruits, and therefore female flies can easily deposit a large number of eggs within them, but the chemical and physical nature of the fruit prevents a large number of eggs from hatching.

The effect of fruit type on the length of the period and the appearance of larvae and pupa

The results of this study showed that the period of larvae of Mediterranean fruit flies in apple fruits (red and yellow) was considerably longer than other fruits. This corresponds to the results of [33] regarding the longer larval period of Mediterranean fruit fly on apple fruits compared to peach and persimmon fruits. But the results of these researchers were slightly different regarding the length of the pupae period of our research; the results indicated that there was no significant difference between the pupae period in persimmon, apples, and peaches, while our research findings showed no significant differences between peach and apple fruits [33].

Nevertheless, the average of both fruits was significantly lower than persimmons. Given the long larval period on apple fruits, as well as the relative lack of average egg on this host, yellow and red apple fruits, along with Valencia oranges (with a mean egg setting of zero), was introduced to the most unviable host plants for the Mediterranean fruit fly. Papadopoulos et al. [23] and Fernandes- da-Silva [34], reported the mild and bitterness of the Mesopotamian carp apple fruits as the most important cause of larval mortality and prolonged periods. In the present study, the more rigid mesocarp of apple fruits than other fruits such as peaches, persimmons and citrus fruits, could have contributed to the prolonged larval period [23,34].

The results of this study showed that the Mediterranean flies did not have eggs in Valencia oranges, but the larvae that had been removed from the eggs by hand under the skin of this fruit (artificial contamination), infested the faces of this fruit faster. This reveals that Valencia orange fruits have a high nutritional value for Mediterranean fruit fly larvae. If female flies overcome the barriers to egg laying on fruit (possibly high concentrations of essential oils with secondary metabolic compounds), the possibility of spreading contamination on this host is very high. There are many. Our results also showed that the length of the period of larvae and the appearance of larvae in peach and persimmon fruits was significantly shorter. Due to the high average daily egg laying on these two fruits, they can be introduced as the preferred hosts of these flies.

The impact of the quality of the larval period diet on the length of the period and the appearance of the larvae and pupae of the Mediterranean fly in its bulk on artificial foods has been reported [35,36]. Research by [37], showed that with increasing amounts of protein and sugar components in larvae diet, the duration of their growth and their appearance significantly decreased [37]. Although in the present study, the quantity and quality of the nutrients found in the fruits were not evaluated. Nonetheless, the comparison of the nutritional compounds reported for these fruits suggests a difference between them. For example, the protein content of one hundred gr of apple juice (0.1-0.49g) is much lower compared to orange fruits (0.8-0.9g), Noori et al. [38]. This difference in protein content, as well as the hardness of the mesoporous tissue in apple fruits, may be accountable for prolonged periods and larval forms [13,38].

Conclusion and Suggestion

Among the different fruits in this study, peach seems to be the most suitable host for Mediterranean flies due to the high average egg density and the percentage of hatching eggs and the short duration of larvae and pupae. In contrast, due to the low average egg laying and the percentage of hatching eggs in Valencia orange fruits compared to other hosts, this fruit was reported as the most unfavorable host for this fly. The average daily egg production on persimmon fruits was higher than other hosts, but the percentage of egg hatching within them was relatively low and the period of larvae and pupae in them was long as well. For this reason, this plant can be described as an average quality host for this fly. Yellow and red apple fruits were introduced as low-quality food hosts due to the low daily oviposition and prolonged period of larvae. Considering the greater sensitivity of peach fruits than other hosts, as well as unpublished reports from plant protection experts in Tehran-Varamin province on the increased damage caused by this pest in citrus and citrus gardens, in the construction of gardens of nucleated trees, including peaches in the province, especially in mixed crops, there should be more stringent measures.

Acknowledgement

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation on the program to improve the competitiveness of RUDN University among the world’s leading research and education centers during 2016 - 2020 financially supported this research.

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marketresearchlove-blog · 5 years ago

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Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2026

Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market By Product Type (>1 Litre Column, 100-1000ML Column and 1-100ML Column), Techniques (Ion Exchange Chromatography, Hydrophobic Stationary Phase Chromatography, Multimodal Chromatography, Affinity Chromatography and Gel Filtration Chromatography), Application (Sample Preparation, Resin Screening, Protein Purification, Anion and Cation Exchange, Affinity Chromatography and Desalting), End-User (Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nutraceuticals, Food & Beverages, Analytical Laboratories, Agriculture & Environment and Academics & Research), Countries (China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Rest of Asia-Pacific) – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2026

Chromatography Columns are the column specific apparatus that have main applications in the decontamination procedures of chemical compounds. Prepacked columns are the columns that are pre-filled with accurate proportions of resins and solvents required in sample preparations and drug testing in the research laboratories. The need for better single-used columns and increase in disposable systems in the bioprocessing of compounds is increasing the demand for these prepacked columns thereby increasing the market share potential of the prepacked chromatography columns market.

Column Chromatography is mainly an application of chemistry that is used in separation of elements from a mixture of compounds. Biopharmaceutical and protein purification along with sample preparation using column chromatography techniques requires larger sized prepacked columns in order to provide high quality end user product. The columns move at different rates to get separated in various fractions of compounds which can be used in wide range of solvents. The main advantage of this technique lies in low time requirement with very low maintenance and labor cost providing great operational flexibility.

The healthcare industry is highly dependent on the sample preparation by using variety of chromatography methods. It is considered the most accurate and cost effective technique for the extraction of the compounds from the biological fluids.

Asia-Pacific prepacked chromatography columns market is projected to register a healthy CAGR of 10.9% in the forecast period of 2019 to 2026.

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Segmentation: Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market

Asia-Pacific prepacked chromatography columns market is segmented into four notable segments which are product type, techniques, application and end-user.

· On the basis of product type, the market is segmented into (>1 Litre Column, 100-1000ML Column and 1-100ML Column.

· In February 2019, Merck is investing USD 70 million for the expansion of the research and development centre in Billerica, Massachusetts. The centre will be committed in innovation & development in the field of oncology, immuno-oncology and immunology. Merck is a well-known name in life science and this expansion is a testament to the state’s global leadership.

· On the basis of techniques, the market is segmented into Ion Exchange Chromatography, Hydrophobic Stationary Phase Chromatography, Multimodal Chromatography, Affinity Chromatography and Gel Filtration Chromatography.

· In May 2017, Phenomenex Inc. opened a new manufacturing facility for the gas chromatography (GC) columns. 15,000-square-foot facility which will be designed and renovated specifically for the company in the location of suburb of El Dorado Hills. This will help to company to expend their business globally.

· On the basis of application, the market is segmented into Sample Preparation, Resin Screening, Protein Purification, Anion and Cation Exchange, Affinity Chromatography and Desalting.

· In January 2019, Shimadzu Corporation opened a new research and development centre in Keihanna Science City, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, so that they can expand their innovation team. It will provide several core themes including artificial intelligence innovative biotechnology, brain-science and the five senses.

· On the basis of end-user, the market is segmented into Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nutraceuticals, Food & Beverages, Analytical Laboratories, Agriculture & Environment and Academics & Research.

· In April 2015, Tosoh Corporation announced the expansion of its Bioscience operations. It acquired Indian in-vitro diagnostics company Lilac Medicare Pvt. Ltd. and made it a part of the Tosoh Group. It helped the company in expanding its business by increasing its share in the growing Indian market and strengthening its presence in India.

Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market Size, Status and Forecast 2019 – 2025

· Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market Overview

· Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market Manufacturers Profiles

· Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market Sales, Revenue, Market Share and Competition by Manufacturer

· Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market Analysis by Regions

· Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market by Countries

· Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market Segment by Type

· Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market Segment by Application

· Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns MarketForecast

· Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers

· Research Findings and Conclusion

· Appendixes

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Competitive Analysis: Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market

Some of the major players operating in this market are Tosoh Corporation, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Cole-Parmer Instrument Company, LLC., sunresin, Purolite, Shimadzu Corporation, YMC Europe GMBH, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Repligen Corporation, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Agilent Technologies, Inc., WATERS, Phenomenex Inc., GENERAL ELECTRIC, Merck & Co., Inc., Danaher, Halma plc.

Product Launch

· In February 2019, Agilent Technologies Inc., launched two new gas chromatography systems that will initiate innovative and intelligent self-aware predictive technology. This new product launch will help to expanding their system intelligent functions globally.

· In January 2019, Shimadzu Corporation announced the launch of its Nexera Prep Series Preparative Purification Liquid Chromatograph (LC). It will help in the extraction of the target molecules in pharmaceutical analysis. It will help in improving the efficiency via effective preparative work using LC or an LCMS. It will help in adding the innovative and upgraded product which meets the demand of market and maintains the product standards of the company.

· In February 2019, Tosoh Corporation launched TSKgel FcR-IIIA-NPR. The product is world’s first FcγR affinity chromatography analysis column for antibody drugs. The company is involved in providing high performance chromatography columns and continues to bring new products to market to become a leading company in the bioscience market.

· In August 2018, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. announced the launch of two chromatography samples for protein purification namely CHT Ceramic Hydroxyapatite XT Media and Nuvia HP-Q. The new products are introduced to fulfil the demand of chromatography technology requirements regarding precision, safety and reproducibility.

· In July 2018, YMC Europe GMBH launched new (U) HPLC RP column. The product is for purification and isolation of proteins, peptides and antibodies with high reproducibility. The company keeps developing products to enhance and scale up the methodology of research and give researchers ideal choice for improving the quality of research.

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Research Methodology: Asia-Pacific Prepacked Chromatography Columns Market

Primary Respondents: Key Industry Participants, Subject-Matter Experts (SMEs), C-level Executives of Key Market Players, Market Intelligence Managers, National Sales Managers and Industry Consultants

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globalmarketforecast-blog · 8 years ago

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Nucleic Acid Labeling Market Revenue, Value, Sales and Trends From 2017-2022

Nucleic acids are of two types. They comprise RNA (Ribonucleic acids) and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acids). If a DNA molecule functions as carriers of hereditary characters, it is RNA molecule which is the force behind protein synthesis. Nucleic acid labeling comprises tags that help in detection and purification of nucleic acids. The many types of tags comprising fluorescent tags, radioactive phosphates, and biotin modifications used in generation of nucleic acid probes that aid recovery of reacting molecules. Segmentation of nucleic acid labeling market by product comprises reagents, kit and services.

Products are further segmented into labels, radioactive and non-radioactive. Non-radioactive segment comprises chemilumnescent, fluorosent, DIG system, enzymes, biotin and antibodies. Probes are classified into radioactive and nonradioactive. Segmentation of nucleic acid labeling market by labeling technique comprise PCR, Nick Translation, Random Primer, In Vitro Transcription, Reverse transcription, and End labeling. Segmentation of nucleic acids labeling market by application comprise DNA sequencing, PCR, FISH, Microarray, Insitu Hybridization, Blotting, and the other applications. By region, nucleic acids labeling market include North America, Europe, Asia pacific, MEA and Latin America.

Browse Detail Market Report of nucleic acid labeling market @ https://www.millioninsights.com/industry-reports/nucleic-acid-labeling-market

Key drivers to the market include large investments in personalized health technologies with prominence to digital genomics research coupled with rise in disease diagnosis and exponential increase in R&D investments. Restraints to the market include intense competition and lack of skilled professionals in field of transcriptonomics. As per news from medical industry, nucleic acids form an essential component of molecular diagnostic testing using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

PCR is a cyclical process used in amplification of nucleic acid sequences from as little as a single DNA strand. This technique of DNA transcription greatly helps in identification of human pathogens in diseases which were hitherto unable to detect because of the low concentration of pathogens either by gel electrophoresis or fluorescent probe detection. Alternatively reverse transcription can be assayed to convert RNA to cDNA thus aiding in detection of RNA viruses.

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DNA probe is a fundamental component in most molecular diagnostic assays. So nucleic acids find increasing application in molecular diagnostics detection with RT-PCR, LCR detection system, TMA system detection and direct probe assay that help in developing invitro amplification of RNA/DNA molecules and it is crucial to state here that future lies in first-generation nucleic acid amplification. Emerging technologies include target capture, Dual kinetic assay (DKA) and TIGRIS. Key industrial players in nucleic acids labeling market include Thermo Fischer Scientific, Inc., New England Biolabs, PerkinElmer, Inc., F. Hoffman La Roche AG., General Electric Company, Merck KGaA, Enzo Biochem, Promega Corporation, Vector Laboratories, and Agilent Technologies.

#Nucleic Acid Labeling Market #Nucleic Acid Labeling Industry #Nucleic Acid Labeling Sales #Nucleic Acid Labeling Share #Nucleic Acid Labeling Revenue

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roxysbeachlife · 8 years ago

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11 Types Of Pain Directly Linked To Emotional Issues

Over the years studies have shown that pain is not only caused by physical injury, but also by emotional issues. The pain could be a warning that there is work to be done in certain areas of our life.

Here is a list of 11 pains that may be directly linked to your emotional state:

Head

Headaches are an indication of daily stress. Take some time out to relieve the stress.

Neck

The neck is associated with forgiving others and yourself. It’s important to think about the things you love about them, and yourself to release the pain.

Shoulders

Shoulder pain is associated with emotional burdens. Try to solve the emotion problem or share the load with trusted loved ones.

Upper Back

Upper back pain is associated with lack of emotional support. It could be that you’re not feeling loved or appreciated. If you are single, now could be the time to go on a date.

Lower Back

Lower back pain is associated with financial problems. Sit down and focus on managing your money better. Seek the help of a financial adviser if need be.

Elbows

Arm and elbow pain is associated with lack of flexibility. Maybe you should loosen up a bit; you could be resisting the natural flow of changes that are occurring.

Hands

Hand pain is associated with not being able to reach out to others, in the way you should be. Try spending some time actively meeting new people.

Hips

Hips pain is associated with fear of change, moving, or making huge decisions. You might be too cautious when making decisions.

Image Credit: Centripetal Force Studio

Knees

Knee pain is associated with the ego. Humble yourself; no one is perfect.

Ankles

Ankle pain is associated with a need for pleasure. Try taking some time out to pamper yourself.

Feet

Feet pain is associated with depression. Depression is hard to beat, yet there are ways to fight it. Try to keep yourself occupied with a new hobby or something that gives you pleasure.

This article (11 Types Of Pain That’s Directly Linked To Emotional Issues) was created and published by It’s All About I and is published here under a Creative Commons license with attribution to the author and It’s All About I.info. It may be re-posted freely with proper attribution, author bio, all hyperlinks within the article to remain intact and this copyright statement.

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#IFTTT #WordPress

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naivelocus · 8 years ago

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Semen amyloids participate in spermatozoa selection and clearance

Essential revisions:

This manuscript proposes the interesting idea that amyloid fibrils in semen participate in sperm selection and clearance. The studies follow previous work by these investigators in which amyloid fibrils in semen were suggested to promote HIV infection. Functional amyloids have been identified in a broad range of cells and tissues including the male reproductive tract and several studies indicate a role for amyloids in innate immunity and thus a role in sperm quality control is certainly a possibility. However, the data do not provide clear evidence that amyloid fibrils in semen have these functions.

The primary concern I have with these studies is that all experiments were performed with amyloid fibrils that were generated in vitro from chemically synthesized peptides and thus may not be representative of what is present in vivo. Because of this, the use of "semen fibrils" throughout the manuscript is misleading since unless the methods are carefully read, the reader gets the incorrect impression that biological samples were used when in fact they were not. It is unlikely that such "pure" amyloids (never exposed to other proteins, lipids etc) exist in semen and indeed the thought that semen amyloids likely represent fibrils formed from multiple peptides was previously suggested by the authors.

The reviewer brings up a good point that synthetic amyloid fibrils may have different properties compared to the endogenous form of the amyloid. With regards to semen fibrils, however, we’d like to clarify that endogenous SEVI and SEM fibrils are present in semen, and that synthetic and endogenous semen fibrils are similar in structure, charge, and HIV-enhancing activity (Usmani et al., 2014; Roan et al., 2014). These observations suggest that endogenous amyloids are unlikely to be markedly complexed with other proteins and lipids, or at least do not need to be so to exert physical properties similar to that of the synthetic versions of these fibrils.

The studies would have been strengthened considerably by examining amyloids isolated from semen as described by the authors in previous studies (Nature Communications 2014). The addition of conformation-dependent antibodies (A11/OC) during IVF or sperm incubation experiments to determine if outcomes were blocked(sperm immobilization or phagocytosis) would lend further support that amyloids mediate these processes and might also shed light on the form of amyloid that is involved.

Notably, in our previous characterization of endogenous semen amyloids (Usmani et al., 2014), we did not isolate endogenous amyloids from semen, but characterized endogenous amyloids in unfractionated liquefied semen using microscopic approaches. Since the purification of endogenous amyloids from semen is very technically challenging and requires large volumes of semen, in this study we had performed experiments with synthetic fibrils to have sufficient amounts of material for a comprehensive and detailed examination. However, we agree with the reviewer’s comment that the novel function of semen fibrils described in our manuscript should be confirmed with endogenous material. Therefore, we collected 26 ml of semen pooled from 20 donors, and by fractionation purified endogenous amyloids as confirmed by staining with various amyloid-binding dyes (thioflavin T, Proteostat, pFTAA, please see the new Figure 2—figure supplements 2 and 3). Despite the limiting quantities of these endogenous amyloids and use of much of the material for the microscopic studies to prove successful isolation of amyloids, we were able to perform a small set of experiments examining the interplay of these amyloids with sperm.

First, using microscopy, we show that purified endogenous amyloids bind to sperm (new Figure 2—figure supplement 3A). This result confirms and extends our finding that endogenous amyloids also interacted with sperm in unfractionated semen (new Figure 2—figure supplement 3B). Second, using the sperm entrapment assay, we show that purified endogenous amyloids, like their synthetic counterparts, trap and immobilize sperm (new panel Figure 2C). Thus, endogenous and synthetic amyloids display similar activity in these various assays. We have made clear throughout the manuscript which experiments were performed with synthetic fibrils and which involved endogenous amyloids.

We believe these new data with endogenous semen fibrils strengthens our paper. Also, when these results are taken together with previously published data that endogenous semen fibrils share the same biophysical properties as synthetic semen fibrils (Usmani et al., 2014; Roan et al., 2014), we believe they sharply counter the argument that the observed effects are an artifact of in vitro fibril production. Unfortunately, we could not test the effects of A11/OC in this system due to a lack of sufficient endogenous material. Whether both fibrils and oligomers exert the reported biological effects remains an interesting question that we propose to evaluate in the future.

A second concern is the authors' assumption they are looking solely at the effects of amyloid fibrils rather than also the oligomeric forms (or only the oligomeric forms) of the SEV1/SEM peptide amyloids. In their methods they state that amyloid formation was confirmed by EM and ThT analyses. However, these data are not shown;

Moreover these approaches do not allow for a quantitative assessment if, in addition to fibrils, other forms of amyloid such as oligomers are present. This could be done by dot blot using conformation-dependent antibodies A11/OC which recognize oligomeric and fibrillar forms, respectively.

We have conducted the requested experiment (new Figure 1—figure supplement 2), which demonstrated that A11 and OC bind to structures in seminal plasma, synthetic SEVI fibrils, and synthetic SEM fibrils, but not the corresponding monomeric peptides nor serum plasma (used as a negative control). These data suggest that seminal plasma and synthetic fibrils harbor fibrils and fibrillar oligomers (recognized by OC) as well as prefibrillar oligomers (recognized by A11).

Similarly, the authors conclusion that because Abeta amyloid did not immobilize sperm suggested that the semen fibrils were distinct in their ability for this function could also be due to there being less oligomeric amyloid forms in the Abeta preparation compared to the semen fibrils.

We thank the reviewer for pointing this out. Indeed, it is possible that Abeta did not efficiently immobilize due to different amounts of oligomers in these preparations. We have now added a statement in the Results section acknowledging this possibility.

[Editors' note: further revisions were requested prior to acceptance, as described below.]

[…] Except for one minor clarification that is needed, the manuscript is acceptable for publication:

For this reader it is still not clear what the distinction is between the SEV1 and SEM peptide fibrils as they are not defined in the Introduction. The text states "two classes of semen amyloids have been identified: those derived from PSA-generated fragments of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and those derived from PSA-generated fragements of semenogelins". Are the SEV1 derived from the PAP and the SEM derived from semenogelins?

We are very pleased that upon resubmission the manuscript was deemed acceptable for publication pending one point of clarification regarding the distinction between SEVI and SEM fibrils. The editor/reviewer asked whether SEVI fibrils are derived from PAP and SEM fibrils from the semenogelins. This is indeed the case and to clarify this point, we have added statements in the sentence in the Introduction that describes these amyloids.

https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24888.029

— eLife recent issues

#eLife recent issues #Semen amyloids participate in spermatozoa selection and clearance

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healthy-insights · 8 years ago

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Microplate Washer Market : Research Reports Offers Key Insights 2017 – 2025

Microplate washer is an instrument which is used in the laboratory for washing experimental samples arranged in plate-based formats. Loading of a plate and select a program by the user, microplate washer then dispense, soak and extract liquids from the plate in few seconds. Microplate washer enhance the efficiency by improving the speed and accuracy of various washing protocol, and are mostly beneficial for different type of assays procedure such as ELISA assay, cell culture, protein array, western blots, DNA purification, etc. entire microplate washer enable user to program volumes, step time, tank selection, etc. There is a wide range of different ready to go procedure in the in vitro diagnostic market, i.e., virus related protein, another on more research-related targets, such as cytokines, interleukins, or cell death-related proteins. Microplate washer can be simply incorporated into robotic liquid handling systems or workstations, to giving the acceleration for the experimental procedure.

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Microplate Washer market: Drivers and Restraint

Increasing demand of microplate washer in the various industry such as pharmaceutical industry, life science industry, in-vitro diagnostics, etc. due to a less expensive procedure of microplate washer which is the driver for the growth of the microplate washer market. However, maintenance of the microplate washer instruments may restraint the microplate washer market.

Microplate Washer market: Segmentation

The global market for Microplate Washer segmented by Modality, product type, application, end user, and geography:

Segmented by product type

Segmented by modality

Segmented by applications

Segmented by end user

Segmented by geography

Automatic

Semi-Automatic

Manual

Plate washer

Strip washer

ELISA washing

Vacuum filtration

Magnetic bead washing

Gentle cell washing

Research laboratories

Pharmaceuticals industry

Academic institutes

In-vitro Diagnostics

Life science industry

North America

Latin America

Europe

Asia Pacific

The Middle East and Africa

Microplate Washer Market: Overview

A wide variety of experimental assays requires a series of washing process which can be processed by microplate washer. Over several years, microplate washer was mostly used for ELISA-based assays but due to innovation in this area microplate washer become the most promising instrument for the washing process. The market of microplate washer is expected to witness high growth in the forecasted period because of Widely used in the life science industry; microplate washers are commonly utilized for In-Vitro Diagnostic testing, such as ELISAs and cell-based assays.

Based on product type, global microplate washer market segmented such are automatic, semi-automatic and manual. Out of this segmentation, automatic microplate washer is widely used.

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Based on the application, microplate washer market can be segmented into this area, i.e., Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals industry, Academic Institutes, In-vitro Diagnostics and Life Science industry. The in-vitro diagnostic area covers largest market share in the global microplate washer market.

Microplate Washer Market: Region-wise Outlook

By region, Global Microplate Washer market is segmented into five key regions viz. North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Middle East & Africa. North America dominates the Microplate Washer followed by Europe and will continue to dominate the global Microplate Washer market attributed to growing number of end user especially life science industry; the in-vitro diagnostic industry is the fastest growing industry in the global microplate washer market.Asia Pacific is an emerging market due to high potential growth in in-vitro diagnostics and life science industry.

Microplate Washer Market: Key Market Participants

The key market players in the global Microplate Washer market include BioRad, tecan,

BD Biosciences DiaSorin, Life Technologies, Millipore, EuroImmun, R&D Systems, Thermo Scientific – Pierce protein biology products, Abcam, Bioclone Inc, Titertek-Berthold, Biotek, etc.

The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the market. It does so via in-depth qualitative insights, historical data, and verifiable projections about market size. The projections featured in the report have been derived using proven research methodologies and assumptions. By doing so, the research report serves as a repository of analysis and information for every facet of the market, including but not limited to: Regional markets, technology, types, and applications.

The study is a source of reliable data on:

Market segments and sub-segments

Market trends and dynamics

Supply and demand

Market size

Current trends/opportunities/challenges

Competitive landscape

Technological breakthroughs

Value chain and stakeholder analysis

The regional analysis covers:

North America (U.S. and Canada)

Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Chile, and others)

Western Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Spain, Italy, Nordic countries, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg)

Eastern Europe (Poland and Russia)

Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, ASEAN, Australia, and New Zealand)

Middle East and Africa (GCC, Southern Africa, and North Africa)

The report has been compiled through extensive primary research (through interviews, surveys, and observations of seasoned analysts) and secondary research (which entails reputable paid sources, trade journals, and industry body databases). The report also features a complete qualitative and quantitative assessment by analyzing data gathered from industry analysts and market participants across key points in the industry’s value chain.

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TMR's data repository is continuously updated and revised by a team of research experts so that it always reflects the latest trends and information. With extensive research and analysis capabilities, Transparency Market Research employs rigorous primary and secondary research techniques to develop distinctive data sets and research material for business reports.

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