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fotostory5z · 4 years ago

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8 filmów o fotografia ślubna warszawa, które sprawią, że będziesz płakać

Should you be a pictures enthusiast and you have a electronic digital camera, then life won't be total with no superior photo printer. Nevertheless, as digital images is swiftly shifting toward cellular units which include smartphones and tablets, finding the top Picture printer is no more a trivial undertaking. That is definitely why experiencing good Image printer opinions is essential if you want to ensure that the printer that you buy is suitable Using the unit exactly where your shots are taken and stored. The dilemma that you've to ask relies on what unit that you are getting. When you've got an apple iphone, iPod or iPad, the question might be whether or not the printer supports Apple's AirPrint. For those who have an Android cellphone or pill, the dilemma might be whether or not the printer supports Google's Cloud Print. But this issue is relevant only if you would like print your visuals straight from your cellular devices.

As with all new engineering, reception to electronic pictures was not all lukewarm all through its early a long time of introduction. This is a A lot different photo now as the quantity of buyers opting for analog digicam is shrinking to around extinction. Determined by The present point out-of-the-art, it really is argueable that analog digicam still retains few edges but They can be speedily diminishing. The greatest edge that electronic digicam has above its analog counterpart is the more Value successful plus much more practical storage. As opposed to capturing illustrations or photos on film that needs to be developed thereafter, pictures captured using a digital digital camera tend to be stored in SD or Flash memory cards which lessens the price of Every single picture capture to zero. When the maximum storage capability is achieved, the images could be transferred out to the PC as well as space for storing is often resetted to its primary potential. Image preview feature is one other benefit that is frequently touted from electronic cameras. Instantly following Every single graphic capture, a single can perform a quality Examine over the image that has just been taken and if sought after, the picture can just be deleted and retaken.

In deciding for the most effective photo printer, There's a single fundamental matter that is frequently ignored by most consumers. The first thing that the majority of consumers will probably be weighing is actually the price tag that may be attached to the printer. On nearer seem, this upfront Value will not be the most important element that could attract income from buyers' pocket. It can be a standard information that foremost makers for example Canon, would not make the bulk of their take advantage of advertising the printer itself, but with the ink instead. It is actually amusing to know that In spite of this kind of know-how becoming readily available in the general public domain, it is actually a single variable that is definitely mostly overlooked by most shoppers. So, a person need to look at the cost of the ink the printer is applying and the quantity of output that could be churned out of each and every cartridge rather than basically considering the acquisition selling price. Over time, the better measurement metric to decide which Image printer is the best can be the associated fee per printout.

You probably have switched to digital camera by now. With profits of smartphones last but not least surpassing that of 'dumbphones', I wager that you are Keeping on to at least one at this time. With all the know-how continue to evolving consistently, usually do not presume major brand names to become the leader. Even if you find yourself buying a Canon printers, you should definitely browse Canon photo printer critiques and open up on your own to the entire world fotograf warszawa of possibilities. You can find new products released From time to time. And on the earth of engineering, disruptive innovation usually arises from challenger and never the incumbent. Do not which the listing of greatest photo printers for 2013 will definitely be different from that of former calendar year.

Many learners Understanding the art of photography with London Photograph studio retain the services of services experiment with image modifying software package to publish their images in black and white modes.

There is a thing Unique concerning this Model that excites Everybody, even when they hardly ever seasoned the first method of black and white images.

The technology that may be presently beneath thirty several years of age is not really pretty acquainted with the photographic film that was a critical factor of pictures for many years. And Until their grandparents or mother and father have preserved some classic objects in family members households, they may have probably in no way touched the basic 'box camera'.

On the flip side, Many people realize that the origins of photography are traced back to an period when newspapers had monochrome shots and have films were also shot in black and white.

During the yesteryears, the black and white photographers utilised a Specific film, Specific chemical compounds and rinse-clean-dry cycle in two discrete phases: the entire process of building pictures took hours or maybe a couple of days.

Right now, any time you guide a photograph studio for use in London to choose headshots, portraits and various pics, you could however have a black and white Image and the main gain is the time saving. It is way less difficult to perform a photo shoot with Innovative digital cameras and gear.

You not only get the final item immediately but can also publish it and share it with the whole world via social media in seconds.

Even so, when you actually need to offer your B&W images a excellent top quality, a random simply click with the camera won't work. It is sweet to acquire some Expert understanding of the approaches.

Attending a images coaching or workshop may even be helpful. Meanwhile, Here are a few suggestions you can decide on:

Don't hurry: Take into account the course of action along with the medium deeply. The way of thinking for productive B&W pictures needs to be various from colour images.

Preserve that ISO setting lower: Some photographers insist that electronic sound provides a creative impact in B&W photography, much like what 'grain' did inside the film period.

Having said that, this isn't really genuine. This is due to the grain composition of film was distribute over the entire vary of final print. Sounds may be fussy about where it wishes to demonstrate up: and that's generally 'only' while in the shadow stop of your histogram scale. This randomness can make digital sound appear far more like an error than an artistic effects of movie grain.

Do not melt away out the highlights or block up the shadows: This can certainly transpire within the taking pictures phase and in many cases in the processing phase. To avoid burning out the lights and blocking shadows, generally don't forget - If the eyes can observe it, How will you help it become obvious with your photograph? Article-process appropriately.

Make the most of digicam Uncooked structure: To understand the deserves of raw format it is nice to be aware of the peculiarities of dynamic vary. The dynamic choice of a digital camera is its ability to reproduce "An array of tone and brightness values from shadow to spotlight".

Ever For the reason that evolution of digital age the dynamic choice of cameras is lower than that of B&W negative movie. That is now little by little improving upon. Nevertheless, digital camera raw will deliver you the widest range from your digital photo file. In that component, in addition to Some others, it is actually better than the .jpeg structure.

Figure out how to perform with tone: Turning colors into the best shades of gray is the prime art of black and white imaging. Earlier, movie photographers had to progressively develop their techniques on how a particular colour would grow to be a shade of gray when using the shot.

Today any time you produce pictures in colour, you might want to help it become monochromatic only in the article-processing stage - give some imagined on how the colors will change to tone when the image turns into black and white.

You can even realize the right amounts of tone by creating appropriate use of sunshine and brightness in the studio. Specialists presenting London photo studio rental expert services might also tutorial you at exactly the same.

Lastly, if you are attempting to optimise your photography techniques, avoid black and white conversion presets and motion sets. The most effective leads to this way of pictures arrive from the personal creativity and also a histogram.

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SBM: Do you think you're seeking a favorite Image studio rental in London? At Simulacra Studio you might meet proficient photographers who produce Specialist solutions transcending modern-day standards. The group is devoted to building unique, natural and organic encounters that translate into actual memories being cherished eternally. For facts pay a visit to

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siva3155 · 6 years ago

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300+ TOP ANALOG COMMUNICATION LAB VIVA Questions and Answers

Analog Communication VIVA Questions :-

Analog Communication is a data transmitting technique in which information signal is transmitted in analog nature. This always utilizes continuous signals to transmit data which may obtained from audio, image, video etc. An Analog signal is a variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude. To produce modulated signal inside the transmitter in Analog Communication, analog signal modulates the high carrier frequency. Than this modulated signal is transmitted with the help of antenna. All AM, FM audio transmission and T.V. transmission are the most preferable examples of analog communication. Analog communication is very important topic for the students preparing for GATE Exam(Electronics) Following questions will help to learn the basics concepts of analog communication. 1. Define Pam And Write Down Its Drawbacks? Pulse Amplitude Modulation is the process by which the amplitude of the regularly spaced pulses varies according to the the amplitude of the modulating signal. The drawbacks are: Since the amplitude of the pulses varies therefore the peak power of the modulating s/g is much greater. The bandwidth required for transmitting is greater since the amplitude varies. 2. How Can Be Aliasing Be Avoided? Aliasing can be avoided if: Sampling frequency must be greater than the frequency of the modulating signal. The frequency should be band limited to maximum frequency of the signal(fm) Htz. If prealias filter is used. 3. State The Advantages Of Super Heterodyning? The advantages are: High selectivity and sensitivity. No change in Bandwidth that is bandwidth remains same all over the operating range. High adjacent channel rejection. 4. What Do You Mean By Fm And Classify Fm? Frequency Modulation can be defined as the frequency of the carrier (wc) is varied acc. to the modulating signal about an unmodulated frequency. FM are of 2 types: Narrowband FM Wideband FM 5. What Do You Mean By Nyquist Rate? In case of Nyquist rate, the sampling frequency is equal to the maximum frequency of the signal and therefore the successive cycles of the spectrum does not overlap. 6. What Is Amplitude Modulation? Amplitude Modulation is defined as the process in which the instantaneous value of the amplitude of the carrier is varied according to the amplitude of the modulating or base band signal. 7. What Is Modulation? What Happens In Over Modulation? Modulation is defined as the process in which some characteristics of the signal called carrier is varied according to the modulating or baseband signal. For example – Amplitude Modulation, Phase Modulation, Frequency Modulation. In case of over modulation, the modulation index is greater than one and envelope distortion occurs. 8. What Is Multiplexing? Name The Types Of Multiplexing? Multiplexing is defined as the process in which a number of message signals are combined together to form composite signals so that they can be transmitted through the common channel. The two types of multiplexing are: Frequency Division Multiplexing: In this technique, fixed frequency bands are allotted to every user in the complete channel bandwidth. Such frequency is allotted to user on a continuous basis. Time Division Multiplexing: When the pulse is present for the short time duration and most of the time their is no signal present inbetween them than this free space between the two pulses can occupied by the pulses from other channels. This is known as Time Division Multiplexing. 9. What Is Sampling? What Is Sampling Theorem? Sampling is defined as the process in which an analog signals are converted into digital signals. It means that a continuous time signal is converted into a discrete time signal. Sampling Theorem is defined as : ’The continuous time signal that can be represented in its samples and recovered back if the sampling frequency (fs) is greater than the maximum frequency of the signal (fm) that is fs >2fm’. 10. What Is Under Sampling? Under sampling is also known as aliasing effect in which the the sampling frequency is less than the maximum frequency of the signal and therefore the successive cycles of the spectrum overlap. 11. What is amplitude modulation? Ans: The process of amplitude modulation consists of varying the peak amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier wave in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulation signal. 12. What is modulation? Ans: Modulation may be defined as the process by which some parameters of a high freuency signal termed as carrier, is varie in accordance with the signal to be transmitted. 13. What are the different types of analog modulation? Ans: Amplitude modulation angle modulation. 14. What si the need for modulation? Ans: Consider, for example, picture signal of a T.V camera. It has freuency spectra of DC to 5.5MHz.such a wide band of freuency can’t be propagated through ionosphere. However, if this signal is modulated with a carrier in VHF and UHF range, the percentage bandwidth becomes very small and the signal become suitable for transmission through atmosphere. 15. What are the objectives met by modulation? Ans: Length of antenna is shortened, signal loss is reduced, ease of radiation, adjustment of bandwidth, shifting signal freuency of the assigned value. 16. What are the advantage of PAM and PWM? Ans: PWM system gives a greater signal to noise ratio as compared to PAM but reuires a larger bandwidth to achieve this. 17. What is Pulse position modulation? Ans: Pulse position modulation (PPM) is the process in which the position of a standard pulse is varied as a function of the amplitude of the sampled signal. 18. What is the advantage of PPM over PWM and PAM? Ans: The phase deviation are usually small. The noise produces a smaller disturbing effect on the time position of the modulating pulse train and as a result, PPM waves have a better performance with respect to signal to noise ratio in comparison to PAM and PWM systems. 19. What are the applications of pulse position modulation? Ans: It is primarily useful for optical communication systems, where there tends to be little or no multipath interference. Narrowband RF (Radio freuency) channels with low power and long wavelength (i.e., low freuency) are affected primarily by flat fading, and PPM is better suited. 20. What is the purpose of using differential pulse position modulation? Ans: It is possible to limit the propagation of errors to adjacent symbols, so that an error in measuring the differential delay of one pulse will affect only two symbols, instead of effecting all successive measurements. 21. What are the advantage of PPM? Ans: One of the principle advantages of pulse position modulation is that it is an M-ary modulation techniue that can be implemented non-coherently, such that the receiver does not need to use a phase-locked loop (PLL) to track the phase of the carrier. This makes it a suitable candidate for optical communications systems, where coherent phase modulation and detecting are difficult and extremely expensive. The only other common M-ary non-coherent modulation techniue is M-ary freuency shift keying, which is the freuency domain dual to PPM. The other advantages of pulse position modulation are: The amplitude is held constant thus less noise interference. Signal and noise separation is very easy. Due to constant pulse widths and amplitudes, transmission power for each pulse is same. 22. What are the application of PPM? Ans: PPM is employed in narrowband RF channel systems, with the position of each pulse representing the angular position of an analogue control on the transmitter, or possible states of binary switch. The number of pulse per frame gives the number of controllable channels available. The advantage of using PPM for this type of application is that the electronics reuired to decode the signal are extremely simple, which leads to small, light-weight receiver/decoder units. (Model aircraft reuire parts that are as lightweight as possible). 23. Explain the principle of PPM? Ans: The amplitude and the width of the pulse is kept constant in this system, while the position of each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent reference pulse is varied by each instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave. This means that the transmitter must send synchronizing pulses to operate timing circuits in the receiver. The PPM has the advantage of reuiring constant transmitter power output, but the disadvantage of depending on transmitter-receiver synchronization. 24. What is the puprpose of PPM? Ans: PPM may be used to transmit analog information, such as continuous speech or data. 25. What are the analog analogies of PAM, PPM & PWM? Ans: PAM is similar to AM; PPM and PWM is similar to angle modulation. 26. What is Freuency modulation (FM)? Ans: Freuency modulation is the process of varying the freuency of a carrier wave in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal without any variation in the amplitude of the carrier wave. 27. What is PWM or Pulse length modulation or pilse duration modulation? Ans: In PWM, the pulse amplitude is kept constant but the leading edge, trailing edge or both may be varied as a function of the amplitude of the sampled signal and care must be taken to ensure that the pulse don’t overlap in a TDM system. 28. What are the disadvantages of PWM? Ans: PWM, in general, reuires a greater average power than PAM systems. Also, the PWM system reuires a greater bandwidth than PAM. 29. Explain the principle of PWM? Ans: Pulse-width modulation (PWM) of a signal or power source involves the modulation of its duty cycle, to either convey information over a communication channel or control the amount of power sent to a load. PWM uses a suare wave whose pulse width is modulated resulting in the variation of the average value of the waveform is directly dependent on the duty cycle D. 30. Mention the applications of PWM. Ans: PWM can be used to reduce the total amount of power delivered to a load without losses normally incurred when a power source is limited by resistive means. This is because the average power delivered is proportional to the modulation duty cycle. With a sufficiently high modulation rate, passive electronic filters can be used to smooth the pulse train and recover an average analog waveform. ANALOG Communication VIVA Questions and Answers Read the full article

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foursproutwealth-blog · 7 years ago

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Why The Soaring Dollar Will Lead To An "Explosive" Market Repricing: A Flow Chart

New Post has been published on http://foursprout.com/wealth/why-the-soaring-dollar-will-lead-to-an-explosive-market-repricing-a-flow-chart/

Why The Soaring Dollar Will Lead To An "Explosive" Market Repricing: A Flow Chart

Something curious took place one month ago when the PBOC announced on April 17 that it would cut the reserve requirement ratio (RRR) by 1% to ease financial conditions: it broke what until then had been a rangebound market for both the US Dollar and the US 10Y Treasury, sending both the dollar index and 10Y yields soaring…

… which led to an immediate tightening in financial conditions both domestically and around the globe, and which has – at least initially – manifested itself in a sharp repricing of emerging market risk, resulting in a plunge EM currencies, bonds and stocks.

Adding to the market response, this violent move took place at the same time as geopolitical fears about Iran oil exports amid concerns about a new war in the middle east and Trump’s nuclear deal pullout, sent oil soaring – with Brent rising above $80 this week for the first time since 2014 – a move which is counterintuitive in the context of the sharply stronger dollar, and which has resulted in even tighter financial conditions across the globe, but espetially for emerging market importers of oil.

Meanwhile, all this is playing out in the context of a world where the Fed continues to shrink its balance sheet – a public sector “public Quantitative Tightening (QT)” – further tightening monetary conditions (i.e., shrinking the global dollar supply amid growing demand), even as high grade US corporate bond issuance has dropped off a cliff for cash-rich companies which now opt to repatriate cash instead of issuing domestic bonds, with the resulting private sector deleveraging, or “private sector QT”, further exacerbating tighter monetary conditions and the growing dollar shortage (resulting in an even higher dollar).

And while the latest incarnation of the dollar’s “impossible trilemma” – rising dollar, rising oil, rising yields (not to be confused with its more conventional Chinese variant) makes a short, if perplexing appearance, ultimately it’s all about the value of the dollar, and its impact on downstream assets and volatility.

This is the point made by Deutsche Bank’s derivatives expert Aleksandar Kocic, who in his latest report writes that in the context to the Fed’s normalization and monetary policy fine tuning, the “USD is emerging as the key variable — it presents a compact summary of the underlying macro risks that could destabilize the current Fed path.” In other words, the last thing the Fed wants right now as it accelerates its balance sheet normalization, is a sharp spike in the dollar. And yet, that’s precisely what is happening. Kocic explains:

A strong USD corresponds to generally hawkish Fed in an environment where the US is recovering fast while the rest of the globe is still too slow or recessionary, or that the Fed is pushing rates above the neutral and causing excessive tightening of financial conditions and potentially triggering recession. A weak USD path, on the other hand, can materialize either as an inflation or credit (twin deficits) risk, a troubling possibility to which there is no adequate policy response.

For Kocic, the relative strength of the dollar is the exogenous event that could awake markets from their peaceful slumber, resulting in a violent reassessment of monetary conditions as the Fed quietly undoes the biggest monetary experiment in history, or as he puts it, “although unwind of stimulus and Fed exit continue without disrupting the markets, the underlying stability remains local, threatened potentially by the tail risk.”

For now, the DB strategist notes, “the current market configuration appears to be cooperating with the Fed’s efforts in either scenario” and “market positioning and flows are likely to cause offsetting pressure to each macro risk and therefore help stability of the system.”

In particular, strong USD, which is bullish for bonds, in terms of global sponsorship, is also bearish for EM currencies and reserve managers there are likely to defend local currencies by selling US assets, which goes against macro. Similarly, their response to weaker USD would stabilize bear steepeners on the back of defending their exports through stabilization of EM currencies and support for the US long end.

The bigger problem, one discussed by Kocic previously, and which also takes the shape of the yield curve in consideration, is that with every passing day of normalization manifesting itself in bear flatteners, the market gets closer to the tipping point of duration decrease in which a rotation from risk assets into the short-end of the curve threatens a forced “price discovery” of the new “Fed put” (which Kocic recently calculated was in the 2,300-2,400 range).

So in this context of a creeping bear flattener, Kocic observes that together with the stronger USD, these two discrete trends have a potential to create more volatility and discomfort across all market sectors than bear steepeners if they both remain localized and do not trigger tail risk.

How does this look schematically? Luckily, the Deutsche Banker has come up with a handy flowchart showing the next steps in how the stronger dollar could lead to an “explosive” move in not only the front end of the curve, but across all markets:

Causality chain of strong USD and its potential knock-on effect is shown in the chart. We start at the lower left corner. Fed hikes and strong USD open up the EM dilemma: Facing the outflows or defending the currency at expense of stifling the growth. This implies both, more volatility and potential sell off in EM, and bearish pressure on the long end of the UST that would offset the underlying bid for US bonds (strong USD is bullish). Turbulence in EM could have a knock-on effect on risk assets in the US.

Why is the above critical? Because if the cycle were to play out, it would result in the same set of conditions which led to a global bear market back in 2015 in the aftermath of China’s devaluation (odd, there’s China again precipitating a global market crisis):

An example is the 2015 episode where asset managers faced redemptions due to EM losses and had to sell the best performing assets (US equities) to cover those costs. This means more turbulence in developed markets and possible tightening of financial conditions, which could question the strength of the USD and possibly push Fed to take a pause.

But the real punchline is just how trapped the Fed now is, because should Powell “relent” and hint that the Fed may take a break in order to spare EMs and stocks, well the result would be an avalanche of short covering in the Eurodollar market, one which would lead to an even more dramatic, or as Deutsche calls it “explosive” move in the short end:

Given record shorts on the Eurodollar curve (Figure), Fed pause is likely to trigger unwind of these position which could be explosive and the front end of the curve could rally hard.

The punchline: the dollar surge, catalyzed by the April 17 PBOC RRR cut, has launched a feedback loop which, very much like the Chinese 2015 devaluation, culminates in one of two possible unpleasant – for the Fed – outcomes: a collapse in EMs should dollar strength not be arrested, which then morphs into a broad-based liquidation of all risk assets (the most likely result of this is Fed intervention, in the form of sharp rate cuts and/or more QE) or if the Fed verbally relents again, as it did in 2016 with the Shanghai Accord, and suggests that financial conditions are now too tight, it threatens to crush the biggest ED spec short position ever, leading to trillions in paper losses, and an unprecedented collapse in the short end:

The EPFR data reflecting the ETF and Mutual Funds Flows show continued outflows from the emerging markets and inflows into the short end of the UST curve, which is only increasing the stress in this sector. So, although we should see continued stability at the long end of the curve due to offsetting pressures between macro and flows, a slow grind of the front end, if persists, could morph into a volatile whipsaw. Further strength in the USD and the front end sell off on the back of more hawkish Fed could be potentially bearish for risk assets and act as a trigger for rates reversal.

In short, while the Fed has found itself trapped before, it was only the recent spike in the dollar (thanks China) that has forced the Fed to act, with either decision – either further hawkishness or a dovish relent – leading to major market pain. And the longer the Fed delays making the key decision, the more painful the outcome will eventually be.

#Wealth

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gmmadrid-blog · 8 years ago

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Glossary

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Random Sampling Sampling Errors Mean Mode Range Variance Standard Deviation Empirical Rule Chebyshev’s Theorem Bayes' Rule Six Sigma Lean Manufacturing Decision Tree Hypothesis Testing Type 1 and Type 2 Errors Regression Analysis Statistic versus Probability

Key TermText Chapter , or onlineDefinitionSourceNominalOnlineNominal basically refers to categorically discrete data such as name of your school, type of car you drive or name of a book. This one is easy to remember because nominal sounds like name (they have the same Latin root). http://www.usablestats.com/lessons/noirOrdinalOnlineOrdinal refers to quantities that have a natural ordering. The ranking of favorite sports, the order of people's place in a line, the order of runners finishing a race or more often the choice on a rating scale from 1 to 5. With ordinal data you cannot state with certainty whether the intervals between each value are equal. For example, we often using rating scales (Likert questions). On a 10 point scale, the difference between a 9 and a 10 is not necessarily the same difference as the difference between a 6 and a 7. This is also an easy one to remember, ordinal sounds like orderhttp://www.usablestats.com/lessons/noirIntervalOnlineInterval data is like ordinal except we can say the intervals between each value are equally split. The most common example is temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. The difference between 29 and 30 degrees is the same magnitude as the difference between 78 and 79 (although I know I prefer the latter). With attitudinal scales and the Likert questions you usually see on a survey, these are rarely interval, although many points on the scale likely are of equal intervals.http://www.usablestats.com/lessons/noirRatioOnlineRatio data is interval data with a natural zero point. For example, time is ratio since 0 time is meaningful. Degrees Kelvin has a 0 point (absolute 0) and the steps in both these scales have the same degree of magnitude.http://www.usablestats.com/lessons/noirRandom SamplingOnlinea random sample is a set of items that have been drawn from a population in such a way that each time an item was selected, every item in the population had an equal opportunity to appear in the sample. In practical terms, it is not so easy to draw a random sample.http://www.animatedsoftware.com/statglos/sgrandsa.htmSamping ErrorsOnlineThat part of the difference between a population value and an estimate thereof, derived from a random sample, which is due to the fact that only a sample of values is observed; as distinct from errors due to imperfect selection, bias in response or estimation, errors of observation and recording, etc. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2377MeanOnlinean average; a number that in some sense represents the central value of a set of numbers.https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Mean+(statistics)ModeOnlineThe mode represents the most frequent value in a set of data. For example in the set of data: 3,5,6,7,7,9,8,7,5,6,4,5,3,1 the number 7 is the mode. The mode doesn't have to be the center of a set of data and there can be more than one mode.http://www.usablestats.com/lessons/datacenterRangeOnlinerange is defined simply as the difference between the maximum and minimum observationshttps://explorable.com/range-in-statisticsVarianceOnlineThe variance is a numerical value used to indicate how widely individuals in a group vary. If individual observations vary greatly from the group mean, the variance is big; and vice versa.http://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=VarianceStandard DeviationOnlinea measure of the dispersion of a frequency distribution that is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviation of each of the class frequencies from the arithmetic mean of the frequency distribution; also : a similar quantity found by dividing by one less than the number of squares in the sum of squares instead of taking the arithmetic mean https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/standard%20deviationEmpirical RuleOnlineThe so called empirical rule states that the bulk of the data cluster around the mean in a normal distribution. In fact: 68% of values fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean 95% fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean 99% fall within 3 standard deviations of the meanhttp://www.usablestats.com/lessons/empiricalChebyshev's TheoremOnlineChebyshev’s Theorem tells us that no matter what the distribution looks like, the probability that a randomly selected values is in the intervalhttp://academic.regis.edu/jseibert/SumStat08/Descriptive/DC1-Chebyshev.pdfBay's RuleOnlinea formula that describes how to update the probabilities of hypotheses when given evidence. It follows simply from the axioms of conditional probability, but can be used to powerfully reason about a wide range of problems involving belief updates.https://brilliant.org/wiki/bayes-theorem/Six SigmaOnlineSix Sigma at many organizations simply means a measure of quality that strives for near perfection. Six Sigma is a disciplined, data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defects (driving toward six standard deviations between the mean and the nearest specification limit) in any process – from manufacturing to transactional and from product to service.https://www.isixsigma.com/new-to-six-sigma/getting-started/what-six-sigma/Lean ManufacturingOnlineThe core idea behind lean manufacturing is maximizing customer value while minimizing waste, thereby achieving manufacturing excellence through the creation of more value with fewer resources.https://www.qualitydigest.com/inside/twitter-ed/introduction-lean-manufacturing.html#Decision TreeOnlineDecision trees are produced by algorithms that identify various ways of splitting a data set into branch-like segments. These segments form an inverted decision tree that originates with a root node at the top of the tree. http://support.sas.com/publishing/pubcat/chaps/57587.pdfHypothesis TestingOnlineProcedure for deciding if a null hypothesis should be accepted or rejected in favor of an alternate hypothesis. A statistic is computed from a survey or test result and is analyzed to determine if it falls within a preset acceptance region. If it does, the null hypothesis is accepted otherwise rejected.http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/hypothesis-testing.htmlType 1 and Type 2 ErrorsOnlineA type I error (false-positive) occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in the population; a type II error (false-negative) occurs if the investigator fails to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false in the population.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2996198/Regression AnalysisOnlineRegression is a statistical technique to determine the linear relationship between two or more variables. Regression is primarily used for prediction and causal inference.http://statlab.stat.yale.edu/workshops/IntroRegression/StatLab-IntroRegressionFa08.pdfStatistic versus ProbabilityOnlineProbability and statistics are related areas of mathematics which concern themselves with analyzing the relative frequency of events. Still, there are fundamental differences in the way they see the world: • Probability deals with predicting the likelihood of future events, while statistics involves the analysis of the frequency of past events. • Probability is primarily a theoretical branch of mathematics, which studies the consequences of mathematical definitions. Statistics is primarily an applied branch of mathematics, which tries to make sense of observations in the real world. https://www3.cs.stonybrook.edu/~skiena/jaialai/excerpts/node12.html

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