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lupinepublishers · 3 years

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lupine publishers| Economic Returns of Foliar Fungicides Application to Control Yellow Rust in Bread Wheat Cultivars in Arsi high lands of Ethiopia

Wheat yellow rust caused by Puccinic Striiformis f. sp tritici is the most widespread and destructive disease of wheat, especially in the highlands of Ethiopia. Application of foliar fungicides are important mechanisms to control wheat yellow rust disease. The activity was conducted at two experimental sites Meraro and Bekoji in 2018 main cropping season, in order to determine net returns of wheat yields from the application of fungicides. The aim of the study was to know net reruns obtained from the application of propiconazole and Thiophanate-methyl 310g/l +Epoxiconazole 187g/l fungicides with twice application frequency in four bread wheat cultivars with different resistance level, being susceptible, moderately susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant including Kubsa, Danda’a, Lemu and Wane against wheat yellow rust respectively in 2018. The positive net returns at Meraro, 12.66, 11.4, 8.39 and 7.65, and at Bekoji 12.14, 11.4, 7.92 and 5.18 on Kubsa, Lemu, Danda’a and Wane (susceptible, moderately susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant bread wheat varieties by the twice application of RexDuo respectively. Maximum net return on fungicide application was obtained on the susceptible (Kubsa) variety $1164.98 ha−1 at Bekoji and $1215.13 ha−1 at Meraro and minimum net returns was observed on Wane (resistant) variety $ 5.18 ha−1 at Bekoji and 7.65 at Meraro experimental stations by the twice application of Rex®Duo. Epoxiconazole +Thiiophanate-methyl applied treatments were resulted the highest returns at the rate of 0.5l ha−1, but low net returns were observed on propiconazole applied treatments at a rate of 0.5l ha−1 at both location. From the study lower economic return at Bekoji was obtained due to dry climatic conditions which resulted in low rust severity as compared to Meraro obtained higher profitability to higher altitude with cooler climate, lower temperature, heavy dew and intermittent rains. This indicated that conducive climatic conditions to yellow rust disease development during the growing season, cultivar resistance, fungicide application frequency, plant growth stage, fungicide and fungicide application costs and the price of wheat determines the net return in fungicide application of wheat. The results from this study indicated that foliar fungicide applications to bread wheat cultivars can be profitable in twice application with sensitive to semi sensitive(moderately susceptible to susceptible)varieties; however, net loss can result if fungicide

usts caused by obligate pathogens of wheat are yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici), stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici) and leaf rust (Puccinia recondite f.sp. tritici) which infect the foliage, stem and sometimes the spikes lost more than $5bilion in each year .They have the capacity to develop into widespread epidemics and complex life cycles that involve alternate hosts and several spore stages resulting in yield losses of 30-50% sensitive and semi sensitive cultivars and 57-97% on [1-8]. Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis is one of the most widespread, destructive and an emerging serious disease, especially in cool climates, present in almost all the wheat growing areas and a formidable threat to global wheat production [2-6]. In Ethiopia Arsi, Bale and North shoa areas, are wheat mono cropping and the most prevalent to yellow rust disease epidemics which causes 57 to 97% of yield losses in sensitive and semi sensitive bread wheat cultivars [7,8] Application of foliar fungicides are important mechanisms to control wheat yellow rust and reduce yield losses. According to [9], [6] findings comparatively better yields were obtained on sprayed treatments rather than unsprayed treatments under experimental condition. During the fungicide application; conduciveness of

environment to rust, varietal resistance, effectiveness and timing of fungicide application to be taken into consideration in reducing the disease severity and rate of epidemic development. Large scale commercial and government-run wheat farms have generally chosen to plant rust-susceptible wheat varieties because they have a greater yield potential of 20%-25% and 36.6% -51.1% than rust-resistant varieties [5 and 8]. Wheat grown in a higher-yield potential (highland) environment may be more likely to produce a yield response. Timely application of fungicides effectively prevents yield losses and further spread of the disease to the wheat production regions, and potentially huge nationwide yield loss was avoided through use of fungicides [10]. Fungicide prices influence the decision of spraying or not spraying. However, when the disease severity is low, crop yield is usually not impacted. The benefit from fungicide applications in crop production is reflected in the returns of up to three times the cost involved [11]. There is a misconception that fungicides are used to get a “yield bump” but most crop scientists agree that fungicides simply protect yield potential. When disease severity has the potential to reduce crop yields, then fungicide applications may help to protect the crop from potential losses. On the other hand, if disease severity is low and there is minimal yield loss, then applying a fungicide will not result in either a yield or economic advantage [12]. In the considerable studies researchers emphasized that there are a number of factors that farmers should consider before making a fungicide spray decision, including yield potential, wheat price, fungicide cost, and disease pressure. Although many farmers and private wheat growers spray as soon as the rust occurred without considering economic threshold level of the disease and positive net return on the economic yield of wheat. The main objective of this research was to determine the profitability of wheat yield using fungicides against yellow rust in susceptible, moderately susceptible, moderately varieties and comparing with commercial relatively resistant wheat varieties. Materials and Methods The study was undertaken at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, sub-stations Bekoji and Meraro, in Arsi highlands of South Eastern Ethiopia during 2018 main cropping season. The experiment was conducted at Meraro and Bekoji experimental stations from the Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center substations during the main cropping season of 2018 at south eastern part of Ethiopia.Treatments and Experimental design The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial arrangement with three replications. Four bread wheat cultivars which were selected based response of reaction being Kubsa susceptible (Sensitive), Danda’a Moderately susceptible (semi sensetive), Lemmu moderately resistant and Wane relatively resistant to wheat yellow rust and released from Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia were used (Table 1). All the varieties were sown at the recommended rate of 100 kg seed ha-1 to six row plots of 2.5m length and 1.2m width with 20 cm inter-row spacing. The gaps between plots and replications were 1m and 1.5m, respectively. Spreader rows consisting of a mixture of highly susceptible bread wheat varieties of Morocco, Kubsa and PBW 343 were planted in each border row in order to ensure uniform spread of inocula and sufficient disease development. Experimental plots were fertilized with Diamonium phosphate (DAP) and Urea (41kgN/46kg P2O5ha-1) just at planting and weeds and insect pests were controlled as management recommendations

Fungicide and application frequency Wheat plots were sprayed with recently registered and widely used fungicides viz. Rex® Duo (Epoxiconazole + Thiophanate-methyl) and Tilt 250EC*(propiconazole) at 0.5lt product ha-1in 250lha-1 water using Manual Knapsack Sprayer (Table 2). Foliar fungicides and its application costs were used to analysis profitability on the spraying of fungicides to four bread wheat cultivars (Table 3). The average price of bread wheat cultivars were calculated from data provided by the Ethiopian Agricultural and commodity Marketing Service and average local fungicide prices used were obtained by assessing local retailers and chemical manufacturers. Since knapsack fungicide application was agreed by contract between the grower and the commercial applicators so Adjuvant and surfactant, and machinery and machinery, maintenance costs were omitted because of the wide variation in their uses and costs. Net return from fungicide application was calculated as follows: Rn = YiP− (Fc + Ac) Where, Rn is the net return from fungicide application ($ ha-1); Yi is yield increase from fungicide application (kg ha-1), obtained by subtracting the yield in the Control treatment from the yield in the fungicide treatments; P is the wheat price ($ kg-1); Fc is the fungicide cost ($ ha-1) and Ac is the fungicide application cost ($ ha-1). At Bekoji, profitability from the application of fungicides varied from $7ha-1 in Lemu variety treated with one application of Tilt to 1165$ha-1 in Kubsa variety that received twice application of Rex®Duo (Table 4). At Meraro, net return after fungicide application ranged from 88$ha-1 in Danda’a variety treated once with Tilt to 1215$ha-1 in Kubsa variety treated twice with Rex® Duo (Table 5). From the application of fungicides profitability of economic yield in bread wheat varieties at Bekoji and Meraro in experimental stations, similarly showed variability in net returns from location to location (Table 4 and 5).The lower profitability at Bekoji can be attributed to dry weather which resulted in low disease levels as compared to Meraro obtained higher profitability to higher elevation with cooler climate, lower temperature, heavy dew and intermittent rains. In Meraro, yellow rust on bread wheat is first observed ate early seedling stage with optimum urediniospores in mid belig or early mehar season (June to November). The positive net return can be strongly influenced by the Market price of wheat on applying fungicides to control wheat yellow rust. The expected yield increase of 2967 kg ha−1 representing 51.1% of the yield potential and a fungicide and application cost of $96 ha−1, the net return was $1164.98 ha−1 at a wheat price of $0.425kg−1 compared to $497.7 ha−1 t at the same wheat price of $0.425kg−1. Therefore twice application of Rex® Duo or Tilt 250 EC immediately after appearance of rust disease on wheat varieties at 15 days interval are effective in controlling the disease and achieving higher economic return. The results indicated that lower economic return at Bekoji was obtained due to dry climatic conditions which resulted in low level of rust severity as compared to Meraro obtained maximum profitability to higher altitude with cooler climate, lower temperature, heavy dew and intermittent rains. This findings are convenient with work done by [13,14 and 15] indicated that conducive climatic conditions to yellow rust disease development during the growing season, cultivar resistance, fungicide application frequency, plant growth stage, fungicide and fungicide application costs and the price of wheat determines the net return in fungicide application of wheat. According to [16] findings doubling and tripling the grain price of bread wheat had the highest impact on the net return from fungicide application, followed by increasing fungicide cost. In conclusion, profitability is dependent on many factors, including weather conditions favorable to disease development, the level of disease intensity, efficacy of the fungicide applied in controlling each specific disease, fungicide and fungicide application costs and rates, fungicide application timing, cultivar resistance, cultural practices and the price of wheat.

Conclusion and RecommendationWheat yellow rust caused by puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici, is the most widespread, destructive and formidable threat especially in cool climates, present in the highland wheat growing areas of Ethiopia. Now a day, possibility of producing new resistant variety is difficult due to complexity of yellow rust and continually evolvement of new races. In East Africa the current commercial wheat cultivars including recently released varieties are susceptible to the new races and not possible to grow a profitable yield of wheat without application of fungicides to the private sectors, farmers and government run wheat growers in Ethiopia. To obtained positive net returns, environmental factors, varietal response to rust, efficacy and timing of fungicide application, cost of fungicide, wheat price and agricultural practices should be taken into consideration. Our results and similar studies suggested that application of fungicide specifically diazoles like Epoxiconazole + Thiophanate-methyl, at hotspot areas to yellow rust province on sensitive(susceptible) and semi sensitive(intermediate) cultivar is beneficial and can constitute a significant part of stripe rust managing program. So research suggested to wheat growers to use effective fungicides on susceptible and intermediate varieties in the golden time of stripe rust occurrence, able to control wheat yellow rust to yield and net return increase.Acknowledgments Ethiopian institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) is kindled thanked for the financial support of the study and Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center is acknowledged for conducting experimental study. The all-round support provided by the wheat rust research team especially, to Tamirat Negash, Getenesh Demissie and Askinew solomon indebted and highly appreciated

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evoldir · 2 years

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Fwd: PostDocs: UNeuchatel_Switzerland.PathogenGenomeEvolution

Begin forwarded message: > From: [email protected] > Subject: PostDocs: UNeuchatel_Switzerland.PathogenGenomeEvolution > Date: 8 July 2022 at 07:50:41 BST > To: [email protected] > > > POSTDOC DRIVERS OF GENOME EVOLUTION IN FUNGAL PATHOGENS > > The Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics located at the University of > Neuch�tel (Switzerland) invites applications for a postdoctoral position > with Prof. Daniel Croll. > > The project will focus primarily on intra-specific dynamics of fungal > genomes. We will generate and analyze a very extensive set of complete > genome assemblies covering the global distribution range of the major wheat > pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. The new genome data is embedded with > extensive transcriptomics and epigenomics datasets. Even larger > re-sequencing datasets and trait variation data is also available. The main > questions to address will be to identify proximate and ultimate drivers of > genomic variation, how adaptive variation is generated and how genome > defences maintain chromosomal integrity. Expanding certain questions to > fungal kingdom-wide analyses is a possibility. > > Required qualifications: PhD in biology or related fields, strong interest > in evolutionary genetics and genome evolution, and experience in > bioinformatics. Motivation and enthusiasm for research are key though. > Prior experience in population genetics analyses, molecular laboratory work > and/or statistical analysis may be a bonus. > > We offer a very welcoming and collaborative research environment with many > opportunities for open discussions. Collaborations with researchers of > diverse backgrounds internationally are also possible. The University of > Neuch�tel is centrally located in Switzerland with a wealth of cultural > activities, a beautiful lakefront and views of the Swiss Alps. > > Application: for 10 August 2022 (or until filled). Review of applications > starts immediately. > > Starting date/duration: Autumn 2022 (or upon agreement). The initial > duration of the postdoc position is one year with the possibility for a > two-year extension. > > Please send your application as a single PDF to [email protected] > including: a motivation letter (max 1 page), a CV, 1-3 key preprints or > publications and contact details of 2-3 references (e.g. PhD supervisor, no > letter is required at this stage). For more information about us visit our > group website https://ift.tt/vOCI3dr or contact Prof. Daniel Croll. > > The University of Neuch�tel is committed to promoting equality of > opportunity. > > > *Prof. Daniel Croll* | Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics | Institute of > Biology | University of Neuch�tel > Rue Emile-Argand 11 | CH-2000 Neuch�tel | Switzerland > +41 (0) 32 718 23 30 | @danielcroll

#IFTTT #Email

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darlenicy · 1 year

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OKAY COME ON THAT'S CUTE

#their little smiles #also sloppy ezgif quality but i didn't bother making it with ps #winx club #winx gif #winx icy #winx tritannus #triticy #not that i ship it #but this is cute

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ziraatweb · 3 years

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Nematoloji Vize - Final Soruları

Bitki Nematolojisi, Nematoloji, Nematoloji Vize Sınavı, Nematoloji Final Sınavı, Bitki Nematolojisi Vize Final Sınavı, Nematoloji Soruları, Nematoloji Deneme, yarıyıl...

Bitki Nematolojisi dersi ile ilgili yarıyıl, final ve vize sorularını derleyip paylaştık. Sınavı tamamladıktan sonra yorumlar kısmından yorum yapmayı unutmayınız. Nematoloji Ders Notlarımızı inceleyebilirsiniz. Vize Soruları Doğru / Yanlış - Nematodlarla ilgili, ilk zoolojik kayıt Dracunculus medinensisisimli bir parazite aittir - ( )Entomopatojen nematod (EPN)’lar ilk kez 1931 yılında Popillia japónica (Lepidoptera) üzerinde ABD'de bulunmuştur - ( )BPN'ler nonotrophic parazitlerdir. - ( )ASH nöronları, dieridlerde yer almaktadırlar. - ( )BPN’larda 1. larva döneminden sonra cinsiyet ayrımını yapmak mümkün olabilmektedir. Boşluk Doldurma - Nematodlar,………………………………….altaleminde………………………………………………. alt kümesinde yer alan ………………………….. solucanlardır. - Nematodlarda vücut formu ………………………..………… basınç tarafından korunmaktadır. - Büyüklükleri çok değişken olan bu hayvanların en küçükleri ………. mm'yi aşmadığı halde en büyükleri ………..m'ye varır - Nematodların vücudu iç içe geçmiş ……… tüp halindedir. - Nemadolarda sinir hücrelerinden biri olan …………………. “kimyasal his organı” fonksiyonuna sahiptirler - Nematod yumurtası, genellikle……………………..ve ……………………………..’dur. Çoktan Seçmeli 1.……………………….. diğer nematodlardan farklı olarak neredeyse tamamen şeffaftır. Bu özelliği sayesinde genetik çalışmaların vazgeçilmez canlısı olmuştur” ifadesinde boşluğu hangi nematod doldurur. a) Caenorhabditis elegans b) Heterodera schachtii c) Ascaria lumricoides d) Ditylenchus dipsaci 2. “Bazı nematod türlerinin daha uzak mesafelerden konukçularını algıladığı ve yöneldiği rapor edilmiştir” cümlesi aşağıdakilerin hangisi ile eşleşir? a) Ditylenchus dipsaci b) Heterodera schachtii c) Anguina tritici d) Hemicycliophora paradoxa 3. Nematotların % kaçı omurgalı ve omurgasız hayvanlarda (insan dahil) parazittir? a) 16 b) 15 c) 20 d) 17 4. Bu grup nematotlar toprak üstü aksamında, bitki içerisinde bulunurlar” tanımı aşağıdakilerin hangisi ile eşleşir? a) Ektoparazit b) Endoparazit c) Semi-endoparazit d) Foliar 5. Aşağıdakilerin hangisi nematotlarda kütikulanın tabakalarından biri değildir? a) Kortikal b) Hypodermis c) Medial d) Bazal tabaka 6. Nematotlarda somatik kasların kasılabilir ve kasılmayan bölümlerinin bulunma durumu aşağıdakilerden hangisine bağlı değildir? a) Nematot gruplarına b) Gelişme dönemlerine c) Nematotun büyüklüğüne d) Mevsimlere 7.“Birçok böcek paraziti türlerde seksüel dimorfizm görülmektedir.” tanımı aşağıdakilerden hangisine aittir? a)Allantonematinae b) Criconematoidea c) Calyptronema d) Symplocostoma 8. “Denizlerde yaşayan bazı nematod gruplarında oldukça kalınlaşmış kütikula ile kaplanan ağız parçalarına sahip dişilerin yanında, daha narin kütikula ile kaplı ağız kapsülleri olan erkeklere rastlanır” tanımı aşağıdakilerden hangisi ile eşleşir? a) Allantonematinae b) Criconematoidea c) Calyptronema d) Philometridae Final Soruları Doğru / Yanlış - ( )Papillalar hafif bir deri çıkıntısı şeklindedir. - ( ) BPN'larde üreme organları 2. larva döneminde gelişmeye başlar. - ( )Aphelenchoides besseyi 'nin, dişi ve erkeği iplik şeklindedir. - ( )Sak soğan nematodu yapraklarda meydan getirdiği merdivenvari şekil bozukluğu ile tanınabilir. - ( )Ditylenchus destructor, konukçularında nematod yumağı oluşturur. Boşluk Doldurma - ………………………………………………..sınıfında salgı-boşaltım sistemi kütikulayla kaplıdır ve ventral açıklık bulunur. - Meloidogyne javanica ülkemizin ………………………………ve ………………………………………..kıyı şeridinde, Meloidogyne hapla ise daha ……………… ve ……………………………….. kesimlerde bulunmaktadır - Adenophorea'da salgı-boşaltım sistemi, lateral hipodermal kordonlarda içi………………………………… tüp şeklindeki kanallar olarak ortaya çıkar. - Aphelenchoides besseyi’nin belirtileri ……………………………. ve ……………………………… noksanlığı ile karıştırılabilir. - Kök-ur nematodlarına karşı biyolojik mücadelede ……………………………………………….adlı fungusdan yaralanılabilir. - Kamalı nematodlardan …………………………………………iç karantinaya, …………………………….ve……………………………….. dış karantinaya tabi olan nematodlardır - Salanum nigrum L.,……………………………………………………… nematodlarına konukçuluk yaparak bulaşık sahalarda enfeksiyon kaynağı oluştururlar. - Ülkemizde iğne nematodlarından ………………………………. ve ………………………………………….karantinaya tabi olan nematodlardır. Çoktan Seçmeli 1. Endoparazit yaşam şekline sahip BPN’ların semptomu aşağıdakilerden hangisi değildir? a) Beslendikleri hücreleri öldürürler b) Kök dokularının içinde delikler açarlar c) Yapraklara yumurta koyarlar d) İkincil enfeksiyona yol açarlar 2. Genel olarak BPN'ler hangi toprak sıcaklığında normal hareket eder? a) 20-30 b) 10-30 c) 10-20 d) 20-40 3. Hangi nematod türünde uzun styletiyle dokulara daha derin penetre olabilir? a) Hemicycliophorca b) Tylenchorhynchus c) Rotylenchus d) Heterodera 4. Adenophora şubesinde boşaltım kanalı vücudun hangi kısmında bulunur? a) Özofagus bölgesinde b) Vulvanın sağında c) Hypodermisin gerisinde d) Epidermisin üzerinde 5. Aşağıdakilerden cinslerden hangisi fungivor nematodlara örnektir? a) Triphyla b) Momystera c) Odontopharynx d) Aphelenchus 6. “Bitki dokusu içinde ve özellikle killi topraklarda, 4. dönem larva halinde uzun yıllar canlı olarak kalabilir” ifadesi aşağıdakilerden hangisine aittir? a) Ditylenchus dipsaci b) Anguina tritici c) Ditylenchus destructor d) Meloidogyne spp. 7. Zararın %60 ‘lara çıktığı nematod aşağıdakilerden hangisidir? a) Aphelenchoides besseyi b) Aphelenchoides fragariae c) Ditylenchus destructor d) Anguina tritici 8. Çift yaprak, çift sülük, boğum aralarının kısalması ve yelpaze yapraklılık aşağıdaki hangi nematodun simptonlarındandır? a) Longidorus spp. b) Meloidogyne spp. c) Xiphinema spp. d) Anguina tritici Eklememizi veya kaldırmamızı istediğiniz soruları bizlere [email protected] mail adresinden iletebilirsiniz. Read the full article

#BitkiNematolojisiFinalSoruları #BitkiNematolojisiVizeSoruları #NematolojiFinal #NematolojiVize

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cytgen · 3 years

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Keywords: Molecular Markers Resistance Genes Stem Rust Wheat

#Molecular Markers #Resistance Genes #Stem Rust #Wheat

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piyaa08 · 3 years

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#wheatseed gall nematode #science #nature #farming #healthylifehealthymind

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pamphletstoinspire · 6 years

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THE CANTICLE OF CANTICLES - SOLOMON'S CANTICLE OF CANTICLES - From The Douay-Rheims Bible - Latin Vulgate

Chapter 7

INTRODUCTION.

This book is called the Canticle of Canticles, that is to say, the most excellent of all canticles: because it is full of high mysteries, relating to the happy union of Christ and his spouse; which is here begun by love; and is to be eternal in heaven. The spouse of Christ is the Church: more especially as to the happiest part of it, viz. perfect souls, every one of which is his beloved; but above all others, the immaculate and ever blessed Virgin mother. Ch. --- The bridegroom is Christ, as God and man. His praises and those of his spouse are recorded by various speakers. Solomon has given us three works; for beginners, the more advanced, and the perfect; as the philosophers teach ethics, physics, and metaphysics. All the holy Scriptures contain spiritual food, but they are not all fit for every person. Heb. v. 13. With what humility ought we not, therefore, to read this most perfect and mystical canticle, as the sentiments of spiritual love are expressed in the same words as that of worldlings, and we are more inclined to follow our own judgment and carnal notions! W. --- None, therefore, should dare to peruse this work, who has not mastered his passions, having his conversation in heaven. H. --- The Jews would not allow any ot read it before the age of thirty. Orig. and S. Jer. --- Some of the fathers and commentators have even asserted that the mystical sense is the only one which pertains to this book, (Theod. Durham. T.) and it is certainly the true and principal one, though allusion may be made to the marriage of Solomon with Pharao's daughter, (C. Bossuet. D.) or with a Tyrian princess, (c. iv. 8. and 3 K. xiii. 5.) or with Abisag. Rabbins. --- Grotius shews the corruption of his own heart in his impure comments, as Theodorus, of Mopsuestra, is blamed by the second Council of Const. iv. a. 68. The name of God never, indeed, occurs; as he is represented under the idea of the bridegroom, &c. and the piece is allegorical. It might be divided into seven scenes, or nights, as the marriage feast lasted so long. Gen. xxix. 22. During this time the bridegroom saw his spouse seldom, and with great reserve, (C.) as was the custom with the Lacedemonians. Plut. in Lyc. --- We might also refer all to six nights, or to the six ages of the Church, conformably to the system of De la Chetardie and Bishop Walmesley on the Apocalypse. --- I. Age. C. i. 2. marks the ascension of Christ, and the propagation of Christianity; v. 4. 5. persecutions; v. 6. 7. vocation of the Gentiles; v. 12. protection granted by Christ. II. C. ii. 3. peace under Constantine; v. 11. 17. troubles excited by Arius. III. C. iii. 1. irruption of barbarians; v. 4. does not overturn the Church; v. 6. they are converted; v. 11. and Christ is more glorified, as Apoc. xix. IV. C. iv. 5. the Latin and Greek Churches; v. 8. the Chaldees, lions, and Greeks, leopards, (Dan.) are converted; the Turks obtain dominion; v. 12. the Greek schismatics cut off: v. 16. the Church is persecuted, but protected. V. C. v. 2. Dew marks the cooling of charity, (S. Aug.) when Luther appeared; c. vi. 3. yet the Church triumphs, particularly after the Council of Trent. VI. C. vi. 9. after the sounding of the sixth trumpet, the Jews are converted, and adorn the Church, in spite of antichrist's power; v. 11. she addresses the synagogue, v. 12. C. viii. 2. obtains leave to go into the house of her mother, as the apostles were of Jewish extraction; v. 7. the constancy of the martyrs appears; (see Rondet.) v. 8-14. the Church pants for her speedy union with her beloved. We may justly admire her authority, in preserving this and the former work of the canon, notwithstanding the internal and external evidence, and the ill use made of them by infidels, which seemed to militate against them. The Prot. Chateillon styles this "a wicked book." Several passages may, no doubt, be abused by a corrupt heart: but what is there so holy, which may not be perverted? When we meditate on this canticle, we ought to remember the admonition given by the Church in the Mass: "Let hearts be on high;" and Oh! that all might answer with truth: "We have them to the Lord!"

The additional Notes in this Edition of the New Testament will be marked with the letter A. Such as are taken from various Interpreters and Commentators, will be marked as in the Old Testament. B. Bristow, C. Calmet, Ch. Challoner, D. Du Hamel, E. Estius, J. Jansenius, M. Menochius, Po. Polus, P. Pastorini, T. Tirinus, V. Bible de Vence, W. Worthington, Wi. Witham. — The names of other authors, who may be occasionally consulted, will be given at full length.

Verses are in English and Latin. HAYDOCK CATHOLIC BIBLE COMMENTARY

This Catholic commentary on the Old Testament, following the Douay-Rheims Bible text, was originally compiled by Catholic priest and biblical scholar Rev. George Leo Haydock (1774-1849). This transcription is based on Haydock's notes as they appear in the 1859 edition of Haydock's Catholic Family Bible and Commentary printed by Edward Dunigan and Brother, New York, New York.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

Changes made to the original text for this transcription include the following:

Greek letters. The original text sometimes includes Greek expressions spelled out in Greek letters. In this transcription, those expressions have been transliterated from Greek letters to English letters, put in italics, and underlined. The following substitution scheme has been used: A for Alpha; B for Beta; G for Gamma; D for Delta; E for Epsilon; Z for Zeta; E for Eta; Th for Theta; I for Iota; K for Kappa; L for Lamda; M for Mu; N for Nu; X for Xi; O for Omicron; P for Pi; R for Rho; S for Sigma; T for Tau; U for Upsilon; Ph for Phi; Ch for Chi; Ps for Psi; O for Omega. For example, where the name, Jesus, is spelled out in the original text in Greek letters, Iota-eta-sigma-omicron-upsilon-sigma, it is transliterated in this transcription as, Iesous. Greek diacritical marks have not been represented in this transcription.

Footnotes. The original text indicates footnotes with special characters, including the astrisk (*) and printers' marks, such as the dagger mark, the double dagger mark, the section mark, the parallels mark, and the paragraph mark. In this transcription all these special characters have been replaced by numbers in square brackets, such as [1], [2], [3], etc.

Accent marks. The original text contains some English letters represented with accent marks. In this transcription, those letters have been rendered in this transcription without their accent marks.

Other special characters.

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Chapter 7

A further description of the graces of the church the spouse of Christ.

[1] What shalt thou see in the Sulamitess but the companies of camps? How beautiful are thy steps in shoes, O prince's daughter! The joints of thy thighs are like jewels, that are made by the hand of a skillful workman.

SPONSA. Quid videbis in Sulamite, nisi choros castrorum? CHORUS. Quam pulchri sunt gressus tui in calceamentis, filia principis! Juncturae femorum tuorum sicut monilia quae fabricata sunt manu artificis.

[2] Thy navel is like a round bowl never wanting cups. Thy belly is like a heap of wheat, set about with lilies.

Umbilicus tuus crater tornatilis, numquam indigens poculis. Venter tuus sicut acervus tritici vallatus liliis.

[3] Thy two breasts are like two young roes that are twins.

Duo ubera tua sicut duo hinnuli, gemelli capreae.

[4] Thy neck as a tower of ivory. Thy eyes like the fishpools in Hesebon, which are in the gate of the daughter of the multitude. Thy nose is as the tower of Libanus, that looketh toward Damascus.

Collum tuum sicut turris eburnea; oculi tui sicut piscinae in Hesebon quae sunt in porta filiae multitudinis. Nasus tuus sicut turris Libani, quae respicit contra Damascum.

[5] Thy head is like Carmel: and the hairs of thy head as the purple of the king bound in the channels.

Caput tuum ut Carmelus; et comae capitis tui sicut purpura regis vincta canalibus.

[6] How beautiful art thou, and how comely, my dearest, in delights!

SPONSUS. Quam pulchra es, et quam decora, carissima, in deliciis!

[7] Thy stature is like to a palm tree, and thy breasts to clusters of grapes.

Statura tua assimilata est palmae, et ubera tua botris.

[8] I said: I will go up into the palm tree, and will take hold of the fruit thereof: and thy breasts shall be as the clusters of the vine: and the odour of thy mouth like apples.

Dixi : Ascendam in palmam, et apprehendam fructus ejus; et erunt ubera tua sicut botri vineae, et odor oris tui sicut malorum.

[9] Thy throat like the best wine, worthy for my beloved to drink, and for his lips and his teeth to ruminate.

Guttur tuum sicut vinum optimum, dignum dilecto meo ad potandum, labiisque et dentibus illius ad ruminandum.

[10] I to my beloved, and his turning is towards me.

SPONSA. Ego dilecto meo, et ad me conversio ejus.

[11] Come, my beloved, let us go forth into the field, let us abide in the villages.

Veni, dilecte mi, egrediamur in agrum, commoremur in villis.

[12] Let us get up early to the vineyards, let us see if the vineyard flourish, if the flowers be ready to bring forth fruits, if the pomegranates flourish: there will I give thee my breasts.

Mane surgamus ad vineas : videamus si floruit vinea, si flores fructus parturiunt, si floruerunt mala punica; ibi dabo tibi ubera mea.

[13] The mandrakes give a smell. In our gates are all fruits: the new and the old, my beloved, I have kept for thee.

Mandragorae dederunt odorem in portis nostris omnia poma : nova et vetera, dilecte mi, servavi tibi.

Commentary:

Ver. 1. What? Christ commends the Jews, who shall at last embrace the faith with great fervour. W. --- Thou. Heb. and Sept. "ye." They join this sentence with the preceding chapter. H. --- Companies. Heb. "as it were the choir (or dance) of Mahanaim,"( C). where Jacob saw the camps of angels, near the Jaboc. H. Gen. xxxii. --- These dances might be proverbial.

Ver. 4. Ivory. Preachers communicate the sentiments of the Church, (C.) which prevails against the gates of hell. Cassiod.

Ver. 5. Carmel. Shaded with trees. C. --- Heb. "purple," which colour was sometimes given to the hair. Propert. ii. 18. --- Channels. Of the dyers. Heb. "to beams." C. --- Prot. "the king is held in the galleries" to view thee. H. --- Christ was all charity, and the faithful are twice dyed, with the love of God, and of their neighbour. M.

Ver. 7. Grapes. The Church triumphs over her adversaries, and feeds her children. C.

Ver. 8. Up. Christ shed his blood on the cross, and enabled his Church, composed of Jews and Gentiles, who were before barren, to produce a numerous progeny. C. --- Mouth. Heb. and Sept. "nose."

Ver. 9. Lips. Sept. "sufficient for my lips and teeth." H. --- The wine in that country was very thick, when kept a long time. It here denotes charity, or the gospel truths. Lu. v. 37. Acts ii. 13. Heb. "causing the lips of them who sleep to speak," (C.) as the apostles did, in transports of zeal. Theod. --- Yet the reading of the Sept. Aquila, &c. seems preferable. C.

Ver. 10. Turning. The Church is submissive to Jesus Christ, and is entirely actuated by the Spirit. C. --- She takes the words, as it were out of his mouth, (v. 9.) and answers, worthy, &c. acknowledging that all the praise belongs to him.

Ver. 11. Villages. She begs that he would come and remain with her. W. --- She accompanies him into the country, on the morning after the fifth night. There Christ affords the purest delights, (v. 12. C.) and the Church (M.) becomes his mother, while she instructs and feeds others. S. Greg. hom. M.

Ver. 13. Mandrakes. Heb. dodai comes from the same root as dodi, "my breasts or loves." v. 12. H. --- It may denote oranges, as mandrakes are not spring-fruits. Gen. xxx. 14. C. --- Yet (H.) married women eagerly sought after mandrakes. Here they may signify such as are fit to gain souls to Christ. M. --- And the old. Or great abundance. Lev. xxvi. 10. Matt. xiii. 52. C. --- She acknowledges Christ to be the Saviour of all, under the Old and the New Testament. W. - A doctor of the Church shews Christ in the prophets, and figures of the law, as well as manifested in the gospel. Aponius, &c. C.

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