#yolk sac tumors

[neweradiagnosticshyderabad]

Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP), CSF Test in Hyderabad - New Era Diagnostics

Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) is a crucial biomarker used in medical diagnostics. AFP levels are primarily measured in the blood but can also be assessed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to diagnose and monitor various health conditions. This comprehensive guide aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the AFP CSF test, its significance, and the advanced diagnostic services offered by New Era Diagnostics in Hyderabad.

Understanding Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP)

Alpha Fetoprotein is a glycoprotein produced by the fetal liver, yolk sac, and, in smaller amounts, by the gastrointestinal tract. In adults, elevated AFP levels can indicate certain health issues, making it a valuable tool in medical diagnostics.

Importance of AFP Testing

AFP testing is crucial for:

Prenatal Screening: Identifying neural tube defects, Down syndrome, and other chromosomal abnormalities.

Cancer Diagnosis: Monitoring liver cancer, germ cell tumors, and other malignancies.

Liver Health: Assessing liver regeneration and detecting chronic liver diseases.

AFP in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Significance of AFP CSF Test

The AFP CSF test is pivotal in diagnosing and monitoring specific conditions affecting the brain and spinal cord. Elevated AFP levels in CSF can indicate:

Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors: These tumors produce AFP, leading to increased levels in CSF.

Metastatic Cancer: Tumors that have spread to the central nervous system.

Neural Tube Defects: Conditions like spina bifida or anencephaly.

Procedure for AFP CSF Testing

The procedure involves the following steps:

Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): A sample of CSF is collected using a needle inserted into the lower back.

Laboratory Analysis: The sample is analyzed to measure AFP levels.

Results Interpretation: A medical professional interprets the results to diagnose or monitor health conditions.

Why Choose New Era Diagnostics in Hyderabad

State-of-the-Art Facilities

New Era Diagnostics offers advanced facilities equipped with the latest technology to ensure accurate and reliable results. Our laboratory is staffed with experienced professionals dedicated to providing high-quality diagnostic services.

Experienced Medical Professionals

Our team of medical experts includes specialists in various fields, ensuring comprehensive care and precise diagnostics. We prioritize patient comfort and safety throughout the testing process.

Comprehensive Diagnostic Services

New Era Diagnostics provides a wide range of diagnostic tests, including:

Prenatal Screening: Advanced tests to monitor fetal health and development.

Cancer Diagnostics: Comprehensive testing for various types of cancer.

Neurological Diagnostics: Specialized tests for brain and spinal cord conditions.

Detailed Insights into AFP Testing Process

Pre-Test Preparation

Before undergoing an AFP CSF test, patients may need to:

Consultation: Discuss medical history and current medications with a healthcare provider.

Fasting: Depending on the test requirements, fasting may be necessary.

During the Test

Positioning: The patient is positioned on their side or seated.

Sterilization: The puncture site is cleaned to prevent infection.

Sample Collection: A needle is carefully inserted to collect CSF.

Post-Test Care

After the test, patients should:

Rest: Lie down for a few hours to prevent headaches.

Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids to aid recovery.

Monitor for Complications: Report any severe headaches, bleeding, or infection symptoms to a healthcare provider.

Interpreting AFP CSF Test Results

Normal AFP Levels

In adults, normal AFP levels in CSF are typically very low or undetectable. Elevated levels may indicate:

Intracranial Tumors: Primary or metastatic cancer affecting the brain or spinal cord.

Neural Tube Defects: Conditions present from birth affecting the spine or brain.

Infections or Inflammatory Conditions: Certain infections or inflammatory diseases can elevate AFP levels.

Follow-Up Testing

Depending on the initial test results, further diagnostic procedures may be necessary, including:

Imaging Studies: MRI or CT scans to visualize abnormalities.

Additional Biomarker Tests: To confirm the diagnosis or monitor treatment progress.

Biopsy: In some cases, a tissue sample may be required for definitive diagnosis.

Advancements in AFP Testing at New Era Diagnostics

Innovative Techniques

New Era Diagnostics utilizes cutting-edge technology to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of AFP testing. Our laboratory employs advanced methods such as:

High-Sensitivity Assays: To detect even the smallest changes in AFP levels.

Automated Systems: Ensuring consistent and reliable results.

Comprehensive Data Analysis: Providing detailed insights for precise diagnosis and treatment planning.

Patient-Centric Approach

We prioritize patient care and comfort, offering:

Personalized Consultation: Tailored advice and support from our medical experts.

Fast Turnaround Times: Efficient testing processes to deliver quick results.

Continuous Support: Ongoing monitoring and follow-up care as needed.

Conclusion

Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) CSF testing is a vital diagnostic tool for detecting and monitoring various medical conditions. New Era Diagnostics in Hyderabad offers state-of-the-art facilities, experienced professionals, and comprehensive services to ensure accurate and reliable results. By choosing our advanced diagnostic center, patients receive the highest standard of care and support throughout their medical journey.

[adoctorx]

The time it takes for testicular cancer to advance to distant tissues depends on your subtype of testicular cancer. Some testicular cancers never spread to distant tissues, while others will usually have spread by the time you receive a diagnosis. Testicular cancer is one of the most common cancers among young males. It develops in one of your two testicles, which produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. Testicular cancer generally has an excellent outlook, but it becomes difficult to treat if it metastasizes. The word “metastasize” means spreads to distant parts of your body. “Metastatic cancer” is cancer that has metastasized. Testicular cancer tends to develop slowly, but some subtypes, like embryonal carcinomas, can progress quickly. Read on to learn more about how quickly testicular cancer spreads to distant tissues. How fast does testicular cancer spread? Most people with testicular cancer receive a diagnosis before their cancer spreads to distant body parts. Only about 12% have metastatic cancer at diagnosis, also called stage 3 testicular cancer. The rate at which your cancer progresses largely depends on which subtype of cancer it is. But it often takes years for testicular cancer to spread to distant organs. Most testicular tumors that metastasize do so within the first 2 years. Tumors that metastasize in less than 2 years are called early metastatic tumors, while tumors that metastasize after 5 or more years are known as late metastatic tumors. Germ cell tumors and germ cell cancer in situ More than 90% of testicular cancers are germ-cell tumors. Research suggests that these tumors can double in size every 10–33 days. Many germ cell tumors develop from a precancerous condition that usually doesn’t cause symptoms, called germ cell neoplasia in situ. This precancerous condition progresses to germ cell cancer in about 5 years. Germ cell tumors can be further subdivided into seminoma and non-seminoma tumors. Each of these subcategories can be broken down into even more specific types of cancer: seminoma tumors: classical seminoma, which makes up more than 95% of seminomas spermatocytic seminoma non-seminoma tumors: embryonal carcinoma yolk sac carcinoma choriocarcinoma teratoma Non-seminoma tumors tend to metastasize more often than seminoma tumors. Spread to internal organs has been reported up to 20 times more frequently in non-seminomas. In about 15% of cases, the spread is to the lungs. Seminoma tumors Spermatocytic seminoma tumors tend to be less aggressive than other types of testicular cancer. They tend to grow slowly and rarely spread to other tissues. Classical seminoma tends to be diagnosed at an early stage. In a 2023 case study, researchers reported a case of a classical seminoma that spread to a man’s kidney and lymph nodes 25 years after cancer treatment. Non-seminoma tumors About two-thirds of people with embryonal carcinoma have metastases when they receive a diagnosis. About 70% of people who have choriocarcinoma have metastasis by the time they receive a diagnosis. It tends to spread early to the lungs and liver. Gastric yolk sac tumors are extremely rare, with only about 19 cases reported as of 2021. Most people have widespread metastases when they receive a diagnosis. Testicular teratoma follows an unpredictable pattern. It can sometimes be aggressive. Sex cord-stromal tumors In a 2019 study, researchers found that half of stage 2 sex cord-stromal tumors metastasized within 2.7 years in a group of 14 men treated from 1980 to 2018. These cancers develop in the cells that support your testicles. Where does testicular cancer spread to? Common places for testicular cancer to spread include: lymph nodes in your chest pelvis neck lungs bones liver brain Where is the first place testicular cancer spreads? Testicular cancer tends to spread in a predictable pattern, starting in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes found in the back of your abdomen.

From here, it can spread to other lymph nodes or other internal organs like the lungs or brain. Is metastatic testicular cancer curable? Metastatic testicular cancer is difficult to treat, but it still has a better outlook than many other types of cancer. Based on data from 2013 to 2019, the 5-year relative survival rate of metastatic testicular cancer in the United States was 73.4%. This means people with metastatic testicular cancer lived 5 or more years about three-quarters as often as people without testicular cancer. Can testicular cancer kill you? Testicular cancer usually has an excellent outlook, but it can be life-threatening, especially in people who have advanced disease. Here’s a look at the 5-year relative survival by stage from 2013 to 2019 in the United States: StageSurvival rateLocalized99.2%Regional96.0%Distant (Metastatic)73.4%All stages91.3% Can you have testicular cancer for years without knowing? Testicular cancer can progress silently for many years. Some people don’t notice they have cancer until they have metastatic disease. However, most people have noticeable swelling or a lump in one of their testicles before the cancer spreads to distant areas. How long can you live with testicular cancer without treatment? Some types of testicular cancer, such as spermatocytic tumors of the testis, grow slowly. It may take them many years to spread if they ever grow beyond your testicle. Some other types of testicular cancer, such as non-seminoma tumors, can spread rapidly and can lead to death within a couple of years without treatment. Takeaway The outlook for testicular cancer is usually best the earlier it’s treated. It’s important to see a doctor promptly if you notice any changes to your testicles, like swelling or a lump

[markcabelin]

Germ Cell Tumors - Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options - Dr. Mark Cabelin's Firewa ll

Germ cell tumors are a type of neoplasm that primarily originate from germ cells, which give rise to eggs in females and sperm in males. They can occur anywhere in the body but are most commonly found in the ovaries, testicles, and areas where germ cells usually don't reside, such as the chest, abdomen, or brain. Although germ cell tumors are relatively rare, they represent a significant proportion of cancers in adolescents and young adults.

Despite their potential severity, advancements in urology and oncology have led to effective treatment options, and the prognosis for patients with germ cell tumors has improved significantly over the past few decades. The key to successful treatment often lies in early detection and a comprehensive understanding of the tumor's nature and behavior,

Germ cell tumors arise from germ cells, unique cells involved in reproduction. They are the precursors to both egg and sperm cells. Unusual growth of these cells can lead to tumors, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant germ cell tumors can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and effectively, Dr. Mark Cabelin.

Germ cell tumors are broadly categorized into two types: seminomas and non-seminomas. Seminomas are usually slower-growing and more responsive to radiation therapy. Non-seminomas are more aggressive and comprise several subtypes, including embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma. Each of these subtypes has its unique characteristics and requires specific treatment strategies.

In the field of urology, germ cell tumors, specifically testicular germ cell tumors, are of paramount importance. They constitute the majority of testicular cancers, making their understanding crucial for urologists. These tumors often present unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach involving urologists, oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists.

Their management extends beyond surgical intervention, encompassing chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and constant surveillance. Understanding germ cell tumors is thus critical for comprehensive patient care in urology. Understanding the causes of germ cell tumors is crucial for prevention and treatment.

While the exact cause is unknown, several factors are believed to contribute to their occurrence. Specific genetic abnormalities have been linked to the development of germ cell tumors. For instance, individuals with disorders of sex development (DSDs), who have unusual stories of sexual anatomy, are at a higher risk.

Additionally, carrying specific mutations in genes, such as the c-KIT gene, has been associated with an increased incidence of these tumors. Exposure to certain environmental factors may also increase the risk of developing germ cell tumors. These include exposure to chemicals, radiation, or certain drugs during pregnancy. Smoking and excessive alcohol use have also been implicated.

Research is ongoing to understand the complex interplay of genetic predisposition and environmental exposure in the development of germ cell tumors. The symptoms of germ cell tumors can vary greatly depending on their location and size. The most common sign of testicular germ cell tumors is a painless lump or swelling in the testes.

Other symptoms may include discomfort or pain in the testicle or scrotum, a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, or a sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum. In females, ovarian germ cell tumors may cause abdominal pain or swelling. When germ cell tumors occur in other areas of the body, symptoms might include chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, or neurological symptoms if the cancer is in the brain.

It’s important to remember that these symptoms can also be caused by conditions other than germ cell tumors, so it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis. If left untreated, germ cell tumors can grow and spread to other body parts, leading to severe complications. Potential risks include metastasis, where the cancer spreads to other organs, which can significantly complicate treatment and worsen the prognosis, Dr. Mark Cabelin Urologist.

Germ cell tumors can also cause functional disturbances in the affected organ, such as infertility in men if the cancer is in the testes. In addition, treatments for germ cell tumors, like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, can also have side effects and long-term health impacts. Regular follow-ups are necessary to monitor for potential complications and manage them promptly.

Diagnosing germ cell tumors usually involves a combination of physical examination, medical history review, and diagnostic tests. The first step often involves a thorough physical examination where the physician may check for lumps or abnormal growth. A detailed discussion about the patient's health history can also provide valuable insights, as certain genetic diseases or previous cancer treatments can increase the risk of germ cell tumors.

Imaging tests play a vital role in diagnosing and staging germ cell tumors. These can include ultrasound, often the first test for suspected testicular or ovarian tumors. It can determine whether a lump is solid (likely cancer) or filled with fluid (probably a cyst).

Computed Tomography (CT) scans, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can help detect tumors in other body parts and determine if cancer has spread. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans may also detect metastasis or evaluate the response to treatment. Pathological tests are essential for confirming the diagnosis and understanding the type and stage of the germ cell tumor.

These tests often involve a biopsy, where a tissue sample is removed from the tumor and examined under a microscope. A biopsy can reveal the presence of cancer cells and provide insights into the tumor's aggressiveness. Other pathological tests, such as serum tumor marker tests, measure the levels of certain substances in the blood that may increase when a germ cell tumor is present.

Pathological diagnosis is crucial in urology for the management of germ cell tumors. Treating germ cell tumors is typically a multidisciplinary effort involving urologists, oncologists, and other healthcare professionals.

Treatment decisions are based on factors such as the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's overall health, and personal preferences. Surgery is often the first line of treatment for germ cell tumors. The goal is to remove the cancer entirely.

In males, this may involve a radical inguinal orchiectomy, the surgical removal of the entire testicle. In females, surgery may include the removal of one or both ovaries. In some cases, lymph nodes in the abdomen may also need to be removed.

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It's often used in conjunction with surgery, either before to shrink the tumor or after to kill any remaining cancer cells. Radiation therapy can also treat germ cell tumors that have spread to other body parts.

Chemotherapy is a systemic therapy that uses drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It's often used when advanced germ cell tumors have spread to other body parts. Several chemotherapy regimens are used to treat germ cell tumors, and the choice of regimen depends on factors such as the type and stage of the tumor and the patient's overall health. Research is ongoing to develop more effective and less toxic treatments for germ cell tumors.

These emerging treatments include targeted therapies that aim to attack specific characteristics of cancer cells and immunotherapies that help the body's immune system fight cancer. Clinical trials are exploring the potential of these new treatments, and patients with germ cell tumors may have the opportunity to participate in these trials. Germ cell tumors, although rare, can have significant implications on a patient's health and quality of life.

Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial to improving the prognosis and reducing the risk of complications. Diagnosis involves comprehensive physical examinations, imaging tests, and pathological tests. Treatment is typically multidisciplinary, involving surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, often in combination.

Interestingly, the field of urology continues to explore new and innovative treatment methods, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Regular follow-ups, monitoring, and patient education are also integral to managing this condition effectively. Remember, each patient's journey is unique, and treatment should be personalized based on their specific circumstances and preferences.

Click Here-

https://www.linkedin.com/in/mark-cabelin-a544158

[mcatmemoranda]

Choriocarcinoma typically affects younger men in the age range of 15 to 35-years-old. These tumors are associated with the development of gynecomastia due to the secretion of beta human chorionic gonadotropin, which has similar properties to luteinizing hormone. Patients can present with precocious puberty, gynecomastia, impotence, or loss of libido. Histologically, a choriocarcinoma will show the presence of both syncytiotrophoblastic cells and cytotrophoblastic cells.

Sertoli cell tumors are derived from the cells located within the seminiferous tubules, and can occur in both children and in middle-aged adults. Histology will reveal uniform tall polyhedral cells that are arranged in sheets and cords that resemble spermatic tubules. The presence of perinuclear aggregates of intermediate filaments is pathognomonic of a Sertoli cell tumor. Inhibin-alpha is a tumor marker.

Yolk sac tumor is the most common testicular neoplasm in infants, with an average age of diagnosis between 1 to 2-years-old. Children with yolk sac tumors usually present with a painless testicular mass. Histologically, the presence of Schiller-Duval bodies is pathognomonic of yolk sac tumors. Schiller-Duval bodies contain a central vessel that is surrounded by flattened tumor cells in a cystic space. The tumor marker for yolk sac tumor is alpha-fetoprotein.

A histological examination of Leydig cell tumors will reveal the presence of Reinke’s crystals in the interstitial cells of the testis. Reinke’s crystals are rod-shaped intracytoplasmic crystal-like inclusions with rounded ends.

[biomedres]

Journals on Cancer Medicine - BJSTR Journal

Alpha Fetoprotein and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Opinion by Dafina Nikolova* in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.002316.php Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), an aggressive liver cancer, accounts about 90% of the primary liver carcinoma. It is a cancer with rising incidence in many countries in the past few decades and it is the third most common cause of cancer related mortality Worldwide. HCC is disease with short -term survival of the patients despite the recent development of the surgical techniques and other types of therapies. The survival is prolonged for patients with small and early diagnosed tumors. Therefore, early detection of HCC is extremely important for effective management [1]. HCC is inflammation related cancer and, in most patients, it occurs in cirrhotic liver. Considering the fact that HCC may have different clinical presentation, complicated with the symptoms of underlining inflammation and cirrhosis the clinician can be confused in selection of the most appropriate treatment of the patients with HCC. This condition leads to necessity of finding out the most useful markers for early diagnosis of the tumor [1,2]. The number of diagnosed asymptomatic patients with HCC increased in the few past decades due to the increased awareness of HCC rising incidence and due to the initiation of screening and surveillance of the patients belonging to the risk groups, using imaging methods, usually ultrasound and measuring the serum levels of Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) [2].AFP is serum glycoprotein produced by fetal yolk sac and fetal liver tissue and it drops rapidly after the birth under 10ng/mL. HCC cells produce AFP and the serum level of AFP is usually increased in patients with HCC; therefore, AFP is the most used marker for detecting HCC. However elevated AFP is not specific for HCC and it can be elevated in patients with cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, cancer of biliary tract, pancreas and stomach, testicle tumors, after liver resection, toxic injuries and during pregnancy [2,3]. For more articles Journals on Cancer Medicine please click here bjstr Follow on Twitter : https://twitter.com/Biomedres01 Follow on Blogger : https://biomedres01.blogspot.com/ Like Our Pins On : https://www.pinterest.com/biomedres/

[gocurrentcom]

Woman donates hair in honor of toddler The diagnosis revealed a stage one yolk-sac tumor that would require Jackson to have surgery. “We were lost,” she revealed after the news came, “As a parent, you don’t ever think you will hear a doctor say ‘Hey, your child has cancer.’”

[lupine-publishers-ctgh]

Lupine Publishers | The Current Approach to the Hepatocellular Carcinoma; A Mini Review of Etiology, Prognosis and Treatment

Lupine Publishers |Current Trends in Gastroenterology and Hepatology 

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver malignancy worldwide and is one of the major causes of cancerrelated deaths. HCC is reported to be the second most fatal malignancy. The major risk factors for HCC are well known; the known risk factors include hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Major advances have been reported in the treatment of HCC. Success of early diagnosis increases when these risk factors are identified, and the cases are followed up. It is reported that in the treatment of early-diagnosed HCC cases, ethanol injection or radiofrequency ablation methods as well as surgical resection should be preferred, particularly in cases without liver cirrhosis and in cases where the tumor is restricted. Similarly, liver transplantation may be an option for patients that meet specific criteria.

Keywords: Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Liver Carcinoma; Liver; Cirrhosis

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. HCC is reported to be the second most fatal malignancy after pancreatic carcinoma [1-3]. In the United States of America, 5-year survival of patients with HCC is reported to be approximately 9% [4]. In contrast to several other malignancies, the major risk factors for HCC are well known. These risk factors include hepatitis C (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Major advances have been reported in the treatment of HCC. Success of early diagnosis increases when these risk factors are identified, and the cases are followed up [1]. A glance at the epidemiology of HCC reveals that it is more common in developing regions [5,6]. A 2008 study reported extremely high mortality rates for HCC [7]. Owing to the high mortality rate, HCC is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths. There are several predisposing factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of HCC. Following are the few examples of these factors: Hepatotropic viruses, HBV and HCV, are the most common cause [8]. Cirrhosis: Considering its annual incidence, approximately 3% of the patients with cirrhosis are expected to develop HCC [9]. Liver cell dysplasia (Large cell dysplasia and small cell dysplasia): Although both large and small cell dysplasia’s are risk factors for HCC, some authors argue that the presence of small cell dysplasia is a more important risk factor for HCC [10,11]. Thorotrast: It has been reported to play a role in HCC development [12]. Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency: It is reported that individuals born with this metabolic disorder have a predisposition for HCC [13]. Tyrosinemia: There is a high risk of HCC in individuals born with this metabolic problem [14]. Aflatoxin: Aflatoxin, derived from the metabolic wastes of the fungus Aspergillus flavus, is associated with HCC [15].

HCC can be radiographically diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, dynamic imaging maintains contrast in the early arterial phase, which is then washed or released in the next portal phase. This imaging approach is 90% sensitive and 95% specific for HCC [16]. Ultrasound (US) findings are similar to those of CT and MRI. However, in recent years, contrast-enhanced US is no longer accepted as a diagnostic tool owing to the fact that cholangiocarcinoma cases cannot be distinguished from HCC and further investigation methods are recommended. In terms of laboratory findings, alpha fetoprotein (AFP) elevation in patients with HCC has been known for more than 40 years. AFP elevation can also be detected in pregnancy, normal fetal yolk sac, and fetal liver tissues. Other than HCC, it is also detected in the malignancies of the biliary tract, pancreas, and gastrointestinal system, as well as in nonseminamatous tumors. AFP level is expected to decrease in infants at 300 days after birth, and any AFP elevation detected after this period is a cause to suspect malignancy [17]. However, it has been reported that approximately one-third of the diagnosed cases may have normal AFP levels at the time of diagnosis [18]. Despite the advances in imaging systems and the support provided by laboratory findings, final diagnosis of HCC is still made on the basis of histopathological examination. US or CT-guided cytological fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) or histological tru-cut biopsy might be preferred in cases suspected with HCC. It has been reported that the diagnostic accuracy of concurrent FNAB and tru-cut biopsy is higher than that of either procedure on its own, with a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 95% [19]. In microscopic examination of HCC, neoplastic hepatocytes mimic normal liver tissue depending on the degree of differentiation. Well-differentiated tumors that are almost similar to normal tissue are generally difficult to histopathologically distinguish from differentiated liver adenoma tissues. Less differentiated anaplastic tumors can be identified using certain additional immunohistochemical or histochemical analyses because their similarity with normal tissue is reduced.

The most common histological patterns in microscopy are trabecular (sinusoidal), solid, and pseudoglandular (acinar) patterns [20]. Most HCC cases are immunohistochemically positive for AFP, epithelial membrane antigen, alpha1 antitrypsin, fibrinogen, IgG, ferritin, Heppar 1, MOC 31, glypican-3, and polyclonal CEA [21]. HCC staging is generally dependent on many criteria such as tumor size, number of tumor nodules, and the presence/absence of vascular invasion [21]. There are various treatment approaches available for HCC cases. Considering the HCC stage, the functional status of liver and the accompanying medical problems, the treatment decision for HCC should be made with a multidisciplinary team comprising a surgeon, oncologist, pathologist, radiologist, and hepatologist [1]. The most effective treatment in HCC cases is surgical resection and liver transplantation (Figures 1 & 2) [22]. Ablative therapies such as radiofrequency ablation (RF), microwave ablation, or percutaneous ethanol injection are among the treatments that should be primarily used for masses smaller than 2 cm. However, ablative therapies are also preferred in patients with advanced age and poor clinical condition, and in whom surgical resection or transplantation cannot be employed [23]. In cases of HCC, many factors such as the number of tumors, tumor size, presence of cirrhosis, and surgical experience should be taken into account before performing resection and transplantation procedures. In case of partial resection of cirrhotic livers, patient’s condition may deteriorate owing to impaired function and low regeneration capacity. For this reason, liver functions should be comprehensively evaluated in patients with cirrhosis, and then decision regarding surgery should be taken [22]. In patients in whom surgery cannot be performed, neoadjuvant therapies such as transarterial embolization (TAE), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), RF ablation, and percutaneous acid injection can be employed. In addition to these techniques, the use of microwave therapy, transarterial radioembolization, and cryotherapy applications has also been reported. Furthermore, sorafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for molecular therapy, can be preferred in patients with advanced stage HCC [24].

Figure 1: Right Hepatectomy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Figure 2: Liver Hiler dissection.

[clicksforu-blog]

Medical Abbreviations Starting With Y y:-year or years YO(or)yo(or)y/o:-years old YPLL:-years of potential life lost YST:-yolk sac tumor yr:-year or years

[neweradiagnosticshyderabad]

Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP), CSF Test in Hyderabad - New Era Diagnostics

Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) is a crucial biomarker used in medical diagnostics. AFP levels are primarily measured in the blood but can also be assessed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to diagnose and monitor various health conditions. This comprehensive guide aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the AFP CSF test, its significance, and the advanced diagnostic services offered by New Era Diagnostics in Hyderabad.

Understanding Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP)

Alpha Fetoprotein is a glycoprotein produced by the fetal liver, yolk sac, and, in smaller amounts, by the gastrointestinal tract. In adults, elevated AFP levels can indicate certain health issues, making it a valuable tool in medical diagnostics.

Importance of AFP Testing

AFP testing is crucial for:

Prenatal Screening: Identifying neural tube defects, Down syndrome, and other chromosomal abnormalities.

Cancer Diagnosis: Monitoring liver cancer, germ cell tumors, and other malignancies.

Liver Health: Assessing liver regeneration and detecting chronic liver diseases.

AFP in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Significance of AFP CSF Test

The AFP CSF test is pivotal in diagnosing and monitoring specific conditions affecting the brain and spinal cord. Elevated AFP levels in CSF can indicate:

Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors: These tumors produce AFP, leading to increased levels in CSF.

Metastatic Cancer: Tumors that have spread to the central nervous system.

Neural Tube Defects: Conditions like spina bifida or anencephaly.

Procedure for AFP CSF Testing

The procedure involves the following steps:

Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): A sample of CSF is collected using a needle inserted into the lower back.

Laboratory Analysis: The sample is analyzed to measure AFP levels.

Results Interpretation: A medical professional interprets the results to diagnose or monitor health conditions.

Why Choose New Era Diagnostics in Hyderabad

State-of-the-Art Facilities

New Era Diagnostics offers advanced facilities equipped with the latest technology to ensure accurate and reliable results. Our laboratory is staffed with experienced professionals dedicated to providing high-quality diagnostic services.

Experienced Medical Professionals

Our team of medical experts includes specialists in various fields, ensuring comprehensive care and precise diagnostics. We prioritize patient comfort and safety throughout the testing process.

Comprehensive Diagnostic Services

New Era Diagnostics provides a wide range of diagnostic tests, including:

Prenatal Screening: Advanced tests to monitor fetal health and development.

Cancer Diagnostics: Comprehensive testing for various types of cancer.

Neurological Diagnostics: Specialized tests for brain and spinal cord conditions.

Detailed Insights into AFP Testing Process

Pre-Test Preparation

Before undergoing an AFP CSF test, patients may need to:

Consultation: Discuss medical history and current medications with a healthcare provider.

Fasting: Depending on the test requirements, fasting may be necessary.

During the Test

Positioning: The patient is positioned on their side or seated.

Sterilization: The puncture site is cleaned to prevent infection.

Sample Collection: A needle is carefully inserted to collect CSF.

Post-Test Care

After the test, patients should:

Rest: Lie down for a few hours to prevent headaches.

Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids to aid recovery.

Monitor for Complications: Report any severe headaches, bleeding, or infection symptoms to a healthcare provider.

Interpreting AFP CSF Test Results

Normal AFP Levels

In adults, normal AFP levels in CSF are typically very low or undetectable. Elevated levels may indicate:

Intracranial Tumors: Primary or metastatic cancer affecting the brain or spinal cord.

Neural Tube Defects: Conditions present from birth affecting the spine or brain.

Infections or Inflammatory Conditions: Certain infections or inflammatory diseases can elevate AFP levels.

Follow-Up Testing

Depending on the initial test results, further diagnostic procedures may be necessary, including:

Imaging Studies: MRI or CT scans to visualize abnormalities.

Additional Biomarker Tests: To confirm the diagnosis or monitor treatment progress.

Biopsy: In some cases, a tissue sample may be required for definitive diagnosis.

Advancements in AFP Testing at New Era Diagnostics

Innovative Techniques

New Era Diagnostics utilizes cutting-edge technology to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of AFP testing. Our laboratory employs advanced methods such as:

High-Sensitivity Assays: To detect even the smallest changes in AFP levels.

Automated Systems: Ensuring consistent and reliable results.

Comprehensive Data Analysis: Providing detailed insights for precise diagnosis and treatment planning.

Patient-Centric Approach

We prioritize patient care and comfort, offering:

Personalized Consultation: Tailored advice and support from our medical experts.

Fast Turnaround Times: Efficient testing processes to deliver quick results.

Continuous Support: Ongoing monitoring and follow-up care as needed.

Conclusion

Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) CSF testing is a vital diagnostic tool for detecting and monitoring various medical conditions. New Era Diagnostics in Hyderabad offers state-of-the-art facilities, experienced professionals, and comprehensive services to ensure accurate and reliable results. By choosing our advanced diagnostic center, patients receive the highest standard of care and support throughout their medical journey.

[timinbklyn88-blog]

March 6, 2017

Hello!

I would link from my Facebook, but I figure that since people are being directed here I do not have to give too much background. I am going to put some humor into this the best I can. I have to laugh or else it would be very difficult for me to get through this.

I write this as I wait on medical records at my doctor’s office. I am meeting with an oncologist on Thursday to discuss further options. I felt like I needed to do this, for myself and for others. Because even though I remain optimistic and I am hoping and praying hard for only the best news, I do not know what the future holds. But I know it will be bright and full of joy.

My hope and aim is to educate, inform, and raise awareness. I am by no means an expert. I am going to take things day to day and learn all that I can about this disease each day. And when I have more time to write and fill in some back story I will.

Okay, December 2016 I noticed something was wrong with my testicle and went to get it checked out. I went to CityMD they were not sure what was happening, but tried to determine if it was something else. I went to my Primary Care Physician and he tried to do the same thing, but again, was not completely sure. He then gave me a referral to an urologist.

I knew what this was from the get go. I suspected immediately what it was. And my urologist confirmed it after an ultrasound and blood test on February 6.

So it was confirmed, I have cancer. And though everyone wondered why or how that could have been, I was not even concerned with that question. The only thing I wanted to know was what do I do to remedy this? Things moved pretty quickly after that.

I had a CT scan done on my midsection and that was unlike anything I had ever experienced before. Going from drinking a horrid, horrid “vanilla smoothie” from Canada (actually it was a heavy metal that they have you ingest so that they can see every organ and capillary inside you) to getting a dose of radiation so they could do the imaging. (Just another point to make, that so called smoothie was from Canada. I send tons of love to Canada but someone has to ask P.M. Trudeau if something can be done about that taste. Because that “smoothie” seemed to me, to consist of milk, chalk, dirt, plaster and a hint of vanilla. How this could reasonably come out of Canada, I await your response Mr. Trudeau.) I had a good good buddy with me to brighten my spirits. I think we are going to try and patent the term DickZapper5000. I do not know nor want to know the true functions of said device, but I hope we can both get rich quickly off of this product.

I had surgery the same week, a right inguinal orchiectomy to be exact. It took me three days to figure out how to how to pronounce that properly. Basically I will let you look up the details on what that is, but I am minus one ball on the court. Many thanks to my sister Sana for pointing out to me that “Deez Nuts” will not longer be apart of my vocabulary, and I am trying to find a more hilarious comeback. Suggestions are most welcome.

Since then I have learned quite a great deal about testicular cancer. I have a mixed germ cell tumor which means there was more than one type of testicular cancer present in the tumor they removed. I am quite a special snowflake actually. There are five kinds of testicular cancer and evidence of all five was discovered. Half of it is embryonal carcinoma, with smaller percentages of teratoma, yolk sac tumor, seminoma, and choriocarcinoma (which I was mistakenly calling chorizo carcinoma but stopped doing once I realized that that was dumb and I should know better.) But, this is a treatable cancer. Very treatable actually. A doctor said to me, if there was a cancer “to get” this is the one to get. Years of research and study have made this one of the modern medical cancer miracles.

I do want to again thank my friends and family (you all know who you are) for the outpouring of love and support. I do not think I have to, and cannot properly express how necessary it is at this time. And I thank you for your continued support. This will be a process but I ask that you show strength as I must and will moving forward.

However, even with that being the case, I have a long road ahead. There is much that needs to happen over the coming weeks, months, who knows, maybe even years. But I am going to fight this with everything I have got. I owe it to myself to fight harder than I have ever fought before. And I have never actually been in an actually physical fight with someone. So I guess what I am saying is, I am going to curb stomp cancer. And that is probably the most violent thing I have ever said.

I do want to restate from my Facebook post that what I will not accept is pity. I do not want it. I will never really know why I got this rare cancer, and I do not want to dwell on probable causes. I want to dwell on the present and future. I will say with confidence that I am scared, I am frightened, but I do not despair, I do not lose hope. And I do not want anyone else to do so either. Get out and enjoy life, fight for things worth fighting for, and make sure you are aware of your body and any changes. I am going to take care of business, and I am damn sure that I am going keep fighting and enjoying life.

Until the next update.

With love, Tim

[tumimmtxpapers]

Next-Generation Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Glypican-3.

Related Articles Next-Generation Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Glypican-3. Front Oncol. 2019;9:248 Authors: Shimizu Y, Suzuki T, Yoshikawa T, Endo I, Nakatsura T Abstract Glypican-3 (GPC3), a 65 kD protein consisting of 580 amino acids, is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan bound to the cell membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol. This protein is expressed in the liver and the kidney of healthy fetuses but is hardly expressed in adults, except in the placenta. Contrarily, GPC3 is specifically expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ovarian clear cell carcinoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, hepatoblastoma, nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor), yolk sac tumor, and some pediatric cancers. Although the precise function of GPC3 remains unclear, it has been strongly suggested that it is related to the malignant transformation of HCC. We identified GPC3 as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and have been working on the development of cancer immunotherapeutic agents targeting it through clinical trials. In some trials, it was revealed that the GPC3 peptide vaccines we developed using human leukocyte antigen-A24- and A2-restricted GPC3-derived peptides could induce GPC3-specific cytotoxic T cells in most vaccinated patients and thereby improve their prognosis. To further improve the clinical efficacy of cancer immunotherapy targeting GPC3, we are also developing next-generation therapeutic strategies using T cells engineered to express antigen-specific T-cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor. In addition, we have successfully monitored the levels of serum full-length GPC3 protein, which is somehow secreted in the blood. The utility of GPC3 as a biomarker for predicting tumor recurrence and treatment efficacy is now being considered. In this review article, we summarize the results of clinical trials carried out by our team and describe the novel agent targeting the cancer-specific shared antigen, GPC3. PMID: 31024850 [PubMed] http://dlvr.it/R3cfFF

[mcatmemoranda]

Wow. I should've gotten this question right! I chose "yolk sac tumor," but the yolk sac doesn't make beta hCG, the placenta does. The chorion contributes to the formation of the placenta, so it secretes beta hCG and the pt had choriocarcinoma.

Choriocarcinoma typically affects younger men in the age range of 15 to 35-years-old. These tumors are highly malignant and can be associated with gynecomastia or testicular enlargement. This is because this tumor secretes beta human chorionic gonadotropin, which has an analogue similar to luteinizing hormone. Thus, patients can present with precocious puberty, gynecomastia, impotence, or loss of libido. On physical examination, testicular tumors are firm, nontender masses that do not transilluminate. Histological evaluation of a choriocarcinoma shows the presence of both syncytiotrophoblastic cells and cytotrophoblastic cells.

Yolk sac tumor, also known as endodermal sinus tumor, is the most common testicular neoplasm in infants and children. Yolk sac tumors have a median age of onset of 1 to 2-years-old. Children with yolk sac tumors usually present with a painless and bulky testicular mass. Histologically, a honeycomb pattern is seen in which a reticular network is formed by the vacuolated cytoplasm of tumor cells. The presence of Schiller-Duvall bodies is pathognomonic of yolk sac tumors. Schiller-Duvall bodies take the appearance of a central vessel that is rimmed by fibrous tissue and surrounded by malignant epithelial cells in a cystic space. The tumor marker for yolk sac tumor is alpha-fetoprotein.

Bottom Line: The tumor marker for choriocarcinoma is beta human chorionic gonadotropin. The tumor marker for yolk sac tumors is alpha fetoprotein. Testicular sex cord stromal tumors such as leydig cell tumors and sertoli cell tumors have inhibin-alpha as its tumor marker.

[kidsviral-blog]

Mom Got A Terrifying Diagnosis... And Then Her Baby Got The Same News

New Post has been published on https://kidsviral.info/mom-got-a-terrifying-diagnosis-and-then-her-baby-got-the-same-news/

Mom Got A Terrifying Diagnosis... And Then Her Baby Got The Same News

Any single cancer diagnosis can shake a family to its core.

If you’ve ever had a loved one battling cancer, you know how difficult it can be to see them in pain. Cancer treatments have come a long way, but there is still so far to go in the fight for a cure.

One mother-daughter duo is showing the world how strong they are as they battle the disease together, with two separate diagnoses.

Mom Heather Wilson was diagnosed with an inoperable stage two brain tumor after she began having seizures.

Go Fund Me / London and Heather together strong!

Six months later, Wilson began finding blood in her 14-month-old daughter’s diapers. She immediately took London to the hospital.

Go Fund Me / London and Heather together strong!

There, the tiny toddler was diagnosed with a yolk sac near her ovaries that was also cancerous.

Go Fund Me / London and Heather together strong!

Read More: First He Found An Old, Abandoned Church — Then He Found A Miracle

Read more: http://www.viralnova.com/mom-and-baby-fight-cancer/

[lybrate00-blog]

Here are a few things you should know about Testicular Cancer (TC) & White Spots On Face

Age: The commonest influenced age amass is 20-45 years with germ cell tumors. Half of all cases happen in men under 35 years. Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) are more typical at ages 20-35, while seminoma is more typical at age 35-45 years. Once in a while, babies and young men beneath 10 years create yolk sac tumors and half men over 60 years with TC have lymphoma.

Race: White Caucasian individuals living in Europe and the US have the most elevated hazard. Whites are three times more inclined to create TC than blacks in the US. Except for the New Zealand Maoris, TC is uncommon in non-Caucasian races.

Past TC: Confers a 12-crease expanded danger of metachronous TC. Two-sided TC happens in 1-2% of cases.

Cryptorchidism: 5-10% of TC patients have a background marked by cryptorchidism. Ultrastructural changes are available in these testicles by age 3 years, albeit prior orchidopexy does not totally kill the danger of creating TC. As per a vast Swedish investigation, cryptorchidism is related with a two-overlap expanded danger of TC in men who experienced orchiopexy under 13 year, however chance is expanded 5-overlay in men who experienced orchiopexy matured above13 years. A meta-examination demonstrated danger of contralateral TC nearly pairs while ipsilateral TC chance is expanded 6-overlay in men with one-sided cryptorchidism.

Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (testicular intraepithelial neoplasia, TIN): Synonymous with carcinoma in situ, in spite of the fact that the infection emerges from threatening change in spermatogonia; half of cases create intrusive germ cell TC inside 5 years. The populace occurrence is 0.8%. Hazard factors incorporate cryptorchidism, extragonadal germ cell tumor, atrophic contralateral testis, 45XO karyotype, Klinefelter's disorder, past or contralateral TC (5%), and fruitlessness.

Human immunodeficiency infection (HIV): Patients create seminoma 35% more as often as possible than anticipated. Hereditary elements: seem to assume a part, given that first-degree relatives are at higher hazard by 4-9-overlay, yet a characterized familial legacy design isn't clear.

Maternal estrogen presentation: At higher than common levels amid pregnancy seems to expand danger of cryptorchidism, urethral oddities, and TC in male posterity.

Words by:

Dr. Narendra Basarge

M Ch Urology, MBBS, MS - Urology

Urologist, Kolhapur

Also Find More Doctors in Fortis Hospital, Navi Mumbai

Find Highly Experienced Doctors in Fortis Hospital, Navi Mumbai. Book Appointment or Consult Online. Search Top Doctors in your Locality for any kind of Medical Assistance | Lybrate.

White Spots On Face

White spots on can happen because of various reasons, of which conditions can be mellow or extreme. The condition can be mellow or serious, and by and large covers most of the skin on a specific zone of the body. They may likewise cause disturbance or tingling. The event of whites on the face can be greatly troubling. Individuals influenced with this issue ought to acquire therapeutic counsel to analyze what is causing the condition and the appropriate treatment.

Reasons for White Spots

White spots on the face happen for different reasons. Seeing some of these reasons might be helpful in treating the condition. Besides, understanding the reason can likewise enable individuals to keep away from specific conditions that expansion the hazard.

1. Tinea Versicolor

This is an endless contagious disease of the skin. Otherwise called pityriasisversicolor, this organism causes stained fixes on the skin as it meddles with the typical pigmentation. The shade of the patches might be darker or lighter than the encompassing skin and regularly, influences the back and trunk of juvenile guys. Presentation to daylight, sweltering, sticky climate, slick skin and over the top sweating may exasperate the condition.

2. Vitiligo

This is a skin condition that outcomes in the loss of melanocyte pigmentation of the skin. This outcomes in white fixes that vibe as though it is a piece of the skin. The reason for vitiligo is indistinct in spite of the fact that it is accepted to be an immune system ailment. Be that as it may, gentle injury to any territory of the skin including the face can likewise bring about the advancement of vitiligo. Vitiligo can influence the face, hands and feet, elbows and genital zone.

3. Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis

White spots on the face may likewise be because of Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis, a skin condition bringing about 2 to 5 mm level, white spots normally found on the shins and lower arms. This skin condition for the most part influences reasonable cleaned individuals, despite the fact that it might happen in dull cleaned people as well. The white spots may happen all the more ordinarily in individuals beyond 40 years old.

4. Pityriasis Alba

This skin condition is basic in kids matured 6 to 12. It is a rash that shows up on the face, neck and arms, and isn't effortlessly separated between ordinary skin. The rash might be secured with skin chips looking like light tidy. The reason for Pityriasis Alba isn't referred to and is regularly considered as a type of skin inflammation. This condition is frequently mixed up with vitiligo. Be that as it may, while vitiligo has an unmistakable fringe, Pityriasis Alba does not.

Medicines for White Spots on Face

The restorative treatment for white spots depends totally on the main driver that underlies the condition. There are sure things that you can endeavor to quicken the procedure of treatment . Some of these said medications are proficient while others are home cures.

Home Remedies

For treating vitiligo, utilization of ginger juice is suggested as it advances blood stream. neem seed oil connected to the influenced zone will likewise bring useful outcomes.

Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis may not require treatment as it is safe. Be that as it may, topical steroids and retinoids may help treat the condition.

Treatment for Pityriasis Alba may not be vital despite the fact that the use of a lotion or hydrocortisone creams may help the vanishing of these patches.

Washing the face with gentle cleansers and shedding the skin no less than twice per week with a nectar, rice, turmeric and sandalwood powder glue can treat Tinea Versicolor.

So distinguish your concern of white spots with the assistance of your neighborhood specialist so proper treatment is given or send me your photo portraying those white spot alongside the total hitory of your spots,so that I am clear in making an analysis.

[cancersfakianakis1]

EGF Receptor and mTORC1 are novel therapeutic targets in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are malignant tumors that arise from pluripotent embryonic germ cells and occur in children and young adults. GCTs are treated with cisplatin-based regimens which, while overall effective, fail to cure all patients and cause significant adverse late effects. The seminoma and non-seminoma forms of GCT exhibit distinct differentiation states, clinical behavior and response to treatment, however the molecular mechanisms of GCT differentiation are not fully understood. We tested whether the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were differentially active in the two classes of GCT. Here we show that non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs, including embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor and choriocarcinoma) from both children and adults display activation of the mTORC1 pathway, while seminomas do not. In seminomas, high levels of REDD1 may negatively regulate mTORC1 activity. In NSGCTs, on the other hand, EGF and FGF2 ligands can stimulate mTORC1 and MAPK signaling, and members of the EGF and FGF receptor families are more highly expressed. Lastly, proliferation of NSGCT cells in vitro and in vivo is significantly inhibited by combined treatment with the clinically available agents erlotinib and rapamycin, which target EGFR and mTORC1 signaling, respectively. These results provide an understanding of the signaling network that drives GCT growth and a rationale for therapeutic targeting of GCTs with agents that antagonize the EGFR and mTORC1 pathways.

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