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Another Map, this one of the first three crusade routes.
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The Crusades Begin
"On November 27, 1095 Pope Urban preached the crusade before a council assembled at Clermont in the hills of Auvergne. The Muslim victories were a disgrace to Christendom. The nobles of Europe should give up their continuous strife among themselves and turn their swords against the enemies of the Faith to aid the churches of the East and to recover the Holy Land. This would be a holy war and all who died in it would gain a reward in heaven." - Brian Terney, Western Europe in the Middle Ages 300-1475.
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Map of the routes taken by the Crusaders on all 4 occasions.
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The first English settlers travelled up the James River to establish the site of Jamestown - the first permanent English settlement.
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In 1608 New France enters the race to colonize America with the establishment of Quebec by Samuel de Champlain. This is a map of the territory including what the native inhabitants may have looked like to the French settlers.
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The Black Legend of Spain
Las Casas, a Dominican Priest writes of the Spanish treatment of Native American inhabitants; "...They would go then, falling into the first stream and dying there in desperation; others would hold on longer but very few ever made it home. I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way, and upon others who were gasping and moaning in their death agony, "Hungry, Hungry!" And this was the freedom, the good treatment and the Christianity the Indians deserved."
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A Kivas is an original Pueblo place of worship. During Spanish occupation most of these and other cultural sites were destroyed. After the revolt of 1680, however, the Pueblo rebuilt many of their original structures and for a brief period resumed their ancestral practices.
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The Pueblo inhabitants of Sante Fe New Mexico lived together in small villages occupied by Spain. In 1680, they revolted against the Spanish colonists and drove them out of the capital. This was the first complete victory for the Pueblo peoples against the Spanish invaders and the only time in the history of North America where foreign settlers were completely driven from an established site by native inhabitants.
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Canon de Chelly Pictographs. Depict Spanish forces invading the area. (Modern day Arizona).
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Native Acoma Pottery
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Acoma "Sky City" New Mexico. In 1598, Juan de Onate led a group of Spanish settlers who conquered this town, enslaved many of its people, and killed the rest.
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The Black Legend
The commonly held opinion of Spain in the 16th century as being a ruthless, exploitative, yet Christian nation. Their treatment of the Native Inhabitants of the new found lands of the Americas led many European nations to oppose Spain in their expansion and conquest of the area.
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Cahokia Mounds.
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