undergraduateprojects

[undergraduateprojects]

Why Scaffolding Method Is Still Effective In Teaching And Learning

The use of scaffolding in teaching and learning has gained popularity over the past few decades. In fact, a theoretical concept in the realm of education, and specifically in the teaching of various subjects, has been given the term of scaffolding. This term has, however, been used more broadly for any supportive instruction. Initially, the notion of scaffolding was associated with construction. Scaffolding is the Vygotskian phrase for this direction or supervision. The helper might be a professional, like an instructor, or a learner who is either somewhat more competent than or on par with the intended learner.

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Such helpers serve as a mediator between the learners and the knowledge they are seeking to comprehend, and they eventually help the learner achieve objectives that are unlikely to be attained by the learner alone. This knowledge provision may take the form of several methods, including cooperative learning, hands-on learning, visuals, graphics, and instructor modeling, which provide context for meaning through the use of simplified language

SCAFFOLDING TEACHING METHOD

The scaffold instruction is defined as the organized pattern and sequence of content, tasks, learning materials as well as to optimize learning both teachers and students involvements. To master new skills, tasks and to be able to comprehend and apply the skills without any guidance, the process of scaffolding supports learners. To present a complex phenomenon in simple understandable form as well as visually accessible knowledge, scaffolds are planned guidelines, conceptual framework, pictorial aids or images. To enable individual as an independent learner and mastery new skills and tasks, scaffolds provide incentives for teachers. Teachers can polish students’ those potentials that are out of the range of their current abilities. Scaffolding is a way through which teachers lead the learners from something known to unknown. Scaffolds perform as enablers, if accurately managed, in various learning settings. To break knowledge into small components and then leading towards construction and then extension are the forms of scaffolding. Through scaffolds, an expert as well as a more well-informed person can assist the students towards accomplishment of their set goals and to enable them to utilise already learnt skills, tasks and approaches to improve themselves to mastery those skills. Eventually, the internalized expertise achieved through supportive guidance becomes a part of their learning. The wisdom acquired through scaffolding was the instructor's contribution to bring creativity among learners

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Students’ academic performance is a term that appears frequently married in higher education discourse. Academic performance is a multidimensional construct composed of the skills, attitudes, and behaviors of a learner that contribute to academic success in the classroom. Academic performance by students has always been a subject of interest to every educational institution. Whereas there is a consensus that schools should play a major role in this process, there seems to be disagreement about what exactly that role should be. While some believe that the primary focus of schools should be the academic preparation of students. Others however believe that efforts of schools should be integrated with other social institutions such as family and community towards educating children. Academic instruction is arguably the primary business of education. To this end, schools are expected to influence students’ learning, socialization, and even vocational preparedness. Despite the attention paid to a broad definition of educational outcomes, however, academic performance remains central. In fact, heads of educational institution, teachers and parents are primarily responsible for students’ academic performance, and that schools should efficiently and effectively organize themselves towards this task. Researchers over the years have used a variety of ways to measure academic performance and these include report card grades, grade point averages, standardized test scores, teacher ratings, other cognitive test scores, grade retention and dropout rates. Thus, student’s academic performance is typically assessed by the use of teacher ratings, tests, and exams. In fact, student academic performance is more likely to be experienced and evidenced when students feel personally validated and believe that their effort matters and can influence or control the prospects of their academic success. In reality, these inspire them to develop a sense of purpose and perceive the school experience as being personally relevant.

EFFECTIVENESS OF SCAFFOLDING TEACHING METHOD

One of the effective learning strategies is scaffolding. The term scaffolding refers to the support provided during the teaching process to meet students' needs when they are introduced to novel concepts and skills. This can lead to deeper and higher levels of learning. Scaffolding in special education and in general classrooms offers important benefits for students. Whether or not you're teaching students with exceptionalities, scaffolding enables students to develop a foundational framework of knowledge onto which they can continually add new concepts. Scaffolding method Improves the likelihood that students will retain new information. Helps connect foundational knowledge to new concepts. Engages students with their learning and tracking their own progress. Gives students more autonomy and independence in the classroom.

[undergraduateprojects]

Peer Group Pressure And The Level Of Truancy Among College Students

Education is the primary agent of transformation towards sustainable development as it increases people’s capacities to transform their visions for society into reality. Education plays a vital role in the development of human capital and is linked with an individual’s well-being and opportunities for better living. It ensures the acquisition of knowledge and skills that enable individuals to increase their productivity and improve their quality of life. This increase in productivity also leads towards new sources of earning which enhances the economic and technological growth of a country.

PEER GROUP

A group of people of approximately the same age who have similar interests, background, or social status. The members of this group are likely to influence an individual’s beliefs and behaviors. In childhood, peer groups consist of individuals who spend time and interact with each other. In adolescence, peer groups are based increasingly around the reputation of its members. Therefore, peer groups play a particularly important role in socialization.

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Further, peer groups may not only provide a positive context for children and youth to be a part of beneficial relationships but can also have a large influence on the behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of the individual members of the group. It is therefore important to consider that while there are often many benefits to being a part of such groups, it is also possible that aspects of these groups present certain risks to children and youth. The rest of this chapter will examine peer groups across the lifespan through an evolutionary lens by considering gender differences and potential costs and benefits of memberships in such groups.

PEER GROUP PRESSURE

Peers influence everyone’s life, even if someone doesn’t realize it, just by spending time with anybody. People learn from them, and they learn from their peers. It's only human nature to listen to and learn from other people in one’s age group. Due to peer pressure one must do the same things as other people of one's age and social group in order to be liked or respected by them. e.g. – a child may start drinking in high school because of peer pressure. Sometimes, though, the stresses in our life can actually come from our peers. They may pressure us into doing something we are uncomfortable with, such as shoplifting, consume drugs or drinking alcohol, doing risky task while driving, or having sex before you feel ready. Peer pressure refers to the influence exerted by a peer-group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitudes, values or behaviours in order to conform to group norms. In young people, students peer pressure is considered as one of the most frequently referred to under forms of peer pressure. It is particularly common because most youth spend a lot of time in fixed groups (schools and subgroups within them) regardless of their opinion of those groups. In addition to this, they may lack the maturity to handle pressure from ‘friends. Also, young people are more willing to behave negatively towards those who are not members of their own peer groups. However, youth peer pressure can also have positive effects. For example, if one is involved with a group of people that are ambitious and working to succeed, one might feel pressured to follow suit to avoid feeling excluded from the group.

TRUANCY

When young people start skipping school, they create major concern for college educators as well as for the community at large. There is no single specific known cause for truancy and the difference between cases is usually greater than the similarities, however, there are general observations that can be fairly stated about truancy and there are a number of causes why learners absent themselves from school and the following are some them.

PEER GROUP PRESSURE AND THE LEVEL OF TRUANCY AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

It is easier to have blamed the child for truancy behaviour, the peer influence had been identified as a major factor influencing a child’s truancy behaviour. A child would rather prefer to spend most of his days in the midst of his peers where he would be happier and more relaxed. And this gives room for undue peer influence particularly in antisocial behaviours like truancy. It is easier for student to yield to the pressure from their colleagues than to obey the teacher and the school authority. Peers have an invaluable and influential role to play in providing both the support and context necessary for the learning of new skills and that they act as reinforcing agents of socialization. Regardless of whether children’s attitudes and conducts were approved by parents or other adults, adolescents attempt to model his behaviour according to what represents the standard of his peer group. The type of friends a student keeps plays an important role. For example student from well behave homes may become truant or absence from school as a result of mixing with bad students who are not discipline at home

[undergraduateprojects]

Understanding The Benefits Of Guided Discovery Teaching Method To Students

Guided discovery learning strategy is on the continuum of students‟ centered learning and teacher centered. Students are being given initial problems, issues or topics to research in. Students understand from hands on learning, reasoning process and reflection. The role of teachers is to provide initial information and materials to work on. Another important element is for teachers to ask question, giving guidance, encouragement and feedback. The involvement of group can also facilitate the learning process.

GUIDED DISCOVERY METHOD

The guided discovery method is a teaching technique that encourages student to take a more active role in their learning process by answering series of question or solving problems designed to introduce a general concept. The guided discovery method is based on the notion that learning takes place through classification and schema formation. Three main principles guided Brunner’s development of this approach. Consideration should be given to experiences and contexts that motivate the students’ interest. There should be a spiral organization of the material forcing students to build previously acquired information. The instruction should facilitate extrapolation- constructivist theory.

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In this teaching approach, the instructor guides the student’s thought process by posing a series of questions whose responses would lead to the understanding of a concept before it is explicitly stated. Children act as detectives as they solve concept attainment activities in stimulating environments, in doing so, they place a newly introduced object in a category that they have previously discovered or identified. This teaching method is believed to increase retention of material because the student organizes the new information that has already been stored.

Guided Discovery Method is one of the modern teaching methods used for teaching in technical and vocational education. It is a student- centered guided discovery approach. Guided discovery method increases the degree of students’ interest, innovativeness, problem-solving ability, creativity and consequently improves their achievement in both theory and practice. It can be said that discovery occurs when an individual is involved mainly in using his mental processes to mediate some concepts or principles through problem-solving activities. Guided discovery method can be seen as a resource based learning which is an innovation that reverses the usual role of the teacher from that which he is the main authority and source of all knowledge to one in which he acts simply as a guide to the students to enable them to make use of other sources of information.

In using guided discovery method, the teachers were more interested in the creative ability of the learner. Guided discovery method can also be seen as the teaching method that involves an instructional exploration in some problem-solving experience in which the student can draw general conclusions from data which he has gathered through various physical and mental process such as observing, inferring, predicting, communicating, describing and formulating relevant questions. Guided discovery method encourages creativity in learners and discourages rote learning. Guided discovery emphasizes learners take the ideas of the teacher and assimilate them with previous knowledge and experiences to modify it in a more complex way, supporting the construction of new knowledge. The teacher supports learners’ personal instruction of knowledge by offering comments, suggestions, feedback or observations.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Academic performance or school outcome is the product of student’s achievements at specific institution, for specific time duration, under a specific guideline of a leader to a right motive. The academic performance can be best checked or judged by different ways according to the mental level of students like observations, test and examinations. The primary level student’s academic performance is usually checked by observations. While the examinations and tests are best way to check the academic performance or academic understanding in high classes. These written tests or examinations are known as home exams because it is conducted by school administration. In some country’s examination is used to upgrade or degrade the students so if a student is intelligent but did not attend the annual exam will be left in same class till, he/she succeed in the exam. Students learn in schools and institutions; their records are kept and this record is called academic performance and academic outcome. The student works under the supervision of a teacher, in a selected place, for selected time duration and their performance is measured by exams. This process is known as the academic performance. The learners choose the best institution to perform well or get academic excellence. The formal study of learner starts in schools. In school the learner learns various things along with technical, arts, literacy etc. Academic activities are usually measured by test/examination or by assessments. Individuals have different mental level, interest, atmosphere which linked to difference in intelligence and personality. A Recent Meta Analyses suggested “mental curiosity” has an important influence on academic achievements. Early academic achievement enhances later academic achievements. The way of student’s interest, skills, reading habits, behavior etc are the outcome/reflection of parent’s academic socialization. The parents play vital role in child academic socialization. At first stage of her/his life the children learn languages which help him/ her to adjust and fulfill the academic expectations. Physical activity and language play a vital role in best academic environment because sound body have sound mind and language is a tool for learning and expressing feelings/ knowledge. Exercise specifically increase executive brain functions such as attention, working memory, and motivation. Academic goals can be easily achieved only when the students feel safe, engaged and respected. The environment such as social, emotional, ethical and educational (academic achievement) creates a climate for learning and participating in democracy and well-being. High quality character education leads to academic achievements. Education or academic achievements and character education are co related. When the students are highly motivated towards a topic or they realized the good things by their inner satisfaction, they became good at every field of life as they feel good to do well. Their curiosity increases and pursue them to do well. But when they feel/find something difficult, they lose their way of interest, they became anxious and hesitated. The hesitation leads them to leave the academic performance

THE BENEFITS OF GUIDED DISCOVERY TEACHING METHOD TO STUDENTS

The Guided Discovery Approach Approach (GDA, henceforth) is a learner -centred inductive approach in which learners, by themselves, can develop explicit grammar knowledge with the teacher's help. Although there is a great repertoire of approaches in which we can present explicit grammar knowledge to students, according to the abundant literature available on grammar teaching, many authors support this approach as the best way of presenting explicit grammar to learners. Guided discovery involves helping learners to discover certain facts or answer to a given problem. Learners most often depend on their teachers to provide all answers they need. Guided discovery also involves inquiry method that stimulates learner’s interest in seeking information about ideas and concepts by asking questions. Guided discovery drills learners and enables them to search for knowledge in a systematic and logical way. Guided discovery promotes independent reasoning and self-reliance while the teacher guides, directs and re-directs which can lead the learner to the answers. Guided discovery is time consuming and expensive but helps learners to develop skills of observation, exploration and questioning. Guided discovery promotes active participation, team work cooperation and tolerance among learners Therefore, learners are guided to avoid misconceptions that cause poor achievement in examinations. Misconceptions arise when learners are left to discover facts on their own and without help, learners often become lost and frustrated. Throughout the literature, misconceptions have been documented and studies investigating misconceptions and difficulties in learning and understanding mathematical concepts have been reported.

[undergraduateprojects]

Information Technology Competence And Teachers Use Of Instructional Materials

Technology has been described as the bedrock for global development, and many nations of the world have keyed into it. Essentially, technology is the primary engine of economic growth. It plays a fundamental role in wealth creation, improvement of the quality of life and real economic growth and transformation in any society.

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It provides the key to unlocking any country’s potential in terms of decreasing overhead costs associated with outsourcing and creating employment opportunities. The impact of technology is felt in every sphere of human life so much that it is intricately linked with all aspects of nation’s development.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE

Competence is defined as the state of quality of being adequately or well qualified or a specific range of skills, knowledge and abilities. Competence, therefore, is the link between skills of employee and the job requirements. IT competencies can be seen as the qualities which are demonstrated by activities, such as the capacity to create a spread sheet or database for a particular purpose, or the ability to use software. The professional teachers are expected to possess necessary IT competencies. In fact, the credibility of the teaching profession in general depends on their success in fulfilling this obligation. Thus, every professional teacher is expected to act as a user, designer, manager, planner or evaluator of information systems; or in a combination of these roles. It has to be acknowledged that these roles require technical skills, organisational skills, conceptual skills, and other social skills.

THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCIES SKILLS REQUIRED BY TEACHERS

The next generation teachers must be technology literate to teach the new generation of students. There are over fifty unique competencies needed by online instructors. This ensures that becoming skillful in using IT tools is not an easy task and it needs time, collaborative efforts and commitment. These competencies are set of technology standards that define teacher proficiency in using computer technology in the classroom. These computer- related skills are grouped into four related domains. They are basic technology operations, personal and professional use of technology tools, social, ethical and human issues and application of technology in instruction. Each domain contains specific competencies teachers need to master in order to enjoy the benefits of technology and to understand its potential in improving their teaching practices and students learning experiences

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

Instructional materials refer to those alternative channels of communication, which a classroom teacher can use to concretize a concept during teaching and learning process. Traditionally, classroom teachers have relied heavily on the 'talk-chalk' method during their teaching. But recently, instructional materials help to provide variations in the ways in which messages are sent across. In using instructional materials teachers and accounting students do not only extend the range of sense organs we use but also extend the range of materials used for convening the same message through the same organ. For instance, in teaching a topic a teacher can manipulate real objects or use their stimulators. Instructional materials therefore constitute the media of exchange through which a message transaction is facilitated between a source and a receiver. In addition to extending the range of materials that can be used to convey the same instructional message to learner’s instructional materials also facilitate the 'process' nature of communication. In this passage, the process nature of communication implies that both the source and the receiver of a message are actively involved in a communication encounter. Infarct, it means that both the receiver and the source share and exchange ideas, feelings in any communication. One important dimension in teacher education that is getting a lot of attention is related to the use of instructional materials. Instructional materials are those materials used by a teacher to simplify their teaching. They include both visual and audio-visual aids and could either be concrete or non-concrete. These instructional materials bring life to learning by stimulating accounting students to learn. The use of instructional materials in the classroom has the potential to help the teacher explain new concepts clearly, resulting in better student understanding of the concepts being taught. However, they are not ends in themselves but they are means to an end. It is held that good teaching resources can never replace the teacher but the teacher uses them to achieve their teaching and learning objectives. Some of the instructional materials necessary for effective teaching and learning of Accounting include the chalkboard, models, graphs, charts, maps, pictures, diagrams, cartoons, slides, filmstrips, radio, and television. The importance of the use of these materials cannot be underscored. Instructional materials are essential since they help the teacher and learners avoid overemphasis on recitation and rote learning that can easily dominate a lesson. Resource materials allow learners to have practical experiences which help them to develop skills and concepts and to work in a variety of ways.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COMPETENCE AND TEACHERS USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

Most teachers that understand the use of information technology and also have knowledge on how to use it tend to use instructional materials better. Instructional materials is vital for effective teaching and learning. They are relevant materials utilized by the teacher during instructional proceeds for the purpose of making the contents of the instructions more practical and less vague. Instructional materials are also described as concrete or physical object which provide sound, visual or both to the sense organs during teaching. Thus, instructional materials could be regarded as the information dissemination devices used in the classroom for easy transfer of learning. They provide first-hand experience where possible or of vicarious one where only that is feasible. There are different instructional materials available to be used in teaching electronics subject effectively, but not all topics require the same type and quality of material. Hence, instructional materials are classified in different ways. The criteria for classifying these materials include the degree of expertise / technical skills needed for production, nature of the materials, physiological parameter or sensory modality, the place the material is produced and miscellaneous characteristics. Based on the foregoing, instructional materials are generally classified into three forms: Audio or aural instructional materials, visual instructional materials and audio-visual materials. Also, most educators equally agree that printed materials is the fourth major category of instructional materials. Audio or aural instructional materials are those devices that make use of the sense of hearing only, such as radio, audio tape recording and television; while visual instructional materials refer to the devices that appeal to the sense of sight only, such as the chalkboard, chart, slide, and filmstrip. On the other hand, audio- visual materials are combination of devices which appeal to the sense of both hearing and seeing, like television, motion picture and computer. Printed materials include textual materials such as magazines, newspapers, journals as well as programmed learning materials that students read and memorize for understanding of electronics principles.

[undergraduateprojects]

Behaviour Of Mass Communication Students Towards The Use Of Library Resources

Library is one of those resources which are essential to support and strengthen the educational quality. Over the centuries, libraries are the source of keeping and distributing the information through books, journals, maps and other resources that are used by students in their learning process. Unfortunately, library resources are the most ignored area in institutions of teacher education.

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There is hardly any disagreement that libraries in our institutions are deficient in trained professional staff and material available for supporting student learning. By linking Schamber and Siddiqui, it isclear that library resources i.e., human resources (strength of library officials, their qualifications and experiences), physical resources (library study space, chairs, tables, books and books selves, etc), printed and e-resources are essentially important in preparing teaching activities, lecture notes, students‟ assignment, conducting their research work, accessing e-journals and web sites, subscription to online journals by teachers and students of ADE (Associate Degree in Education) and B. Ed. (Hons.). Therefore, it seemed worthwhile to explore and identify the current resources of libraries in the light of teachers and students requirements of those universities and affiliated colleges which are offering ADE (Associate Degree in Education) and B. Ed. (Hons.) programs

STUDENTS BEHAVIOUR

Student’s behavior reflects the interaction of their temperament and inherited personality, the history of their experiences, and the particular nature of each situation. In most circumstances it is impossible to determine what proportion each of these elements contributes to a given manifestation. It also differ in proportions which vary from student to student and even from situation to situation for a single student. Although it is difficult to modify personality of a student having problem behavior, it is possible to modify behavior by identifying and correcting adverse situations in the environment and by introducing appropriate interventions. If adverse environmental conditions are corrected at an early stage, there is a greater possibility of preventing or diminishing their impact on behavioral pattern of student in question

MASS COMMUNICATION STUDENTS AND THE USE OF LIBRARY RESOURCES

Mass communication students need various kinds of information resources for sourcing for undergraduate final year project topics and various research, for the purposes of impacting knowledge to students and self-development. For learning to take place, mass communication students and learners must have access and use the necessary and adequate information resources. Library resources contain information in both print and non-print formats such as textbooks, journals, indexes, newspapers and magazines, reports, internet, video tapes, diskettes, and microforms. Library resources are the raw materials that provide vital services in the teaching and learning process. Accessibility of library resources creates an enabling environment for the utilization of library resources. It is assumed that if information is accessible to the mass communication students in university libraries, it could be used for effective teaching. The main goal of the university library is for users to gain access to its abundant wealth of information resources. Information sources are efficient if they provide relevant, useful and accurate information that can help users solve their problems. Accessibility of library resources means the ease of locating and retrieving a piece of information from the storage medium. The role of the library therefore is to make available organized materials that will enable the institution to achieve its set objectives. Hence, the university library is the nerve centre, the central and primary place of the institution’s academic activities.

BEHAVIOUR OF MASS COMMUNICATION STUDENTS TO THE USE OF LIBRARY RESOURCES

From antecedent, mass communication students’ information behaviour has attracted scholars from multi-disciplinary background. This has led to the provision of various models to explaining mass communication students’ information behaviour among information users. The various mass communication students’ information behaviour models are Wilson’s model of Mass communication students’ information behaviour. The success of an educational institution depends on the provision of information resources to its human resources which include staff and students and improved positive behaviour. A major strategy to providing these information resources has been through the provision of effective library in the education system and counseling service to improve mass communication students’ behaviour.  The library provides resources which are essential to support and strengthen educational quality. The library can be seen as the collection of information resources and the place where the information resources are kept for consultation. Furthermore, a library is a repository of various forms of information which may be in print and non-print formats such as books, periodical, reference materials, manuscripts, magazines, theses, gazettes etc. Other non-printed materials like microforms, films, magnetic tapes, slides, video tapes and data stored in electronic media like discs, CD-ROMs can also be found in libraries. Major libraries and information resources are magazines, newspapers, filmstrips, videotapes, recording of all types, slides, computers, books, journals, maps, dissertations/theses, conferences and seminar papers, and other resources such as electronic resources

[undergraduateprojects]

How Relationship Marketing Improve The Performance Of Commercial Banks

Relationship marketing is all about acquiring new customers and retaining existing customers. The concept of relationship marketing has received a great deal of attention from Scholars in the field of marketing. The concept has been investigated from many perspectives and examined in many ways indicating its conceptual and practical importance.

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Relationship marketing concept is based on the paradigm of a true balance between "giving and getting" as a key benefit to encourage an active role and is conducive in delivering two- way value, where loyalty is based on trust and partnership, will prove to be one of the most significant policies to be pursued in development and sustenance of competitive advantage. The real purpose of business is to create and sustain mutually beneficial relationships, especially with selected customers. With the main proposition which assume that successful relationships is the two-way flow of value. Positive relationship has been established between relationship marketing and organization performance. Relationship marketing usually results in strong economic, technical and social ties among the stakeholders parties thereby reducing their transactions costs and increasing exchange efficiencies included in relationship marketing which are not only buyers or sellers exchanges but also business partnerships, strategic alliances, and cooperative marketing networks. The relationship typically involves seller- customer exchange, but it could involve any stakeholder's relationship.

RELATIONSHIP MARKETING

Relationship Marketing (RM) was popularised as an approach aimed at “attracting, maintaining and enhancing customer relationships”. This understanding of doing business from a marketing point of view implied a radical change from the previous perspective: Although not explicitly outlined above, the transactional marketing approach emphasised the application of the marketing mix. The simplification of the marketing mix, composed of four ingredients (e.g. Product, Price, Place and Promotion), has received severe criticism regarding its limitations. Technological advances and further research, favoured a change of scope in marketing and its implications for organisations. There have being some criticism concerning the “4P’s” as it is not a model, but a tool to use in order to implement the marketing concept over time. Other sources of limitations argue that it constitutes a production orientated approach rather than focusing on customers’ needs and wants. In addition to this, the concept of marketing as a functional activity rather than as a culture involving the whole organisation provoked the existence of conflict with other areas for resources and relevance in the strategic decision. Moreover, Transactional marketing has been attacked for being narrow-minded with a clear emphasis on short-term profits based on transaction volume, hence possibly forgoing the opportunity for long term prosperity.

THE NEED FOR RELATIONSHIP MARKETING

Relationship Marketing allows personalized marketing, which deals with direct one-to-one interactions between a marketer and its customers. One of the great benefits of interactive marketing is that buyers are in better positions to tell sellers what they want, and sellers can match their offerings to the needs of buyers. Nike uses its ―Product Recommendation system‖ to help meet customer’s needs. The prospective customer answers about a dozen questions about himself and how he‘ll use the shoes and the Product Recommendation System reveals which shoes are right for the customer. Armed with this information, the customer goes into his local shoe store to ask for shoes that are exactly right for him. Relationship Marketing allows a firm to anticipate customers’ wants: marketers see a lot of customers with similar needs, tastes, and interests. They can use this experience, which is not available to individual customers, to anticipate what may appeal to an individual. This is particularly important because, a customer may have a general idea of what he or she wants, but the actual product design that matches his needs may not be immediately known to him. A good example is the BookMatcher system, which Amazon uses to perform what it calls the collaborative filtering function. Collaborative filtering works by collecting the likes and dislikes of many people on a collection of items (in this case, books). It then looks for books the other person has read and ranked highly which you haven’t read and recommends them to you. In this case, relationship marketing allows an individual to gain exposure to a product that suits his individual needs that he would otherwise not have known existed. Relationship marketing allows customers to receive relevant Information: An effective Relationship Marketing program provides customers with sufficient information to empower them to make correct purchase decisions. A very good example can be seen on the various on-line airline booking services. When a customer signs on with these on-line services and tries to book a flight, most of them provide the customers with a variety of choices that are in most cases sufficient to allow the traveler to make an appropriate travel plan. The most important thing about this system is that it allows the traveler instant comparative information which enables him to minimize transaction time, and in many cases maximize savings.

RELATIONSHIP MARKETING AND PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS

All relationship marketing activities are ultimately evaluated on the basis of the company’s overall performance. However, as a firm’s profitability is influenced by a number of variables largely independent of relationship marketing activities that may include leadership style, capital base and technological know-how, it seems appropriate to conceptualize relationship marketing outcomes on a more concrete level when investigating possible antecedents. Performance indicator such as target goals, sales goals, customer retention (customer loyalty and positive customer word-of-mouth communication), better reputation in quality product and new product development and employee satisfaction measured by employee turnover rate are found appropriate in this context.

[undergraduateprojects]

Things A Computer Science Research Project Should Have

Computer science is a broad course of study. The first thing to remember when developing a definition is that definitions are a human invention. A definition is an arbitrary process that serves to include some cases and to exclude other cases.

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In other words, a definition must not simply tell us what something is, it must also tell us what it is not. This dual function of a definition is difficult to achieve and there is often a struggle between a narrow definition and a broad definition. A narrow definition will be specific and make clear whether or not a case will be included in the concept

COMPUTER SCIENCE

"computer science is the study of computer theory," and. "computer science involves using a programming language. to solve scientific problems. The core challenge for computing science is hence a conceptual one: what (abstract) mechanisms we can conceive without getting lost in complexities of our own making. These issues are very important to many computer scientists. Computer science is the study of computers." While simple and elegant, this definition would include many eases that most people would not consider being cornputer science. The Computing Sciences Accreditation Board (CSAB) has tried to improve on this definition. CSAB defines computer science as "a discipline that involves the understanding and design of computers and computational processes. "However, this definition is also very broad and would allow many extraneous cases to fall within the umbrella of computer science. The central intellectual role of computer science is "the study and application of languages and methods for making precise and understandable descriptions of things." It is narrow in the sense that it leaves out important computer science topics such as ethics in computing.

RESEARCH

we can only be sure of our own existence because we perceive through the activity of the mind. ‘‘Cogito, ergo sum’’ (‘‘I think; therefore I am.’’). By this logic knowledge generation is central to man’s existence. However, the act of gathering information and checking data alone is not considered research. It is at best data collection that is crucial for our everyday existence. The many ways of acquiring knowledge include through tradition, authority, logical reasoning, experience, intuition, borrowing and the scientific method. Of these ways, the scientific method is the most sophisticated and reliable. In science, research is the diligent systematic enquiry into nature and society to validate and refine existing knowledge and to generate new knowledge. It has several characteristics below that define it, the absence of which would reduce it to the simple (but important) act of gathering information

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1. Relevance: Research must be predicated on content and contextual relevance, without which is not only purposeless but also unethical. Research processes consume time, material resources and cognition. It is considered unethical to waste scarce resources or to subject participants to processes that have a high futility quotient.

2. Conceptions of research Research: when conceptualised may intend certain outcomes. Generating a model/theory is a conceivable outcome, as is recommending an intervention, informing policy making, having a documenting purpose or even informing legislation. Research may be basic or applied.

3. Research orthodoxies:

Parochial demarcations at undergraduate level are acceptable, but should be avoided in postgraduate research in an attempt to globalise the debate or research site. Researching attitudes, perceptions, experience are common goals but in the context of emergency care should be linked to their influence on belief and clinical practice. Positivism is commonly selected as a research paradigm ably due to the strong biomedical influence of the undergraduate emergency care training. There is much room for qualitative research in the field as this gives a voice to often marginalised communities and practitioners. Research designs serve to capture the blue print of the study. It holds the researcher accountable to a predetermined process and is also a criterion for ethics approval. After-all, bad science is bad research!

4. Theoretical orientations: Theoretical orientation serves to frame the research in terms of scope, whilst also providing a proverbial anchor in the literature. These may include: grand theories, substantive theories, feminism, critical theories and eco-systemic trends. Consider, for example, the recent uprisings in Egypt and Libya. There are theories that can inform our understanding of these events. Political theory frames the discourse in communities that are alienated and divorced from the State, who lack political and civil rights that defines a narrow political space. The discourse also includes party politics and inter-ethnic strife. Essentially, in a fight for and against democracy, political priorities conflict with community interests. Psychological discourse, developmental theory and sociological theory can also inform an understanding of these and other events. From an ethnographic point of view, these events reflect the culture of an emergent democracy with respect to elections, campaigns, voter registration, electioneering, collecting data and grouping. The culture of resistance indicated by boycotts, marches, stone throwing, pamphleteering and entrenched forms of resistance and expression are also reflected. Without theoretical underpinnings or interrelated set of assumptions, such a deep and considered perspective would be difficult. Theoretical framework positions research in the discipline or subject in which one works.

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE RESEARCH PROJECT

Computer science research projects is one of the most technical research to embark on. Unlike other research projects that require test of hypothesis and data analysis; computer science research project for undergraduates requires design and implementation. The chapter one of the computer science project will contain the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the aim and objectives of the study. The significance of the study. The scope of the study and the definition of terms. The chapter two of the computer science project contains the review of related literature even though some are divided into conceptual, theoretical and empirical while others do not. The chapter three of the computer science research project is basically the methodology containing the analysis of the existing system and the proposition of the new system. The chapter four of the project will be based on the design and implementation of the new system. The chapter five of the project will be conclusion and recommendation.

[undergraduateprojects]

Post-Secondary Education And The Behavioural Pattern: A Nexus

A postsecondary education is a fundamental social determinant of adult health behaviors. However, education-health studies often group postsecondary credentials into a limited number of categories such as “some postsecondary” and “completed college or university”. This is an important omission as it obscures differentiations between the various types of postsecondary credentials, particularly as nearly 80% of adults between the ages of 33-44 have at least some postsecondary education.

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The expansion of higher education has also led to a diversified number of available postsecondary credentials, which range from vocational training to a doctorate or professional degree. These diversified credentials represent profoundly different levels of human capital accumulation, which lead to comparably varied life trajectories. Therefore, aggregating millions of adults with various levels of educational attainment into a limited number of categories obscures the potential magnitude of disparities across the adult population. The present study thus examines associations between a postsecondary education and adult behaviors using detailed levels of educational attainment.

POST SECONDARY EDUCATION

The Nigerian post-secondary education system is reputed to be the biggest and most complex in Africa. More than half of the continent’s tertiary institutions are located in Nigeria. There are currently 123 universities (National Universities Commission), 102 polytechnics and mono-technics (National Board for Technical Education) and 63 colleges of education (National Commission for Colleges of Education in Nigeria) among other tertiary institutions. Post-secondary education as stated in the National Policy of Education is the education given in Universities, Colleges of Education, Polytechnics, and Mono-technics after secondary education including those institutions offering correspondence courses. The demand for post-secondary education in the country is high because it is not only an investment in human capital, but also a pre-requisite for sustainable economic development as well as a source of a rich and meaningful life. It is no surprise therefore that the aims of establishing universities in Nigeria have long moved from merely developing middle-level manpower to replace departing foreigners in the aftermath of decolonization to developing resident manpower for sustainable economic development. Therefore, one of the highlighted aims of the National Policy on Education with respect to university education is “to contribute to national development through high-level relevant manpower training”

POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION AND THE BEHAVIOURAL PATTERN

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) face increasing challenges. In particular, their operating environment is undergoing major transformations, such as changing demand patterns, intensifying global competition and decline in funding. Consequently, institutional attention is increasingly focused on attracting high quality (human) resources and students. Such context demands a deeper understanding of which sources postsecondary students resort to when applying to HEIs. The growth of HEIs in Nigeria has widened the selection of universities and colleges for students who wish to pursue their tertiary education; this increased the competitive nature of the higher education industry for undergraduate students. Studies of college choice decision have typically focused on the issue of factors influencing students’ decision about which institution to attend. The combined models show a diversity of factors that influence students’ choices. Some factors are related to the role of other persons, some are related to personal or individual factors and others are related to institutional characteristics and students perceptions about value and costs. The potential differences in the association between a postsecondary education and adult health behaviors necessitate the need for a comprehensive analysis of disparities across the entire postsecondary education gradient. My aim is to contribute to this literature by not only providing the first systematic analysis but to also identify important differences both in aggregate and across gender and race/ethnicity population subgroups. Using a covariance-weighting technique, I assess adult health lifestyles using a weighted behavioral index that combines some of the leading behavioral causes of early mortality to identify the full spectrum of behaviors associated with postsecondary educational attainment. My analysis reveals substantial disparities in adult health behaviors even after taking into account a range of potential confounders and mechanisms relevant to the education-health behavior association. This includes various additional demographic characteristics as well as measures of socioeconomic status.

[undergraduateprojects]

Parental Involvement In Reducing Pupils Absenteeism In Colleges

Educational attainment is an important determinant of one’s success. Yet, absenteeism among adolescents jeopardizes chances of achieving their educational goals. Too much student absenteeism can lead to an increasing disinterest in school. Excessive absenteeism increases the chance of the students to drop out from school.

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The incidence of drop outs can lead to long term consequences such as lower average incomes, unemployment and higher rate of incarceration. It is also asserted that the students who drop out from school face a higher risk of poverty due to their inability to secure quality paying employment due to their lack of education and resources

PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT

Educators and parents play major roles in the educational success of students. Students need a positive learning experience to succeed in school: one providing support, motivation, and quality instruction. With the increasing demands on the family, parental support in the education of students extends beyond the school building. Many families are faced with overwhelming and unpredictable schedules and circumstances while juggling school, sports,family situations, family time, work schedules, and other responsibilities, allowing minimal time to provide support in any one given area. Although it seems that parental involvement is researched the topic of many domestic and foreign studies, there is still concern regarding parental involvement and what constitutes effective parental involvement in the education of students. Educators, parents, and community members may have different opinions regarding effective involvement practices and the ways each can contribute to the educational process. Parental involvement in the education of students begins at home with the parents providing a safe and healthy environment, appropriate learning experiences, support, and a positive attitude about school.

DETERMINANTS OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT

Parents’ cognitions about their role have been identified as a major contributor to their willingness to engage in supportive parenting. We focused on three forms of parental cognition: parents’ aspirations concerning their children’s future occupation, their self-efficacy in rearing and educating their children, and their perceptions of the school

Parental Aspirations – Parental aspirations refer to idealistic hopes or goals that parents may form regarding future attainment. Parents who hold high aspirations for their children’s future are likely to be more willing to exert efforts to ensure that those aspirations are realized. Indeed, evidence from research suggests that educational and occupational aspirations are associated with the ways in which parents shape children’s activities, time, and learning environment.

Parenting Self-Efficacy – The construct of self-efficacy refers to beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments”. Research conducted in a variety of countries finds that individuals with high self-efficacy in a specific area exert effort in that area, persevere in the face of difficulty, and respond resiliently to adversity. They are less prone to self-defeating thought patterns, and they experience less stress and depression than those with lower self-efficacy. The construct of self-efficacy is intended to be domain specific; particular experiences with respect to a given domain affect the individual’s sense of confidence about acting efficaciously in that domain

Perceptions of the School – Parents’ degree of involvement is likely to be affected by the school itself. If teachers appear to care about the welfare of the child, communicate respect for parents, and develop effective means of communicating with families, parents are more willing and able to become involved in their children’s schooling

PUPILS ABSENTEEISM

Students' attendance at school and their classes plays a decisive role in achieving the desired result from education and training activities. For policies and reforms in education to succeed, students must attend school first. Among the main areas of work for education managers is determining and eliminating the factors that lead to absenteeism and their effects on educational environments. Pupils’ absenteeism can be defined as "not attending school without a legitimate reason." Absenteeism should be defined as "being absent without excuse" and considered to be a problem. Since there is a variety of basic regulations and the definition of “excuse” varies across countries concerned, it is difficult to fully define what is considered absent without excuse. Without a valid excuse communicated by the student's family, not to be at school during the school day or during a part of the school day". As indicated, it is not only an excuse that is needed but an excuse that is considered to be valid. One student may miss class due to health problems, while another student may be absent due to a family vacation. when absenteeism is rare, it is not considered to indicate a problematic situation. However, increased absenteeism is considered to be an indicator of various risk factors. Generally, 10- 40% absenteeism during an educational calendar year is considered to indicate a problem. Examining the absenteeism within a school day is also important. Some students may miss an entire day of school while others may only miss one or two courses. The duration of and classification of absenteeism (with or without excuse) varies from country to country. However, the common point of view is that as the student's absenteeism increases, exposure to risk factors also rises.

PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN REDUCING PUPILS ABSENTEEISM IN COLLEGE

Parents’ involvement in the education of their children continues to be the focus of much academic research, policy formation, and public debate. Much of this attention can be attributed to there being something inherently appealing in the notion that increased parent involvement will help remedy the continued problem of truancy and poor academic performance, especially compared to other industrialized nations. In many ways, it is an attempt to help ‘fix’ a faltering education system without fundamentally restructuring schools, redistributing students, raising standards for teachers, or investing more resources. Parental involvement is a combination of a parent’s commitment and active participation to the school and to the student. Parents have the direct contact and provision to the learners. Hence, parental involvement plays an important role in learning. However, not all parents are active partners and supporters in the education of their children. This is probably due to the fact that schools do not always know what parental involvement really means or simply parents do not know the importance of their role in their children’s learning progress. Thus, several possible reasons can be drawn to deduce the parents’ lack of involvement in any school activity. The following reasons are proffered: diverse school experiences among parents, diverse economic and time constraints–parents often do not feel welcome in school, some parents do not believe that they have any knowledge that the school is interested to know especially that they don’t have enough and high educational attainment; and diverse linguistic and cultural practices–they do not have great deal of interest in school or in education, and/or they feel embarrassed as they themselves may be illiterate or unable to speak English that could possibly make communication difficult

[undergraduateprojects]

How Socio-Economic Status Of Parents Affect Students Career Choice

The decision of choosing a career is a very complicated decision for every student’s as they have to consider different factors before they choose a career. The influence of career choice has a lasting impact on an individual. It serves to be a predictor and determinant of their prospective level of income, nature of work, and consequently leaves a mark on the personality, demeanour, and outlook of an individual.

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Thus, one wrong decision can change the fate of an individual. It is difficult for everyone to make a decision regarding their career. This individual action is manifested on a larger scale in the economic prosperity of a nation. Individuals, who are misfits in their workplace, tend to be less productive and efficient; and, therefore, are unable to achieve their goals

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF PARENTS

Socio-economic status of parents refers to the conditions in the family that are concerned with or related to the interaction of social and economic factors. Social factors are factors that relate to a society or its organisation, they are factors that relate to rank and status in a society. Socio-economic status of parents of a student is usually determined by combining parents’ educational, occupational and income levels. Another major variable often used in the analysis of socio-economic family background is number of siblings in the family. Parents’ educational levels could play an important role in determining a child's intellectual/academic performance. Parents with high level of education are most likely to engage in activities that would develop the intellectual potentials in their children and pave the way for them (the children) to perform satisfactory in school. For example, highly educated parents are most likely to give their children the necessary academic foundations at home that will help them perform well in school. Also highly educated parents have knowledge of the necessary high-quality reading materials and nutrition to provide for their children to enable them to perform well in school.

CAREER CHOICE

Career choice is one of the biggest dilemma and challenge in any student’s life. It involves an interplay of many factors which are intricately intertwined. It is not a straightforward task and involves a difficult process of decision making. The influence of career choice has a lasting impact on an individual. It serves to be a predictor and determinant of their prospective level of income, nature of work and consequently leaves a mark on the personality, demeanour and outlook of an individual. Thus, one wrong decision can change the fate of an individual. It is difficult for everyone to make a decision regarding their career. This individual action is manifested on a larger scale in the economic prosperity of a nation. Individuals who are misfits in their workplace tend to be less productive and efficient, and therefore are unable to achieve their goals.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF PARENTS AND STUDENTS CAREER CHOICE NEXUS

After completing undergraduate education students will be faced with the choice to work or continue their education to postgraduate. The importance of parents' socioeconomic status is based on the level of education and expectations of parents, the higher the level of education of parents, the higher the educational expectations of their children. Parents' high socioeconomic status enables their children to go to higher quality higher education and make good career choices. Students who have low socioeconomic conditions will find it difficult to survive while studying in tertiary institutions without the help of educational subsidies and loan assistance from the government. They might end up not reading the course they want to study because of high cost and because their parents could not afford it. They end of taking up another course which in turn affect their career choice after graduation. From this opinion, it can be concluded that the socioeconomic status of parents will influence students' interest in making decisions to continue their education to graduate school. Examinations of socio-economic status often reveal inequities in access to resources, plus issues related to privilege, power, and control. Socioeconomic status is typically broken into three levels: high, middle, and low to describe the three places a family or an individual may fall into. When placing a family or individual into one of these categories, any or all of the three variables: income, education, and occupation can be assessed. Socio-economic status entails the economic standing of the parents in the society. There are three levels of socioeconomic status, which are high socioeconomic status; these are the one who are in the upper echelon of the society, middle socio-economic status are those in the middle rank of the society, while the lower socio-economic status are those in the lower echelon of the society.

[undergraduateprojects]

Social Media And The Behavioural Disorder Of Students

Social media are interactive technologies and digital channels that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. The development of social media began with simple platforms. The occurrence of behaviour problems is more than in case of girls.

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Girls also experience behavioural problem. Since girls are more capable of socially adaptable behavior, their problems do not come in to focus. Behaviour problems are not heredity in nature The environment which in maycauses of behaviour problem among the adolescents.

SOCIAL MEDIA

Social media can be broadly defined as the set of interactive Internet applications that facilitate (collaborative or individual) creation, curation, and sharing of user-generated content. Examples of social media platforms are numerous and varied. They include Facebook, Friendster, Wikipedia, dating sites, Craigslist, recipe sharing sites (e.g. allrecipes.com), YouTube, and Instagram. Social media platforms all share the abovementioned characteristics, but are unique from one another in many respects. In particular, platforms often vary in their architectures, structures, norms, and user bases. Social media platforms are often nonymous, meaning that they are non-anonymously attached to bodied beings. As such, much research focuses on the identity implications of social media. Early Internet research, based primarily on multi-user domains (MUDs) and MUDs object oriented, emphasized the dual nature of identity in a digital era. Interactive digital technologies were a reprieve from bodily and social constraints. More recent work, however, recognizes the integration of the digital and physical, and understands that social and physical reality are part and parcel of identity processes within social media.

AVOIDANCE BEHAVIORS

Student’s self acceptance largely depends on their competitive performance. Students who are not able to fulfill the academic requirements because of a number of reasons are not necessarily capable of doing so but this is normally considered as the evidence of their inability and is reason to despair. They are uncertain about their ability to face challenges and competition and they generally follow strategies that deflect attention from their activities in order to protect self-worth. As per Covington these are “ruses and artful dodges” that are used as ploys in “the struggle to escape being labeled as stupid. In addition students start avoiding seeking help, resisting novel approaches to academic work, and purposefully withdrawing effort which is a sort of self-handicapping. While contemplating seeking help they are scared of to be criticized and perceive a threat to self-worth from not only from teachers but also from their classmates. Some students have a passive attitude and they prefer to avoid to attempt of solving problems and doing their work because they feel that they may make mistakes and demonstrate their low ability. In this way they succeeded to stave off the chance of to be exposed as incapable but this strategy to avoid undermine their performance. Students show aggressive, withdrawn, and inattentive-hyperactive behaviors because of peer rejection. Acceptance by peers depends on student’s behavior and rejection results from deficits in student’s social skills. Aggressive students show deregulated behaviors, they are inattentive, reactive and disruptive. Because of their unskilled behaviors along with their aggression, they are at high risk for peer rejection. Their inattentive and hyperactive behaviors impair their ability to interact effectively with peers. Aggressive behavior is adopted for self protection proved instrumental for goal attainment. Aggressive students also establish and maintain friendship and are not always rejected by peers, while students with inattentive and hyperactive behaviors results in peer rejection

BEHAVIOURAL DISORDER OF STUDENTS

Behavioral disorders also known as conduct disorders are one of the most common forms of psycho pathology among children and young adults and is the most frequently cited reason for referral to mental health services in schools. The appearance of behavioral disorders is increasing dramatically in Pune’s secondary school classrooms in last decade. As a result their presence severely constrains the ability of the school systems to educate students effectively. The prevalence of behavioral problems among children and young adults is substantial. Surveys indicate that behavioral disorders vary among young adults, ranging from 2 and 6% in secondary school students. Behavioral disorders become apparent when the student displays a repetitive and impact persistent pattern of behavior that results in the significant disruption in other students. Such disturbances may cause significant impairments in academic, social, and or occupational functioning. Such a behavior pattern is consistent throughout the individual’s life.

            The notion that behavior is learned student’s behaviors are shaped by the expectations and examples provided by important adults like parents and teachers in their lives and by their peers. In the elementary to secondary grades, general education classroom teachers are arguably the most important adults at school for the large majority of students. As such, they can play a critical role both in proactively teaching and reinforcing appropriate student behaviors and in reducing the frequency of behaviors that impede learning. Accepting responsibility for the behavioral learning of all students is a natural extension of the responsibility for the academic learning of all students that general education teachers exercise with such purpose every day. Factors affecting Student’s behavior include socioeconomic status, number of students in the grade, gender, parental education, type of school attended and academic ability. The natural way to pursue important values is to behave in ways that express them or promote their attainment. People pursue security values by acting in ways that promote their personal safety, and they pursue hedonism values by engaging in pleasurable activities. Most behaviors can express more than one value. For example, people might go hiking because they like adventure (stimulation values), love nature (universalism values), or want to comply with their friends’ expectations (conformity values). Like hiking, many behaviors are ambiguous with regard to the values they express. Still, some behaviors express primarily one value. Dominating behavior, for example, primarily expresses power values. In this article, we use the term value-expressive behavior to refer to behaviors that can express primarily one value.

SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE BEHAVIOURAL DISORDER OF STUDENTS

The study indicate that there is a significant relationship between social media and behavioural problems. The affect of social media on behaviouralproblems can be especially high during the adolescent period. Because of teens impulsive natures, teens who post content on social media are at risk of sharing intimate photos or highly personal stories. However, social media use can also negatively affect teens, distracting and disrupting their sleep and exposing them to bullying, rumor spreading, unrealistic views of other people’s lives and peer pressure. In Researcher’s view point, social media use positive relationship to behavioral problems of an individual. More social media use produces the more behavioural problems of an individual.

[undergraduateprojects]

The Role Of Proofreading In Students Effectiveness

Undoubtedly writing is the productive skill in the written mode, it is very complicated and the hardest of the skills even for native speakers of a language since it involves the development and representation of thoughts in a structured way .In other words, it promotes both critical thinking and learning, and requires the ability of thinking rationally to bring dawn ideas in a structured and clearly form. See Samples Of Project Materials & Research Topics For Students In Colleges.

Students are increasingly expected to express what they know about many different subjects through writing. And like all learning problems, they seem to face difficulties in writing since this last is a complex task and it is considered as one of troublesome skills for students which requires competency and proficiency. So it is obviously clear that making mistakes and errors while writing is the problem of the majority of students in all branches

PROOFREADING

Proofreading is a slow and careful reading of any piece of writing on papers or on a computer screen to search for errors and mistakes in order to correct them. So it is a kind of revision of what someone has already written. Anderson states that: “The real secret to proofreading your own copy is reading it slowly and critically as though someone else had written it”. That is to say, proofreading is a careful reading to check for accuracy in any written documents. Smith defines proofreading as: “Proofreading is simply careful reading. As you review every word, sentence, paragraph you will find errors”. Another definition of proofreading by Smith is the following: “The process of proofreading means that you will be correcting mistakes in your writing and looking for ways to improve and perfect your writing”. That is to say, proofreading is the process of polishing your own writing to become correct and clear.

Proofreading is not merely casting a glance over what you have written: it requires concentration to disconnect your mind from the content of the text in order to focus on the language and layout. Errors can be difficult to spot, so it is essential to read the text word by word to ensure that you don’t miss anything. As it involves correcting small errors (some of which can, nevertheless, have a major impact), it does not require major rewriting. When proofreading your own work, you are often so familiar with the text that you see what you think you have written rather than what you actually wrote. For this reason, you will get the best results by asking someone else to proofread your work. Find someone to be your ‘proofreading partner’, with whom you can swap and share proofreading tasks. If this is not possible and you have to proofread your own work, make sure that you take a break of at least an hour (or ideally 24 hours) after writing before you start to proofread. This will help to distance you from the text. One of the most important principles of proofreading someone else’s work is to never make assumptions. If you are unsure what the writer has intended to write, query it rather than jump to conclusions and amend it wrongly. Print off the text and proofread on paper – it is much easier to spot errors on paper than onscreen. Before you do this, however, it is a good idea to run the spell check on the computer to catch any obvious errors. Don’t rely on this alone to detect spelling and typographical errors, though, as it cannot always be completely accurate. The grammar check is not worth using at all, as a computer cannot cope with all the complexities of grammar and sentence structure, and often ends up being more confusing than helpful. Use ink that is a different colour from the print so that your corrections stand out and can be easily spotted. Beware of using red if proofreading for your colleagues, though, as it may remind them of the dreaded red pen wielded mercilessly by their teachers back at school.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Academic performance has always been associated to the evaluation tests results, which are those corresponding to student's IQ, and leaving aside other personal characteristics. Among such characteristics, the importance of emotional intelligence is worth highlighting (management, facilitation, understanding and perception), dimensions associated to personality traits (emotional impulsiveness, respect for others, sociability, negotiating skills, openness to experience, self-confidence) and, of course, the meaning of life, since the creation of meaning is related to each person’s individual development, in hand with other processes such as identity, relationships and life goals.

        Students’ academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels. Everyone can be surprised with this assumption if it could be proved scientifically. From the last two decades it has been noticed significantly that there is great addition in research literature and review material relating to indicators of academic achievement with much emphasis on this dialogue, whether traditional achievement measures of academic performance are best determinants of future academic gain at university or higher level or innovative measures. However, it is also observed that many of the researchers are not agree with this view point or statement. Students from elite schools are expected to perform good because they attend these elite schools and the main reason behind is that these schools are usually very rich in resources and facilities. Some researchers have the view that school ownership and the funds available in schools do indeed influenced the performance of the student.

THE NATURE OF WRITING ABILITY

Writing is a way of communication or a system that uses sets of symbols to form words and sentences to represent the sounds of speech, and of course these words and symbols have to be combined according to certain conventions and rules in order for someone to communicate and express his thoughts. According to Harmer: “Both writing and speaking have their own signs, symbols, and devices to make communication more effectively”. So writing is a specific ability that helps humans to put their own thoughts into words to communicate their feelings in a meaningful form This skill (writing) is not an easy task neither a difficult one, because it requires extensive drilling and practices inside and outside the classroom Hedge suggests that: “students need time for writing in the classroom so that they can build confidence as well as competence. Besides, writing is not only a mean to express thoughts, feeling, and arguments it is also a mean to help the person to think critically and solve problems in his life. It is also believed that through writing that someone can improve his capacities and comprehension in reading, and that through the teaching of writing conventions (grammar, spelling, vocabulary) students will reinforce their competence in reading comprehension. In other words, writing about a text will enhance the student’s ability to comprehend through analyzing, interpreting and manipulating key ideas in the text because writing has always seen as a way of applying and reinforcing what has already taught and learned

PROOFREADING AND STUDENTS EFFECTIVENESS

Proofreading is a vital step in the writing process, but undoubtedly it is totally neglected by students for many reasons; for instance, students usually forget or do not pay attention to the need of this essential step. Or maybe because they have too much self-confidence of their writing, or perhaps they find this stage very bring. All in all, proofreading is considered as a very important and a very effective way for students to polish and achieve accuracy in their writing. Proofreading can be considered as a positive factor for students, because they may learn from their mistakes through checking for words in dictionaries and sentences structures in grammar books to produce good and clear pieces of writing with the right punctuation, proper spelling and appropriate grammar structures. Smith states that: “The process of proofreading means that you will be correcting mistakes in your writing and looking for ways to improve and perfect your writing”. So the good writer is the one who try to make his writing as good and as better as he can without careless mistakes. That is to say, when you do the proofreading process “you’re working hard to ensure clarity through correctness and consistency”. Nortormas well as states that: “Documents that are error free create favorable impression. Letters that look attractive, contain no misspelled words, and use correct grammar and punctuation indicate to the reader that the sender is a competent person who is concerned about quality”. In other words, a student in classroom situation who submit a good and interesting piece of writing free from mistakes will impress his teacher, and the teacher also will be proud of this students, by contrast, an essay, or a document plenty of errors reflect and express careless and incompetency. The teacher in this case will be quite angry, because too much errors have been left uncorrected, these errors can lead to misunderstanding and wrong interpretation of meaning such errors are; the wrong use of commas, semicolons, periods. So a correctly and well formed document convey a positive image to the reader, and also give a positive image to the student or writer; whereas, careless errors convey a negative message and reflect bad impression from the reader.

[undergraduateprojects]

Teachers Experience And Students Interest In Learning

The importance of experienced teachers in schools has been highlighted by many researchers. Researchers have also given different opinions about teaching experience and students’ learning outcomes in schools.

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Their arguments were centred on the fact that experience improves teaching skills while pupils learn better at the hands of teachers who have taught them continuously over a period of years. Hence, effective teaching could be measured by the level of a teacher’s subject matter competence which can be regarded as a prime predictor of student’s learning. However, teachers’ theories about teaching are being guided by their previous experience as learners and as teachers.

TEACHERS EXPERIENCE

In education, teacher experience is probably the key factor in personnel policies that affect current employees: it is a cornerstone of traditional single-salary schedules; it drives teacher transfer policies that prioritize seniority; and it is commonly considered a major source of inequity across schools and, therefore, a target for redistribution. The magnitude of the effect of teacher experience varies depending on the teacher’s level of education and the subject area. The impact of early years of experience is strongest in the subject of math and more consistent at the elementary and middle school levels than at the high school level.

        These teacher categories influence how students behave in problem solving. Different teachers in the excellent category tend to generate students who behave sophisticatedly in mathematical problem solving and vice versa. The problem is what external aspects cause the teacher to be in an adequate category in solving mathematical problems. There are no studies trying to conduct a depth study to seek what aspects greatly affect the teacher category (level) in learning about mathematical problem solving. This study attempts to reveal external factors that influence teacher professionalism in the learning process of mathematical problem solving. For that reason, this research proposes research questions, namely: what external factors influence the category of teachers in mathematical and learning problem solving in terms of beliefs, attitude, depth and breadth of pedagogy and didactic behaviour, and also teacher's reflection on the process of learning mathematical problem solving

STUDENTS INTEREST IN LEARNING

In the education process, almost all skills, knowledge, habits, and attitudes are developed through the learning process. Achieving good learning outcomes involves several components, such as interests, talents, good psychological factors, abilities, motivation, attitudes, maturity, discipline, and others. The term 'interest' is an ill-defined term used in many discussions of language teaching materials. 'Interest' is also a missing anomaly in language teaching/ learning research, although it has been widely discussed and researched in general education and various disciplines. Interest and knowledge develop and influence how an individual engages in current and subsequent tasks, given the inherent linkages between these emotions and cognitive structures. This resultant persistent interest affects the ease and likelihood that material will be encoded in a student's memory. Individual interest can be conceptualized in two ways: disposition and an actualized state. An individual's dispositional interests are enduring characteristics that are assumed to exist over time. From this perspective, interest is thought to influence learning in most, if not all, situations

TEACHERS EXPERIENCE AND STUDENTS INTEREST IN LEARNING

Student achievement in learning tasks is to an extent, influenced by the method employed by the teacher. Teachers’ inability to use necessary techniques in teaching science subjects is a contributing factor to students’ poor performance in school subjects. The study observed that the teaching and learning of science is too teacher-centered and the teacher dominates in explanation of concepts, thereby making students passive. The study also observed that the teachers mainly give directions or topics on the chalkboard for the students to copy. The study revealed that the teachers rarely use innovative teaching strategies nor students’ ideas in planning their choice of experiments and students rarely perform experiments on their own, nor do they use the library or other sources other than the textbooks. Therefore, the teaching and learning of science is mainly through the traditional approach rather than the science process skill approach. When researchers want to most accurately estimate the extent to which teachers improve as they gain more years of teaching experience, the standard solution for reducing bias is to include teacher fixed effects in the model. The addition of teacher fixed effects allows researchers to compare a teacher with multiple years of experience to that same teacher when he or she had fewer years of experience. This approach, sometimes referred to as a “within-teacher comparison,” controls statistically for teacher ability. In other words, teacher fixed effects analyses account for each teacher’s characteristics that do not vary with time, such as basic ability or motivation. As a result, this method improves the estimate of the relationship between the gains teachers make in their ability to improve student outcomes and their experience, often referred to as “within-teacher returns to experience.” Consequently, this method eliminates the limitations created by selective attrition and/or differences in cohort quality. This method has become more feasible, and thus common, in part because of the increasing availability of large longitudinal data sets in which students can be matched to their specific teachers over time.

[undergraduateprojects]

Simples Tips On How To Improve The Performance Of Education Students

The 6-3-3-4 system of education, which was introduced in 1982 to replace the 6-5-4 system, according to experts, was designed to inject functionality into the Nigerian school system, by producing graduates who would be able to make use of their hands, head and the heart (the 3Hs of education).

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The idea was to have six years of primary education, three years of junior secondary education, and another three years of either technical education for those who were more interested in learning a trade or three years of senior secondary school for those who were more academically inclined. The last four years of the 6-3-3-4 system is for tertiary education

EDUCATION SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education. Local authorities take responsibility for implementing policy for state-controlled public education and state schools at a regional level. The education system is divided into Kindergarten, primary education, secondary education and tertiary education.

Primary education:

Primary education, Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo. Private schools would also offer computer science, French, and Fine Arts. Primary school students are required to take a Common Entrance Examination to qualify for admission into the Federal and State Government Secondary schools, as well as private ones. The Universal Basic Education, UBE, came as a replacement of the Universal Primary Education and an innovation to enhance the success of the first nine years of schooling The UBE involves 6 years of Primary School education and 3 years of Junior Secondary School education, culminating in 9 years of uninterrupted schooling, and transition from one class to another is automatic but determined through continuous assessment

Secondary education:

Students spend six years in Secondary School, that is 3 years of JSS (Junior Secondary School), and 3 years of SSS (Senior Secondary School). By Senior Secondary School Class 2 (SS2), students are taking the GCE O’Levels exam, which is not mandatory, but most students take it to prepare for the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. The Senior Secondary School ends on the WASSCE. Junior Secondary School is free and compulsory. It leads to the BECE, which opens the gate to Senior Secondary School

Tertiary Education:  Growth Without Development

As at 1970 there are only six universities in Nigeria, they rose to thirteen in 1979 now we have eighty-nine. The growth shows federal has 27, States 30 and private sector 32. To establish as many qualitative universities is not just necessary but also desirable, on the other hand, unplanned creation of universities is not just undesirable but also dangerous. It seems we are revisionist in our practice to tertiary education. We do not have to follow the history of evolution of universities before we have one. It is true that oldest universities are religious establishments both in the Islamic and Christendom. Al-azhar University in Egypt evolved from mosque as Islamic centre of teaching and learning. Same with the Oxford and Cambridge Universities in England, they were meant to teach Christianity

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

Academic achievement represents performance outcomes that indicate the extent to which a person has accomplished specific goals that were the focus of activities in instructional environments, specifically in school, college, and university. School systems mostly define cognitive goals that either apply across multiple subject areas (e.g., critical thinking) or include the acquisition of knowledge and understanding in a specific intellectual domain (e.g., numeracy, literacy, science, history). Therefore, academic achievement should be considered to be a multifaceted construct that comprises different domains of learning. Because the field of academic achievement is very wide­ranging and covers a broad variety of educational outcomes, the definition of academic achievement depends on the indicators used to measure it. Among the many criteria that indicate academic achievement, there are very general indicators such as procedural and declarative knowledge acquired in an educational system, more curricular ­based criteria such as grades or performance on an educational achievement test, and cumulative indicators of academic achievement such as educational degrees and certificates. All criteria have in common that they represent intellectual endeavors and thus, more or less, mirror the intellectual capacity of a person. In developed societies, academic achievement plays an important role in every person’s life. Academic achievement as measured by the GPA (grade point average) or by standardized assessments designed for selection purpose such as the SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test) determines whether a student will have the opportunity to continue his or her education (e.g., to attend a university). Therefore, academic achievement defines whether one can take part in higher education, and based on the educational degrees one attains, influences one’s vocational career after education. Besides the relevance for an individual, academic achievement is of utmost importance for the wealth of a nation and its prosperity. The strong association between a society’s level of academic achievement and positive socioeconomic development is one reason for conducting international studies on academic achievement, such as PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), administered by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co­operation and Development). The results of these studies provide information about different indicators of a nation’s academic achievement; such information is used to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of a nation’s educational system and to guide educational policy decisions. Given the individual and societal importance of academic achievement, it is not surprising that academic achievement is the research focus of many scientists; for example, in psychology or educational disciplines. This article focuses on the explanation, determination, enhancement, and assessment of academic achievement as investigated by educational psychologists.

HOW TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF EDUCATION STUDENTS:

THE USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: The study revealed that students taught with instructional materials performed significantly better than those taught without instructional materials and also that the use of instructional materials generally improved students' understanding of concepts and led to high academic achievements.

TEACHING METHOD: The primary purpose of teaching at any level of education is to bring a fundamental change in the learner. To facilitate the process of knowledge transmission, teachers should apply appropriate teaching methods that best suit specific objectives and level exit outcomes. In the traditional epoch, many teaching practitioners widely applied teacher-centered methods to impart knowledge to learners comparative to student-centered methods. Until today, questions about the effectiveness of teaching methods on student learning have consistently raised considerable interest in the thematic field of educational research. Moreover, research on teaching and learning constantly endeavour to examine the extent to which different teaching methods enhance growth in student learning. Quite remarkably, regular poor academic performance by the majority students is fundamentally linked to application of ineffective teaching methods by teachers to impact knowledge to learners. Substantial research on the effectiveness of teaching methods indicates that the quality of teaching is often reflected by the achievements of learners.

TEST AND ASSESSMENT: There are two types of assessment for improving the learning process; initial assessment and formative assessment. The purpose of initial assessment is to identify the previous experiences, knowledge, and skills of students before the beginning of the educational program to judge its validity. On the contrary, formative assessment is associated with the educational process from the beginning and on a continuous basis. Several studies have examined the on-screen display of the test and its impact on the performance of the applicants. The elements of display, screen size, font size, and image resolution are directly related to performance in electronic tests. One of the most important factors that may cause differences between paper and electronic tests is the interactive and size of display. The material displayed on the computer screen may not exceed 1/3 of overall material that can be displayed on the paper, and reading from the screen may be directly more stressful for students than the traditional reading. Test in this study considers the methods of assessment in the Arabic language curriculum for the third-middle grade.

[undergraduateprojects]

The Role Of Social media In Information Sharing Among Students

Information sharing has become an increasingly important part of study in a digital world. It is no longer about whom you know or who they know but it is more important about how you know in reaching high performance in today’s digital world. By sharing brain, creates opportunities for students to impart what they are critically thinking real time.

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Further, it also creates opportunities for students to discuss problems, engage and debate on those thoughts using different platforms. Similarly, universities can organize themselves to large information sharing societies to produce real knowledge and solve real world problems. Today information sharing plays a key role in students learning. Therefore, the main challenge to academia today is to retain their students in information sharing

SOCIAL MEDIA

Social media presents vast opportunities as an effective communication and distribution channel, a tool to understand and influence the customer perception and behaviour and ability to bring people of the same interest together. It is therefore no longer a subject of discussion for organisations that want to have competitive advantage in the market place if they should use social media, but how and to what extent it should be used. Social media has also become a valuable repository of information, especially data and information that provides valuable insight into the behaviour and perceptions of the users. Hence, it is important that organisations use social media to listen to the information available about the brand, product or service. Although it will be more beneficial for organisations to have a social media strategy that goes beyond listening to the information available about the organisation’s brand or product on social media, to engaging the target audience using social media in order to take advantage of the opportunity that it presents.

Social media practitioners describe engagement as communicating, connecting and relating with the target market in their world enough to get their attention. This involves listening to the target market and providing communication that focuses on individuals rather than a mass market with a realistic message that the target market can relate to. Again, this emphasises the individualistic and personalised touch required in social media, suggesting a new digital word of mouth concept that takes advantage of technology to spread messages on a one on one basis.

INFORMATION SHARING

Information sharing and information sharing are closely related concepts that are often used interchangeably. The term information sharing is preferred in library and information science in particular, while researchers coming from fields such as management science, strategic management, and human-computer interaction favour the term information sharing . Even though the existence of related concepts can be considered as a terminological richness, they may also be confusing. The main motivation of the present study is to clarify these terminological issues by comparing information sharing and knowledge as modes of human activity. More specifically, a comparative approach is adopted to find out whether and how information sharing and information sharing would differ as communicative activities.

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN INFORMATION SHARING

Nowadays a large no of studies has confirmed that social media plays a pivotal role in catching knowledge through real time process. social media is considered as one of the significant factors in information sharing. A study defined it as the particular arrangement of PC based activities that the organization executes keeping in mind the end goal to classify, sort out, store and recover knowledge. It is expanding step by step because of numerous developments including the tremendous expansion of social media. Lack of social media in government sector University has limited the information sharing among university students. IT can complete significantly something other than putting away and retrieving information. By enhancing access to knowledge and removing any barriers between knowledge workers, social media can improve information sharing levels. Many of the studies have proved that social media is a tool assisting in the process of information sharing  

[undergraduateprojects]

The Benefit Of Digital Library To Education Students In Nigeria

Concept of digital libraries has existed from the 20th Century. It is yet to follow many years of the 21st Century in building these digital libraries as strong and complete collections of records that have been visualized regarding them from a long time in the past. The affluence within the knowledge has transformed the access systems for every stake holder in retrieval of main learning and significant information.

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The evolutions of digital libraries have happened significantly in the past few years. They are not only the digital corresponding entity of traditional (physical) libraries but they have become involved in networking systems. They have now the potential of managing communication as well as collaboration between diverse, universally spread user groups and communities.

DIGITAL LIBRARY

A Digital library (also referred to as electronic library or digital repository) is a focused collection of digital objects that can include text, visual material, audio material, video material, stored as electronic media formats (as opposed to print, micro form, or other media), along with means for organizing, storing, and retrieving the files and media contained in the library collection. Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by individuals, organizations, or affiliated with established physical library buildings or institutions, or with academic institutions. The electronic content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. An electronic library is a type of information retrieval system

CONTENT OF DIGITAL LIBRARY

Recent developments in library technology and practices have helped bring some of Lancaster 's paperless society to reality. The effects that digital technology has brought include: Digital library collections contain permanent documents. The digital environment will enable quick handling and/or ephemeral information. Digital libraries are based on digital technologies. The assumption that digital libraries will contain only digital materials may be wrong. Digital libraries are often used by individuals working alone. The physical boundaries of data have been eliminated. Support for communications and collaboration is as important as information-seeking. Compression of data storage is enabling publication and storage of digital information. Telecommunications is facilitating the storage, retrieval, use, and exchange of digital resources.

THE NEED FOR DIGITAL LIBRARY TO EDUCATION STUDENTS

It is being observed that the libraries and the information hubs are transforming from buildings, which have the storage of lots of books and further printed materials to an electronic access to an increasing universal compilation of digital information. As the data and content initiated to be accessible electronically, libraries too commenced to transform in a way to give data to their supporters. Digital libraries open novel avenues for the learners. By means of digital library materials, these learners get the most relevant informational sources and that too within the second by pushing the button. The numbers of learners are rising in the world and the designing of distinct types of services is happening as per the needs of the regional as well as other users. The various reasons due to which the digital libraries are required for education are:

· For having expert accessibility to suitable information

· There is a constant need for accessing huge amounts of information to the learners irrespective of location and time

· For archiving those materials which are properly sorted, are authentic and systematically arranged for easy access and with proper specifications and rights to use

· For accessing latest and current information

· To have a credible information to refer

· For reliable information for further evaluation for research work

· For access to hypertext links for navigation to correct sources for easy access

· For connecting with extended experts of social network

· For promoting their research work produced and to exchange the knowledge

· To have the flexibility to store data for anytime access

· To save time of visiting library and searching the relevant materials

THE BENEFITS OF DIGITAL LIBRARY TO EDUCATION STUDENTS

The benefits of digital library are as:

● Preservation of the precious records, exceptional and extraordinary compilations of libraries, archives and museums.

● Guarded informational sources

● Provision of downloading as well as printing

● Provision of fast accessibility to the assets of libraries which are universally located by means of automated enhanced catalogues

● Helping in locating physical as well as digitized accounts of scholarly articles and books by means of solo interface

● Optimization of search, possibility of concurrent investigations on the Internet, preparation of commercial databases, and library collected works

● Instant pursue by the users

● Provision of cross references for further records

● Reducing the chain of author to the final user

● Saving of preparation or saving price, space and funds

● Management of digital technology in providing access to numerous, concurrent users from a solo origin which is not at all feasible with resources and documents saved in any other formats

● Full text search

[undergraduateprojects]

Students’ Performance: The Role Of Teachers Experience In Learning Environment

Academic performance could be described as the scholastic standing of a student at a given examination. The scholastic standing could be explained as the grades obtained in a course or group of courses taken. Students’ performance is a measure of output and the main outputs in education are expressed in terms of learning, that is, changes in knowledge, skills and attitudes of individuals as a result of their experiences with the school system.

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Teaching experience of a teacher can be measured based on the teacher’s ability around comprehension and transformation of knowledge, concept to be imparted to learners. Teaching experience suggests that the most significant gains in students’ performance will likely be realized when students receive instruction from teachers with good teaching experience. The underlying assumption is that, experience appears to promote competence. It appears, students attain higher levels of achievement when taught by more experienced teachers. It has been observed that the newly employed graduates are placed directly in Senior Secondary School classes with little or no experience to teach. This seems to be wrong because, they are supposed to be monitored and mentored by the experienced teachers. In essence, they are not to be teaching higher classes until when they have gathered enough expertise. The penetration of this system into teaching and learning seems to hinder proper coordination of the students. Hence, it appears, academic performance of students may be negatively affected.

Teacher qualification combines both aspect of knowledge about the subject matter with learning and teaching. It appears, teachers who have the required qualifications to teach are not considered for employment and this might be because of the financial implications. It seems, an unqualified teacher cannot prepare students for external examinations like, the West African Senior School Certificate Examination.

Teaching experience includes participation in professional development activities geared towards equipping the teacher for better service delivery. Experienced teacher are those who have taught for many years (five year and above) and are able to motivate students and hold their attention, know how they manage their lesson, classroom effectively and can change cause in the middle of a lesson. It is believed that greater teaching experience will produce students with greater academic performance and students that have great ability to handle their undergraduate projects.

Learning environment encompasses learning resources and technology, means of teaching, modes of learning, and connections to societal and global contexts. The term also includes human behavioral and cultural dimensions, including the vital role of emotion in learning. The learning environment is a composite of human practices and material systems, much as ecology is the combination of living things and physical environment. Contemporary learners deserve learning spaces that meet their individual and collective needs. To meet this challenge, educational leaders must provide physical and cultural environments that are empowering and engaging. Learning environments vary from classroom to classroom and context to context each with unique elements.

Learning environments can be learner-centered; knowledge - centered; assessment - centered; and community - centered. Learner-centered environments are designed for the active construction of knowledge by and for learners. Knowledge-centered learning environments are those which support students' deep investigations of big ideas through generative learning activities. Assessment-centered learning environments provide frequent, ongoing, and varying opportunities for assessment, including opportunities for revision and self and peer assessment. Community-centered environments value collaboration, negotiation of meaning, respect for multiple perspectives around which knowledge is constructed, and connections to the local community and culture. Learning environment is composed of some components that influence the student’s learning curve. These components include; people; teaching materials, technical tools, and learning resources; curriculum, training, and instruction, and physical environment/learning space.

The people are the individuals that affect the student directly or indirectly through connection or relationship which can contribute to students’ growth and success in their career aspect. The teaching materials, technical tools, and learning resources are the teaching materials, highly advanced tools or others instructional resources that are aligned with the curriculum as a part of student learning support. The curriculum, training, and instruction are the core foundations of the learning process; they influence one another and play vital roles to facilitate the flow of knowledge and delivery of instructional content/curriculum. The physical environment/learning space refers to the physical setting of the learner’s environment which should evoke positive responses and hold the interests of those who inhabit it.

The teacher as an individual personality is an important factor in the learning environment. They are key factors that create a favorable teaching-learning milieu that will make the instructional process easy, enthusiastically adaptable and useful. The way in which his personality interacts with the personalities of the pupils helps to determine the kind of behavior which emerges from the learning situation. Environmental factors like classrooms, textbooks, equipment, school supplies, and other instructional materials etc. are the physical conditions needed for learning.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Academic performance has always been associated to the evaluation tests results, which are those corresponding to student's IQ, and leaving aside other personal characteristics. Among such characteristics, the importance of emotional intelligence is worth highlighting (management, facilitation, understanding and perception), dimensions associated to personality traits (emotional impulsiveness, respect for others, sociability, negotiating skills, openness to experience, self-confidence) and, of course, the meaning of life, since the creation of meaning is related to each person’s individual development, in hand with other processes such as identity, relationships and life goals.

Today, there is a clear need for education to learn about the factors that influence a student’s academic performance, considering the performance to be the quantitative result obtained during the learning process, based on the evaluations carried out by the teachers through objective test evaluations. The latest patterns in this area highlight the importance of considering other variables beyond intellectual capabilities.

Academic performance is the measurement of student achievement across various academic subjects. Teachers and education officials typically measure achievement using classroom performance, graduation rates, and results from standardized tests.

TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCE                               

Teaching experience includes participation in professional development activities geared towards equipping the teacher for better service delivery. Experienced teacher as those who have taught for many years (five year and above) and are able to motivate students and hold their attention, know how they manage their lesson, classroom effectively and can change cause in the middle of a lesson. It is believed that greater teaching experience will produce students with greater academic performance.

Teacher qualification combines both aspect of knowledge about the subject matter with learning and teaching. teachers’ and students’ academic performance in Nigerian secondary schools and its implications for planning found out that teachers’ qualification, years of experience and teacher-student ratio were significantly related to students’ academic performance.

TEACHERS EXPERIENCE AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

In today’s world, education systems must constantly evolve in order to effectively respond to the rapidly changing demands of the societies they serve. To reach a common understanding of how both the physical and social dimensions of learning environments affect the quality of learning processes, an exploration of the relationship between place and process is needed. The teaching learning process cannot take place in a vacuum in formal education settings. It occurs as a result of interaction among components of the learning environment. In learning environment, elements of teaching-learning process include: teacher, students, content, learning process and learning situation.

Students and teachers work well in a school culture where academic success and the motivation to learn, is expected, respected and rewarded. Such an atmosphere where students learn to love learning for learning's sake, results in better academic achievement. The school is a special social space where education, training and personality development of children who are a community’s future assets are founded and run by proper training methods, appropriate physical space and favorable psychological environment. Students in the process of socialization require a healthy environment and models so as to increase their performance. Hence, clean, quiet and comfortable environments are important components of learning environment.

Furthermore, creating an ideal learning environment ought to be a priority of every concerned educationalist because being comfortable should be a combination of several factors which include temperature, lighting, and noise control etc. The extent to which students’ learning could be enhanced depends on their location within the school compound, the structure of their classroom, availability of instructional facilities and accessories. It is believed that a school with adequate learning environment contributes to stir up expected outcomes of learning that will facilitate good academic performance, by encouraging effective teaching and learning.

However, before students can succeed academically, they must feel safe, both physically and mentally, and to have a safe learning environment, students must feel welcomed, supported, and respected. Personalizing learning helps students develop skills including thinking critically, using knowledge and information to solve complex problems, working collaboratively, communicating effectively, learning how to learn, and developing academic mindsets that would greatly increase student’s engagement. More so, students must feel connected to teachers, staff, and other students. Schools can nurture these connections by focusing on students’ social and emotional learning (SEL).Students must also feel supported by all those connected to their learning experience like teachers, classmates, administrators, family, and community members for a higher academic feat.

Productive learning environments are crucial to students' academic, emotional and social success in school. A conducive learning environment doesn’t just happen on their own or by chance. They should be created through conscious procedures like interacting with students in a positive manner, exhibiting positive behaviors etc that would promote learning activities in the learning environment.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, there is no misgiving that student’s high-quality academic performance and outcomes is connected to the nature of learning environment and the available useful facilities. Various experiential studies have established that learning environment is a critical necessity for student’s academic achievement in Nigeria. The educational process of development occurs in physical, social, cultural and psychological environment which implies that a proper and adequate environment is very much necessary for a fruitful learning. High academic achieving learners are likely to have been exposed to curriculum content under an ideal learning environment. Hence, the affirmation that, “educational attainment/achievement is likely to be determined by the idealness of the learning environment”. I recommend students to visit uniprojectmaterials.com to get more information about teachers’ experience.