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Skytron Energy CAN Protection PV18 PCB Card | Industrial PCB Module | Ram Automations
Explore high-performance industrial protection with the Skytron Energy CAN Protection PV18 PCB Card — a specialized PCB module crafted to ensure secure communication and safety for photovoltaic systems and energy control setups. Now available at Ram Automations, this tested, genuine Skytron Energy PCB card is perfect for engineers, OEM panel builders, and energy automation specialists looking to maintain the efficiency and reliability of solar power and industrial control networks.
The Skytron Energy CAN Protection PV18 is designed for CAN (Controller Area Network) communications, ensuring optimal protection, system longevity, and improved fault tolerance for critical energy systems. Whether you’re upgrading an industrial automation cabinet, servicing energy management units, or refurbishing solar monitoring systems, this PCB card is your go-to choice.
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🔧 Product Overview
📦 Model: CAN Protection PV18
🏢 Brand: Skytron Energy
📌 Type: PCB Protection Card for CAN Networks
🆕 Condition: Tested, Verified
⚙️ Function: Signal Protection, CAN Bus Safeguarding, Energy Automation System Support
📍 Applications: Solar Plants, Energy Monitoring Systems, Industrial Automation Panels
✅ Key Features & Benefits
✔️ Genuine Skytron Energy PCB Card ✔️ Designed for critical CAN Bus communication ✔️ Optimized for energy control and monitoring systems ✔️ Enhances fault tolerance and system resilience ✔️ Ideal for solar and industrial automation ✔️ Compact, rugged, and highly efficient ✔️ Tested and reliable for long-term operations
🏭 Best Suited For
✔️ Solar Energy Plants ✔️ Energy Automation Systems ✔️ Industrial Automation Cabinets ✔️ CAN Network Controllers ✔️ Renewable Energy System Integrators ✔️ OEM Panel Upgrades ✔️ Industrial Retrofits
If you need a reliable replacement or a solid upgrade to maintain your energy automation system, the Skytron Energy CAN Protection PV18 PCB is the dependable solution you’ve been looking for.
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📽️ In This Video You’ll Learn:
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#Skytron Energy CAN Protection PV18#Skytron PCB Card#Energy Automation PCB#Solar Panel PCB#CAN Protection Module#Solar Energy Automation#PCB for Solar Plants#Industrial Automation PCB#Energy Monitoring Components#Skytron Automation#Ram Automations#Automation Parts Supplier#Solar Control Board#Used Industrial PCB#Renewable Energy PCB Card#Automation Board#Industrial PCB Module#Energy Management Board#Solar Plant Monitoring PCB
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Sharpening Our View of Climate Change with the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem Satellite
As our planet warms, Earth’s ocean and atmosphere are changing.
Climate change has a lot of impact on the ocean, from sea level rise to marine heat waves to a loss of biodiversity. Meanwhile, greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide continue to warm our atmosphere.
NASA’s upcoming satellite, PACE, is soon to be on the case!
Set to launch on Feb. 6, 2024, the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission will help us better understand the complex systems driving the global changes that come with a warming climate.

Earth’s ocean is becoming greener due to climate change. PACE will see the ocean in more hues than ever before.
While a single phytoplankton typically can’t be seen with the naked eye, communities of trillions of phytoplankton, called blooms, can be seen from space. Blooms often take on a greenish tinge due to the pigments that phytoplankton (similar to plants on land) use to make energy through photosynthesis.
In a 2023 study, scientists found that portions of the ocean had turned greener because there were more chlorophyll-carrying phytoplankton. PACE has a hyperspectral sensor, the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), that will be able to discern subtle shifts in hue. This will allow scientists to monitor changes in phytoplankton communities and ocean health overall due to climate change.

Phytoplankton play a key role in helping the ocean absorb carbon from the atmosphere. PACE will identify different phytoplankton species from space.
With PACE, scientists will be able to tell what phytoplankton communities are present – from space! Before, this could only be done by analyzing a sample of seawater.
Telling “who’s who” in a phytoplankton bloom is key because different phytoplankton play vastly different roles in aquatic ecosystems. They can fuel the food chain and draw down carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to photosynthesize. Some phytoplankton populations capture carbon as they die and sink to the deep ocean; others release the gas back into the atmosphere as they decay near the surface.
Studying these teeny tiny critters from space will help scientists learn how and where phytoplankton are affected by climate change, and how changes in these communities may affect other creatures and ocean ecosystems.
Climate models are one of our most powerful tools to understand how Earth is changing. PACE data will improve the data these models rely on.
The PACE mission will offer important insights on airborne particles of sea salt, smoke, human-made pollutants, and dust – collectively called aerosols – by observing how they interact with light.
With two instruments called polarimeters, SPEXone and HARP2, PACE will allow scientists to measure the size, composition, and abundance of these microscopic particles in our atmosphere. This information is crucial to figuring out how climate and air quality are changing.
PACE data will help scientists answer key climate questions, like how aerosols affect cloud formation or how ice clouds and liquid clouds differ.
It will also enable scientists to examine one of the trickiest components of climate change to model: how clouds and aerosols interact. Once PACE is operational, scientists can replace the estimates currently used to fill data gaps in climate models with measurements from the new satellite.
With a view of the whole planet every two days, PACE will track both microscopic organisms in the ocean and microscopic particles in the atmosphere. PACE’s unique view will help us learn more about the ways climate change is impacting our planet’s ocean and atmosphere.
Stay up to date on the NASA PACE blog, and make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of sPACE!
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this is literally scenemo!patrick and nerd!art (semi plink) https://x.com/GordaChechona/status/1931413785085902948



summary: Patrick Zweig is known to be the most cockiest asshole on campus. is it his style? his family’s money? no idea. but to say his grades are shit is an understatement. but thanks God, Art Donaldson, the little nerd, is here to help him (unwillingly, though).
pairing: scenemo!patrick x nerd!art
cw: +18. mdni. 1.6k words. power imbalance. bluff-based blackmail. humiliation kink (light). messy makeout. marking. handjob (art receiving). oral sex (art receiving). anal sex. creampie. inexperienced art. verbal degradation. aftercare.
taglist: @blastzachilles, @lvve-talks, @jordiemeow, @strfallz, @222col, @soulxinxthexsky, @diyasgarden, @jinxedbambi, @lexiiscorect, @religionlost, @bluestrd, @jclolz22, @destinedtobegigi, @imperishablereverie, @lovefaist, @shahabaqsa0310, @prismozo, @jesuistrestriste, @grimsonandclover, @nozhdyved, @artstennisracket, @yardofbrunettes, @hangels, @sweetheartfaist, @lacelottie
Art Donaldson regretted agreeing to this the second he knocked on Patrick Zweig’s dorm room door.
It wasn’t like he wanted to tutor the guy. But Professor Lang had made it very clear that Art’s extra credit depended on whether or not Patrick passed the upcoming physics midterm. Why it was Art’s responsibility that the emo-streaked, chain-wearing disaster of a student passed anything? He had no idea.
The door creaked open, and Patrick was already smirking like he knew something Art didn’t. And that was annoying.
"Right on time, Donny."
Art frowned. “It’s Art. Donaldson.”
“Sure. Come in, Donny.”
Patrick’s dorm was dim, lit only by a lava lamp and the bluish haze of a monitor playing some obscure black-and-white horror film with screaming violins. The walls were covered in band posters and doodles in sharpie. It smelled like incense and bad decisions.
Art adjusted his backpack strap and cleared his throat. “We’ll need a desk. Or at least a table.”
Patrick raised a brow and gestured toward the cluttered desk against the wall. “Knock yourself out.” And he grabbed himself a Monster energy can from a cooler that he had probably stolen at a fraternity party.
Art moved to set up, unzipping his bag, flipping open his notebook, and trying very hard to ignore the way Patrick sprawled onto his bed like this was some sort of casual sleepover. Like they were friends, or something.
“Alright. So for projectile motion, you need to remember the formulas for both the vertical and horizontal components of—”
“You always talk like you’ve got a ruler up your ass,” Patrick said, taking a sip of his drink.
Art stopped mid-sentence. “Excuse me?” Patrick grinned, rolling onto his stomach, chin on his folded arms. “I’m just saying. All stiff and formal. It’s kind of cute, honestly.”
Art flushed, ears turning red. “Let’s focus.”
They actually managed about twenty minutes of actual work (or was it just Art talking and Patrick acting like he was listening?). Art was halfway through a diagram of a parabolic arc when Patrick jumped to sit on the edge of his bed and asked, too casually:
“So, you ever had sex with a dude?”
Art’s pen slipped and his eyes widened. “W-what?”
“I mean, you’ve got the whole good little virgin vibe. Bet you’ve never even been kissed.” Patrick mocked, leaning back on his hands. Art scowled. “That’s none of your business.”
“Oh, that’s a yes, then.” Patrick was grinning like he had just gotten an award. “Damn. The smartest guy on campus and no one’s even touched his dick? That’s a tragedy.”
Art stood up so fast his notebook fell shut. “I don’t have to listen to this.” He groaned.
Patrick tilted his head. “You don’t. But I could mention it next time your name comes up in lab. I’m sure everyone would love to hear how their favorite little genius turns red if you say the word ‘cock.’” And he shrugged like his words were no big deal.
“You wouldn’t.”
Patrick stood slowly, stepping close. “Try me.” Art’s back hit the desk. Patrick’s breath smelled faintly of mint gum and smoke, and his grin had sharpened into something darker.
“So what is it?” Patrick asked, voice dropping. “You scared of it? Or just waiting for someone to teach you? Maybe you want the right person or something.”
Art swallowed hard. “I’m not a virgin.”
“Oh?” Patrick’s hand slid to Art’s hip. “Prove it. Bet you won’t.” Art hesitated. His heart pounded, and his skin felt too tight for his body.
It was a dare. A taunt. But it was also a door. One he could step through and maybe never come back from.
He lifted his chin and said, voice barely steady, “Fine.” Patrick blinked. “Wait, seriously?”
“Yeah,” Art said. “Fuck me. If you think you’re so clever, prove I can’t take it.”
The smirk that curled Patrick’s mouth was practically feral. “Oh, baby boy,” he said, hand sliding down Art’s waistband, “you just made my night.”
Patrick kissed him like he was trying to ruin him — and honestly, he might have been. Their teeth clashed, tongues messy, hands pulling at each other’s clothes. Patrick’s lip ring scraped Art’s lower lip, and he gasped when Patrick bit down, hard enough to leave a mark.
“Already breathin’ like you’re gonna cum,” Patrick teased, undoing the buttons of Art’s shirt one by one. “You that easy?”
“Shut up,” Art breathed, but his hands trembled.
Patrick pushed the shirt off his shoulders, then kissed down his neck, sucking a dark hickey into his collarbone that made Art whimper. “That’s one,” Patrick murmured, like he was keeping score.
He shoved Art’s pants down slowly, along with his briefs, and sank to his knees. Art’s cock was already hard, twitching slightly in the cool air. Patrick gave it a lazy stroke, then looked up at him with that smug, wicked smile.
“Looks like someone’s been wanting this.”
Art flushed. “Just—just do it.”
Patrick sank down to his knees and licked a stripe from base to tip, then wrapped his lips around the head, sucking gently while his fingers played at the base. Art groaned, grabbing the edge of the desk for support. His knees shook with every slow bob of Patrick’s mouth, every swirl of tongue. It was too much and not enough all at once.
Patrick’s other hand slid up to pinch one of Art’s nipples, and that dragged out a ragged moan that made him grin around the shaft in his mouth.
“F-fuck—Patrick—gonna—” Art gasped.
Patrick pulled off with a lewd pop. “Already? Jesus, nerd.”
He stroked him lazily, teasing the slit with his thumb before going back to suck on the tip, like he was trying to overwhelm him. He moaned around Art’s head before moving his head away to speak, a thread of saliva connecting his lips to the tip.
“You wanna cum, you gotta earn it.” Art glared, panting. “Then fuck me.”
Patrick chuckled. “You’re serious.”
“You said to prove it,” Art said, cheeks pink, lips bitten. “So do it. I’m not scared.”
Patrick didn’t need telling twice.
He got up on his feet and flipped Art around, bending him over the desk. The cold wood against his stomach made him shiver. Both his hands explored Art’s backside, to his lower back and back down to his thighs. Patrick wanted to squeeze, to mark and spank; but he didn’t.
There was a second of shuffling when his hands moved away — the sound of a belt unbuckling, and lube being squeezed.
Patrick pressed a slick finger inside, and Art jolted. “Shh. Relax.”
He added another after a moment of in and out, scissoring gently, and Art whimpered against his arm. “Nngh—s’good—” Patrick bent over him a bit more over the desk, whispering into his ear, “You’re doing so good, baby. Gonna make you feel so fucking full.”
He took his time to prepare Art, hearing his moans and loud breathing, back arching for Patrick’s fingers to go deeper inside him. After a few minutes, his fingers pulled out and Art whined at the emptiness he felt.
When he finally pushed in after stroking his own cock, it was slow but deliberate, and Art gasped loud, fingers clawing at the desk’s edge. The stretch burned — unfamiliar and overwhelming — but Patrick didn’t stop until he was fully seated.
“Holy fuck,” Patrick groaned. “You’re so tight.” He said, not moving to let Art adjust to his size and the new intrusion. His hands massaged his lower back. “Good, Donnie?”
Art didn’t even correct him on the nickname as he whined and nodded his head. “Yeah—You can move now…”
He started to move, pulling out and thrusting back in, setting a pace that was rough enough to jolt the desk with every stroke. Art’s mouth fell open in a silent cry as pleasure bloomed under the pain, sharp and dizzying.
Patrick gripped his hips, bruising, and leaned forward to bite his neck again. “Not such a virgin anymore, huh?”
Art moaned helplessly, back arching, the sound punched out of him with every thrust. His walls clenched around Patrick’s cock when his tip hit his prostate. Art’s lips parted and his head rolled to the ceiling. Patrick reached around to stroke his cock in time with his rhythm. Art was already close, pushed right to the edge from the blowjob, and it didn’t take long.
“I—I’m gonna—” he gasped.
“Do it,” Patrick growled. “Wanna feel you cum while I’m inside you.”
Art came hard in a silent cry, spilling over Patrick’s hand and the desk, whole body trembling. The squeeze of his muscles around Patrick’s cock dragged him over the edge seconds later, hips stuttering as he came with a low, filthy groan, filling Art’s insides until it was dripping down his thighs.
They stayed like that for a moment, both of them panting, sweat slick and skin sticky.
Patrick pulled out slowly and his hands started to massage Art’s thighs and lower back. He also grabbed some tissues from the desk and started to clean Art as best as he could. Slow motion, almost tender.
“You okay?” he asked, voice quieter now, but still smug.
Art nodded weakly, still bent over the desk, lips parted. “Can’t believe you actually let me fuck you,” Patrick said, pressing a kiss to the nape of Art’s neck when he was done. “You gonna tell anyone?” Art asked, voice hoarse.
Patrick grinned. “No way. Then they’d all want a turn.”
He helped Art back into his clothes — sort of — and handed him a bottle of water from the mini fridge. As Art sat on the edge of the bed, trying to catch his breath, Patrick sat down next to him and brushed Art’s hair from his sweaty forehead.
“So,” he said, “same time next week?”
Art rolled his eyes — but didn’t say no.
#★ mika’s writing .ᐟ#challengers#artrick challengers#challengers smut#challengers fandom#art donaldson#art donaldson x patrick zweig#art donaldson challengers#art donaldson smut#patrick zweig#patrick zweig x art donaldson#patrick zweig challengers#patrick zweig smut#patrick zweig fanfic#art donaldson fanfic
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physeng(write, file, "tco_physeng_breakdown.png");
to:compiler {file}
to:compiler {txt: "Internet and Outernet are full of StickFigures with similar body plans, so there are optimizations for rendering vector strokes specifically. it's way more efficient to use those optimizations than keep calculating perfect spheres for no aesthetic benefit."}
{txt: "btw why haven't heat issues been patched yet"}
{txt: "i fixed this years ago for the latest model. remember."}
from:compiler {txt: "Thank you. The avast! nodes will appreciate the credits. TheChosenOne.exe has been unreachable for some time."}
to:compiler {txt: "you mean OuternetPhysEng still won't update their programs"}
from:compiler {txt: "Yes."}
to:compiler {txt: "and still won't provide a specific location?"}
from:compiler {txt: "Do not allow them to bring up the moral argument again."}
to:compiler {txt: "OK. fine. yes. i will spare both of us"}
to:compiler {txt: "abridged or full docs?"}
from:compiler {txt: "Abridged. Please describe the acronyms."}
to:compiler {txt: "ofc"}
{txt: "
sel.per.filter: standard StickFigure component (src)*****. invisible membrane with special collision properties. protects mouthparts.
H2O scoop: avast! code. implements water retrieval from ambient air.
EIS: avast! code. destroys ingested materials identified as, "dangerous" before they reach internal systems.
SOS: avast! code. they only said this one was, "used for control."
ECL: avast! code. recycles some forms of contact energy.
THROUGHLINE: base code, initialization data, and processing space for vitals. found in some form in all StickFigure-type worms. following unique sectors noted: Black Hole Monitoring System, Basic Intake Threat Enum, Fly By Wire.
smaller points list other vital and peripheral systems.
"}
from:compiler {txt: "Thank you. That's enough."}
end(physeng());
@compressedrage as per my previous email /silly
related: pliable stick figure biotech
#part silly part serious effort part headcanon lore dump part speculation part diegetic technical document-#the most complex diagram i ever-#anD the entire interconnected system of hcs ive had on TCO functionality to date.#pleeeeeeease ask me about it :33333 if u wanna#of course chosen would have no clue about Any of these specifics. that's like expecting a preschooler to know the Krebs Cycle.#meaning no insult to their intelligence - just that there's no way for them to know unless someone tells em ¯\_(ツ)_/¯#and there's no junior high Health class for elusive hi-PWR sticks. seems like these two are big fans though(?)#;3#***** ''filter is a two-way selectively permeable membrane that allows some objects through and rejects others ...#... can: filter gases from liquids ... cannot: filter microparticles (smoke [or] aerosols)''#--/ art#--/ story#alan becker#ava the chosen one#animator vs animation#subpixels#executable!au#ava au
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Roll for Initiative--Part 2
Joe’s managed to keep the lock down about his limited knowledge on Dungeons & Dragons. He won’t say he learned about it because of you.
It only takes one text message though for the truth to start to unravel. If slaying dragons and BBEGs isn’t the place to confess feelings, where is?
Joe Burrow x Black Reader.
This is a quick and dirty mini series. Will have a full arch but may not be the usual work. I will write a proper series/fic for Joe. Please enjoy! @hoodharlow is getting her flowers as deserved.
Series Masterlist
Complete Masterlist
______________
Joe laughs, settling next to you. "You're sure this is okay?"
The screen in front is different than the sheet in his hands. There's more menus and tabs. Your icon is highlighted in green, circling around and around on monitor while your laptop screen reflects the Zoom call. Your camera is off and you're muted and so is Jeremiah, who in the Zoom chat, messaged that he'd be 'afk, getting water and snacks'.
"I have explicit permission," you return, sliding another pencil towards Joe.
During dinner Joe asked if he could try his hand at playing a session as a way to test if he actually wanted to risk embarrassment to the entire offensive line of the Bengals. One text to Jeremiah to see if you could sub in a friend to play during one of the regular sessions--comprised of some of your college friends and two of Jeremiah's coworkers--as your character lands both of you here, three weeks later.
"Still, I feel like I'm intruding or something," Joe returns, slipping the pencil behind his ear.
"It's all good. I won't make any moves in combat until you say so."
"Can you explain the difference between spell slots and cantrip? A crossbow and the hammer seem straightforward, but I'm still confused."
Your laptop dings and you notice Kimberly's joined the call. "Oh, I'm all alone," she laughs. "But hi, if you can hear me."
Your fingers work over the keys, Am here. With the Joe right now and we'll be ready in like two minutes.
You watch her read over the text and then throw a thumbs up in view of the camera. "No worries," she smiles. "Excited to meet this guy. Hi, Joe too. If you can hear me."
Joe snickers. "So, I'm guessing they don't know it's me."
You shake your head. "Not quite."
Joe says hi, you type in return to Kimberly.
You can't recall a time in college that Joe hung out with your friends, though maybe once you saw each other in the dinning halls. But you don't bring him up in conversation much, now with star status, you do what you can to prevent too much attention to yourself and anything that could cause problems for Joe. Training camp, the season, and now his off seasons are jam packed so you let it be, and take the text messages and FaceTimes when they come. It's easier this way. Though you do miss hanging out with him, you understand the busy schedule.
It's not lost on you that he's here, in your tiny one bedroom apartment, squeezed in tight at your dining room table--shoulder to shoulder, but you're not thinking about that--when he could be elsewhere. When he was in Australia, when he was in Paris, when he was in New Orleans, he still texted you. He still cared.
But now's not the time. Now you have to focus on prepping him in the sliver of minutes you have.
"The difference between spells and cantrips, uh, let's see if I can explain this in a way that makes sense. Spells basically have a costs. You can only do them a limited number of times and typically you have to have all the ingredients," you say pointing out on the larger screen the required components underneath each spell. "Another way to think about it is that spell use a lot of energy and when in battle, once all the extra energy for spells is used, all the slots are used up, you have to rest to get that energy back. Depending on how long you rest will tell you how many spells slots you get. Cantrips don't take much energy at all, very minimal and so you can use them over and over and over again in combat with little wear and tear."
It's just starting to cross over his face--understanding. But his brows are still knitted together. "That sort of makes sense, I think."
"Hmm, think about it like this. You have to use more energy when the pocket collapse right in order not to get sacked, or to make that long throw and go for the long pass, right? Think big explosive plays where you're scrambling either for an opening or to make every yard count."
Joe nods, laughing a little. "Yeah. Those would be spells, I take it?"
"Exactly. Now compare that to dump passes, or run plays. You don't have to expend too much energy to do that. You take the snap, hand the ball off and then basically get out of dodge right?"
"Those are cantrips," he returns, face brightening with the smile. "Got it."
"And I know football is much more complicated that that, but in lamest terms."
"No, no, I appreciate it. I'm sure spells and cantrips are much more complicated than what you're explaining right now. But I got it. Just as long as you handle all the lore."
Two more dings are heard. Jeremiah returns to the computer, his voice bouncing from your speakers. You nod at Joe. "Lore is what I do, baby. All day, every day."
Joe's laughter echoes in your ears.
Joe's not sure what he expected. Maybe he anticipated a countdown, a heads up. It never comes though. There's only the shock.
In all the laughing, he'd turned his attention back to the pages in front of him. His eyes flicker over the words, Sacred Flame, and how many d6's of damage are incurred by the weapons. He doesn't know what Common means as a language, but he nearly makes a joke about the rapper until he hears the gasps. The collective shock and he looks up.
The camera's on now, his face reflecting back at him and surrounded on the tiny Zoom square are faces he's seen really only in passing and in Instagram grids. "Hi," he waves. "Thanks for letting me join."
"What the fuck?" Kimberly gasps. Joe catches the glimpse of her Bengals t-shirt in the preview box, not his number, but when Joe spots the number 1 printed onto the shirt, the top of it decorated with Always and the bottom says Open. His chest swells with a little bit of pride. It's a fan made shirt, but now, he sort of wants one too.
"Agh!" Someone shouts and then immediately mutes themself, Aryanna reads the text book on Zoom. The only box that's muted. The name rings familiar and when Joe studies her face for just a second more, it clicks, your old freshman year roommate. Her face is framed differently with the short pixie cut rather than her long waves from college. Her hands are slapped over her mouth, but her shoulder shake just a little in the frame.
"Oh, well, welcome," Jeremiah finally stutters out.
"You didn't tell us it was the Joe you were talking about from college was Joe fucking Burrow," Kimberly screeches. "I would not have worn this," she hisses, holding the shirt up between her forefinger and thumb as she does, "if I had of known."
"Oops," you shrug. "Slipped my mind I guess."
Two other guys are clearly starstruck, slack jaws and eyes wide as they stare into their screens. Joe has to wonder if part of your lack of transparency is for this comedic outbursts amongst the group. A couple more voices have pipped in with Holy shit, holy fucking shit, and Babe! Pinch me. No, no, you gotta pinch me right now, because I am fucking dreaming.
And it is a little funny, to watch the group blink through the shock and then slowly one by one settle into the truth--it is indeed him, Joe Burrow, on their computer screens. "Oh, this is embarrassing," Kimberly laughs. "I have to go change."
"No, no, it's fine. Really. I'm just here to learn," Joe laughs. "But it is nice t-shirt, so it's good to know you all have good taste."
"Everyone has to start somewhere," Jeremiah returns. "Happy to have you here today. Really takes the wind out of my sails about the whole introduction to us having a guest, since, well, it's you, Joe. But nevertheless. How much do you know before I do the recap?"
"Pretty caught up. I know there's a unicorn that was stolen, a maze that nearly ended in a very painful spiked death, undead armies with skeletons chasing after you all, and supposedly a lot of drinking by one pirate in the party, but I won't name any names," Joe answers.
Jonathon snorts. "Hey, Bobby works hard. He's allowed a drink, or two."
"Or five and then stiffs the barkeep and we're blacklisted in that town," you return.
"We needed information and the barkeep was acting shady," Jonathon laughs.
"In Bobby's defense, we did get the information we needed," Kimberly interjects. "So it worked."
"Alright," Jeremiah cuts in. "Joe, seems like you're well caught up. Feel free to ask questions whenever. Let's get started."
It takes a solid twenty minutes for Joe to keep up on who's character is who, and when the group is using character names versus their actual names. But it's not hard, thankfully, given the practice of putting their character names in brackets on the Zoom. He listens, taking in the way the group plays--the quick asides that are always noted as not being in character and the asides that are noted as being in character.
One such aside, about who cares about a tiefling kid that's been discovered abandoned on the side of the road, sparks a sharp and sudden anger out of your character. So much so that Joe almost worries it's actual anger, and reaches for your elbow, a gentle squeeze that pulls you back into him.
"That kid matters," you returns, falling into the pull of Joe's hand. "We can't leave him."
"He could be a traitor. Someone planted. We can't go picking up anyone and everyone that looks lonely," Jonathon returns. It's clear that the exchange for Jonathon is in character. He reclines back in his chair, his words slurred in the way that sober people try to replicate but never get right.
"Fuck you, Bobby," you nearly shout it and then like a switch, your voice is calm again, "Nassdeth shakes with their anger, a little bit of spit flies out with the words." This is in character for you too and Joe gingerly runs the hand that was on your elbow over your back before returning it to his side. It's an intriguing watch, the way the group flows so effortlessly. The strategizing up to this point on directions, rotations. The combats been minimal, an encounter in the midst of the travels from one kindgdom to the next. Joe managed to deliver the damning blow on one wisp, which felt like a major win, even if his poor understanding took half your character's health.
You continue on, speaking, clearly back in character. "Fuck you and your drunkard ass. This kid needs our help."
"Reality check, Nass, you're not a god. Get over yourself," Jonathon returns.
"Nassdeth slaps Bobby. Their eyes turn a little dark. The clouds look a little darker than usual and they're rolling in fast. There's a bit more bass in their voice as they speak. 'I am a god,' Nassdeth says. There's like a tiny bit of thunder that cracks too when they say the word 'god' too."
"Oh, whoa, time," Jeremiah calls. The group collectively turns to him. He calls out your name. "You sure about this?"
You nod. "I'm sure."
"You're game, Jonathan? You want to play it like this?"Jeremiah checks in.
He nods, grinning as he sips up straighter in his seat. "Oh, Bobby was born ready for this."
Joe waits, watching over the smile pressing at the corner of your lips. He's not sure if you've been planning this, or if there's something else he's missing, but he's enraptured. He grabs a few kernels of popcorn from the bowl you popped earlier and forgets for a minute he's not even watching a movie or a TV show.
This is only a game. But he can envision it. The horse and buggy pulled over on the side of the road, the drunked slump of Bobby's body on the carriage. Nassdeth's short and stocky body standing on the bench above him, shaking as they speak. The scared tiefling boy on the side of the road. Zarinda, Aryanna's half or barbarian; Peter, the monk; and Saph, Kimberly's sorcerer, all packed in around them.
He can imagine the way the camera, should it be there, tracked in on the clouds rolling in, how the sound of Nassdeth's voice shook the air around them. "Damn, this is good," he mutters.
"Roll for initiative," Jeremiah returns.
The sound of the electronic dice echoes. "19," Jonathon states.
"Oh, shit, you're actually fighting your own party member?" Joe asks, somehow as if he hadn't heard the demand for both of them to roll initiative.
You snicker. "Yeah, is it okay if I take over this combat encounter?"
"Yeah, yeah, I would not want to interrupt this," Joe returns, picking up the bowl now. "This is getting fucking good."
Another dice rolls. "17," you call out though the system shows the number anyway. Jeremiah nods and Joe turns attention back to you, wondering if there's something in this backstory that he's missing. He assume there is something he's missed. But he's okay with not knowing just as long as it comes out during this session.
"Another flash of lightning strikes, hitting Nassdeth straight on. But rather then frying the carriage, rather than a scream of agony, Nassdeth remains standing," Jeremiah tacks on. "Bobby, because this is a bit of a surprise, I am going to give you advantage on your first roll and you'll get one free action. If anyone else thinks they might join in, roll now for me, but the first round of combat is just Bobby and Nass."
Only a couple more dice are rolled. "15."
"10."
"Let's rock and roll."
The fight happens seemingly in slow motion for Joe. Bobby spills his drink at the flash of lightning. But Bobby pushes up and takes on the wooden staff he collected at some point in the adventure out to take a swing. He misses, swiping too high over Nass but does follow up with a blow to their ribs.
Nass returns with a rather hearty kick to the Bobby's chest. The metal armor humming with a soft yellow glow. The two trade blows and misses. Nass' punch just narrowly being dodged by Bobby. Around and around, spilling out into the dirt road they're on. Tree branches fall from high heights with Nass' impact. Bobby takes a rather meaty blow to his knees, nearly incapacitating him. Peter jumps in first to help, spending a qui point to release a flurry of blows. Only one manages to hit Nass' AC and do damage.
Nass remains standing, bloody no doubt, over a haggard Bobby, their foot pressed into Bobby's chest, the lightning burning at the skin. "Only fools fight gods," you quip. "And if you care to be a fool, just know not all gods are kind."
Joe can see the measly single digits on your health bar, but he notices though now in the encounter tab there's a second icon beneath yours that's not on the screen. Is Nassdeath just one skin of yours? Would this form crumble only to reveal your true self should someone want to deliver the damning blow?
He sits up straighter and knows he can't say anything. No one else can know. But he smiles all the same, watching you in your character's groove. Joe's not sure if someone would actually fight their party member, if it would make for a good experience, but perhaps, that can make it better. That there's just enough tension to create interesting plot lines.
"Saph takes a tree branch and launches it at Nass," Kimberly interjects.
"Hmm, which branch?" Jeremiah questions. "There's the two smaller ones I mentioned and then the giant one."
"The giant one," Kimberly answers.
"Oh shit," Aryanna laughs.
"Give me a strength check. I think Saph is athletic enough to throw it. But it is a hefty branch."
The sound of dice echoes again. Dirty 20," Kimberly answers.
"Fuck, really?" Joe sits up and sees there, in the log that the original number rolled was a 16, but with the +4 to strength brings up the total.
Another set of dice is rolled. "8 damage," she reads out.
"No!" Joe cries. Though he is interested to see what happens next. "Nass, no!"
The group laughs at his outburst but Jeremiah recovers faster. "How are you doing this Saph?"
"What?" Kimberly shrieks. "What do you mean? No, no, no, I take it back."
"I'm sorry," Jeremiah returns. "Can't take it back this time. How are you taking down Nassdeth?"
"Do it looney tunes style. Spin around and send that bitch," Aryanna jokes.
Kimberly snorts. "No, that's literally what I was thinking. I mean, fuck it we ball, right?"
"Send it," you encourage.
"Saph picks up the giant branch. It's heavy, but she gives it a few test twirls and then chucks it, right at the back of Nass's body."
"Okay," Jeremiah returns. "Saph, you pick up the branch, it's not as heavy as you think, but you're still pretty far so you spin around once, then twice, and when you toss it, it arches up and then hits Nass directly in the back of the head. You can hear the branch shatter, splinters out. There's smoke. You catch just a few tendrils of the smoke in the air before the whole forest lights. Beams of light shoot out from the spot Nass stands, the energy gives off a blast, blows the carriage up which sends Peter, Saph, Zarinda, and the kid all flying backwards. Bobby you feel like you're being choked. The light's burning your eyes and the pressure on your chest grows and grows.
This goes for twenty seconds or so and then cuts out like a light switch being turned off. On top of you now is not that the small dwarf you all have grown to love to hate and hate to love. They're a little bit taller, only about a foot or so. The clothes don't fight, the amor's a little too tight. The face is a bit more slender--still dark skinned, still has the dreads, but just a little bit different. The eyes are totally blacked out."
Jeremiah's chat pops up in the small laptop screen. Joe sees notices because it's got red next to it, instead of the normal blue. Your voice echoes right next to Joe.
"Bobby, I hope damning yourself was worth it."
Jonathon pushes in closer to the screen, his voice is soft and weak, croaky in a way that makes it clear he's still playing as Bobby who's been exhausted and nearly beaten in battle. His eyes dance though, the realization dawning on him. "You're not Nassdeth."
"Oh, no, no. You're right. I'm not. Never was. Heard y'all have been looking for me though. So close there for a while."
"Nass-Nassven?" Jonathon croaks out. He smiles as he says it though.
"Nassven steps in a little harder onto Bobby's chest," you start. "Nice to make your acquaintance. That boy's coming with me, whether you like it or not."
"No fucking way! Oh no fucking way!" the group shrieks. The dining room fills with the laughter and the shock. Kimberly runs from her computer, though her scream still fill the room.
Joe sits and waits. He's heard the name Nassven before, he thinks. He's sure he has. You mentioned it once. The person your group was on the way to meet.
"Wait, wait, wait, wait," Joe laughs. "You're the guy! This whole time!"
Your grin up at him and nod. "Yep, the whole time."
"And that concludes tonight's session," Jeremiah announces. It's nearly swallowed up by the shrieks and cries.
Joe can't believe it. "Wait, no, no, that's insane. Jeremiah, you sit your ass back down I need answers."
You take Joe's elbow gently. "We've been playing for two and a half hours."
"But, c'mon. That's such a big cliff hanger."
"Join us next week," Jeremiah offers. "We meet pretty regularly."
"Make me a character, somehow, someway, I want in on this," Joe's laughing, but he means it. He wants in and then he turns to you. "If you create a plot line half as crazy as this, I know the entire team will want in games."
"Oh, please let me be a fly on the wall the day you get the team to play D&D. Better yet, record it and make it a series on YouTube, I beg," Kimberly laughs.
"I'll make some calls," Joe returns, laughing and still in awe of the plot twist.
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Space Academy Drafting
Hi! So I've been trying to finish things before posting them so I can edit them and make them perfect which has led to stagnation! I'm trying some thing new to get myself writing in large quantities again. I'll be posting the pieces of Space Academy Final Chapter (from my AU August on AO3) as I write/complete them for the validation on Tumblr and then posting the entire finished work on AO3. If you have the time or inclination to leave a nice comment that would be awesome! Suggestions or very gentle constructive criticism - preferably sandwiched between paragraphs of compliments - is also welcome. Just remember, this is a very rough draft and my ego is fragile.
First Part is below the cut.
“We’re here,” Skyfire whispered. Jazz leaned against Prowl’s thin shoulder and braced him as the landing gear gently tapped the tarmac before starting to coast. Clouds of red silica swirled past the windows so that the dark hold was now a muted ruby. Skyfire rolled a few extra kliks into a silky smooth landing.
“Thanks, mech,” Jazz whispered back, pushing himself up with a groan.
First Aid took his place next to the still recharging Prowl, disconnecting the monitors. “Ratchet’s on his way,” he said as he rolled up the cables and closed each minute hatch on his torso.
“Old Slagger ‘s probably waitin’ outside the door,” Jazz groused. He stretched and cycled his optics, hoping to cover some of the static. Using his field as a blanket for so long had given him a splitting helmache – he didn’t need Ratchet’s grumbling on top of that.
“Probably,” ‘Aid agreed, standing up and –
-immediately tipping backwards.
“Whoa, bitlet!” Jazz rushed forwards as Skyfire flung one of his seats out from the wall to catch him. Jazz eased ‘Aid down. “You okay?” If it wasn’t one youngling it was another.
“Fine!” First Aid squeaked. “I’m fine!” He stayed where he was, servos gripping the armrests. “Hooking him directly into my monitoring system must have been…a bit more than I could do.”
“If it’s that drainin’ why’d you do it?”
“It was the only way to get the real-time alerts as we flew!” First Aid defended, taking out and popping open an energy gel packet.
“Open up already!” came a muffled shout from outside.
Jazz and First Aid shared a look.
“Don’t…perhaps don’t tell him?” he pleaded. “I’m not exactly cleared to do long term monitoring without external components and…”
“I saw nothin’.” Like mentor, like student.
“Nor did I,” Skyfire agreed. “Should I let him in?”
Jazz looked over at First Aid, who was getting to his pedes more steadily now.
“I don’t know. Didja tell him to be on his best behavior?”
First Aid snorted and unbuckled Prowl. The mech barely grumbled, too deep in recharge to really be aware as First Aid slipped the straps out from under him.
Frag, he was so light ‘Aid was lifting him with a single servo.
Someone was banging on the door.
“This is best behavior for Ratchet.”
“So should I…?”
“Let ‘em in, Skyfire. Ratchet‘ll want to look him over before movin’ him.”
Like a sniper on assignment, Ratchet has optics only for his target, snapping out cords and scanners even as he climbed in.
“He’s okay to move. He’s malnourished, injured, suffering from processor damage and probably some severe wire degradation, and frankly I’ve seen less stressed corpses, but he is okay to move.”
“Some of that is long term,” Jazz added. “If you got the file –“
“I’ve read the file, I’ve extrapolated everything you didn’t say in the file.” He lifted Prowl from the fold-down as smooth and gentle as if they were in zero-g. The hatch sprung back open for Ratchet and First Aid, who rested a servo on Prowl as they descended.
“You have to be nice ta him, Ratchet,” Jazz said, trying to subtly open the gel packet First Aid had palmed him when Ratchet was distracted.
“Yeah, yeah.” He was already nearly to the bottom. For someone who complained about his joints so much, the famed Medic was surprisingly nimble when he wanted to be.
Jazz took two steps down the ramp and hissed as every grain of silica jabbed into the acid-thinned rivets in his plating.
“This fraggin’ planet.”
0-0-0
Jazz was banished to one of the waiting chairs just outside medbay. Ratchet had taken one quick scan of him and shoved a cube of medical grade into his servos.
“Drink and rest,” he’d ordered, picking Cadet Prowl up from the gurney to transfer into a proper medical berth. “I’ll let you know when I need you.”
Now there was nothing to do but wait and put the finishing touches on his report.
Usually, given his instinctive hatred of paperwork, Jazz would put off a report until someone hounded him. Usually Optimus. This time, Jazz took pleasure in outlining, in loving detail, all the ways the superiors had failed at that station.
They’d ignored warning signs.
They’d neglected a student in their care.
They’d belittled one of their own.
The only good thing Jazz could say about them was that they’d called for help.
He was less than impressed.
A hushed, “Jazz?” pulled his attention away from transcribing the entire conversation with Cadet Prowl’s superiors.
“Hey, Optimus.” Jazz smiled and the bossbot ducked his helm in return.
“I read your initial report. Can you tell me more about this cadet?” Optimus took a few steps and settled on the floor next to him without even scuffing the linoleum, shedding a layer of red sand.
“He’s brilliant OP. Did you get the software samples I sent over? He programed those to better map the terrain on their hikes. If you look at the timestamps he programed them while on the hikes. His early scores in all the academic subjects are off the charts. Top in Tactics, Hacking, Military Law – never got the hang of Diplomacy, but neither did Mia or ‘Hide – and I asked Ratchet to check if anything was up with his frame since he’s failed all the physical tests.”
“Do you think he’ll be able to…cope with our mission here?”
Jazz considered it. Most of what Jazz “knew” was finely tuned predictions and suspicions.
“I think,” he said slowly, rubbing at one sore, acid pit in his armor, remembering the Cadet’s words out in the rain, “that if anyone is gonna understand being scared of beings bigger and stronger, it’s gonna be him. He knows what it’s like to look up at somebot and be afraid.”
Optimus had let slip a smile when Jazz mentioned Ironhide and diplomacy. Now he bent his helm, his field shot through with determination and hope. It settled something in Jazz.
He enjoyed rattling bots – his cover was Internal Affairs for a reason – but sometimes it wore on him. His record as an independent agent spoke for itself and he knew he had earned his rank, knew that he’d proven himslef. Still, nice to be back where he knew the moral authority smuggled glitchmice into his habsuite and cried during The Little Merformer.
Ratchet poked his helm around the doorframe, frowned at them both and said, “He’s stable. Come inside so I can check those acid pits.” He looked Optimus up and down. “And where have you been? You’re purple! Get in the decontamination tank.”
Optimus rose to his pedes, helm bent soothingly. “I’ve been helping with the construction –“
“Ha! ‘Helping.’” He disappeared back into the medbay.
Optimus looked at him.
“Mmhmm.”
Inside the sat, it was sedate sterility. The only activity beside the beeping machines around Prowl was First Aid who was slumped, face first, on a berth. Two other students were fluttering around him, scanning and –
“-all the way back! What was it like? Did you treat the acid with –“
-eagerly interrogating him about his outing.
Well, Prime had specifically requested new recruits for this venture. He’d ended up with a batch of baby medics, half a dozen soldiers with their pede in retirement and the other half with a pede still in the school room, and an uptight, chip on his shoulder, about to be let go Special Operations agent.
Former, uptight, chip on his should Ops agent, Jazz correct himself. Trapped on this alien planet had softened all of his edges, slaggit.
Maybe it was just the right place for a half-broken, brilliant, Tactical Cadet?
Ratchet waved them closer to Cadet Prowl’s berth.
“Don’t worry, he’s so heavily sedated if our neighbors dropped a bomb on us Primus would have to shake him awake in the Well.”
Optimus grumbled. “I’m not sure that is entirely appropriate.” His servos fluttered slightly before gripping the berth rail and lean closer. Jazz found himself also taking a step closer – just a bit closer than Optimus.
Ratchet ignored him and swiped through the chart hanging over the berth.
“The Base medics report is trite, badly formatted, and missing most of the information, but it does mention the most important parts: long term severe malnutrition – probably started when he was still a sparkling - poorly repaired injuries, and a chronic processor condition. The processor fault is Spark-based, not a wiring problem, so it wouldn’t have shown up on his intake exam.”
“The effects of the malnutrition?” Optimus asked. Now he was straightening the thin plastic sheet that covered the Cadet from pede to chestplate. Jazz’s servos itched – strangely – to do the same.
“Every bot is different. We’ll work on what we can see first – the thin cables in his hips and the poor energy usage should be easy fixes. A lot of his scanning equipment has been cracked for awhile – vorns probably – and the acid damage to his pedes and armor should be an easy fix.”
“That’s good.”
“Slagging acid rain.”
“The processor fault will take more time,” Ratchet continued, flicking Optimus’s servos away from where he was straightening the foam supports. “And I’m going to consult with a couple of experts before we start talking a treatment plan. This damage has been accumulating since he was sparked.”
“Poor mechling,” Optimus rumbled, his servos now contritely by his sides. “I’m glad he’s here now.” He straightened the sheet again.
Ratchet rolled his optics skyward.
“Go ahead - he’s out cold.”
“I wouldn’t want to –“
“It won’t mess with my equipment and you’re the fragging Prime – he’s not going to mind.”
“You’re probably right. Thank you.”
Optimus lifted a gentle servo and rested it on Prowl’s arm. Oh. He’d been waiting for permission.
0-0-0
Sometime later, after Optimus had had his period of melancholy brooding and Ratchet had chased him out to recharge, Ratchet was allowing the other medics to work on some of Cadet Prowl’s more minor damage. Jazz was starting to zone out as they whispered and welded and grappled with the unique horror that was long term damage.
“Cracked lens”
“We have to do this very, very gently.”
“What do you think would be the best heat setting for –“
Jazz had just sent his report when the door to the medbay burst open.
“Read the report - WHO THE FRAG DO I SHOOT?!”
The medics - sensibly - dived behind Ratchet.
Jazz snapped to his pedes and held out a quieting servo, even as he strode forwards. He’d been trying to avoid this.
“Shh, Chromia, you’ll wake him up!”
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This story originally appeared on Vox and is part of the Climate Desk collaboration.
Odorless and colorless, methane is a gas that is easy to miss—but it’s one of the most important contributors to global warming. It can trap up to 84 times as much heat as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, though it breaks down much faster. Measured over 100 years, its warming effect is about 30 times that of an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.
That means that over the course of decades, it takes smaller amounts of methane than carbon dioxide to heat up the planet to the same level. Nearly a third of the increase in global average temperatures since the Industrial Revolution is due to methane, and about two-thirds of those methane emissions comes from human activity like energy production and cattle farming. It’s one of the biggest and fastest ways that human beings are warming the Earth.
But the flip side of that math is that cutting methane emissions is one of the most effective ways to limit climate change.
In 2021, more than 100 countries including the United States committed to reducing their methane pollution by at least 30 percent below 2020 levels by 2030. But some of the largest methane emitters like Russia and China still haven’t signed on, and according to a new report from the International Energy Agency, global methane emissions from energy production are still rising.
Yet the tracking of exactly how much methane is reaching the atmosphere isn’t as precise as it is for carbon dioxide. “Little or no measurement-based data is used to report methane emissions in most parts of the world,” according to the IEA. “This is a major issue because measured emissions tend to be higher than reported emissions.” It’s also hard to trace methane to specific sources—whether from natural sources like swamps, or from human activities like fossil fuel extraction, farming, or deforestation.
Researchers are gaining a better understanding of where methane is coming from, surveilling potential sources from the ground, from the sky, and from space. It turns out a lot of methane is coming from underappreciated sources, including coal mines and small oil and gas production facilities.
The report also notes that while there are plenty of low-cost tools available to halt much of this methane from reaching the atmosphere, they’re largely going unused.
The United States, the world’s third largest methane-emitting country, has seen its methane emissions slowly decline over the past 30 years. However, the Trump administration is pushing for more fossil fuel development while rolling back some of the best bang-for-buck programs for mitigating climate change, which will likely lead to even more methane reaching the atmosphere if left unchecked.
Where Is All This Methane Coming From?
Methane is the dominant component of natural gas, which provides more than a third of US energy. It’s also found in oil formations. During the drilling process, it can escape wells and pipelines, but it can also leak as it’s transported and at the power plants and furnaces where it’s consumed.
The oil and gas industry says that methane is a salable product, so they have a built-in incentive to track it, capture it, and limit its leaks. But oil developers often flare methane, meaning burn it off, because it’s not cost-effective to contain it. That burned methane forms carbon dioxide, so the overall climate impact is lower than just letting the methane go free.
And because methane is invisible and odorless, it can be difficult and expensive to monitor it and prevent it from getting out. As a result, researchers and environmental activists say the industry is likely releasing far more than official government estimates show.
Methane also seeps out from coal mines—more methane, actually, than is released during the production of natural gas, which after all is mostly methane. Ember, a clean-energy think tank, put together this great visual interactive showing how this happens.
The short version is that methane is embedded in coal deposits, and as miners dig to expose coal seams, the gas escapes, and continues to do so long after a coal mine reaches the end of its operating life. Since coal miners are focused on extracting coal, they don’t often keep track of how much methane they’re letting out, nor do regulators pay much attention.
According to Ember, methane emissions from coal mines could be 60 percent higher than official tallies. Abandoned coal mines are especially noxious, emitting more than abandoned oil and gas wells. Added up, methane emitted from coal mines around the world each year has the same warming effect on the climate as the total annual carbon dioxide emissions of India.
Alarmed by the gaps in the data, some nonprofits have taken it upon themselves to try to get a better picture of methane emissions at a global scale using ground-based sensors, aerial monitors, and even satellites. In 2024, the Environmental Defense Fund launched MethaneSAT, which carries instruments that can measure methane output from small, discrete sources over a wide area.
Ritesh Gautam, the lead scientist for MethaneSAT, explained that the project revealed some major overlooked methane emitters. Since launching, MethaneSAT has found that in the US, the bulk of methane emissions doesn’t just come from a few big oil and gas drilling sites, but from many small wells that emit less than 100 kilograms per hour.
“Marginal wells only produce 6 to 7 percent of [oil and gas] in the US, but they disproportionately account for almost 50 percent of the US oil and gas production-related emissions,” Gautam said. “These facilities only produce less than 15 barrels of oil equivalent per day, but then there are more than half a million of these just scattered around the US.”
There Are Ways to Stop Methane Emissions, but We’re Not Using Them
The good news is that many of the tools for containing methane from the energy industry are already available. “Around 70 percent of methane emissions from the fossil fuel sector could be avoided with existing technologies, often at a low cost,” according to the IEA methane report.
For the oil and gas industry, that could mean something as simple as using better fittings in pipelines to limit leaks and installing methane capture systems. And since methane is a fuel, the sale of the saved methane can offset the cost of upgrading hardware. Letting it go into the atmosphere is a waste of money and a contributor to warming.
Capturing or destroying methane from coal mines isn’t so straightforward. Common techniques to separate methane from other gases require heating air, which is not exactly the safest thing to do around a coal mine—it can increase the risk of fire or explosion. But safer alternatives have been developed. “There are catalytic and other approaches available today that don’t require such high temperatures,” said Robert Jackson, a professor of earth system science at Stanford University, in an email.
However, these methods to limit methane from fossil fuels are vastly underused. Only about 5 percent of active oil and gas production facilities around the world deploy systems to zero out their methane pollution. In the US, there are also millions of oil and gas wells and tens of thousands of abandoned coal mines whose operators have long since vanished, leaving no one accountable for their continued methane emissions.
“If there isn’t a regulatory mandate to treat the methane, or put a price on it, many companies continue to do nothing,” Jackson said. And while recovering methane is ultimately profitable over time, the margins aren’t often big enough to make the up-front investment of better pipes, monitoring equipment, or scrubbers worthwhile for them. “They want to make 10 to 15 percent on their money (at least), not save a few percent,” he added.
And rather than getting stronger, regulations on methane are poised to get weaker. The Trump administration has approved more than $119 million to help communities reclaim abandoned coal mines. However, the White House has also halted funding for plugging abandoned oil and gas wells and is limiting environmental reviews for new fossil fuel projects. Congressional Republicans are also working to undo a fee on methane emissions that was part of the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act. With weaker incentives to track and limit methane, it’s likely emissions will continue to rise in the United States. That will push the world further off course from climate goals and contribute to a hotter planet.
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do you have any thoughts on that whole “Anti Monitor” thing? Personally I think it’s all bull. I mean I won’t pretend our world isn’t crazy but that whole crisis mess is just way too out there to be real
No one can really say for sure WHAT happened during the various periods called "Crisis Events" because of the manner by which they happen and their after effects but one thing I can tell you for sure, the being calling him or itself the Anti-Monitor IS real and he IS dangerous even if I can't tell you much more about them.

(The Anti Monitor, glimpsed only for a moment in the skies over the world doing battle with all the heroes of the multiverse) From what broad information we do have (mostly supplied by the Green Lantern Corps) the Anti Monitor is a being with a...born distaste for reality and all things within it. A being a pure, malevolent anti-matter who seeks to destroy all reality and then reign over the ruins born in the depths of the void a long time ago as the multiverse was created. He spent untold eons collecting negative energy and was unleashed by some cosmic mistake onto all reality. He waged war on every world, everywhere, unleashing armies of shadow demons that were simply the harbinger of his ultimate weapon. A wave of pure antimatter that would sweep each world clean, one after another, reducing every reality to its component atoms and then annihilating them. Our only salvation is that he was born with a more benevolent counterpart, a being called the Monitor, naturally who had worked in the background in preparation for his great enemy's awakening. He assembled the heroes of every world and sent them out against the Anti Monitor and... ...and well, nobody knows. Like I said the Crisis Events are the ultimate unleashing of multiversal energy. When they occur the timeline and fundamental nature of reality are shifted in such seismic ways that its impossible for any being who exists within reality to catalogue or even remember. People who were alive for any or all of the Crises remember their personal experiences, the things they lived through during these events but the rest is a blur. This actual has a medical name "Multiversal Crisis Syndrome." While people who are present for a Multiversal Crisis will remember the actual events clearly they will exhibit an inability to place a firm chronology on events. They may remember watching a hero they'd never seen before fighting shadow demons, only in the exact same memory to recall that that same hero had lived in their city for years. They might remember driving away from disaster, sheltering in place at home and various smaller events during their period of shelter but not actually be able to place those events in order. One of the best experiments I read about in this field was from STAR Labs, who had a team of test subjects who volunteered to shelter in place at a STAR Labs security facility when a Crisis arose. Their supplies and amenities were directly tracked by the shelter itself and by personal health monitors. Of the four test subjects, one ate enough supplies for a month, one ate enough supplies for 3 days, one had only eaten a single meal and one test subject hadn't eaten anything at all. And none of those time spans matched the chronology recorded by the shelter OR by any of their personal trackers. Even their clothing showed different levels of wear and tear even though each of the subjects entered and exited the shelter at the exact same second of observable reality. What we do know, obviously, is that the Anti Monitor LOST in his bid to destroy the multiverse from the outside in. Obviously. Because you and I are sitting here having this conversation about it.
#dc#dcu#dc comics#dc universe#superhero#comics#tw unreality#unreality#unreality blog#ask game#ask blog#asks open#please interact#worldbuilding#anti monitor#crisis on infinite earths
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Space junk falling to Earth needs to be tracked—meteoroid sounds can help
Space junk and meteoroids are falling to Earth every year, posing a growing risk as they re-enter the atmosphere at high speeds. Researchers are using infrasound sensors to track these objects, including bolides, which are meteoroids breaking apart in the sky.
New research presented at the EGU General Assembly (EGU25) shows that infrasound signals can help track these objects, but the trajectory needs to be considered, especially for objects entering at shallow angles. This study highlights the importance of improving monitoring techniques for planetary defense and space junk management.
Every year, Earth gets a bit bigger. Thousands of metric tons of space dust fall from the sky, while about 50 tons per year of meteorites crash land somewhere on the surface. Since the 1960s, space junk has also occasionally returned to Earth, falling from a hazy sphere of trash encircling the planet. Remnants of rockets, tools lost by space-walking astronauts, defunct satellites, and more fly through lower Earth orbit, reaching speeds of 18,000 miles per hour.
When any item—whether space rock or space junk—enters the atmosphere, scientists try to track its path to estimate where it will land. Will the item in question plunk straight down, or will it fly along at an angle before skittering to a halt?
In a new study to be presented at the General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union, Elizabeth Silber, a scientist at Sandia National Laboratories, will consider how infrasound sensors—instruments that detect sounds at lower frequencies than humans can hear—listen for bolides. Bolides are the bright flashes and booms from large meteoroids breaking apart high in the sky. These events release huge amounts of energy, creating shock waves that travel as infrasound signals across thousands of kilometers.
But here's the challenge: Bolides aren't like explosions that happen in one place. They are moving, generating sound along their path as they travel through the sky. This movement matters, especially for meteoroids and space debris that enter shallow angles. In those cases, different infrasound stations might pick up signals coming from different directions, making it harder to pinpoint the source.
Motivated by this problem, Silber used a network of infrasound sensors around the world maintained by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), an organization tasked with listening for illicit explosions. These instruments also record anything else that claps or booms, from thunder to supersonic aircraft. Using signals specifically from bolides, Silber isolated the purely geometric component for her analysis.
She found that if a bolide enters Earth's atmosphere at a relatively steep angle—greater than 60°—analysis of the infrasound signal gets the trajectory right. But when it comes more horizontally, the uncertainty increases.
"Infrasound from a bolide is more like a sonic boom stretched across the sky than a single bang," Silber says. "You must account for the fact that the sound is being generated along the flight path."
And so, this study highlights a critical need: to consider the trajectory of an object when interpreting infrasound data. Infrasound instruments are indispensable for planetary defense, according to Silber, and the findings are relevant to Earth-bound space junk. If you don't know where something is going, then you have a hard time preparing for it.
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"Suiting Up for the Fu
The screen lit up with the stark, clinical brilliance of a defense contractor’s marketing reel. Crisp graphics swept across the frame: Republic Integrated Systems Presents: The Future of Excellence—The Mark IV Full-Body Armor.The voiceover began with the smug confidence of a salesman who knew his product had no competition.

“For cadets like C9J18, the Mark IV Armor isn’t just equipment—it’s a way of life. Engineered for total integration, unmatched efficiency, and unwavering loyalty, the Mark IV is the pinnacle of personal enhancement technology. Let’s take a tour.”
The scene shifted to C9J18 standing at attention, his visor down, the black armor hugging every contour of his augmented frame. Overlaid on the screen was a breakdown of his suit’s components, sleek lines pointing to each piece as the voice detailed their functions.
“From head to toe, the Mark IV transforms the wearer into the perfect operator. Modular plates provide full ballistic, environmental, and impact protection, while maintaining unparalleled flexibility and comfort. The suit isn’t just worn—it becomes an extension of the body.”
The camera zoomed in as C9J18 moved through his day, transitioning to his POV. The HUD was alive with information: telemetry readouts, vital signs, suit status. The Contextual Priority Filter immediately began working, greying out the irrelevant clutter of the world—background conversations, unimportant scenery, even the faint hum of distant machinery.
“With the Contextual Priority Filter, cadets only see what matters. The AI-driven system dynamically adjusts the wearer’s perception, ensuring absolute focus on mission-critical elements. Irrelevant distractions? Eliminated. Productivity? Maximized.”
C9J18’s HUD highlighted his fellow cadets, their alphanumeric IDs glowing softly above their heads. An order appeared in bold text across the top of his visor: Form up. Begin sprint drills. The cadet turned on his heel, his movements precise, his focus razor-sharp as the HUD traced his optimal path.
“Every action is guided by the Task Assignment System, seamlessly integrated with the suit’s neural interface. Orders are delivered directly to the wearer, ensuring immediate compliance and zero ambiguity. Whether it’s a drill or a live operation, the system ensures cadets are always one step ahead.”
The screen flickered to an instructor’s POV. The Drill Instructor’s helmet HUD displayed all cadet vitals, suit status, and performance metrics in real-time. The instructor’s voice cut through the comms channel, amplified by the suit’s audio system. “Pick up the pace, C9J18. You’re at 85% efficiency—I want 95 by the next lap.”
“Supervisors can control multiple cadets at once,” the voiceover explained, “adjusting suit parameters on the fly. Need to increase resistance for endurance training? Done. Reduce sensory input to prevent distractions? Easy. With the Mark IV, instructors don’t just teach—they sculpt.”
C9J18’s breathing was steady as he pushed through the sprint drill. His suit’s Sensory Regulation System muted the ache in his muscles, dampening the sensation of fatigue just enough to keep him going without compromising performance.
“The Sensory Regulation System is a game-changer,” the voiceover continued. “It modulates physical sensations, ensuring optimal performance. Pain, heat, cold—it’s all calibrated to the mission. The suit doesn’t just protect—it conditions.”
The scene transitioned to the mess hall, where C9J18 and his peers sat in silence, eating their nutrient-rich chow. The HUD overlay highlighted their calorie intake, hydration levels, and metabolic efficiency. Even here, the Contextual Priority Filter ensured no unnecessary conversation or stimuli distracted from their task.
“Nutrition is monitored in real-time, ensuring each cadet receives exactly what their body needs. The suit tracks digestion, energy expenditure, and even waste management, all while maintaining seamless integration with the wearer.”
As the day wound down, the footage shifted to the barracks. The cadets moved in synchronized silence, stepping into individual alcoves built into the walls. The HUD displayed a notification: Sleep Mode Engaged. C9J18 lay back in his suit, his visor darkening as the comms went silent.
“When the day is done, the Mark IV ensures uninterrupted rest. Fully equipped with climate control and biometric monitoring, the suit provides optimal conditions for recovery—even in full armor. The visor’s sleep mode darkens gradually, synchronizing with neural rhythms to lull the wearer into rest.”
The camera lingered on C9J18 as his breathing slowed, his face calm beneath the visor. The overlay showed his heart rate stabilizing, stress levels dropping, and compliance metrics holding steady. The AI’s gentle hum was a constant presence, even in sleep.
“From dawn to dusk, and even through the night, the Mark IV is more than just a suit—it’s a system. A revolution. A future.”
The screen cut to the Intelligence Conscript and K7L32, standing side by side, both suited up, their visors up to reveal their shaved heads and sharp, cynical smiles.
“Of course,” K7L32 said with a mocking tone, “it’s not just about the tech. It’s about the transformation. You don’t just wear the suit—you become it. Isn’t that right, sir?”
The Intelligence Conscript chuckled, his voice dripping with sardonic amusement. “That’s right, cadet. The Mark IV doesn’t just enhance—it defines. And for cadets like C9J18, it’s the beginning of a life dedicated to the Republic. Efficient. Loyal. And, best of all... compliant.”
The screen faded to black, the final words scrolling across in bold, unyielding font:
The Mark IV Armor Suit: Not Just a Tool—A Way of Life.
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HAI HAI HAI HAI!!!
I followed your rbg Trio blog, and ur art there is so So cute!!!
And I wanna know more about your 'robot boombox' au cus I'm curious and honestly, that headcanon is so real for boom!
EEEEK HAII ^_^
tyuu eueu... it means alot :3
so uhhh robot boombox au is pretty much just in my brain, i havent posted abt it or anything. but ive got vague ideas about it!
im gonna put bullet points under the cut in no particular order, cause again, this is mostly just concepts, so expect a bunch of yapping
in this au boombox would be created by someone, and was made to be a sort of 'testing device' for a manufactured gear (his boombox). while also being a sort of artificial life based on mimicry.
(note, i am not well versed in robotics stuff, if something seems stupid uhhh whoops)
i havent come up with a creator or creators, but they made him with the intent of seeing if they could basically make an artificial demon that could get along with other demons well! (thats where his creators got the idea to make him a dj, or a glorified mp3 player came from.)
hes entirely mechanical, his power source is through electrical charging. he charges often, which comes across as him sleeping often.
i imagine him with a charger tail that can also somewhat extend.
his visor is literally attached to his face and would be more emotive than regular boombox phighting
i imagine he got let out to interact with other demons, he was given a lot of carefully monitored data, and even now seeks out ways to be more empathetic, and to be responsive to others emotions and to help them.
he doesnt become evil or anything like that
his 'skin' would be some kind of rubber or latex, used to protect internal components and appear more demon-like.
he has two speakers imbedded in his chest, and in the rubber skin there'd be mesh to let sound travel clearer, which happen to look like top scars ( :P )
in place of where a human heart would be, he has an internal metronome, which he can set the tempo of. it can also be heard if youre super close, like a faux heartbeat.
his horns work as a secondary charging method throughout the day, acting like low powered solar panels, (like the ones youd find on calculators).
his horns take in uv light and convert it to energy. amd they are covered with a transparent solid material (imagine something like resin) to give the appearance of a normal demons horn. however this means charging through his tail is much more optimal than the passive uv charging.
has a database in his torso containing specifically music knowledge. audio can be downloaded to there and sorted and dissected to make him work better and understand the tastes of demons
in his heads a mini computer.
his mouth is a simple metal open close rectangle shape, with small components that either make the faux-skin sides of his mouth pull up (to make a smile) or down (to make a frown)
also in this au rgb trio still a thing because i am insane abt them
i imagine skate and sling learn that boombox is a robot, but they still care for him and treat him the same as before
he doesnt 'feel' anything in a person sense, and he hasnt gained sentience or anything. his programming makes it so he's drawn to other demons, and wants to make them happy. and in return, he feels 'happy' when he accomplishes that.
he learns about friends and other relationships and such, and if he has a few people he's especially close to that he can make happy just by being around, it means he's achieving his goal.
so he does have favorites, mostly because he learned that demons tend to have favorite people, and therefore replicated that behavior
he's in a qpr with skate and sling, who r both dating eachother, theyre all very affectionate.
sometimes if he gets too many positive inputs at a time, you can hear his fans running quicker (like, example, his partners are being super sweet to him, verbally or physically.
he doesnt know who made him, nor really cares to find out
when he was made, he was given the knowledge of about a 17 year old, and the mentality of one. he counts his birthdays as aging, being currently 23.
sometimes when him, sling and skate are sleeping together, he'll play calming music directly from himself.
he doesnt sleep, but shuts off non-essential components and kind of pretends to sleep while charging. since he has to be plugged into a socket of sorts. usually during that mode hes sorting any files, or things he's collected. throughout the day
sling and skate dont know that he isnt actually sleeping, and think he's just powered off
his gear works as youd expect, able to play music and use its abilities. he's just also able to directly play music from his body
when being created, he was made first, and the idea of an artificial gear came second. which is why theres overlapping abilities that may seem redundant.
his creators are no longer alive
his creators were from playground
he would likely be 'killed' for having an artificial gear and used for parts if certain people knew (the law)
and heres some silly sketches i made in class awhiiile ago (note again that i do not make robotics or know pretty much anything abt them. im just having fun ^^')

i yapped alot, but if you have any specific questions, put them in my askbox and ill happily answer! -w-
#phighting!#boombox phighting#phighting au#ill tag them since theyr mentioned i suppose..#slingshot phighting#skateboard phighting#boomskateshot#rgb trio#shrugs#this all appeared in my head because i listened to the song 'plug me in' awhile ago and got a little silly in my brain#also i love robots#ek ek ek..#kats sillyposting#i didnt check for errors or anything while writing this so uhhh shrug#:3#kat asks
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The Difference Between Low, Medium, and High Voltage Switchgear
Switchgear plays a critical role in the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power. It ensures safe and efficient operation by controlling, protecting, and isolating electrical circuits and equipment. But not all switchgear is created equal — low, medium, and high voltage switchgear are designed for different voltage levels and applications.
Understanding the differences between these types is crucial for electrical engineers, electricians, project managers, and anyone involved in power systems. In this article, we break down what sets them apart in terms of voltage range, components, applications, design, and safety considerations.
What is Switchgear?
Before diving into the differences, let’s clarify what switchgear is.
Switchgear refers to the combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses, or circuit breakers used to control, protect, and isolate electrical equipment. It is essential for de-energizing equipment for maintenance and for clearing faults in the power system.
Classification by Voltage Level
Low Voltage Switchgear (LV)
Voltage Range:
Up to 1,000V AC (typically 400V/690V in 3-phase systems)
Key Components:
Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs)
Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCBs)
Residual Current Devices (RCDs)
Contactors and relays
Busbars, metering, control panels
Applications:
Residential and commercial buildings
Data centers and office spaces
Light industrial automation
Control panels and motor control centers (MCCs)
Characteristics:
Compact and easy to install
High frequency of operation
Relatively simple maintenance
Often enclosed in modular panels
Standards:
IEC 61439
NEC (National Electrical Code)
Medium Voltage Switchgear (MV)
Voltage Range:
1kV to 36kV (sometimes up to 72.5kV)
Key Components:
Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs)
SF₆ (sulfur hexafluoride) insulated switchgear
Current and voltage transformers (CTs, VTs)
Protective relays
Grounding switches
Applications:
Electrical substations
Large factories and industrial plants
Railways and airports
Renewable energy farms (wind/solar)
Characteristics:
Higher insulation and safety requirements
More robust protection systems
Often installed indoors or in compact outdoor enclosures
May use gas-insulated or air-insulated designs
Standards:
IEC 62271–200
IEEE C37 series
High Voltage Switchgear (HV)
Voltage Range:
Above 36kV (commonly 66kV, 132kV, 220kV, up to 765kV)
Key Components:
SF₆ circuit breakers
Air blast or oil circuit breakers (older systems)
Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS)
Disconnectors and earthing switches
High-end protection relays and SCADA integration
Applications:
National and regional power transmission networks
Power generation plants
Interconnecting large substations
Critical infrastructure (e.g., large data centers, airports)
Characteristics:
Complex installation and high-cost infrastructure
Requires rigorous safety procedures and specialized training
Often installed outdoors or in GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) format
Includes extensive monitoring and automation
Standards:
IEC 62271–100 (HV circuit breakers)
IEEE C37.06
ANSI C37 series
Safety Considerations
Always follow local electrical codes, use personal protective equipment (PPE), and conduct routine maintenance regardless of switchgear type.
Conclusion
Choosing the right switchgear type is critical for ensuring safe and efficient power distribution. Whether you’re designing a residential panel or a high-voltage substation, knowing the difference between low, medium, and high voltage switchgear helps you make informed decisions about equipment, safety, and performance.
Mastering this knowledge isn’t just good practice — it’s essential for anyone serious about a career in the electrical field.
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Daneel would totally be able to self-heal minor damage automatically, just like biological entities.
Wrote a bit about heating to heal in No Unnecessary Distinctions!
The team’s “muscle” — or actuator, the part of a robot that converts energy into physical movement — has three layers. The bottom one — the damage detection layer — is a soft electronic skin composed of liquid metal microdroplets embedded in a silicone elastomer. That skin is adhered to the middle layer, the self-healing component, which is a stiff thermoplastic elastomer. On top is the actuation layer, which kick-starts the muscle’s motion when pressurized with water.
To begin the process, the team induces five monitoring currents across the bottom “skin” of the muscle, which is connected to a microcontroller and sensing circuit. Puncture or pressure damage to that layer triggers formation of an electrical network between the traces. The system recognizes this electrical footprint as evidence of damage and subsequently increases the current running through the newly formed electrical network.
This enables that network to function as a local Joule heater, converting the energy of the electric current into heat around the areas of damage. After a few minutes, this heat melts and reprocesses the middle thermoplastic layer, which seals the damage — effectively self-healing the wound.
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well @illmoraineakoi ive switched phones since you asked this, but i have not(!) forgotten. it seems it was a tiny teensy itty bitty bit more complex to discuss than i expected ';3 or i just ran out of steam LOL, tco_physeng_breakdown.png was a lot
but i digress! let's get to it
a TCO power core generates energy via superradiant⠀scattering.⠀
at the part of their THROUGHLINE* that would be considered the upper-torso on a human, a cylindrical compartment holds a tiny spinning object called a black hole.
because the black hole is spinning, the gravitational forces pull spacetime strangely in an oblong region around the black hole called the ergosphere. when electromagnetic radiation (light) enters the ergosphere, it is yanked along by the spinning, amplifying it (in exchange for some rotational energy).
this is a theoretically** extremely efficient method of generating energy, because all you have to do to spin up the black hole again is feed it some kind of mass—literally anything—and the trade results in net positive power.
the superradiance part happens when the light bounces off of the container walls, sloshing in and out of the black hole's area of influence over and over, and constructively interfering with itself, to build frightening power very, very quickly. this is the motivation for developing a material like the superinsulator lining.
if the radiation doesn't reflect, it doesn't build properly.
if the radiation escapes at the wrong moment, it annihilates the entire local physics simulation.
if the radiation builds too much***, the container explodes, even more violently shredding everything nearby into free quarks.
so, above everything else, the compiler and physeng put extra care into these details....
a double-layer superinsulator surrounds the power core. the inner one handles active particles through total internal reflection, and the outer one cuts off the inner components from the outside world. this composite is so effective that it prevents TCO from feeling any sense of temperature in that area, and it absorbs so much ambient heat that it can feel painfully cold to touch them here.
a standard superinsulator lining wraps all the way around the rest of their body, protecting the channels that funnel energy to their limbs, weapons, and flight systems. their coat of feathers overlaps this layer, and both forms of armor protect TCO from burns.
the "weakest" superinsulators are at the hardpoints, where flames and lasers and things are refined and fired. this type of barrier is one-way selectively permeable, which means it allows certain things (like heat) to flow one way, but not the other (so TCO also cannot detect heat on their palms).
notably, the absence of heat sensation does not correspond to an absence of touch sensation.
*(the spine: compiled base code, storage, processing space, et. al.)
**(source: learn more about spinning black holes here!)
***(smaller black holes shrink faster than larger ones, and when spinning objects shrink, they spin faster, and when the black hole spins too fast it yanks even the most tame radiation above acceptable limits, and so there are several monitors and protocols in place to make sure the black hole will not get too small)

(further discussion of this diagram)
_ _ _ _ _ _
in this context, a node is a region with little to no particles or energy or whatnot, and an antinode is the exact opposite of that.
right before using any special abilities, one or more antinodes are formed to provide the hardpoints with enough energy**** to function.
if the raw energy were somehow expelled without first being transformed, TCO could unmake anything they touched. Anything. there is no known material across the Outernet that would survive contact, and they would be likely to dissolve parts of themself in the process.
****(the hardpoints are actually some of the simplest components in this system. if you're a physicist with practically endless energy, you can make amazing stuff happen without a lot of hassle)
⠀
#asks#--/ story#executable!au#alan becker#animator vs animation#ava the chosen one#i remember i was going to expound upon standing waves and interference patterns a lot more in the original version of this#'.:D i am glad i did not try that again i also remember it being very cumbersome#the end of an era ! finally answering this haha. i hope you enjoy my results. i might draw more diagrams for these things in the future#but not today uwu#ava au
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Understanding the Role of Busbars, Circuit Breakers, and Relays in Switchgear
In the world of electrical distribution and control systems, switchgear plays a pivotal role in managing, protecting, and isolating electrical circuits and equipment. Within a switchgear assembly, components like busbars, circuit breakers, and relays are essential for ensuring efficient operation and maximum safety. Understanding the role of each of these components can help professionals and businesses make better decisions when designing or upgrading their electrical systems.
What Is Switchgear?
Switchgear is a general term that encompasses a wide range of electrical disconnect switches, fuses, circuit breakers, and associated equipment used to control, protect, and isolate electrical equipment. These systems are critical for both high-voltage and low-voltage applications and are commonly found in industrial plants, commercial buildings, power plants, and substations.
1. Busbars: The Power Distribution Backbone
Busbars are metallic strips or bars — typically made of copper or aluminum — that conduct electricity within a switchgear or distribution board. Their main function is to distribute electrical power to multiple circuits from a single input source.
Key Functions:
· Efficient Power Distribution: Busbars act as a central hub for distributing power to various outgoing circuits.
· Compact Design: Helps in reducing the overall footprint of the switchgear.
· Heat Dissipation: Designed to handle high currents while minimizing heat build-up.
Applications:
· Power distribution panels
· Switchboards and MCCs (Motor Control Centers)
· Panelboards and switchgear cubicles
2. Circuit Breakers: Protection from Overcurrent
Circuit breakers are automatic electrical switches designed to protect electrical circuits from damage due to overcurrent or short circuits. Unlike fuses, circuit breakers can be reset manually or automatically after tripping.
Key Functions:
· Fault Interruption: Instantly disconnects the circuit during faults to prevent damage or fire.
· Manual Switching: Can be used to manually turn circuits on or off during maintenance.
· Safety Compliance: Ensures that systems meet international safety standards (IEC, ANSI, etc.)
Types of Circuit Breakers:
· MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): Used for low-power applications
· MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker): Handles higher loads than MCBs
· ACB (Air Circuit Breaker): Used for high-current circuits in industrial settings
3. Relays: The Sensing and Control Brains
Relays are electromechanical or solid-state devices that detect faults and send signals to circuit breakers or other control devices to disconnect the circuit. They are the “brains” behind the automatic protection mechanism of the switchgear.
Key Functions:
· Fault Detection: Monitors voltage, current, and other parameters to detect anomalies.
· Triggering Action: Sends signals to trip the circuit breaker when necessary.
· Automation and Coordination: Works in coordination with other protection devices to ensure selective tripping.
Types of Relays:
Overcurrent Relays
Differential Relays
Distance Relays
Earth Fault Relays
Why These Components Matter
Together, busbars, circuit breakers, and relays form the core of any switchgear system. When properly selected and configured:
· Downtime is minimized
· Equipment lifespan is extended
· Operational safety is enhanced
· Energy efficiency is improved
In an era where electrical reliability is non-negotiable, understanding these components isn’t just for engineers — it’s essential knowledge for decision-makers in any industry reliant on power.
Conclusion
Whether you’re designing a new electrical panel or upgrading an old one, choosing high-quality busbars, circuit breakers, and relays is critical to the safety and efficiency of your entire system. At AL Taqwa Oman, we specialize in premium-grade switchgear accessories that meet global standards and deliver unmatched performance.
Need help finding the right accessories for your panel? Contact our experts today and power your systems with confidence.
#electrical#electrical equipment#electrical supplies#switchgear#oman#electricity#busbar#relay#circuit breaker
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The Role of Relays and Timers in Industrial Automation Systems

In the world of industrial automation, efficiency, safety, and precision are crucial. Among the many components that contribute to a well-functioning automated system, relays and timers play a foundational role. These devices act as control elements that manage the flow of electricity, signal processes, and coordinate timing sequences — ensuring that operations run smoothly and safely.
In this article, we’ll explore how relays and timers work, their types, applications in automation systems, and how high-quality products — like those offered by Enza Electric — can enhance performance and reliability in industrial settings.
What Are Relays?
A relay is an electromechanical or electronic switch used to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal or multiple signals. In industrial automation, relays act as a bridge between the control system and the equipment being operated — allowing machines to be turned on or off automatically.
Types of Relays Commonly Used in Automation:
Electromechanical Relays (EMRs): Use physical moving parts; reliable and easy to maintain.
Solid-State Relays (SSRs): No moving parts; faster switching, longer lifespan, and better for high-speed applications.
Thermal Overload Relays: Protect motors and equipment from overheating.
Control Relays: Designed for controlling multiple contacts simultaneously in automation systems.
What Are Timers?
Timers are devices used to delay or repeat electrical signals at predetermined intervals. They help synchronize tasks, automate sequences, and provide controlled outputs over time — critical for complex industrial processes.
Common Timer Functions:
On-delay and off-delay timing
Interval timing
Cyclic or repeat cycle operation
Flashing and sequencing operations
Types of Timers:
Analog Timers: Manual dial settings, simple and cost-effective.
Digital Timers: Offer precise programming, displays, and flexible timing ranges.
Programmable Timers: Ideal for complex automation routines requiring multiple sequences.
Key Roles in Industrial Automation Systems
1. Process Control and Sequencing
Relays and timers enable automated machines to follow a specific sequence — turning motors, lights, or pumps on and off in a logical order. For example, a conveyor system can use a relay-timer combination to control material flow with millisecond precision.
2. Safety and Protection
Relays protect systems by interrupting circuits in case of faults. Combined with timers, they can ensure delay before activating emergency stop functions, preventing false triggers and increasing worker safety.
3. Load Management
In high-demand industrial environments, relays help manage load distribution by selectively energizing or de-energizing machinery. Timers assist in staggered starts, reducing power surges.
4. Energy Efficiency
By automating start/stop functions and managing operation durations, timers help reduce unnecessary energy use. Relays ensure only the necessary loads are powered, minimizing wastage.
5. System Monitoring and Feedback
In smart automation, relays provide feedback signals to the control system. Timers assist with diagnostics by creating intervals for testing or data collection.
Benefits of Using High-Quality Relays and Timers
Choosing the right components significantly impacts system performance and longevity. Enza Electric’s relays and timers are engineered with:
High durability for tough industrial environments
Precision timing for reliable operation
Easy installation and compact designs
Compliance with international safety and quality standards
By integrating Enza’s low-voltage solutions, businesses in the GCC, MENA, and Africa regions benefit from cost-effective, scalable automation that supports both current needs and future expansion.
Common Applications in Industrial Sectors
Manufacturing Plants: Control of motors, robotic arms, and production lines.
HVAC Systems: Timed control of fans, compressors, and dampers.
Water Treatment Facilities: Sequenced operation of pumps and valves.
Packaging Machinery: Relay and timer-based coordination of packing, sealing, and labeling.
Food and Beverage Industry: Process automation with hygiene-compliant controls.
Final Thoughts
Relays and timers are the silent operators behind the success of industrial automation systems. From process optimization to enhanced safety and energy management, these components are indispensable.
When sourced from a trusted manufacturer like Enza Electric, businesses are not only investing in reliable hardware but also in the longevity, scalability, and safety of their entire operation.
Ready to Power Your Automation?
Explore Enza Electric’s wide range of relays, timers, and other low-voltage switchgear solutions designed to meet the evolving demands of modern industries. Visit www.enzaelectric.com to learn more or request a quote today.
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