#SQL Server 2016

[keyforrestuk]

A Rock-Solid Data Platform: Why SQL Server 2016 Standard Remains a Top Choice

Unleashing the Power of SQL Server 2016: A Reliable Foundation for Modern Data Needs

In today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape, organizations require a robust and reliable data platform to support their critical operations and strategic initiatives. SQL Server 2016 Standard stands out as a versatile, powerful choice that continues to deliver exceptional performance, security, and flexibility. Its comprehensive features make it an ideal solution for businesses seeking stability and scalability in their data management infrastructure.

One of the key strengths of SQL Server 2016 Standard is its enhanced security capabilities. With features like Always Encrypted, it ensures sensitive data remains protected, even in the event of a breach. This encryption technology allows data to be encrypted at rest and in transit, providing peace of mind for organizations handling confidential information. Furthermore, dynamic data masking helps prevent unauthorized access by hiding sensitive data from users who do not need to see it, fostering a secure environment for data handling.

Beyond security, SQL Server 2016 excels in supporting business intelligence (BI) initiatives. Its integrated analytics tools enable companies to analyze vast amounts of data efficiently, transforming raw data into actionable insights. Power BI integration facilitates interactive visualizations, empowering decision-makers with real-time data dashboards. This seamless BI capability ensures organizations can stay ahead of market trends and respond swiftly to changing business conditions.

Performance enhancements in SQL Server 2016, such as in-memory OLTP and operational analytics, significantly boost transaction processing speeds and reduce latency. These features are particularly beneficial for applications requiring high throughput and low latency, such as financial systems or e-commerce platforms. The in-memory technology allows for real-time data processing, which is crucial for competitive advantage in today's fast-paced environment.

Scalability is another cornerstone of SQL Server 2016 Standard. Its ability to handle large volumes of data and concurrent users makes it suitable for organizations of all sizes. Whether managing small departmental databases or enterprise-wide data warehouses, SQL Server 2016 adapts to your needs, ensuring reliable performance without compromising security or functionality.

Moreover, SQL Server 2016 offers comprehensive tools for data management and automation. Its robust backup and recovery options, coupled with advanced monitoring features, enable administrators to maintain high availability and system integrity. These tools simplify database administration, reduce downtime, and enhance overall operational efficiency.

Choosing a database platform is a strategic decision that impacts every aspect of an organization. SQL Server 2016 Standard continues to be a top choice because it combines tried-and-true stability with innovative features that meet modern data demands. Its cost-effectiveness, combined with enterprise-grade capabilities, makes it an attractive solution for businesses aiming for growth and resilience.

In conclusion, SQL Server 2016 Standard offers a comprehensive, secure, and high-performing data platform that supports a wide range of business needs. Its combination of security features, BI integration, performance enhancements, and scalability makes it a reliable foundation for any organization’s data strategy. To learn more about how this platform can elevate your data management, visit A Rock-Solid Data Platform: Why SQL Server 2016 Standard Remains a Top Choice.

[techdirectarchive]

How to install Endpoint Configuration Manager on HyperV VM

Microsoft integrates Configuration Manager into the Intune family of products, offering an integrated solution for managing all devices. This integration simplifies licensing and eliminates the need for complex migrations. Users can continue leveraging their existing Configuration Manager investments while tapping into the capabilities of the Microsoft cloud at their own pace. This is a…

[vndta-vps]

VPS Windows – Giải pháp máy chủ ảo mạnh mẽ cho doanh nghiệp hiện đại

Trong thời đại công nghệ số, nhu cầu sử dụng máy chủ ảo để phục vụ cho các hoạt động kinh doanh trực tuyến, lưu trữ dữ liệu và phát triển phần mềm ngày càng tăng cao. Một trong những giải pháp đang được ưa chuộng hiện nay chính là VPS Windows – máy chủ ảo chạy hệ điều hành Windows. Với giao diện thân thiện, hiệu suất ổn định và khả năng tương thích cao, VPS Windows đang trở thành lựa chọn hàng đầu của nhiều cá nhân và doanh nghiệp.

VPS Windows là gì?

VPS Windows (Virtual Private Server Windows) là một dạng máy chủ ảo được tạo ra bằng cách phân chia tài nguyên từ một máy chủ vật lý thông qua công nghệ ảo hóa. Máy chủ ảo này sử dụng hệ điều hành Windows Server, cho phép người dùng dễ dàng quản lý và vận hành thông qua giao diện đồ họa Remote Desktop.

Khác với hosting thông thường, VPS Windows cho phép người dùng có toàn quyền kiểm soát máy chủ, cài đặt phần mềm tùy ý, cấu hình theo nhu cầu và đảm bảo mức độ bảo mật cao hơn. Đây là một giải pháp linh hoạt cho cả các lập trình viên, nhà phát triển ứng dụng và các doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ.

Lợi ích khi sử dụng VPS Windows

Giao diện thân thiện, dễ sử dụng

Windows là hệ điều hành phổ biến với giao diện đồ họa trực quan. Vì vậy, việc quản trị VPS Windows trở nên đơn giản hơn nhiều so với các hệ điều hành dòng Linux. Ngay cả những người không có nhiều kiến thức kỹ thuật vẫn có thể thao tác dễ dàng thông qua Remote Desktop.

Hiệu suất hoạt động ổn định

VPS Windows cung cấp một môi trường riêng biệt với tài nguyên CPU, RAM và ổ cứng được phân bổ rõ ràng. Điều này đảm bảo các ứng dụng hoặc website chạy trên máy chủ không bị ảnh hưởng bởi các tài khoản khác trên cùng hệ thống, từ đó tăng độ ổn định và hiệu suất hoạt động.

Hỗ trợ phần mềm chuyên biệt

Nếu bạn cần chạy các phần mềm hoặc ứng dụng chỉ hỗ trợ trên nền tảng Windows như ASP.NET, MSSQL hay phần mềm kế toán, phần mềm ERP, thì VPS Windows chính là lựa chọn tối ưu. Đây là điều mà các máy chủ Linux không thể đáp ứng.

Tính bảo mật cao

Với các bản vá bảo mật được cập nhật liên tục từ Microsoft, VPS Windows luôn được bảo vệ trước các lỗ hổng tiềm ẩn. Ngoài ra, bạn có thể cài đặt thêm tường lửa, phần mềm diệt virus và các lớp bảo mật tùy chỉnh để đảm bảo an toàn tối đa.

Khả năng mở rộng linh hoạt

Khi nhu cầu sử dụng tăng lên, người dùng hoàn toàn có thể nâng cấp tài nguyên của VPS như CPU, RAM hoặc dung lượng ổ cứng một cách linh hoạt mà không ảnh hưởng đến dữ liệu hay thời gian hoạt động của hệ thống.

Khi nào nên chọn VPS Windows?

Khi bạn cần chạy ứng dụng, phần mềm chỉ tương thích với hệ điều hành Windows.

Khi bạn muốn sử dụng giao diện đồ họa để quản trị dễ dàng hơn.

Khi bạn đang phát triển ứng dụng web sử dụng .NET, C#, SQL Server,...

Khi bạn muốn có một môi trường riêng biệt để test phần mềm, demo dự án hoặc chạy các phần mềm văn phòng.

Lưu ý khi chọn mua VPS Windows

Để đảm bảo hiệu quả sử dụng, khi lựa chọn dịch vụ VPS Windows, bạn cần quan tâm đến một số yếu tố sau:

Nhà cung cấp uy tín: Ưu tiên các đơn vị có kinh nghiệm, hỗ trợ kỹ thuật 24/7 và có cam kết uptime rõ ràng.

Cấu hình phù hợp: Lựa chọn gói VPS có cấu hình phù hợp với mục đích sử dụng, tránh lãng phí tài nguyên.

Bảo mật: Kiểm tra các tùy chọn bảo mật đi kèm như sao lưu tự động, tường lửa, chứng chỉ SSL,...

Hệ điều hành: Lựa chọn phiên bản Windows Server phù hợp như Windows Server 2016, 2019 hoặc 2022 tùy vào phần mềm cần chạy.

Kết luận

VPS Windows không chỉ là giải pháp tối ưu cho những ai đang tìm kiếm một máy chủ ảo hiệu quả, linh hoạt mà còn là lựa chọn hoàn hảo để vận hành các phần mềm đặc thù trên nền tảng Windows. Với khả năng tùy biến cao, bảo mật tốt và hiệu suất ổn định, VPS Windows xứng đáng là một phần không thể thiếu trong hệ thống CNTT của doanh nghiệp hiện đại.

Tìm hiểu thêm: https://vndata.vn/vps-windows-gia-re/

[neveropen]

The Difference a Day Makes: SSMS 2016, Azure, and Extended Events

You may have rushed to install CTP 3.3 when it was released yesterday. If you did, your SSMS build is 13.0.11000.48. Look closely, because that’s going to be important in a moment. In this build of SSMS, which shipped with CTP 3.3, if I connected to an Azure SQL Database, right-clicked on an existing Extended Events session in Object Explorer, and selected Properties (or New Session…), I received this error: Failed to connect to server (local). (Microsoft.SqlServer.ConnectionInfo) Login failed for user 'login_name'. (Microsoft SQL Server, Error: 18456)     If I instead tried to script the Extended Events session using […]

[cloudministertech]

VPS for Windows: A Complete 2025 Guide for Indian Businesses and Developers

In today’s fast-evolving digital world, having a powerful and scalable hosting solution is critical for website and application performance. For Indian users who rely on Microsoft technologies like ASP.NET, MS SQL Server, and Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), Windows VPS (Virtual Private Server) offers an ideal blend of control, flexibility, and affordability.

Unlike shared hosting, a VPS offers dedicated resources, giving you a private space in a virtualized environment. When this is paired with the power of Windows OS, users can enjoy remote management, support for Microsoft-based applications, and seamless desktop access — all from anywhere in the world.

This blog will cover everything you need to know about VPS for Windows — from how it works, key features, use cases, pricing trends in India, and frequently asked questions.

What is a Windows VPS?

A Windows VPS is a virtual private server that runs on a Windows operating system, usually Windows Server editions like 2016, 2019, or 2022. It mimics a dedicated server within a virtualized environment, giving users access to dedicated CPU, RAM, storage, and administrative control.

Users can remotely access the server using RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) and manage their applications just like they would on a local machine.

Market Demand and Growth in India

The adoption of VPS hosting, especially for Windows-based environments, is rapidly increasing in India due to the rise of developers, SaaS businesses, and eCommerce platforms.

Key Statistics:

As per Statista, India's hosting market is expected to surpass INR 4,000 crore by 2025.

Windows-based VPS usage in India has grown by 29% year-on-year since 2021.

Over 45% of Indian web developers prefer Windows VPS for Microsoft technologies.

When to Use VPS for Windows?

Windows VPS is ideal for scenarios where you need more control than shared hosting but don’t want the cost of a dedicated server.

Use Cases:

ASP.NET Web Hosting – Run .NET-based websites with full compatibility.

MS SQL Database Hosting – Host Microsoft SQL databases with high performance.

Forex Trading Platforms – Use trading bots and software via RDP.

Game Servers – Host Windows-based multiplayer gaming environments.

Remote Workspaces – Offer employees RDP access to centralized software.

Development Environments – Create isolated testing servers for Windows-based applications.

Note: Prices may vary based on provider and location. Indian datacenters typically offer better latency and slightly lower pricing.

How to Choose the Right Windows VPS in India?

Before making a decision, evaluate the following factors:

OS Version Compatibility – Ensure your apps work with Windows Server 2016/2019/2022.

Indian Datacenter – Improves performance and SEO for Indian websites.

24/7 Support – Essential for troubleshooting technical issues.

Scalability – Can you upgrade your plan easily as your needs grow?

Backup and Security – Look for DDoS protection, a firewall, and regular backups.

Trial or Money-Back Guarantee – Offers peace of mind to test performance.

Steps to Set Up a Windows VPS

Choose a Provider – Select based on pricing, datacenter location, and support.

Select Plan – Based on CPU, RAM, and storage requirements.

Install Windows OS – Generally pre-installed by the provider.

Remote Login – Use the RDP client to connect to your VPS.

Deploy Applications – Install IIS, MS SQL, or other tools.

Configure Security – Set up firewall, antivirus, and backups.

Pros and Cons of Windows VPS Hosting

Pros:

Easy-to-use graphical interface

Ideal for Microsoft-based applications

Secure remote access with RDP

Customizable environment and root access

Cons:

Higher cost compared to Linux VPS

Requires Windows Server license

Slightly higher system resource usage

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. What is the main benefit of using Windows VPS in India? Answer: It provides dedicated resources and remote desktop access to run Microsoft applications efficiently with low latency from Indian datacenters.

Q2. Is Windows VPS more expensive than Linux VPS? Answer: Yes, due to OS licensing costs, Windows VPS is generally costlier than Linux-based options.

Q3. Can I host a website using Windows VPS? Answer: Absolutely. You can host .NET-based websites, MSSQL databases, and even PHP/MySQL websites using IIS.

Q4. How secure is Windows VPS? Answer: Very secure if you implement best practices like firewall setup, antivirus, OS updates, and strong RDP passwords.

Q5. Do Indian providers offer local datacenter VPS? Answer: Yes, several Indian providers like CloudMinister, MilesWeb, and Hostinger India offer servers hosted within India.

Q6. Can I upgrade Windows VPS later? Answer: Yes, most VPS providers offer easy upgrade options for RAM, CPU, and storage.

Summary

Windows VPS hosting is an excellent solution for Indian businesses, developers, and tech professionals who require the power of dedicated hosting with the flexibility of a virtual environment. With features like RDP access, full admin control, and compatibility with Microsoft technologies, it serves a wide range of use cases from app development to remote office management.

As India's demand for cloud infrastructure continues to rise, hosting providers are offering more affordable and high-performance Windows VPS plans. By choosing a provider with Indian datacenters and reliable support, you can ensure your websites and applications run smoothly, securely, and efficiently.

[cloudministertechnologies2]

Maximize Business Performance with a Dedicated Server with Windows – Delivered by CloudMinister Technologies

In the era of digital transformation, having full control over your hosting environment is no longer optional—it’s essential. Businesses that prioritize security, speed, and customization are turning to Dedicated servers with Windows as their go-to infrastructure solution. When you choose CloudMinister Technologies, you get more than just a server—you get a strategic partner dedicated to your growth and uptime.

What is a Dedicated Server with Windows?

A Dedicated server with Windows is a physical server exclusively assigned to your organization, running on the Windows Server operating system. Unlike shared hosting or VPS, all the resources—CPU, RAM, disk space, and bandwidth—are reserved solely for your use. This ensures maximum performance, enhanced security, and total administrative control.

Key Benefits of a Dedicated Server with Windows

1. Total Resource Control

All server resources are 100% yours. No sharing, no interference—just consistent, high-speed performance tailored to your workload.

2. Full Administrative Access

You get full root/administrator access, giving you the freedom to install applications, manage databases, configure settings, and automate processes.

3. Better Compatibility with Microsoft Ecosystem

Run all Microsoft applications—SQL Server, Exchange, SharePoint, IIS, and ASP.NET—without compatibility issues.

4. Advanced Security Options

Use built-in Windows security features like BitLocker encryption, Windows Defender, and group policy enforcement to keep your data safe.

5. Remote Desktop Capability

Access your server from anywhere using Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)—ideal for managing operations on the go.

6. Seamless Software Licensing

With CloudMinister Technologies, Windows licensing is bundled with your plan, ensuring legal compliance and cost savings.

7. Scalability Without Downtime

Need to upgrade? Add more RAM, switch to SSDs, or increase bandwidth—without migrating to another server or experiencing downtime.

Why Choose CloudMinister Technologies for Windows Dedicated Servers?

At CloudMinister Technologies, we combine performance with personalized service. Our infrastructure is engineered to support the demands of startups, growing businesses, and large enterprises a like.

Our Competitive Edge:

100% Custom Configurations Choose your ideal specs or consult with our engineers to build a server optimized for your application or business model.

Free Server Management We manage your OS, patches, updates, firewalls, backups, and security—so you can focus on your business, not your backend.

High Uptime Guarantee With our 99.99% uptime commitment and redundant systems, your server stays online—always.

Modern Data Centers All servers are housed in Tier III or higher data centers with 24/7 surveillance, redundant power, cooling, and robust firewalls.

Rapid Deployment Get your Dedicated server with Windows up and running quickly with pre-configured setups or same-day custom deployment.

Dedicated 24/7 Support Our expert team is available any time, day or night, to troubleshoot, consult, or provide emergency support.

Additional Features to Boost Your Operations

Automated Daily Backups Protect your data and ensure business continuity with secure, regular backups.

DDoS Protection Stay secure with advanced protection from distributed denial-of-service attacks.

Multiple OS Choices Prefer Windows 2016, 2019, or 2022? Choose what suits your stack best.

Control Panel Options Get support for cPanel, Plesk, or a custom dashboard for simplified server management.

Private VLAN and IPMI Access Enjoy better isolation and direct console access for advanced troubleshooting.

Call to Action: Start with CloudMinister Technologies Today

Your business deserves more than just a server—it deserves a partner who understands performance, uptime, and scalability. With a Dedicated server with Windows from CloudMinister Technologies, you're guaranteed a seamless hosting experience backed by unmatched support and reliability.

Don’t wait for slow speeds or security issues to hold you back.

Upgrade to a Dedicated Windows Server today.

Visit www.cloudminister.com to view plans Or contact our solutions team at sales@cloudminister.com to discuss your custom setup.

[fromdevcom]

One of the oldest forms of internet communication, message boards and forums are just as popular today as they have ever been. As of 2016, there were an estimated 110,000 separate forum and message board providers across the world, ranging from social media style sites like Reddit to free bulletin software built on phpBB. Market Share Of Various Popular Forum Platforms Studies show that premium (paid-for) forum software still takes the lead when it comes to setting up a discussion website. In fact, leading premium provider vBulletin takes an estimated 50% of the total market. This service is essentially a template site with fully customizable bulletin board platforms, available for developers to manipulate and innovate as desired.   [Credit: BuiltWith.com via Quora] However, there has been a marked growth in the amount of open source software which enables discussion board creation, and many developers are creating their own message boards for commercial, social and personal use. We take a look at the top free platforms on the market today, tried and tested by industry experts. Five Of The Best Free Forum Platforms phpBB Experts agree that you will struggle to beat phpBB for functionality and ease of use. This simple PHP bulletin board application is perfect for fan discussions, photo threads, advice pages and general messaging between users. It has millions of global users and is fully compatible with PostgreSQL, SQLite, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, as well as being open to editing through the General Public Licence There are lots of opportunities to play with it and customize it, with no need for seeking permission first.  Threads can be split and messages can be archived for posterity, and the site maintains a template database with modifications and styles that are open for users to play around with. bbPress Forums WordPress has been the leading platform for blogging for many years. There are millions of sites across the Web which use the publishing software for their business sites, blogs and even e-commerce - and now the team is adding forum sites to its range of products. bbPress Forums is a WordPress-style bulletin board creation tool, which has the smooth and seamless transitions and roomy capacity that keeps the site fast and user-friendly.  Just like with the blogs, bbPress begins as a free service and has the option of a Premium or Business upgrade, with additional custom features and templates for subscribers. It is also one of the most secure free programs, with additional safety features to prevent hacking. YetAnotherForum Don’t let the name fool you - YetAnotherForum is anything but, with its quirky and innovative approach to forum development. The managed open source platform is designed specifically with ASP.NET in mind and is compatible with the fourth C# generation and above.  It is licensed free to developers and open for reworkings of the system’s code, and it builds bright, bold message boards that are simple and easy for users and admins alike. One of the big selling points is YetAnotherForum’s reliability: the service has operated for nine years without problems and still undergoes regular testing.  Over those nine years, progress has been slow but the last twelve months have seen promising developments and the program is seeing a surge in downloads and orders. Phorum Sometimes the old ones really are the best. Phorum has been around since the 1990s and it played a big role in the rise of forum sites. The free-to-use platform is based around PHP and MySQL development, and it is still one of the best pieces of software for forum creation that you can use free today.  One of the key selling points is how flexible it is - you can host one huge message thread with thousands of users, or adopt it across hundreds of different forums for a help site, social network or discussion group. Phorum has also upped its game lately with the introduction of a new template - the XHTML 1.0 Transitional Emerald design. 

This is available instead of the basic template and has far more features and options, but it still offers a blank slate for the developer in terms of design and function. Discourse If you need a platform that scales up as your service grows and is easy to develop and change as you do, Discourse is a great choice. There are three tiers of membership available - free, paid and premium - and all options are pretty budget-friendly.  Discourse is designed for creating discussion boards, and it is fully compatible with mobiles and tablets as well as PCs and laptops. It can handle busy conversations and it makes them easy to read back, with options to split threads and move conversations as needed.  The open source code is readily available for programmers to play with, and the system is easy to hand over to your designer or tech team if you have something specific in mind. User-created templates and styles are available, and there is a built-in filter system with can save on moderator costs and keep your forum a safe space for visitors to chat. Ten More Top Free Forum And Bulletin Board Programs Haven’t found what you need among our top picks above? Not all programs suit everyone - but there are hundreds of options on the market, so keep searching for your perfect platform. Find the right match for your forum vision, and get creating thanks to these amazing open source programs. Here are some more of the best forum development programs for 2017: Vanilla Forums Simple Machines MiniBB Forums MyBB DeluxeBB PunBB FluxBB UseBB Zetaboards Plush Forums The Best Of Premium Forum Software - At A Discount! If the free tools do not meet your needs or you want the added support and security of a premium service, there are plenty of platforms to choose from - including vBulletin, Burning Board, XenForo and IP.Board. Paid-for tools often require a subscription, so take advantage of the deals available online at OZCodes.com.au. Voucher codes can give big savings on the cost of software subscriptions through leading providers.

[techit-rp]

Inside the Mind of a Hacker: Understanding Cyber Criminals and Their Tactics

In today’s digital landscape, cybercrime has evolved into a sophisticated, multi-billion-dollar industry. Hackers operate with precision, using advanced techniques to breach security systems, steal sensitive data, and disrupt businesses. But what motivates these cybercriminals, and how do they think? To truly combat cyber threats, we must first understand the mindset of hackers and the strategies they employ.

If you're looking to safeguard yourself and build a career in cybersecurity, pursuing a Cyber Security Certification in Kolkata can equip you with the skills needed to protect against these evolving threats. Let’s dive into the mind of a hacker and explore their tactics.

The Psychology of a Hacker

1. Motivations Behind Cybercrime

Hackers are not always driven by the same goals. Understanding their motivations helps cybersecurity professionals develop better defense mechanisms. Common hacker motivations include:

Financial Gain: Cybercriminals engage in ransomware attacks, credit card fraud, and data breaches to steal money or sell information on the dark web.

Political or Ideological Beliefs: Hacktivists, such as Anonymous, target governments or corporations to protest against policies or social issues.

Espionage: State-sponsored hackers infiltrate government agencies, corporations, and research institutions to steal confidential data.

Personal Challenge or Notoriety: Some hackers break into systems purely for the thrill, to prove their skills, or to gain recognition in the hacking community.

Revenge: Disgruntled employees or individuals use hacking to sabotage organizations or individuals who have wronged them.

2. The Hacker Mindset

Hackers exhibit a combination of intelligence, curiosity, and persistence. Many have a deep understanding of coding, networking, and security vulnerabilities. Key psychological traits of hackers include:

Problem-Solving Skills: Hackers view security systems as puzzles to be cracked.

Anonymity & Deception: They leverage VPNs, proxy servers, and encryption to remain undetected.

Adaptability: As cybersecurity evolves, hackers continuously find new ways to bypass security measures.

Common Hacking Techniques and Tactics

Hackers use various methods to infiltrate systems. Some of the most common tactics include:

1. Phishing Attacks

Phishing remains one of the most effective hacking techniques. Hackers send deceptive emails or messages that trick users into revealing personal information, such as passwords and credit card details. They often impersonate banks, government agencies, or trusted brands.

Example: In 2021, a major phishing campaign targeted Microsoft users, tricking them into entering their credentials on a fake login page.

2. Malware and Ransomware

Hackers deploy malicious software (malware) to infect systems, steal data, or lock users out of their devices. Ransomware encrypts files and demands a ransom for their release.

Example: The WannaCry ransomware attack in 2017 affected over 200,000 computers worldwide, causing billions in damages.

3. Social Engineering

This tactic exploits human psychology rather than technical vulnerabilities. Hackers manipulate individuals into divulging sensitive information or granting unauthorized access.

Example: A hacker posing as an IT support technician might call an employee and ask for their login credentials.

4. SQL Injection Attacks

Hackers exploit vulnerabilities in websites that use SQL databases. By inserting malicious SQL code into input fields, they can access, modify, or delete database records.

Example: A well-known SQL injection attack targeted Yahoo! in 2012, exposing 450,000 user accounts.

5. Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks

These attacks overwhelm a system with excessive traffic, causing it to crash and become inaccessible.

Example: In 2016, the Mirai botnet launched a massive DDoS attack on Dyn, a major DNS provider, disrupting websites like Twitter, Netflix, and PayPal.

How to Defend Against Hackers

Understanding hacker tactics is the first step in securing digital assets. Here are essential strategies to protect against cyber threats:

1. Invest in Cybersecurity Education

A Cyber Security Certification in Kolkata can provide in-depth knowledge of ethical hacking, penetration testing, and risk management, helping individuals and businesses strengthen their defenses.

2. Use Strong Passwords and Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

Avoid using simple or reused passwords. Implement MFA to add an extra layer of security.

3. Keep Software and Systems Updated

Outdated software contains vulnerabilities that hackers exploit. Regular updates and security patches help close these loopholes.

4. Educate Employees on Cyber Threats

Since social engineering is a major attack vector, training employees to recognize phishing emails and suspicious activities is crucial.

5. Implement Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)

These tools monitor and block unauthorized access attempts, enhancing network security.

6. Regularly Backup Data

Frequent backups protect against ransomware attacks. Store backups in a secure, offline location.

7. Conduct Penetration Testing

Simulating cyberattacks through ethical hacking helps identify vulnerabilities before malicious hackers exploit them.

Conclusion

Cybercriminals are constantly evolving, using innovative tactics to breach systems and exploit vulnerabilities. By understanding their mindset and techniques, individuals and businesses can better protect themselves from cyber threats.

If you're serious about cybersecurity, obtaining a Cyber Security Certification in Kolkata is a great way to gain the skills and knowledge needed to combat cyber threats effectively. Investing in cybersecurity today can save organizations from significant financial losses, data breaches, and reputational damage in the future.

Cybersecurity is not just a technology problem—it’s a human challenge. Stay informed, stay prepared, and stay secure.

[teknogelecek]

STRING_SPLIT SQL Server: Yeni ve Eski Versiyon Farkları

SQL Server 2016 ile birlikte sunulan STRING_SPLIT SQL Server, verileri ayırmak için kullanılan oldukça pratik bir table-valued fonksiyondur. Bu fonksiyon, bir stringi belirli bir ayraç ile bölerek, veritabanı üzerinde SQL veri analizi süreçlerini oldukça kolaylaştırır. Özellikle SQL Server 2022 sürümünde gelen güncellemelerle birlikte, STRING_SPLIT fonksiyonunun işlevselliği daha da artmıştır.…

[rohitpalan]

Social Business Intelligence Market Set to Soar: Projections at US$ 49.6 Billion by 2034

Based on income from worldwide deployment, FMI projects that the global market for social business intelligence will be worth US$ 17 billion by the end of 2017. The market is anticipated to have expanded at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6% by the end of 2026. An estimated US$ 29 billion is its value.

According to Future Market Insights (FMI), SAP SE, SAS Institute Inc., Logi Analytics, Inc., TIBCO Software, Inc., Alteryx Inc., MicroStrategy, Inc., Microsoft Corporation, Qlik Technologies, Inc., and Tableaue Software, Inc. are a few of the well-known players in the industry.

They are exploring prospects in the development of social media tools and software. Several companies in the market are a substantial investments in research and development aimed at wearable technologies based on social business intelligence to gain a competitive edge over others.

The various end-use verticals for the social business intelligence market are BFSI, healthcare and life sciences, consumer goods and retail, travel and tourism, IT and telecommunication, media and entertainment, and government. Of these, the BFSI sector is the leading segment as it held a major market share of 20.2% of all the verticals in 2016. The segment is anticipated to retain its dominance throughout the assessment period. However, the travel and tourism segment is anticipated to rise at higher year-over-year growth from 2017 to 2026.

Request a Sample of this Report: https://www.fmisamplereport.com/sample/rep-gb-3182

Rising Ubiquity of Social Media to Bolster Demand

The growing demand for big data analytics tools for the analysis of social media, coupled with the rising ubiquity of social networks world over, is a key factor driving the market. The pressing need for next-generation analytical data generation technologies and management systems across modern enterprises is a primary factor driving the market in various regions.

The robustly rising popularity of social media among product and customer service teams, largely on account of benefits that percolate beyond marketing and promotion, is a key trend accentuating the market. The growing demand for various big data tools such as Hadoop in managing vast sets of unstructured data emanating from online and social media sites and CRM conversations is a notable trend catalyzing the demand for social business intelligence tools. This is motivated by the intensifying needs to garner data-driven insights into customer taste and preference across enterprises.

The pressing need for gaining customer insights in real-time for accelerating time-to-market is a key aspect of a fast-growing modern enterprise, necessitating the demand for social business intelligence tools. The rising adoption of cloud-based technologies and services will expectedly create exciting opportunities for market players in the coming years.

Data Security Major Concerns, Advanced Enterprise Data Operating Systems to Open up Exciting Avenues

The concern of privacy of data and their enterprise security are key factors likely to hamper the demand for social business intelligence to an extent. Nevertheless, the marked shift of enterprises workloads from on-premise to cloud is expected to allay these mounting concerns, thereby bolstering the demand for social business intelligence. In addition, the advent of advanced enterprise data operating systems has led players overcome the constraints associated with traditional database systems, notably SQL servers.

The growing popularity of Hadoop for building large-scale database has enabled enterprises manage large operational requirements. This is a welcome trend in the global social business intelligence market. Furthermore, the introduction of YARN and MapReduce has substantially expanded the capabilities of Hadoop, thereby creating lucrative avenues for market players.

[keyforrestuk]

Build a Robust Data Infrastructure with SQL Server 2016 Standard

Empowering Your Business with a Reliable Data Backbone

In today's fast-paced digital landscape, having a dependable and efficient data platform is essential for success. SQL Server 2016 Standard continues to stand out as a premier choice for organizations seeking a powerful, secure, and cost-effective database solution. Its blend of advanced features and reliability makes it an ideal foundation for diverse business needs.

One of the most compelling reasons to choose SQL Server 2016 Standard is its robust security capabilities, notably the Always Encrypted feature. This technology ensures sensitive data remains encrypted both at rest and in transit, providing peace of mind against cyber threats. By safeguarding your data, SQL Server 2016 helps build trust with clients and partners, reinforcing your company's reputation.

Performance is another critical aspect where SQL Server 2016 excels. The introduction of In-Memory OLTP dramatically enhances transaction processing speeds. This means faster query responses and improved overall system efficiency, which is vital for mission-critical applications. Whether you're managing large-scale transactional data or real-time analytics, SQL Server 2016's in-memory capabilities ensure your operations run smoothly.

Cost-effectiveness is often a decisive factor for businesses of all sizes. SQL Server 2016 Standard offers an affordable yet comprehensive solution that doesn't compromise on features. It enables organizations to implement advanced business intelligence tools, such as integrated reporting and data visualization, facilitating better decision-making without overspending. For companies looking to maximize their IT budget, SQL Server 2016 provides excellent value.

Furthermore, the platform is designed for flexibility and scalability. As your business grows, SQL Server 2016 Standard can adapt to increasing data volumes and user demands. Its support for large databases and high availability options ensures minimal downtime and continuous access to critical information.

Implementing a resilient data platform isn't just about technology—it's about empowering teams to innovate and excel. SQL Server 2016's comprehensive suite of features simplifies database management, enhances security, and boosts performance. This combination makes it a trusted choice for organizations aiming to strengthen their data infrastructure.

Ready to upgrade or establish your data foundation? You can buy sql server 2016 standard key today and unlock the full potential of your data environment. Embrace a solution that is proven, scalable, and designed to support your business goals for years to come.

[techdirectarchive]

Disable SQL Auto Close: Auto Close is enabled for both ePO and ePO Events Databases

The SQL Auto Close feature automatically closes inactive database connections after a specified period of inactivity. By default, auto close is enabled but Trellix does not like this behaviour. In this article, we will discuss the fix to “Disable SQL Auto Close: Auto Close is enabled for both ePO and ePO Events Databases”. Please see Trellix ePolicy Orchestrator Installation on Windows Server,…

[vndta-vps]

VPS Chạy Hệ Điều Hành Windows - Giải Pháp Tối Ưu Cho Doanh Nghiệp Và Cá Nhân

Trong thời đại số hóa mạnh mẽ, nhu cầu sử dụng máy chủ ảo (VPS - Virtual Private Server) ngày càng gia tăng. Trong số các loại VPS, VPS chạy hệ điều hành Windows là lựa chọn phổ biến, đặc biệt với các doanh nghiệp, lập trình viên, và người dùng cần môi trường làm việc quen thuộc và dễ sử dụng. Vậy VPS Windows là gì? Tại sao nên chọn loại VPS này? Hãy cùng tìm hiểu chi tiết trong bài viết dưới đây.

VPS Windows là gì?

VPS (Virtual Private Server) là một máy chủ ảo được tạo ra từ một máy chủ vật lý, hoạt động độc lập với các VPS khác. Khi VPS sử dụng hệ điều hành Windows, nó được gọi là VPS Windows. Điều này có nghĩa là máy chủ ảo này được cài đặt và vận hành trên nền tảng Windows Server (ví dụ: Windows Server 2016, 2019, 2022…).

Người dùng có thể điều khiển VPS Windows từ xa thông qua Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), cho phép truy cập và quản lý như đang sử dụng một máy tính cá nhân.

Ưu điểm của VPS chạy hệ điều hành Windows

Giao diện thân thiện, dễ sử dụng

Một trong những điểm mạnh lớn nhất của VPS Windows chính là giao diện đồ họa quen thuộc. Với những ai đã quen sử dụng máy tính Windows, việc sử dụng VPS sẽ trở nên dễ dàng hơn nhiều so với VPS Linux, vốn chủ yếu dùng dòng lệnh để thao tác.

Hỗ trợ phần mềm chuyên dụng

Nhiều phần mềm quản lý doanh nghiệp, kế toán, quản lý bán hàng hoặc ứng dụng desktop được thiết kế để chạy trên nền tảng Windows. Với VPS Windows, người dùng có thể cài đặt và sử dụng những phần mềm này một cách ổn định mà không lo vấn đề tương thích.

Truy cập từ xa linh hoạt

Thông qua giao thức RDP, người dùng có thể truy cập VPS từ bất cứ đâu, bất cứ thiết bị nào. Bạn chỉ cần một thiết bị kết nối Internet là đã có thể làm việc trên máy chủ của mình như đang ngồi trực tiếp trước màn hình.

Tích hợp Active Directory và các dịch vụ Microsoft

VPS Windows có khả năng tích hợp với các dịch vụ như Active Directory, Microsoft Exchange, IIS (Internet Information Services) hay Microsoft SQL Server. Điều này cực kỳ thuận tiện cho các doanh nghiệp muốn xây dựng hạ tầng CNTT nội bộ trên nền tảng Microsoft.

Khi nào nên sử dụng VPS Windows?

VPS Windows phù hợp với nhiều đối tượng người dùng:

Doanh nghiệp sử dụng phần mềm nội bộ: Nhiều công ty dùng các phần mềm kế toán, ERP, CRM chạy trên nền Windows.

Nhà phát triển phần mềm: Lập trình viên cần môi trường để test hoặc triển khai phần mềm .NET, ASP.NET, C#...

Người quản trị website: VPS Windows có thể được dùng để chạy các website sử dụng IIS hoặc các nền tảng yêu cầu Windows.

Người dùng cá nhân: Muốn làm việc từ xa, xử lý dữ liệu hoặc đơn giản là chạy các phần mềm không tương thích với hệ điều hành khác.

Nhược điểm cần lưu ý

Mặc dù có nhiều ưu điểm, VPS chạy Windows cũng có một số điểm hạn chế:

Chi phí cao hơn: Bản quyền Windows Server khiến giá thuê VPS Windows thường cao hơn VPS Linux.

Yêu cầu tài nguyên cao hơn: Hệ điều hành Windows và các ứng dụng liên quan thường tiêu tốn nhiều RAM và CPU hơn.

Bảo mật: Vì là nền tảng phổ biến nên Windows cũng là mục tiêu của nhiều cuộc tấn công mạng. Tuy nhiên, nếu được cấu hình và cập nhật đầy đủ, VPS Windows vẫn có thể rất an toàn.

Cách chọn VPS Windows phù hợp

Khi lựa chọn VPS Windows, bạn nên xem xét một số yếu tố sau:

Cấu hình: Xác định nhu cầu sử dụng để chọn cấu hình CPU, RAM, dung lượng ổ cứng phù hợp.

Phiên bản Windows: Chọn phiên bản Windows Server tương thích với phần mềm bạn muốn sử dụng.

Vị trí máy chủ: Chọn máy chủ gần khu vực người dùng để tăng tốc độ truy cập.

Nhà cung cấp uy tín: Ưu tiên các đơn vị có hỗ trợ kỹ thuật 24/7, cam kết uptime cao, có khả năng mở rộng linh hoạt.

Một số ứng dụng thực tế của VPS Windows

Chạy phần mềm quản lý kế toán như MISA, Fast, Bravo…

Triển khai các website viết bằng ASP.NET hoặc sử dụng SQL Server.

Thiết lập Remote Desktop cho nhóm làm việc từ xa.

Lưu trữ dữ liệu và chia sẻ tệp tin nội bộ trong doanh nghiệp.

Tạo môi trường học tập hoặc thử nghiệm các phần mềm mới.

Tổng kết

VPS chạy hệ điều hành Windows là giải pháp lý tưởng cho những ai cần một môi trường làm việc ổn định, dễ sử dụng và tương thích với các phần mềm quen thuộc. Dù có mức chi phí cao hơn so với các loại VPS khác, nhưng lợi ích mà nó mang lại hoàn toàn xứng đáng, đặc biệt với những người dùng ưu tiên sự tiện lợi và hiệu quả.

Nếu bạn đang tìm kiếm một công cụ mạnh mẽ để hỗ trợ công việc, phát triển phần mềm, hoặc đơn giản là vận hành hệ thống từ xa, VPS Windows chắc chắn là lựa chọn đáng cân nh��c.

Thông tin chi tiết: https://vndata.vn/vps-windows-gia-re/

[mohitchauhan024]

Discover the Full Range of Microsoft Products at TechLicence

For original Microsoft products, TechLicence is the best way to go. It's a licensed certified member of Microsoft partners with pride and a willingness to offer you all different high-quality software in stock to serve individual, business, or enterprise requirements. TechLicence comes to help you with high-level operating systems, leading tools in productivity, or top servers that can provide genuine, reliable access to the software you need.

We understand at TechLicence that one of the critical choices is where the tools move to upgrade work and personal projects. For these reasons, we have everything ranging from the latest versions of Windows to diverse Microsoft Office suites and specific specialized applications like SQL Server, Project, and Visio. Whether you're looking forward to upgrading your home office, streamlining business operations, or setting up a wide enterprise environment, we ensure that there's something there for everyone through our rich collection of Microsoft products. But with TechLicence, you never have to compromise on quality, safety, or performance.

Explore Our Ranges of Microsoft Products

At TechLicence, we understand how important high-quality, genuine software is in your productivity. To keep ahead, we offer you the following:

1. Windows Operating Systems

Run your devices with authentic Microsoft Windows operating systems. Choose the one for you:

Windows 10: perfect OS for your both home and professional life.

Windows 11: The new Windows technology, built for a modern, secure and connected experience.

2. Microsoft Office Suites

Unlock your productivity with Microsoft Office. Choose from:

Office 365: Get regular access to cloud tools updated by using 1TB of OneDrive storage.

Office 2019 & 2021 : Traditional productivity apps like Word, Excel, PowerPoint with perpetual licenses

3. Microsoft Servers

Build your business with strong server solutions from us. With Windows Server 2016 up to 2019 and more, TechLicence has everything you need for sure. Administering networks, databases and applications should soon be a part of routine work for you.

4. More Microsoft Products

On top of the above, TechLicence shall also provide you with the necessary Microsoft Software like:

Project und Visio for detailed project management and diagramming

Remote Desktop Services for smooth remote working solutions

SQL Server für data and app management

Why TechLicence for Microsoft Products?

We give you a set of lucrative benefits that place us as your one-stop partner for the purchase of Microsoft software.

We are a certified Microsoft Partner. Hence, you can get assured that you are getting authenticated licenses.

Competitive Price: Premium software at pocket-friendly rates so that it fits right in your budget requirement. You can enjoy lifetime support through our dedicated team's effort to activate and use your product; we are just a call away if you require any technical assistance.

Microsoft Direct Support: Being an authorized seller, we give you direct support from the company if you require any technological support.

Lock Your Microsoft Software Now!

Whether you want to upgrade your home setup, equip your office, or manage enterprise systems, TechLicence has all the Microsoft solutions for you. Browse on TechLicence and discover our wide product range and find the right tools for your journey to greater productivity.

Choose TechLicence authenticity, reliability, and exceptional customer service for your digital world.

[cloudministertech]

Cheap Windows VPS Hosting with CloudMinister Technologies – Performance Meets Affordability

In today's digitally driven world, businesses and developers seek performance, control, and affordability in their hosting solutions. For those needing the power of a virtual server with the familiarity of the Windows operating system, Windows VPS hosting is the go-to choice. At CloudMinister Technologies, we specialize in offering Cheap Windows VPS hosting without compromising on performance or security.

This blog explores the value of choosing Windows VPS, its benefits, and how CloudMinister Technologies stands out in delivering top-notch Windows VPS solutions at affordable rates.

What is Windows VPS Hosting?

A Windows VPS (Virtual Private Server) is a virtualized server environment that runs on a Windows operating system. It combines the affordability of shared hosting with the control and flexibility of a dedicated server. Each VPS operates in its own isolated environment, giving users administrative (root) access and the ability to install custom applications.

Windows VPS is particularly beneficial for businesses and individuals running .NET applications, MSSQL databases, or other Microsoft-based software.

Why Choose Windows VPS Hosting?

Before diving into CloudMinister's offerings, let’s understand why Windows VPS hosting is a preferred solution for many:

1. Full Administrative Control

Users get full Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) access, giving them the freedom to manage their server environment as needed—installing applications, configuring settings, and managing security protocols.

2. Scalability

As your business grows, your server can grow with it. Upgrading your VPS plan is seamless and doesn't require downtime or major changes to your system.

3. Familiar User Interface

The intuitive Windows GUI makes it easy for users who are not comfortable with Linux or command-line environments.

4. Compatibility with Microsoft Applications

Ideal for running applications like ASP.NET, Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Exchange, SharePoint, and more.

5. Better Security than Shared Hosting

With isolated server environments, Windows VPS ensures greater protection against malware and external attacks than shared hosting.

Why CloudMinister Technologies for Windows VPS Hosting?

At CloudMinister Technologies, we are committed to making Windows VPS hosting both powerful and affordable. Our infrastructure is optimized to deliver consistent performance, reliability, and top-tier customer support—tailored to meet the needs of startups, developers, SMEs, and enterprise clients.

Here’s what sets us apart:

1. Unbeatable Pricing for Maximum Value

We provide cheap Windows VPS hosting plans that don’t compromise on performance. Our cost-effective solutions are ideal for users looking for affordable hosting to run resource-intensive applications.

2. Powerful Hardware Infrastructure

Our VPS servers are hosted on enterprise-grade SSD storage and Intel Xeon CPUs to ensure lightning-fast speed, quick boot times, and low latency.

3. Windows OS Licensing Included

All our plans come with licensed Windows Server OS pre-installed—no additional licensing cost is required. Choose from Windows Server 2012, 2016, 2019, or 2022 based on your needs.

4. Instant Setup and Quick Deployment

We understand that time is critical. Our automated provisioning system ensures your Windows VPS is deployed in just a few minutes.

5. 24/7 Technical Support

Whether you're a seasoned system admin or a beginner, our expert support team is always available to help you configure, manage, or troubleshoot any issues.

6. Data Center Locations in India

With data centers located across India, we provide low-latency connectivity for users targeting Indian or nearby geographical markets. Faster loading times mean better user experience and improved SEO rankings.

Use Cases of Cheap Windows VPS Hosting

CloudMinister's Windows VPS is suitable for a wide range of use cases, including:

1. Running Windows-based Applications

Whether it’s a custom .NET software, a Microsoft SQL-based app, or any Windows desktop application, our VPS environment is fully optimized for smooth execution.

2. Forex Trading

Traders can run platforms like MetaTrader 4/5 continuously without worrying about downtime or internet issues.

3. Game Server Hosting

Host multiplayer Windows-based games or private servers for popular titles with scalable RAM and CPU power.

4. Remote Desktop Workspace

Turn your VPS into a virtual office. Access your desktop, files, and applications from anywhere with a stable internet connection.

5. Development and Testing

Developers building cross-platform or Windows-specific software can use our VPS as a secure and dedicated test environment.

Key Features of CloudMinister’s Windows VPS Plans

Here are some of the standout features bundled with our Windows VPS hosting:

Remote Desktop Access (RDP)

Pre-installed Windows Server OS

SSD-Powered Storage

DDoS Protection

Full Root Access

Flexible Billing Options (Monthly/Quarterly/Annually)

99.99% Uptime Guarantee

Firewall and Antivirus Support

Easy Upgrade Path

How to Choose the Right VPS Plan?

When choosing a VPS plan, consider the following:

CPU & RAM Requirements: For heavier applications like SQL Server or Forex terminals, opt for higher CPU and RAM specs.

Storage Needs: Ensure sufficient SSD space to store your applications, databases, and logs.

Traffic Handling: Consider bandwidth and data transfer limits if your application receives high traffic.

Backup Solutions: Always opt for plans that include data backup or allow easy integration with backup services.

CloudMinister offers a range of Windows VPS plans to match different needs and budgets—whether you're just starting out or managing enterprise-scale applications.

Getting Started with CloudMinister Windows VPS

Setting up your Windows VPS with CloudMinister is simple and quick:

Choose Your Plan – Select from multiple budget-friendly plans tailored to your requirements.

Select Windows Version – Pick your preferred Windows Server version.

Confirm & Pay – Complete the checkout process.

Access Your VPS – Within minutes, you'll receive your RDP login credentials via email.

Our support team is available 24/7 to assist with initial setup, software installation, and security hardening.

Why Cheap Doesn’t Mean Low Quality

At CloudMinister Technologies, “cheap” means cost-effective, not poor quality. Our Windows VPS plans are designed to offer maximum performance at minimal cost, making premium hosting accessible to freelancers, small businesses, and startups.

We continually invest in our hardware, optimize our infrastructure, and deliver industry-leading service levels—all while maintaining affordable pricing.

Final Thoughts

If you’re looking for cheap Windows VPS hosting that delivers performance, scalability, and robust support, CloudMinister Technologies is your go-to solution. Whether you're hosting a business application, building a remote desktop workspace, or developing Windows-based software, we’ve got a plan tailored to your needs.

Don’t let high hosting prices hold you back. Experience the power of Windows VPS at affordable rates—only with CloudMinister Technologies.

Ready to Get Started?

Explore our VPS plans today at www.cloudminister.com and launch your Windows VPS within minutes.

[easyinplay]

从数据库发展历程到数据结构设计探析

一 数据库发展史

起初，数据的管理方式是文档系统，数据存储在文档中，数据管理和维护都由进程员完成。后来发展出树形结构和网状结构的数据库，但都存在着难以扩展和维护的问题。直到七十年代，关系数据库理论的提出，以表格形式组织数据，数据之间存在关联关系，具有了良好的结构化和规范化特性，成为主流数据库类型。

先来看一张数据库发展史图鉴：

随之高并发大数据时代的来临，数据库按照各种应用场景进行了更细粒度的拆分和演进，数据库细分领域的典型代表：

二 数据库名词概念

RDBS

1970 年的 6 月，IBM 公司的研究员埃德加・考特 （Edgar Frank Codd） 发表了那篇着名的《大型共享数据库数据的关系模型》（A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks）的论文，拉开了关系型数据库（Relational DataBase Server）软件革命的序幕（之前是层次模型和网状模型数据库为主）。直到现在，关系型数据库在基础软件应用领域仍是最主要的数据存储方式之一。

关系型数据库创建在关系型数据模型的基础上，是借助于集合代数等数学概念和���法来处理数据的数据库。在关系型数据库中，实体以及实体间的联系均由单一的结构类型来表示，这种逻辑结构是一张二维表。关系型数据库以行和列的形式存储数据，这一系列的行和列被称为表，一组表组成了数据库。

NoSQL

NoSQL（Not Only SQL） 数据库也即非关系型数据库，它是在大数据的时代背景下产生的，它可以处理分布式、规模庞大、类型不确定、完整性没有保证的 “杂乱” 数据，这是传统的关系型数据库远远不能胜任的。NoSQL 数据库并没有一个统一的模型，是以牺牲事务机制和强一致性机制，来获取更好的分布式部署和横向扩展能力，使其在不同的应用场景下，对特定业务数据具有更强的处理性能。常用数据模型示例如下：

NewSQL

NewSQL 是一类新的关系型数据库， 是各种新的可扩展和高性能的数据库的简称。它不仅具有 NoSQL 数据库对海量数据的存储管理能力，同时还保留了传统数据库支持的 ACID 和 SQL 特性，典型代表有 TiDB 和 OceanBase。

OLTP

联机事务处理过程 (On-Line Transaction Processing)：也称为面向交易的处理过程，其基本特征是前台接收的用户数据可以立即传送到计算中心进行处理，并在很短的时间内给出处理结果，是对用户操作快速响应的方式之一。

OLAP

联机分析处理（On-Line Analytical Processing）是一种面向数据分析的处理过程，它使分析人员能��迅速、一致、交互地从各个方面观察信息，以达到深入理解数据的目的。它具有 FASMI (Fast Analysis of Shared Multidimensional Information)，即共享多维信息的快速分析的特征。

关于 OLTP 和 OLAP 的区别，借用一张表格对比如下：

HTAP (Hybrid Transactional/Analytical Processing) 混合型数据库基于新的计算存储框架，能够同时支撑 OLTP 和 OLAP 场景，避免传统架构中大量数据交互造成的资源浪费和冲突。

三 领域数据库

列式数据库

传统的以行形式保存的数据主要满足 OLTP 应用，列形式保存的数据主要满足以查询为主的 OLAP 应用。在列式数据库中，数据按列存储，而每个列中的数据类型相同。这种存储方式使列式数据库能够更高效地处理大量的数据，特别是需要进行大规模的数据分析和处理时（如金融、医疗、电信、能源、物流等行业）。

两种存储结构的区别如下图：

列式数据库的主要优点：

• 更高的压缩比率：由于每个列中的数据类型相同，列式数据库可以使用更高效的压缩算法来压缩数据（压缩比可达到 5～20 倍），从而减少存储空间的使用。

• 更快的查询速度：列式数据库可以只读取需要的列，而不需要读取整行数据，从而加快查询速度。

• 更好的扩展性：列式数据库可以更容易地进行水平扩展，即增加更多的节点和服务器来处理更大规模的数据。

• 更好的数据分析支持：由于列式数据库可以处理大规模的数据，它可以支持更复杂的数据分析和处理操作，例如数据挖掘、机器学习等。

列式数据库的主要缺点：

• 更慢的写入速度：由于数据是按列存储，每次写入都需要写入整个列，而不是单个行，因此写入速度可能较慢。

• 更复杂的数据模型：由于数据是按列存储，数据模型可能比行式数据库更复杂，需要更多的设计和开发工作。

列式数据库的应用场景：

• 金融：金融行业的交易数据和市场数据，例如股票价格、外汇汇率、利率等。列式数据库可以更快速地处理这些数据，并且支持更复杂的数据分析和处理操作，例如风险管理、投资分析等。

• 医疗：医疗行业的病历数据、医疗图像和实验数据等。列式数据库可以更高效地存储和处理这些数据，并且支持更复杂的医学研究和分析操作。

• 电信：电信行业的用户数据和通信数据，例如电话记录、短信记录、网络流量等。列式数据库可以更快速地处理这些数据，并且支持更复杂的用户行为分析和网络优化操作。

• 能源：能源行业的传感器数据、监测数据和生产数据等。列式数据库可以更高效地存储和处理这些数据，并且支持更复杂的能源管理和控制操作。

• 物流：物流行业的运输数据、库存数据和订单数据等。列式数据库可以更快速地处理这些数据，并且支持更复杂的物流管理和优化操作。

总之，列式数据库是一种高效处理大规模数据的数据库管理系统，但需要权衡写入速度、数据模型复杂度和成本等因素。 随着传统关系型数据库与新兴的分布式数据库不断的发展，列式存储与行式存储会不断融合，数据库系统呈现双模式数据存放方式。

时序数据库

时序数据库全称为时间串行数据库 (Time Series Database)，用于存储和管理时间串行数据的专业化数据库，是优化用于摄取、处理和存储时间戳数据的数据库。其跟常规的关系数据库 SQL 相比，最大的区别在于：时序数据库是以时间为索引的规律性时间间隔记录的数据库。

时序数据库在物联网和互联网应用进程监控（APM）等场景应用比较多，以监控数据采集来举例，如果数据监控数据采集时间间隔是 1s，那一个监控项每天会产生 86400 个数据点，若有 10000 个监控项，则一天就会产生 864000000 个数据点。在物联网场景下，这个数字会更大，整个数据的规模，是 TB 甚至是 PB 级的。

时序数据库发展史：

当下最常见的 Kubernetes 容器管理系统中，通常会搭配普罗米修斯（Prometheus）进行监控，Prometheus 就是一套开源的监控 & 报警 & 时间串行数据库的组合。

图数据库

图数据库（Graph Database）是基于图论实现的一种新型 NoSQL 数据库。它的数据存储结构和数据的查询方式都是以图论为基础的。图论中图的基本元素为节点和边，在图数据库中对应的就是节点和关系。

图数据库在反欺诈多维关联分析场景，社交网络图谱，企业关系图谱等场景中可以做一些非常复杂的关系查询。这是由于图数据结构表现的是实体联系本身，它表现了现实世界中事物联系的本质，它的联系在节点创建时就已经创建，所以在查询中能以快捷的路径返回关联数据，从而表现出非常高效的查询性能。

目前市面上较为流行的图数据库产品有以下几种：

与传统的关系数据库相比，图数据库具有以下优点：

1. 更快的查询速度：图数据库可以快速遍历图数据，找到节点之间的关联和路径，因此查询速度更快。

2. 更好的扩展性：图数据库可以轻松地扩展到大规模的数据集，因为它们可以分布式存储和处理数据。

3. 更好的数据可视化：图数据库可以将数据可视化为图形，使用户更容易理解和分析数据。

4. 更好的数据一致性：图数据库可以确保数据的一致性，因为它们可以在节点和边之间创建强制性的关系。

四 数据结构设计

前面简单介绍了数据库相关的基础知识，下面再介绍几种我们常见的数据结构设计相关的应用实践：拉链表，位运算和环形队列。

4.1 拉链表

拉链表是一种数据仓库中常用的数据模型，用于记录维度数据的变化历史。我们以一个人员变动的场景举例，假设有一个员工信息表，其中包含了员工的姓名、工号、职位、部门、入职时间等信息。如果需要记录员工的变动情况，就可以使用拉链表来实现。

首先，在员工信息表的基础上添加两个字段：生效时间和失效时间。当员工信息发生变动时，不再添加一条记录，而是修改原有记录的失效时间，同时添加一条新的记录。如下表所示：

这里的生效时间指的是该记录生效的时间，失效时间指的是该记录失效的时间。例如，张三最初是技术部经理，生效时间为入职时间，失效时间为 2012 年底，之后晋升为技术部总监，生效时间为 2013 年初，失效时间为 2015 年底，最后又晋升为技术部总经理，生效时间为 2016 年初，失效时间为 9999 年底。

通过这种方式，可以记录员工变动的历史信息，并能够方便地查询某个时间点的员工信息。例如，如果需要查询张三在 2014 年的职位和部门信息，只需查询生效时间小于 2014 年且失效时间大于 2014 年的记录即可。

拉链表通常包括以下几个字段：

1.主键：唯一标识每个记录的字段，通常是一个或多个列的组合。 2.生效时间：记录的生效时间，即该记录开始生效的时间。 3.失效时间：记录的失效时间，即该记录失效的时间。 4.版本号：记录的版本号，用于标识该记录的版本。 5.其他维度属性：记录的其他维度属性，如客户名、产品名、员工名等。

当一个记录的维度属性发生变化时，不再添加一条记录，而是修改原有记录的失效时间，同时添加一条新的记录。新记录的生效时间为变化的时间，失效时间为 9999 年底。这样就能够记录每个维度属性的历史变化信息，同时保证查询时能够正确获取某个时间点的维度属性信息。

拉链表与传统的流水表相比，它们的主要区别在于：

1. 数据结构不同：流水表是一张只有添加和更新操作的表，每次更新都会添加一条记录，记录中包含了所有的历史信息。而拉链表则是一张有添加、更新和删除操作的表，每个记录都有一个生效时间段和失效时间段，记录的历史信息通过时间段的变化来体现。

2. 查询方式不同：流水表的查询方式是基于时间点的查询，即查询某个时间点的记录信息。而拉链表的查询方式是基于时间段的查询，即查询某个时间段内的记录信息。

3. 存储空间不同：由于流水表需要记录所有历史信息，所以存储空间相对较大。而拉链表只记录生效时间段和失效时间段，所以存储空间相对较小。

4. 数据更新方式不同：流水表只有添加和更新操作，每次更新都会添加一条记录，不会对原有记录进行修改。而拉链表有添加、更新和删除操作，每次更新会修改原有记录的失效时间，同时添加一条新的记录。

4.2 巧用位运算

借助于计算机位运算的特性，可以巧妙的解决某些特定问题，使实现更加优雅，节省存储空间的同时，也可以提高运行效率，典型应用场景：压缩存储、位图索引、数据加密、图形处理和状态判断等，下面介绍几个典型案例。

4.2.1 位运算

• 使用位运算实现开关和多选项叠加（资源权限）等应用场景。一个 int 类型有 32 个位，理论上可以表示 32 个开关状态或业务选项；以用户每个月的签到场景举例：用一个 int 字段来表示用户一个月的签到情况，0 表示未签到，1 表示签到。想知道某一天是否签到，则只需要判断对应的比特位上是否为 1。计算一个月累计签到了多少次，只需要统计有多少个比特位为 1 就可以了。这种设计巧妙的数据存储结构在后面的位图（BitMap）中，还会进行更为详细的介绍。

• 使用位运算实现业务优先级计算：

• 其它使用位运算的典型场景：HashMap 中的队列长度的设计和线程池 ThreadPoolExcutor 中使用 AtomicInteger 字段 ctl，存储当前线程池状态和线程数量（高 3 位表示当前线程的状态，低 29 位表示线程的数量）。

4.2.2 BitMap

位图（BitMap）是一种常用的数据结构，在索引，数据压缩等方面有广泛应用。基本思想就是用一个 bit 位来标记某个元素对应的 Value，而 Key 即是该元素。由于采用了 Bit 为单位来存储数据，因此可以大大节省存储空间，是少有的既能保证存储空间又能保证查找速度的数据结构（而不必空间换时间）。

举个例子，假设有这样一个需求：在 20 亿个随机整数中找出某个数 m 是否存在其中，并假设 32 位操作系统，4G 内存，在 Java 中，int 占 4 字节，1 字节 = 8 位（1 byte = 8 bit）。

• 如果每个数字用 int 存储，那就是 20 亿个 int，因而占用的空间约为 (2000000000*4/1024/1024/1024)≈7.45G

• 如果按位存储就不一样了，20 亿个数就是 20 亿位，占用空间约为 (2000000000/8/1024/1024/1024)≈0.233G

存储空间可以压缩节省 31 倍！那么它是如何通过二进制位实现数字标记的呢？ 其原理是用每个二进制位（下标）表示一个真实数字，0 表示不存在，1 表示存在，这样我们可以很容易表示 {1,2,4,6} 这几个数：

计算机内存分配的最小单位是字节，也就是 8 位，那如果要表示 {12,13,15} 怎么办呢？可以另申请一个字节 b [1]：

通过一个二维数组来实现位数叠加，1 个 int 占 32 位，那么我们只需要申请一个 int 数组长度为 int index [1+N/32] 即可存储，其中 N 表示要存储的这些数中的最大值：

index [0]：可以表示 0\~31

index [1]：可以表示 32\~63

index [2]：可以表示 64\~95

以此类推 ... 如此一来，给定任意整数 M，那么 M/32 就得到下标，M%32 就知道它在此下标的哪个位置。

BitMap 数据结构通常用于以下场景：

1. 压缩存储大量布尔值：BitMap 可以有效地压缩大量的布尔值，从而减少内存的使用；

2. 快速判断一个元素是否存在：BitMap 可以快速地判断一个元素是否存在，只需要查找对应的位即可；

3. 去重：BitMap 可以用于去重操作，将元素作为索引，将对应的位设置为 1，重复元素只会对应同一个位，从而实现去重；

4. 排序：BitMap 可以用于排序，将元素作为索引，将对应的位设置为 1，然后按照索引顺序遍历位数组，即可得到有序的元素串行；

5. ElasticSearch 和 Solr 等搜索引擎中，在设计搜索剪枝时，需要保存已经搜索过的历史信息，可以使用位图减小历史信息数据所占空间；

4.2.3 布隆过滤器

位图（Bitmap）这种数据存储结构，如果数据量大到一定程度，比如 64bit 类型的数据，简单算一下存储空间就知道，海量硬件资源要求，已经不��现实了：

所以另一个着名的工业实现 - 布隆过滤器（Bloom Filter）出现了。如果说 BitMap 对于每一个可能的整型值，通过直接寻址的方式进行映射，相当于使用了一个哈希函数，那布隆过滤器就是引入了 k (k> 1 ) 个相互独立的哈希函数，保证在给定的空间和误判率情况下，完成元素判重的过程。下图中是 k = 3 时的布隆过滤器：

布隆过滤器的内部依赖于哈希算法，当检测某一条数据是否见过时，有一定概率出现假阳性（False Positive），但一定不会出现假阴性（False Negative）。也就是说，当 布隆过滤器认为一条数据出现过，那么该条数据很可能出现过；但如果布隆过滤器认为一条数据没出现过，那么该条数据一定没出现过。布隆过滤器通过引入一定错误率，使得海量数据判重在可以接受的内存代价中得以实现。

上图中，x,y,z 经由哈希函数映射将各自在 Bitmap 中的 3 个位置置为 1，当 w 出现时，仅当 3 个标志位都为 1 时，才表示 w 在集合中。图中所示的情况，布隆过滤器将判定 w 不在集合中。

常见实现

• Java 中 Guava 工具包中实现；

• Redis 4.0 开始以插件形式提供布隆过滤器功能；

适用场景

• 网页爬虫对 URL 的去重，避免爬去相同的 URL 地址，比如 Chrome 浏览器就是使用了一个布隆过滤器识别恶意链接；

• 垃圾邮件过滤，从数十亿个垃圾邮件列表中判断某邮箱是否是杀垃圾邮箱；

• 解决数据库缓存击穿，黑客攻击服务器时，会构建大量不存在于缓存中的 key 向服务器发起请求，在数据量足够大的时候，频繁的数据库查询会导致挂机；

• 谷歌 Bigtable、Apache HBase、Apache Cassandra 和 PostgreSQL 使用布隆过滤器来减少对不存在的行或列的磁盘查找；

• 秒杀系统，查看用户是否重复购买；

4.2.4 小结

• 位运算有着执行速度快，占用空间小，代码实现简洁等优点，往往能起到四两拨千斤的效果。同样也有着代码可读性差，使用范围和可维护性受限等不足；

• 在 BitMap 中，占用空间大小还与实际应用场景有关，这种结构无法容忍误判，只能判断一个元素是否存在，如果数据离散度过高，空间利用率反而更低；

• 布隆过滤器则有着空间利用率高，可以容忍一定的误判率的优点。与 BitMap 相比，也存在着无法删除元素，误判率无法达到 0 等不足；

4.3 环形队列

环形队列是一种用于表示一个固定尺寸、头尾相连的数据结构，很适合缓存数据流。在通信开发（Socket，TCP/IP，RPC 开发），在内核的进程间通信（IPC），视频音频播放等各种场景中，都有其身影。日常开发过程中使用的 Dubbo、Netty、Akka、Quartz、ZooKeeper 、Kafka 等各种中间件，也都有环形队列的思想。下面介绍两种常用的环形数据结构：Hash 环和时间轮。

4.3.1 一致性 Hash 环

先来看一下，典型 Hash 算法结构如下：

以上图 Hash 策略为例，当节点数 N 发生变化的时候 之前所有的 hash 映射几乎全部失效，如果集群是无状态的服务，倒是没什么事情，但是如果是分布式缓存这种场景，就会导致比较严重的问题。比如 Key1 原本是路由到 Node1 上，命中缓存的 Value1 数据。但是当 N 节点变化后，Key1 可能就路由到了 Node2 节点，这就产生了缓存数据无法命中的问题。而无论是机器故障还是缓存扩容，都会导致节点数的变化。

如何解决上面场景的问题呢？就是接下来介绍的一致性 Hash 算法。

一致性哈希将整个哈希值空间组织成一个虚拟的圆环，假设某哈希函数 H 的值空间为 0-2^32-1（即哈希值是一个 32 位无符号整型），所有的输入值都被映射到 0-2^32-1 之间，组成一个圆环。整个哈希空间环如下：

路由数据的过程如下：将数据 key 使用相同的函数 Hash 计算出哈希值，并确定此数据在环上的位置，从此位置沿环顺时针 “行走”，遇到的第一个节点就是其应该定位到的服务器。如果某个节点的服务器故障，其影响范围也不再是所有集群，而是限定在故障节点与其上游节点的部分区域。

当某个节点宕机后，原本属于它的请求都会被重新 hash 映射到下游节点，会突然造成下游节点压力过大有可能也会造成下游节点宕机，从而容易形成雪崩，为此引入了虚拟节点来解决这个问题。

根据 Node 节点生成很多的虚拟节点分布在圆环上，，一个真实节点映射对应多个虚拟节点。这样当某个节点挂了后原本属于它的请求，会被均衡的分布到其他节点上降低了产生雪崩的情况，也解决了物理节点数少，导致请求分布不均的问题。

带有虚拟节点的 Hash 环：

一致性 Hash 算法由于均衡性，持久性的映射特点被广泛应用于负载均衡领域，比如 nginx、dubbo 等内部都有一致性 hash 的实现。

4.3.2 时间轮分片

时间轮（TimeWheel）是一种实现延迟功能（定时器）的精妙的算法，可以实现高效的延时队列。以 Kafka 中的时间轮实现方案为例，它是一个存储定时任务的环形队列，底层采用数组实现，数组中的每个元素可以存放一个定时任务列表（TimerTaskList）。TimerTaskList 是一个环形的双向链表，链表中的每一项表示的都是定时任务项（TimerTaskEntry），其中封装了真正的定时任务 TimerTask。

通过上图可以发现，时间轮算法不再任务队列作为数据结构，轮询线程不再负责遍历所有任务，而是仅仅遍历时间刻度。时间轮算法好比指针不断在时钟上旋转、遍历，如果一个发现某一时刻上有任务（任务队列），那么就会将任务队列上的所有任务都执行一遍。

假设相邻 bucket 到期时间的间隔为 bucket=1s，从 0s 开始计时，1s 后到期的定时任务挂在 bucket=1 下，2s 后到期的定时任务挂在 bucket=2 下，当检查到时间过去了 1s 时，bucket=1 下所有节点执行超时动作，当时间到了 2s 时，bucket=2 下所有节点执行超时动作。时间轮使用一个表盘指针（pointer），用来表示时间轮当前指针跳动的次数，可以用 tickDuration * (pointer + 1) 来表示下一次到期的任务，需要处理此 bucket 所对应的 TimeWheel 中的所有任务。

时间轮的优点

1. 任务的添加与移除，都是 O (1) 级的复杂度；

2. 只需要有一个线程去推进时间轮，不会占用大量的资源；

3. 与其他任务调度模式相比，CPU 的负载和资源浪费减少；

适用场景

时间轮是为解决高效调度任务而产生的调度模型。在周期性定时任务，延时任务，通知任务等场景都可以发挥效用。

五 总结

本文针对数据存储相关名词概念进行了解释，重点介绍了数据库技术的发展史。为了丰富文章的可读性以及实用性，又从数据结构设计层面进行了部分技术实战能力的外延扩展，阐述了拉链表，位运算，环形队列等相关数据结构在软件开发领域的应用，希望本文给你带来收获。