#Sigmoid

[shortbread-kc]

they had a fuckin baby

[shortbread-crew]

Sigmoid bred/brexed by me!

Parents: Pancolitis & Meslalamine

[totoshappylife]

Retrospective: A CORDIC Based Configurable

Excerpt from PDF: Retrospective: A CORDIC Based Configurable Activation Function for NN Applications Omkar Kokane∗ , Gopal Raut∗ , Member, IEEE, Salim Ullah†, , Mukul Lokhande∗‡ , Adam Teman‡ , Senior Member, IEEE, Akash Kumar† , Senior Member, IEEE, and Santosh Kumar Vishvakarma∗ , Senior Member, IEEE ∗NSDCS Research Group, Indian Institute of Technology Indore 453552, India †Ruhr University…

[nomidls]

What are the differences between the ReLU and Sigmoid activation functions in neural networks?

In neural networks, activation functions are very important for figuring out what a cell will do when it is given an input or set of inputs. The Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) and the Sigmoid function are two activation functions that are often used. We'll talk about the differences between these two tasks in easy-to-understand language. Definition of the ReLU Activation Function

This is how the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function is written: $$ f(x) = \max(0, x) If $x$ is a positive number, then the result is also a positive number. If you put in something negative, the result is 0. Features and traits

Lack of linearity: ReLU adds non-linearity to the model, which helps it learn complicated patterns. Simplicity: It uses few calculations because it only needs to compare and find the highest. Sparse activation: In a network that is randomly set up, only about half of the hidden units are active (have a non-zero output), which can make the model work better. Gradient Propagation: The disappearing gradient problem is something that other activation functions, like Sigmoid and Tanh, also have. ReLU helps fix this problem.

Pros and cons

Dying ReLU Problem: Neurons can get stuck during training and always send out 0 no matter what. This happens when the weights are changed in a way that stops the cell from firing again. Non-zero Centered: The results are never negative, which can make it harder to find the best solution.

What Does Sigmoid Activation Function Mean? You can write the Sigmoid activation function as $$\sigma(x) = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-x}} $$ Any real number can be mapped to the range (0, 1) by this function, which makes an S-shaped curve. Features and traits Smooth Gradient: The Sigmoid function has a smooth gradient, which is helpful for optimization methods that use gradients. The result is always between 0 and 1, which makes it good for problems that need to classify things into two groups. It was one of the first activation functions used in neural networks, which makes it historically important.

Pros and cons

Vanishing Gradient Problem: When the input numbers are very high or very low, the Sigmoid function's gradient gets very small. This can make the training process go much more slowly. Non-zero Centered: The results are not zero-centered, which can cause updates to be less effective during training, just like with ReLU. Calculations Take a Lot of Time: The exponential function in the Sigmoid formula makes it take longer to calculate than ReLU. Compared to

How it Works Speed of Training: Because it doesn't have the disappearing gradient problem, ReLU usually makes training deep neural networks faster than Sigmoid. Complexity: ReLU is easier to process and set up, which makes it better for big neural networks.

Cases of Use In deep neural networks, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and deep learning models, ReLU is often used in the hidden layers. Sigmoid: This type of function is often used in the output layer for problems that need a result between 0 and 1, like binary classification problems.

Properties of Mathematical ReLU is not linear and can't be differentiated at zero, but it can be differentiated elsewhere, with a gradient of 1 for positive inputs and 0 for negative inputs. Sigmoid: Not linear, differentiable everywhere, but slopes disappear at very high or very low input values.

[explorewithamruth]

Function of sigmoid

A fundamental idea in mathematics, the sigmoid function has several applications in many disciplines, including statistics, machine learning, and neuroscience. We will delve into the nuances of the sigmoid function in this extensive manual, examining its mathematical formulation, characteristics, and real-world applications. You'll have a thorough understanding of this function's operation and its significance in several fields by the end of this article.

[boggartbae]

@catboybiologist, @statistical-distr-of-polls curse this with notes please!

[coochiequeens]

Just the trans cult comparing their cosmetic procedures to people with real medical conditions.

By Amy Hamm June 29, 2024

A trans-identified male in British Columbia, Canada, is suing the provincial Ministry of Health after it refused to fund the out-of-country vaginoplasty he demanded be performed in Bangkok, Thailand.

The man, referred to only as KW in legal documents due to a publication ban on his name, originally lodged a complaint at the BC Human Rights Tribunal (BCHRT) in 2019 alleging discrimination. KW claimed that being denied funding for the out-of-country surgery was akin to sex-based discrimination on the basis of his transgender status.

In his legal complaint, KW insisted that a female would not have been denied the same laparoscopic sigmoid colon vaginoplasty — a procedure that is sometimes performed on females who are born with exceedingly rare disorders of sexual development. The surgery includes utilizing sections of harvested colon tissue to craft the appearance of a vulva and vagina.

KW claimed that he was unable to apply for the surgery because he could not find a specialist to complete his application form, and argued that a female could have accessed a gynecologist to do so.

The BC Ministry of Health (MOH) sought to dismiss KW’s claim on the basis that it held no reasonable chance of success, but was denied in a May 10, 2024 ruling. The matter will now be scheduled for a hearing.

The Ministry argued that they did not discriminate against KW, deny him medical care, or treat him differently “than any other beneficiary who requests out of country medical services.” They also noted that KW did not fully complete his application for surgery, adding that vaginoplasty procedures are available in Canada “and as such, the public health system was not obligated to fund the service [he] was seeking overseas.” 

The MOH gave approval for KW to undergo a fully-funded vaginoplasty at GrS Montreal in October of 2017. However, months later in January of 2018, KW applied to the MOH to instead fund his surgery in Bangkok, Thailand.

He was advised that the application had to be completed by a BC specialist, and not the plastic surgeon from Thailand.

A letter from the Ministry read: “When surgery is available in Canada, the attending specialist in BC may recommend surgery outside Canada. The specialist must include peer reviewed medical articles with the application to confirm surgery outside Canada will result in a significant difference in success. The recommendation for surgery is sincerely respected; however as surgery is available in Canada, provincial coverage was not approved for surgery in Thailand.”

Ultimately, KW never completed his application and accepted the vaginoplasty at GrS Montreal on January 6, 2020. The hospital performs penile inversion vaginoplasty, in which penile tissue is “flipped” to create a vagina-like canal. This is the most common vaginoplasty technique in North America.

BCHRT panel member, Shannon Beckett, wrote in her May decision that the tribunal is also going to consider discrimination on the basis of gender identity, though KW did not allege this in his filing. She argued that the Ministry of Health made a “problematic” statement when they refuted KW’s claim about females accessing this type of procedure. Beckett appears to have taken specific issue with the Ministry’s explanation that vaginoplasties are “rarely performed on cisgender women, and only in cases where it is medically necessary (i.e. due to disease or injury).”

Beckett wrote that the Ministry’s usage of the term “medically necessary “ has “implied that where transgender women are seeking the same surgery, it is not in cases ‘where it is medically necessary.’ This argument appears to be based on stereotypical and outdated ideas about the nature and reason for gender-affirming surgery. There is no indication in the context of this complaint that the gender-affirming care KW was seeking was not medically necessary.”

This argument is reminiscent of a 2019 procedural decision by BCHRT member Devyn Cousineau wherein she referred to notorious trans activist Jessica Yaniv having his male testicles waxed by unwilling women as “critical gender affirming care.”

The hearing dates for KW’s suit against the BCHRT have not been scheduled, and it will likely take months if not years as the BCHRT is facing an enormous backlog of almost 5,000 active files.

This case is not the first of its kind in Canada. Earlier this year, and as reported by Reduxx, an Ontario man successfully sued the Ontario Health Insurance Plan to have the province fund an experimental surgery in Texas that will leave him with his penis as well as a surgically created “neo-vagina.”

The man in this case broke his own publication ban when he posted about his diaper fetish on Reddit, and openly admitted he was the individual documented in the highly-publicized case. 

[arri41]

Ok apparently a lot of the other sperm who dont get to fertilize the egg but made it up to the fallopian tubes end up in the main abdominal cavity by way of the fimbriae (little protrusions around the ovaries) and then they basically get eaten in there (just loose in the whole sauce). I did not know that was a thing that could happen and i feel weird about it. I think they should politely excuse themselves back out of the vagina, or simply wait to get murked in the fallopian tube

[wetslug]

there is a new wave of year 1 medical residents doing their first pathology rotations and im trying to be So So Accommodating And Calm About The Shit They Be Doing because they r just babies

[tragicmoth]

i can’t believe it’s actually called the nintendo switch 2 i thought it was a joke

[xratedpuppettheatreofthedead]

bpd ass song https://genius.com/Zolita-holy-lyrics

[daz4i]

did you guys know there's a part of the human body called the sigma. i had no idea

[quitepossiblyknot]

"quantum leap exchanged for a decent heading" - by Ekow Arthur $prismelanin *

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Arxvis

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Nadir

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Ovulation

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** her favorite underdog

* for now, I only have love to give...

Quitepossiblyknot ©

The Cygnus Wall

[fttitv]

Sigmoid freud

[myrawjcsmicasereports]

 Schwannoma: A C Sigmoid Colonase Report & Review of Literature by Muneerah Khalid Aljadidi in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

Abstract

Colorectal schwannoma is a rare neoplastic growth originating from the myenteric plexus of the GI tract, which was described for the first time in 1962. It is an extremely rare presentation, with around 95 reported cases with only 28 reported cases in the sigmoid colon. This paper presents a case report of a 55-year-old male patient with complaints of constipation, per rectal bleeding, and on-and-off abdominal pain. He was worked up coloscopically and radiologically and found to have a sigmoid colon mass with ulceration and lumen narrowing leading to colonic intussusception. Preoperative biopsy was inconclusive. The patient underwent open sigmoid resection after proper preoperative preparation, with his postoperative histopathology reported as sigmoid colon schwannoma.

Background/Introduction

Verocay, in 1910, was the first to describe a benign rare neoplasm of ectodermic origin growing from the neural sheath and characterized by the presence of Verocay corpuscles (Baig et al., 2019). This growth, later known as schwannoma, is a tumor originating from the Schwann cells of the nerve sheath of the peripheral nervous system.

The presence of schwannoma in the gastrointestinal tract -from the myenteric plexus- is not a common occurrence. It is commonly found in the stomach (80%), followed by the small intestine (10-15%), while colorectal schwannoma is extremely rare (Uhr et al., 2016).

Due to its risk of malignant transformation, resection of schwannoma is the recommended treatment (Qi et al., 2021).

Case Report

A 55-year-old male known to have diabetes, hypertension, and end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis was referred to our hospital complaining of constipation secondary to colon mass. A physical exam showed a middle-aged, vitally stable man with a soft and lax abdomen. The patient's per rectal exam was unremarkable for masses or blood. Colonoscopy was done for him, and it showed a fungating ulcerating mass 40 cm from the anal verge, and the scope could not pass. Histopathologic examination of the colonic biopsy was non-diagnostic, with only fibrin and ulcer debris present in the sample. CT chest, abdomen, and pelvis with triple contrast showed the findings of mid-sigmoid colon mass with significant lumen narrowing with no high-grade bowel obstruction, with few mildly enlarged suspicious regional mesocolic lymph nodes suspicious for malignancy. FDG PET/CT scan was also done FDG avid rounded mass at the upper sigmoid colon in keeping with known colon cancer-causing colo-colic intussusception with no evidence of obstruction and no PET evidence of nodal or distant metastasis. The patient, after this, was taken to the theater for laparoscopic anterior resection with end colostomy and mucus fistula as primary anastomosis was not feasible due to poor nutritional status and co-morbidities. Post-operatively, the patient developed pseudomembranous colitis, for which he started oral and rectal vancomycin. He stayed stable throughout the postoperative recovery period and was discharged home in good condition. The sigmoid resection specimen demonstrated a 5 x 4.5 x 3.0 cm mass associated with mucosal ulceration. Histologic sections of the colonic mass revealed spindle cellular proliferation with alternating hypocellular and hypercellular areas (Wang et al., 2016). There are occasional thickened and hyalinized blood vessels seen throughout the mass. The tumor cells show eosinophilic cytoplasm and contain elongated wavy nuclei with fine open chromatin and indistinct nucleoli. There is no evidence of increased mitotic activity, necrosis, or marked cytological atypia. Immunohistochemical stains show that the neoplastic cells are diffusely positive for S100 and negative for DOG-1, CD117, desmin, and smooth muscle actin. The overall morphologic and immunophenotypic findings support the diagnosis of colonic schwannoma (Hsu et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2010; Chayanupatkul et al., 2018; Ferreira Cardoso et al., 2019).

Discussion

According to Bohlok et al. (2018), 95 cases of colorectal schwannomas have been reported distributed from the most common location to the least; cecum and right colon (30.5%), sigmoid (28.1%), rectum (21.1%), left colon (8.3%) the transverse colon (5.3%) and the appendix (1.15) with slight female predominance (58%) and a median age of 61.2 years.

The presentation of colorectal schwannoma varies on its presentation. It can be incidentally diagnosed in an asymptomatic patient during screening colonoscopy or with a wide range of symptomatic presentations, including abdominal pain, change in bowel habit - constipation, diarrhea or change in stool diameter, per rectal bleeding, tenesmus, decrease in appetite or weight loss (Zippi et al., 2013; Pansari et al., 2020). It can also present with a mass effect complication, e.g., intestinal obstruction or intussusception. Two reported cases where schwannoma was diagnosed during workup with a synchronous colorectal adenocarcinoma (world journal of surgical oncology page 97 & Page 77)

Due to its wide range of presentation, the workup of colorectal schwannoma follows a seemingly similar route to the workup of any colorectal mass. On colonoscopy, schwannoma varies in its gross appearance as a polypoidal lesion or a submucosal mass with normal overlying mucosa, which might mandate the use of endoscopic ultrasound and deeper biopsy or FNA to reach an accurate diagnosis (Wilde et al., 2010). However, the mucosal covering might be ulcerating with bleeding/sloughing/lumen compromisation mimicking malignancy.

The initial biopsy specimens were non-diagnostic, most likely due to the superficial nature of submitted tissue material and the submucosal nature of this neoplasm, like in any other mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract where a deeper and targeted sampling approach results in a higher yield diagnostic neoplastic tissue. Schwannomas are characterized by biphasic growth patterns of hypercellular areas (Antoni A) of spindled tumors containing elongated and wavy nuclei admixed with loose/myxoid regions (Antoni B). However, some of the classic findings of Schwannoma described in soft tissue and central nervous system counterparts may be absent in the gastrointestinal tract tumors. The presence of lymphoid aggregates at the periphery of the tumor is a helpful diagnostic clue but not identified in our case. The gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal gastrointestinal tumor and occasionally can share morphological similarities with Schwannoma; thus, the immunohistochemical staining panel should include GIST markers (CD117 and DOG1 stains). The diagnosis can be confirmed by diffuse positivity for S100 and SOX10 and after the exclusion of other more frequent mesenchymal tumors (such as GIST and smooth muscle neoplasms).

Radiological studies such as enhanced CT or MRI to characterize the colorectal mass with the use of contrast to delineate the tumor and lumen patency better are recommended as part of the workup, especially when malignancy is suspected with the need to rule out metastasis (Fotiadis, 2005; Cak et al., 2015). Findings on CT scans were mentioned differently among the reported cases, including a mural-originating colorectal mass with low attenuation with either smooth margins or suspicious edges, compromised lumens, thickened wall, fat stranding, and the presence of enlarged adjacent lymph nodes. All these variations add more challenges to the diagnosis of this pathology.

Moreover, a preoperative FDG-PET CT scan has been done for 5 reported cases, including our patient. Despite that, all of them were labeled as benign. Four of these cases were FDG avid lesions making it more difficult to rule out malignancy without a pathological diagnosis.

Whether colorectal schwannoma was diagnosed pre- or post-operatively, the standard treatment is radical colorectal resection depending on the tumor location, without any clear recommendations for neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment (Kojima et al., 2020). Despite this, there have been several cases that were diagnosed preoperatively and found to have benign schwannoma treated more conservatively by endoscopic resection (page 12), cecal wedge resection (page 84), and trans-anal with no reported recurrence, yet small sample size is very limiting.

Postoperative histopathology is the final accurate way to diagnose schwannoma. Grossly it tends to be lobulated well-defined tumors, sometimes ulcerating into the mucosa with rich staining of S-100. Histologically, there are two recognized patterns, Antoni A, with a dense growth of fusiform cells compactly arranged in palisades to form Verocay bodies, and Antoni B, in which the fusiform cells are distributed more loosely with rounded and elongated nuclei, myxoid stroma and xanthomatous histiocytes (Nonose et al., 2009).

Miettinen et al. (2001), divided colorectal schwannoma into three clinicopathological types; spindle cell, epithelioid and plexiform. All three types are positive for S-100 protein and GFAP but lack CD117 (KIT), differentiating it from GIST tumors.

Despite these histological features and types, judging a colorectal schwannoma as benign or malignant depends pathologically on its mitosis rate, atypical mitotic figures, and nuclear hyperpigmentation, Ki-67 index with a value of more than 10% considered malignant. Clinically, long-term local recurrence or distant metastasis have also been used to judge the malignant state of a colorectal schwannoma, with only 3 cases reported in the literature.

Conclusions

Colorectal schwannoma is a rare disease with a wide range of presentations but mostly benign courses. Differentiating it from other mimickers is the biggest challenge, yet excision seems to be the main treatment approach.

Conflict of interest:

There was no conflict of interest in making this case report.

Declaration:

Ethics approval and consent to participate & Consent for publication:

Patient has been consented

Availability of data and materials: Available through citation, literature review, imaging and pathology pictures

Competing interests: No competing interests

Funding: By the author

Authors' contributions: Both authors participated in writing the manuscript and revision of data

Acknowledgements: Dr. Mohammed Alsomali for his participation in the pathology related data.

[guardr0ck]

Truly amazing that delulu men think they can gaslight me into believing that a butthole transplant is anything at all like a vagina.