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ethicallyomnivorous · 6 years ago

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An important new study about global nutrition was published this week that deserves everyone’s full attention: "Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems." [Don’t let the pretentious title intimidate you: you need to know what’s inside.] This paper was commissioned and published by The Lancet—one of the world’s oldest and most respected medical journals—and penned by an international group of 37 scientists led by Dr. Walter Willett of Harvard University.

The product of three years of deliberation, this 47-page document envisions a “Great Food Transformation” which seeks to achieve an environmentally sustainable and optimally healthy diet for the world’s people by 2050. Its core recommendation is to minimize consumption of animal foods as much as possible, and replace them with whole grains, legumes and nuts:

Source: EAT-Lancet Commission report We all want to be healthy, and we need a sustainable way to feed ourselves without destroying our environment. The well-being of our planet and its people are clearly in jeopardy, therefore clear, science-based, responsible guidance about how we should move forward together is most welcome.

Unfortunately, we are going to have to look elsewhere for solutions, because the report fails to provide us with the clarity, transparency and responsible representation of the facts we need to place our trust in its authors. Instead, the Commission’s arguments are vague, inconsistent, unscientific, and downplay the serious risks to life and health posed by vegan diets.

1. Nutrition epidemiology = mythology

The vast majority of human nutrition research—including the lion share of the research cited in the EAT-Lancet report— is conducted using the tragically flawed methodology of nutrition epidemiology. Nutrition epidemiology studies are not scientific experiments; they are wildly inaccurate, questionnaire-based guesses (hypotheses) about the possible connections between foods and diseases. This approach has been widely criticized as scientifically invalid [see here and here], yet continues to be used by influential researchers at prestigious institutions, most notably Dr. Walter Willett. An epidemiologist himself, he wrote an authoritative textbook on the subject and has conducted countless such studies, including a recent, widely-publicized paper tying low-carbohydrate diets to early death. In my reaction to that study, I explain in plain English why epidemiological techniques are so untrustworthy, and include a sample from an actual food questionnaire for your amusement.

Even if you think epidemiological methods are sound, at best they can only generate hypotheses that then need to be tested in clinical trials. Instead, these hypotheses are often prematurely trumpeted to the public as implicit fact in the form of media headlines, dietary guidelines, and well-placed commission reports like this one. Tragically, more than 80% of these guesses are later proved wrong in clinical trials. With a failure rate this high, nutrition epidemiologists would be better off flipping a coin to decide which foods cause human disease. The Commission relies heavily on this methodology, which helps to explain why their recommendations often fly in the face of biological reality.

2. Red meat causes heart disease, diabetes, cancer...and spontaneous combustion

The section of the report dedicated to protein blames red meat for heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer and early death. It contains 16 references, and every single one is an epidemiological study. The World Health Organization report tying red meat to colon cancer was also mentioned, and that report is almost entirely based on epidemiology as well. [Read my full analysis of the WHO report here]. The truth is that there is no human clinical trial evidence tying red meat to any health problem. I certainly haven’t found any—and if there were, I think this Commission surely would have mentioned it.

Yet even in this “red meat is an apocalypse on a plate” section, meat’s virtues peek through:

[In sub-Saharan Africa] “...growing children often do not obtain adequate quantities of nutrients from plant source foods alone…promotion of animal source foods for children, including livestock products, can improve dietary quality, micronutrient intake, nutrient status, and overall health.” [page 10]

3. Protein is essential…but cancerous

The commissioners write:

“Protein quality (defined by effect on growth rate) reflects the amino acid composition of the food source, and animal sources of protein are of higher quality than most plant sources. High-quality protein is particularly important for growth of infants and young children, and possibly in older people losing muscle mass in later life.” [page 8]

Translation: Complete proteins are good because they contain every essential amino acid. All animal proteins are naturally complete, whereas most plant proteins are incomplete. Watch how the authors wriggle their way out of this inconvenient truth in the next sentence:

“However, a mix of amino acids that maximally stimulate cell replication and growth might not be optimal throughout most of adult life because rapid cell replication can increase cancer risk.” [page 8]

Translation: Complete proteins are bad because they cause cancer.

The sole reference for this absurd suggestion that complete proteins cause cancer is a paper about mutations causing cancer in which the terms “protein,” “amino acid,” and “meat” each occur a grand total of zero times, suggesting that the Commission’s suggestion is pure...suggestion. Furthermore, if obtaining all of the essential amino acids we need causes cancer, shouldn't we also worry about complete proteins from plant sources like tofu or beans with rice?

4. Omega-3s are essential...good luck with that

“Fish has a high content of omega-3 fatty acids, which have many essential roles…Plant sources of alpha-linolenic acid [ALA] can provide an alternative to omega-3 fatty acids, but the quantity required is not clear.” [page 11]

If the Commission doesn’t know how much plant ALA a person needs to consume to meet requirements, then how does it know that plants provide a viable alternative to omega-3s from animal sources?

The elephant in the room here is that all omega-3s are not created equal. Only animal foods (and algae, which is neither a plant nor an animal) contain the forms of omega-3s our bodies use: EPA and DHA. Plants only contain ALA, which is extremely difficult for our cells to convert into EPA and DHA. According to this 2018 review, we transform anywhere between 0% and 9% of the ALA we consume into the DHA our cells require.

Instead of being vague, why not responsibly warn people that trying to obtain omega-3 fatty acids from plants alone may place their health at risk?

“About 28 g/day (1 ounce) of fish can provide essential omega-3 fatty acids…therefore we have used this intake for the reference diet. We also suggest a range of 0 – 100 g/day because high intakes are associated with excellent health.” [page 11]

Wait…if it takes 28 grams to meet your daily requirement for omega-3s AND high intakes are associated with excellent health, why allow the range to begin at ZERO grams per day? If the Commission doesn’t feel comfortable recommending fish, it should at least recommend algae-sourced omega-3 supplements.

5. Vitamins and minerals are essential…so take supplements

The drumbeat heard throughout the report is that animal foods are dangerous and that a vegan diet is the holy grail of health, yet EAT-Lancet commissioners repeatedly find themselves in the awkward position of having to acknowledge the nutritional superiority of the very animal foods they recommend avoiding:

"Although inclusion of some animal source foods in maternal diets is widely considered important for optimal fetal growth and increased iron requirement, especially during the third trimester of pregnancy, evidence suggests that balanced vegetarian diets can support healthy fetal development, with the caveat that strict vegan diets require supplements of vitamin B12." [page 13]

“Adolescent girls are at risk of iron deficiency because of rapid growth combined with menstrual losses. Menstrual losses have sometimes been a rationale for increased consumption of red meat, but multivitamin or multimineral preparation provide an alternative that is less expensive and without the adverse consequences of high red meat intake.” [page 13]

If the commissioners are concerned that red meat is dangerous (which is only true on Planet Epidemiology), why not recommend other naturally iron-rich animal foods such as duck, oysters, or chicken liver for these growing young women, as these foods would also provide the complete proteins needed for growth? What about the 10-22% of non-teen reproductive age women in the U.S. who suffer from iron deficiency? And why a “multimineral preparation” rather than a simple iron supplement? Are they implying that other minerals may be lacking in their plant-based diet?

In changing to the EAT-Lancet diet, the Commission claims:

“The adequacy of most micronutrients increases, including several essential ones, such as iron, zinc, folate, and vitamin A, as well as calcium intake in low-income countries. The only exception is vitamin B12 that is low in animal-based diets [I believe this was an error on their part, since B12 is only found in animal foods.] Supplementation or fortification with vitamin B12 (and possibly with riboflavin [vitamin B2]) might be necessary in some circumstances.” [page 14]

Unfortunately, the nutritional inadequacy of plant-based diets goes beyond B vitamins. Plant foods lack several key nutrients, and some of the nutrients they do contain come in less bioavailable forms. Furthermore, many plant foods contain “anti-nutrients” that interfere with nutrient absorption. This means that just because a plant food contains a nutrient doesn’t mean we can access it.

An important example is that grains, beans, nuts and seeds—the staple foods of plant-based diets—contain phytate, a mineral magnet which substantially interferes with absorption of essential minerals like zinc, calcium, iron, and magnesium. And thanks to oxalates—mineral-binding compounds found in a wide variety of plant foods—virtually none of the iron in spinach makes it into Popeye’s muscles.

Only animal foods contain every nutrient we need in its proper, most accessible form. To learn more about nutrient availability and how it affects brain health, read this article.

6. Making up numbers is fun and easy

How did the commissioners arrive at the recommended quantities of foods we should eat per day…7 grams of this, 31 grams of that? Numbers like these imply that something’s been precisely measured, but in many cases, it’s plain that they simply pulled a number out of thin air:

“Since consumption of poultry has been associated with better health outcomes than has red meat, we have concluded that the optimum consumption of poultry is 0 g/day to about 58 g/day and have used a midpoint of 29 g/day for the reference.” [page 10]

Nowhere do they say that poultry is associated with any negative health outcomes, so why limit it to a maximum of 58 grams (2 ounces) per day?

The commissioners attempt to defend themselves from criticism on this issue by stating:

“We have a high level of scientific certainty about the overall direction and magnitude of associations described in this Commission, although considerable uncertainty exists around detailed quantifications.” [page 7]

If they are this uncertain about the details, how can they in good conscienceprescribe such specific quantities of food? Why not say they don’t know? Most people will not read this report—they will interpret the values in this table as medical advice.

7. Epidemiology is gospel…unless we don’t like the results

Any researcher will tell you that clinical trials—actual scientific experiments—are considered a much higher level of evidence than epidemiological studies, yet Willett’s group not only relies heavily on epidemiological studies, it favors them over clinical trials when it suits their agenda:

“in large prospective [epidemiological] studies, high consumption of eggs, up to one a day, has not been associated with increased risk of heart disease, except in people with diabetes. “However, in low-income countries, replacing calories from a staple starchy food with an egg can substantially improve the nutritional quality of a child’s diet and reduce stunting. [randomized clinical trial]

“We have used an intake of eggs at about 13 g/day, or about 1.5 eggs per week, for the reference diet, but higher intake might be beneficial for low-income populations with poor dietary quality.” [page 11]

Why recommend only 1.5 eggs per week when epidemiological studies found that 1 egg per day was perfectly fine? And why skew your recommendations against low-income people, which make up a significant portion of the global population?

There is a remarkable paragraph on page 9 (too long to quote here) arguing that red meat was found to increase risk of death in epidemiological studies conducted in Europe and the USA, but not in Asia, where red meat (mainly pork) was associated with a decreased risk of death. Rather than grappling with this seeming contradiction, they simply dismiss the Asian findings as invalid, wondering if perhaps Asian countries haven’t been rich long enough for the risk to show up yet.

Wait, what?

8. Everyone should eat a vegan diet, except for most people

Although their diet plan is intended for all “generally healthy individuals aged two years and older,” the authors admit it falls short of providing proper nutrition for growing children, adolescent girls, pregnant women, aging adults, the malnourished, and the impoverished—and that even those not within these special categories will need to take supplements to meet their basic requirements.

Sadder still is the fact that the majority of people in this country and in many other countries around the world are no longer metabolically healthy, and this high-carbohydrate plan doesn’t take them into consideration.

"In controlled feeding studies, high carbohydrate intake increases blood triglyceride concentrations, reduces HDL [aka “good”] cholesterol concentration, and increases blood pressure, especially in people with insulin resistance.” [page 12]

For those of us with insulin resistance (aka “pre-diabetes”) whose insulin levels tend to run too high, the Commission’s high-carbohydrate diet—based on up to 60% of calories from whole grains, in addition to fruits and starchy vegetables—is potentially dangerous. The Commission half-acknowledges this by recommending that even healthy people limit consumption of starchy roots like potatoes and cassava flour due to their high glycemic index, but oddly does not mention grain and legume flours, or high glycemic index fruits, leaving the door open for processed food companies to market products like pasta, cereal and juice beverages to its plant-based planet. High insulin levels strongly increase risk for numerous chronic diseases and can mean a lifetime of medications, disability and early death. If the Commission read its own report it would find support for the notion that those of us with metabolic damage could be better off increasing our meat intake and decreasing our carbohydrate intake:

“In a large controlled feeding trial, replacing carbohydrate isocalorically with protein reduced blood pressure and blood lipid concentrations.” [page 8]

This was the 2005 OmniHeart trial, which used 50% plant protein and 50% animal protein. It would seem the only people who should eat a vegan diet are people who make the informed choice to eat a vegan diet, despite the risks.

9. Pay no attention to the money behind the curtain

As an advocate of meat-inclusive diets, I have often been assumed to have financial ties to the meat industry (which I do not), but how many people stop to question the financial (and professional) incentives that may influence doctors promoting plant-based diets? We all have personal beliefs and we all need to make a living, but honesty with oneself and transparency with the public should be paramount. The Nutrition Coalition has compiled a list of Dr. Willett's potential conflicts of interest here.

The EAT Foundation, which collaborated with The Lancet to produce this report, was founded by Norwegian billionaire and animal rights activist Gunhild Stordalen. EAT recently helped to launch "FReSH" (Food Reform for Sustainability and Health), a global partnership of about 40 corporations, including Barilla (pasta), Unilever (meat alternatives and vegetable oils), Kellogg's (cereals) and Pepsico (sugary beverages). Make of this what you will.

10. No to choices, yes to taxes?

How does EAT-Lancet propose to achieve its dream of a plant-based world? Many suggestions are put forth, but two are worth emphasizing: the elimination or restriction of consumer choices, and taxation. The EAT Foundation describes itself as:

"a non-profit startup dedicated to transforming our global food system through sound science, impatient disruption and novel partnerships.”

Sound science? Clearly not. But impatient disruption—what does that mean?

Regardless of how you feel about taxation as a tool for social change, consider the Commission’s own numerous exceptions to the plant-based rules, including pregnant women, children, the malnourished and the impoverished. Should we really support making animal foods—the only nutritionally complete foods on the planet—even more expensive for vulnerable populations? The notion of taxation is followed by a vague reference to the possibility of “cash transfer” social safety nets for women and children. This section of the report is representative of its overall elitist and paternalistic tone.

I believe, because I’m convinced by the science, that animal foods are essential to optimal human health. This is an uncomfortable biological reality we all have to wrestle with as creatures of conscience. Finding ways to support excellent health and quality of life for the creatures we depend on for our sustenance and vitality is one of our most important callings as caring stewards of our planet and all of its inhabitants. But I’m also a firm believer in personal choice. We each need to become experts in what works best for our own bodies. Eat and let eat, I say. It seems clear that EAT-Lancet commissioners are neither supporters of personal choice nor the transparent distribution of accurate nutrition information that would empower people to weigh the risks and benefits of various diets for themselves.

Challenge Authority

The EAT-Lancet report has the feel of a royal decree, operating under the guise of good intentions, seeking to impose its benevolent will on all subjects of planet Earth. It is well worth challenging the presumed authority of this group of 37 “experts,” because it wields tremendous power and influence, has access to billions of dollars, and is likely to affect your choices, your health, and your checkbook in the near future.

Capitalizing on our current public health and environmental crises, the EAT-Lancet Commission pronounces itself as the authority on the science of nutrition, exploits our worst fears, and seeks to dictate our food choices in accordance with its members' personal, professional and possible commercial interests.

To the best of my knowledge, there has never been a human clinical trial designed to test the health effects of simply removing animal foods from the diet, without making any other diet or lifestyle changes such as eliminating refined carbohydrates and other processed foods. Unless and until such research is conducted demonstrating clear benefits to this strategy, the assertion that human beings would be healthier without animal foods remains an untested hypothesis with clear risks to human life and health. Prescribing plant-based diets to the planet without including straightforward warnings of these risks and offering clear guidance as to how to minimize them is scientifically irresponsible and medically unethical, and therefore should not form the basis of public health recommendations. Georgia Ede, MD, is a Harvard-trained psychiatrist and nutrition consultant practicing at Smith College. She writes about food and health on her website DiagnosisDiet.com. Online: Diagnosis:Diet

#former vegan #exvegan #links #link #georgia ede #debunked #sustainability #veganism is unhealthy for a lot of people #veganism isnt healthy for a lot of people #not everyone should be vegan #not everyone can be vegan #nutrition #important #best of

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moddersinc · 6 years ago

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Synology DS 1819+ Review: Pushing storage to the limit

Just like everyone graduated from IDE drives and AGP cards it is time to change how we use home and small office storage. Gigabit Ethernet is still very popular however, it is time to consider the next Ethernet technology. Yes, I am talking about 10 Gigabit (10GbE) enabled devices. Over the years it was nearly impossible to bring 10GbE into your home. With the recent drop in prices, it is starting to become affordable to upgrade your home networking to 10GbE. What is 10GbE you may ask. Your home switch and/or router most likely is Gigabit which means the interfaces of these devices are able to communicate with a speed of 1 Gigabit per second. 10 Gigabit per second is pretty much 10 times as much as 1 Gigabit per second connection. Manufacturers are eager to bring 10GbE devices in your homes and hopefullt very soon you will see a burst of gear on the shelf that offers 10GbE capabilities. We are going to be taking a look at one of the newest products by Synology DS 1819+. The DS 1819+ is a Network Attached Storage device which is based on the Intel Atom Quad Core CPU and has the ability to expand its internal memory up to 32 GB. This NAS device offers 8 drive bays which support 3.5" and 2.5" HDD/SSD. Review Sample Provided by: Synology Product Name: DS1819+ Price at time of review: $ 999.99 USD MSRP Product was given in exchange for work done to produce this review. Packaging Just like every product by Synology DS 1819+ comes in a well-designed and recycle friendly box. As you look around the packaging box you will find related information about the device inside. What jumps out right away is the front facing eight bays in the front of the unit. The device itself is surrounded by a plastic foam that keeps everything in place while shipping. Besides being protected by a thick plastic foam the DS 1819+ has a thin protective bag over it. This helps with any accidental scratches. Included with the device is a small accessory box.

The box includes Two Cat 5e Ethernet cables, One power cable (NEMA 5-15) a set of mounting screws for SSD installation, Two drive security keys, and a Quick Installation Guide. Specifications Hardware Specifications CPU CPU Model Intel Atom C3538 CPU Architecture 64-bit CPU Frequency Quad Core 2.1 GHz Hardware Encryption Engine (AES-NI) Yes Memory System Memory 4 GB DDR4 Memory Module Pre-installed 4 GB (4 GB x 1) Total Memory Slots 2 Memory Expandable up to 32 GB (16 GB x 2) Storage Drive Bays 8 Maximum Drive Bays with Expansion Unit 18 Compatible Drive Type* (See all supported drives) 3.5" SATA HDD 2.5" SATA HDD 2.5" SATA SSD Maximum Internal Raw Capacity 112 TB (14 TB drive x 8) (Capacity may vary by RAID types) Maximum Raw Capacity with Expansion Units 252 TB (112 TB + 14 TB drive x 10) (Capacity may vary by RAID types) Maximum Single Volume Size 108 TB Hot Swappable Drive Yes Notes "Compatible drive type" indicates the drives that have been tested to be compatible with Synology products. This term does not indicate the maximum connection speed of each drive bay. The maximum raw capacity is not limited by the maximum single volume size. Synology NAS models may utilize capacities over the maximum single volume size as long as each volume created is below the limit. (Learn more) Expansion of the internal volume is only supported if the combined single volume size does not exceed the maximum limit of 108TB. External Ports RJ-45 1GbE LAN Port 4 (with Link Aggregation / Failover support) USB 3.0 Port 4 eSATA Port 2 PCIe PCIe Expansion 1 x Gen3 x8 slot (black, x4 link) Add-in-card support M2D18 - Dual M.2 SATA/NVMe SSD adapter card for SSD cache PCIe Network Interface Card (Learn more) File System Internal Drives Btrfs EXT4 External Drives Btrfs EXT4 EXT3 FAT NTFS HFS+ exFAT* Notes exFAT Access is purchased separately in Package Center. Appearance Size (Height x Width x Depth) 166 mm x 343 mm x 243 mm Weight 6 kg Others System Fan 120 mm x 120 mm x 2 pcs Fan Speed Mode Full-Speed Mode Cool Mode Quiet Mode Easy Replacement System Fan Yes Brightness adjustable front LED indicators Yes Power Recovery Yes Noise Level* 22.2 dB(A) Scheduled Power On/Off Yes Wake on LAN/WAN Yes Power Supply Unit / Adapter 250W AC Input Power Voltage 100V to 240V AC Power Frequency 50/60 Hz, Single Phase Power Consumption* 66.96 W (Access) 29.39 W (HDD Hibernation) British Thermal Unit 228.63 BTU/hr (Access) 100.35 BTU/hr (HDD Hibernation) Environment Temperature Operating Temperature 0°C to 40°C (32°F to 104°F) Storage Temperature -20°C to 60°C (-5°F to 140°F) Relative Humidity 5% to 95% RH Certification FCC CE BSMI EAC VCCI CCC RCM KC Warranty 3 Year Hardware Warranty Notes Power consumption is measured when fully loaded with Western Digital 1TB WD10EFRX hard drive(s). Noise Level Testing Environment: Fully loaded with Seagate 2TB ST2000VN000 hard drive(s) in idle; Two G.R.A.S. Type 40AE microphones, each set up at 1 meter away from the Synology NAS front and rear; Background noise: 16.49-17.51 dB(A); Temperature: 24.25-25.75˚C; Humidity: 58.2-61.8% DSM Specifications ( See more ) Storage Management Maximum Internal Volume Number 512 Maximum iSCSI Target Number 128 Maximum iSCSI LUN 256 iSCSI LUN Clone/Snapshot, Windows ODX Yes SSD Read/Write Cache (White Paper) Yes SSD TRIM Yes Supported RAID Type Synology Hybrid RAID Basic JBOD RAID 0 RAID 1 RAID 5 RAID 6 RAID 10 RAID Migration Basic to RAID 1 Basic to RAID 5 RAID 1 to RAID 5 RAID 5 to RAID 6 Volume Expansion with Larger HDDs Synology Hybrid RAID RAID 1 RAID 5 RAID 6 RAID 10 Volume Expansion by Adding a HDD Synology Hybrid RAID RAID 5 RAID 6 JBOD Global Hot Spare Supported RAID Type Synology Hybrid RAID RAID 1 RAID 5 RAID 6 RAID 10 File Services File Protocol CIFS/AFP/NFS/FTP/WebDAV Maximum Concurrent CIFS/AFP/FTP Connections 1,000 Maximum Concurrent CIFS/AFP/FTP Connections (with RAM expansion) 2,000 Windows Access Control List (ACL) Integration Yes NFS Kerberos Authentication Yes Account & Shared Folder Maximum Local User Accounts 2,048 Maximum Local Groups 256 Maximum Shared Folder 512 Maximum Shared Folder Sync Tasks 16 High Availability Manager Yes Log Center Yes Syslog Events per Second 800 Virtualization VMware vSphere 6 with VAAI Yes Windows Server 2016 Yes Citrix Ready Yes OpenStack Yes Add-on Packages (learn more about the complete add-on package list) Antivirus by McAfee (Trial) Yes Central Management System Yes Chat Yes Maximum Users 1,500 Notes The number of concurrent HTTP connections for Chat was configured to the maximum. CPU and RAM usage were both under 80% when the number of maximum users was reached. For tested models with expandable memory, the maximum amount of RAM was installed. Cloud Station Server Yes Maximum Number of Concurrently Connected Devices 1,000 Maximum Number of Concurrently Connected Devices (with RAM expansion) 2,000 Maximum Number of Hosted Files (btrfs) 1,000,000 Maximum Number of Hosted Files (ext4) 1,000,000 Notes The maximum number of concurrently connected devices refers to the maximum number of devices that can remain connected at the same time. The maximum number of hosted files refers to the maximum number of files that can be indexed and hosted by the Cloud Station Server service. RAM expansion was not used during testing. Non-encrypted shared folders were used during the aforementioned testing. Document Viewer Yes Download Station Yes Maximum Concurrent Download Tasks 80 exFAT Access (optional) Yes MailPlus / MailPlus Server Yes Free Email Accounts 5 (Licenses required for additional accounts) Maximum number of concurrent users Up to 150 Maximum Server Performance 1,484,000 emails per day, approx. 45 GB Notes The CPU and RAM usage were both under 80% when testing the maximum number of concurrent users. For tested models with expandable memory, the maximum amount of RAM was installed. Read-write SSD cache was enabled in 5-bay (and above) NAS models with 2 SSDs units installed. The performance of the mail system will slightly decrease in high-availability mode due to data synchronization between the two servers. Functions that were enabled in all of the tests above: anti-spam, anti-virus, DNSBL, greylist, content scan, full-text search (English only). Media Server Yes DLNA Compliance Yes Moments Yes Facial recognition Yes Subject recognition Yes Snapshot Replication Yes Maximum Snapshots per Shared Folder 1024 Maximum of system snapshots 65536 Surveillance Station Yes Maximum IP cam (Licenses required) 40 (including 2 Free License) (See All Supported IP Cameras) Total FPS (H.264)* 1200 FPS @ 720p (1280x720) 960 FPS @ 1080p (1920×1080) 520 FPS @ 3M (2048x1536) 320 FPS @ 5M (2591x1944) 240 FPS @ 4K (3840x2160) Total FPS (H.265)* 1200 FPS @ 720p (1280x720) 1200 FPS @ 1080p (1920×1080) 880 FPS @ 3M (2048x1536) 520 FPS @ 5M (2591x1944) 400 FPS @ 4K (3840x2160) Total FPS (MJPEG)* 560 FPS @ 720p (1280x720) 270 FPS @ 1080p (1920×1080) 190 FPS @ 3M (2048x1536) 110 FPS @ 5M (2591x1944) Notes Surveillance Station throughput is tested with Axis network camera, using continuous recording with live view from Surveillance Station and motion detection by camera. Live view and recording are sharing the same stream from the camera. Synology Drive Yes Recommended Number of Hosted Files 1,000,000 (applies to files indexed or hosted by Synology Drive. For file access through other standard protocols, refer to the File Services section above) Recommended Number of Concurrent Connections for PC Clients 550 (the number of connections that can be maintained when the recommended number of hosted files was reached) Notes For tested models with expandable memory, the maximum amount of RAM was installed. Exceeding the limits above may result in longer response time in file operations. Btrfs file system and non-encrypted shared folders were used during the aforementioned testing. Synology Office Yes Maximum Users 1,800 Notes Multiple files were opened for testing and each file was edited by 30 users simultaneously. CPU and RAM usage were both under 80% when the number of maximum users was reached. For tested models with expandable memory, the maximum amount of RAM was installed. Client performance may affect maximum simultaneous editing users. Client PCs used for testing: Intel Core i3-3220 / 8GB RAM Video Station Yes Video Transcoding Group 1 - Type 1 (See more) Maximum Transcoding Channel Number 1 channel, 30 FPS @ 1080p(1920×1080), H.264 (AVC)/MPEG-4 Part 2 (XVID, DIVX5)/MPEG-2/VC-1 Virtual Machine Manager Yes Recommended Virtual Machine Instances 4 (Learn more) Recommended Virtual DSM Number(Licenses required) 4 (including 1 Free License) Notes Virtual Machine Manager is not supported on hosts running Synology High Availability. The specifications vary depending on system configuration and memory size. VPN Server Yes Maximum Connections 30 Environment & Packaging Environment RoHS Compliant Packaging Content Main Unit X 1 Accessory Pack X 1 AC Power Cord X 1 RJ-45 LAN Cable X 2 Quick Installation Guide X 1 Optional Accessories Surveillance Device License Pack D4NS2133-4G DDR4 non-ECC SO-DIMM* RAMEC2133DDR4SO-16G DDR4 ECC SO-DIMM Expansion Unit: DX517 X 2 VS360HD VS960HD Synology Ethernet Adapter E10G18-T1 Synology Ethernet Adapter E10G18-T2 Synology Ethernet Adapter E10G17-F2 Synology M2D18 M.2 SSD adapter card Notes For more information on memory upgrade limitations, visit here. If multiple memory modules of different frequency are installed in the same system, all memory modules will be operated at the lowest frequency available. Closer Look at the Synology DS 1819+ Just like most of the NAS devices by Synology, the DS 1819+ is an ABS plastic shell with a rolled steel chassis and the backplate. The dimensions of this NAS are 166mm x 343mm x 243mm with a weight of about 6Kg or 12Lb without drives. Most of the weight comes from the steel skeleton and enclosed 250W power supply. Eight drive bays are accessible from the front of the unit. Users have the ability to lock the trays for either security reasons or to keep the drives intact while in transport. Note there is a USB 3.0 connector in the front of the enclosure. There are two cut out Synology logos on both of the sides of the NAS. These cutouts are covers from the inside by a filtered mesh. The entire enclosure sits on four plastic/rubber feet.

There aren’t many buttons here. In fact, there is the only one which is located in the front of the unit. You can also find six LEDs in the front that provide basic status and alarm levels of the device. On the back of the Synology DS 1819+ there are two SATA2 external connectors, a four 1 gigabit RG45 ports, reset pinhole, three USB 3.0 connectors, and a PCIe slot for any addon cards. The DS 1819+ supports multiple external cards including 10GbE cards. Check Synology’s website for a list of supported cards. Our unit came with 4 Gb of RAM (4Gbx1) however, this module can be pulled out and replaced with two 16Gb modules and has a maximum capacity of 32Gb. Right next to the RAM door there is a small service hole with few jumpers. I could not find any information on this so I am guessing this is a Synology service port to be used by Synology technicians.

Once the front trays removed you are able to see the SATA backplane of the NAS. The entire enclosure is being powered by an internal power supply which has a Max Power of 250W and is 80Plus (Bronze) efficiency.

DS 1819+ is actively cooled by two rear-facing 120mm fans. These fans are not PWM enabled however, they do have a low rotational speed. Some custom profiles that can be set from within the OS are Full-Speed Mode, Cool Mode, and Quiet Mode.

The add-on cards for the DS 1819+ could be bought online but only a few are supported by Synology. We have a list of the supported models which would work in the PCIe slot. Model Ports Connector Interface E10G15-F1 1 x 10GbE SFP+ PCIe 2.0 x4 E10G17-F2 2 x 10GbE SFP+ PCIe 3.0 x8 E10G18-T1 1 x 10GbE RJ45 PCIe 3.0 x4 E10G18-T2 2 x 10GbE RJ45 PCIe 3.0 x8 For other supported cards by Synology check their website. Chips and Boards The backplane of DS 1819+ has eight SAS type connectors. We noticed this Synology uses SAS connectors across all of their NAS offerings. Five of the eight connectors are placed on one channel and the rest three on the second channel. Front facing IO board has only one button and a set of micro LEDs. This board connects to the motherboard via a ribbon cable.

CPU of DS 1819+ is powered by Intel Atom c3538. This chip is 64 bit and offers Quad Core clocked at 2.1GHz. It is also worth to mention that c3538 support Hardware Encryption Engine (AES-NI) standard.

USB 3.0 SuperSpeed HUB controller that supports 4 USB 3.0 connections on the motherboard is by Realtek RTS5411.

To support both groups (5 drives and 3 drives) Synology uses two SATA 6Gb/s Marvel controllers 88SE92350-NAA2.

DS 1819+ has 1Gb Flash Memory by Macronix MX30LF1G18AC-TI which is SLC NAND.

Flash CPLC in this device is by Intel/Altera 5M240ZT199C5N.

The onboard Ethernet adapters are supported by Marvel 88E1543-LKJ2 controller. This controller offers 10/100/1000 Mbps speeds.

The Synology DS 1819+ comes with one DDR4 2133 4GB module which has a timing of CL15. This is a NON-ECC unbuffered SO-DIMM 260pin module that runs at 1.2V. Looking to remove this module and replace it with 16GB modules? Consider this ECC SO-DIMM by Synology "RAMEC2133DDR4SO-16G" Synology DiskStation Start-up Wizard After installing the drives, you’ll need open a browser window and go to the IP Address of the DS1819+. To get the IP address of your device you can navigate to (find.synology.com) and the browser will find the device for you.

Next step is to create an administrator account to manage the DS 1819+. A strong password is highly advised here.

If you would like to set up QuickConnect you can do so on this step of the wizard. QuickConnect allows remote access to NAS from outside of your network.

That’s pretty much it. The NAS software will self-configure the basic settings and give you a prompt to log in. The entire process is automated and takes less than 2 minutes.

DiskStation Manager (DSM) User Interface The DiskStation Manager or DSM is the interface you will use to configure the NAS with; the latest version is 6.2.1-23824 and available for download. There are a lot of configuration options in DSM. I am covering what I feel is the most important options in order to get the NAS up and running on the network. After the initial configuration, anytime that you’ll want to log into the NAS, you’ll need to enter the username and password that was set up in the Startup Wizard. After logging in, you’ll be taken to the desktop. The desktop functions in a similar manner to the Windows desktop on your PC. You can create shortcuts to the most used configuration items in the menu. By default, a small monitoring application launches in the lower right side of the page. The application displays quick details on the utilization and health of the NAS. The main application on the menu that will be used to configure the NAS will be the control panel. The control panel has most of the options that will be needed to get the NAS up and running. By default, a lot of the services needed, such as file services have already been turned on. After the disk volume has been created (next section) you’ll just need to create shared folders and assign permissions and the users can start using the NAS. Users and groups can be created to give access to the NAS’s shared files and folders. If no users are created, you will need to give the guest or public account read/write access to the shared files. If you run a Windows Active Directory domain, you can configure the NAS to synchronize user information from your domain. At that point, you will also be able to grant domain users access to shared folders and eliminates the need to create separate users for your domain and your NAS.

The network menu is where all the networking configuration is done. Synology DS 1819+ has four network interface, it can be configured for load balancing or failover. With multiple network interfaces can take advantage of creating a Link Aggregation Group (LAG) and LACP in order to do load balancing (managed switch required). Keep in mind that creating a LAG will not increase bandwidth from a single host. It increases the overall bandwidth the NAS can use on your network to multiple hosts. If you don’t have the ability to cable your NAS, for example in a dorm room, you can install a USB wireless or blue-tooth adapter and get network access that way.

The security tab allows you to configure such items as user interface timeouts, firewall, and certifications. The firewall tab can be used to restrict network traffic to and from the NAS in order to help protect it from network attacks and can help reduce the chance of a network breach. The NAS also offers denial-of-service protection and the ability to install your own certificate to further secure the NAS. Testing Methodology System Configuration Case Open Test Table CPU Intel Core i7 8700K Motherboard Gigabyte AORUS Z370 ULTRA GAMING Ram (2) 8GB Corsair DDR4-3200 CMW16GX4M2C3200C16 GPU EVGA GTX 1080 (8Gb) Hard Drives Corsair Force MP510 NVMe Gen 3 x4 M.2 SSD (480Gb) Network Cards Dual Port Intel Pro/1000 PT Mellanox Connectx-2 PCI-Express x 8 10GbE Ethernet Network Server Adapter Switches MikroTik Cloud Router Switch CRS317-1G-16S+RM (SwitchOS) Version 2.9 Transceivers used: 10Gtek for Cisco Compatible GLC-T/SFP-GE-T Gigabit RJ45 Copper SFP Transceiver Module, 1000Base-T 10Gtek for Cisco SFP-10G-SR, 10Gb/s SFP+ Transceiver module, 10GBASE-SR, MMF, 850nm, 300-meter Power Supply Thermal Take Tough Power RGB 80 Plus Gold 750W 6 Seagate 4 TB 7200 RPM desktop drives were installed and used in the NAS tests. A Single port Mellanox Connectx-2 PCI-Express x 8 10GbE Ethernet Network Server Adapter network card was installed in the test system. The Synology DS 1819+ in all RAID arrays used a Single Static Volume. E10G15-F1 SFP+ (10GbE) adapter was used for all 10GbE benchmarks. Network Layout For all tests, the NAS was configured to use a single network interface. Network cards were used to test 1Gbps (copper) and 10 Gbps (SFP+ (Fiber) connections. For 1Gbps connection one CAT 6 cable was connected to the MikroTik CRS317-1G-16S+RM from the NAS and one CAT 6 cable was connected to the workstation from the switch. Testing was done on the PC with only 1 network card active. For 10Gbps connection one Fiber 10Gb patch cable was connected to MikroTik CRS317-1G-16S+RM from the NAS and one Fiber 10Gb was connected to the workstation from the switch. The switch was cleared of any configuration. Jumbo frames were used (9000 MTU) on the workstation, NAS and the switch. Network drivers used on the workstation are 5.50.14643.1 by Mellanox Technologies. (Driver Date 8/26/2018) (10GbE adapter) and 9.15.11.0 by Intel (Driver Date 10/14/2011) Software All testing is done based off a single client accessing the NAS. To test NAS Performance I used The Intel NAS Performance toolkit and ATTO Disk Benchmark (4.00.0f2). Both pieces software was installed on the RAM Drive by ImDisk Virtual Disk Driver. The Intel NAS Performance toolkit simulates various tasks for storage devices such as video streaming, copying files and folders to and from the NAS as well as creating content directly on the NAS. All options in the Performance toolkit were left that the defaults. The NAS performance test is free to download. You can pick up a copy for yourself here. ATTO Disk Benchmark gives a good insights on the read and write speeds of the drive. In our tests, we used it against the "share" on the NAS. ATTO Disk Benchmark can be download right here. All tests were run a total of three times then averaged to get the final result. RAID 0,5,10 and RAID Hybrid were tested for 1GbE and 10GbE connections. Tests were run after all the RAID arrays were fully synchronized. RAID Information

Images courtesy of Wikipedia JOBD or Just a Bunch Of Disks is exactly what the name describes. The hard drives have no actual raid functionality and are spanned at random data is written at random. RAID 0 is a stripe set and data is written across the disks evenly. The advantage of RAID 0 is speed and increased capacity. With RAID 0 there is no redundancy and data loss is very possible. RAID 1 is a mirrored set and data is mirrored from one drive to another. The advantage of RAID 1 is data redundancy as each piece of data is written to both disks. The disadvantage of RAID 1 is the write speed is decreased as compared to RAID 0 due to the write operation is performed on both disks. RAID 1 capacity is that of the smallest disk. RAID 10 combines the 1st two raid levels and is a mirror of a stripe set. This allows for better speed of a RAID 0 array but the data integrity of a RAID 1 array. RAID 5 is a stripe set with parity. RAID 5 requires at least 3 disks. Data is striped across each disk, and each disk has a parity block. RAID 5 allows the loss of one drive without losing data. The advantage to RAID 5 is read speeds increase as the number of drives increase but the disadvantage is the write speeds are slower as the number of drives is increased. There is overhead with RAID 5 as the parity bit needs to be calculated and with software

RAID 5 there is more of a performance hit. RAID 6 expands on RAID 5 by adding an additional parity block to the array that is distributed across all the disks. Since there are two parity blocks in the array more overhead is used with a RAID 6 array. For a full breakdown of RAID levels, take a look at the Wikipedia article here. RAID configurations are a highly debated topic. RAID has been around for a very long time. Hard drives have changed, but the technology behind RAID really hasn’t. So what may have been considered ideal a few years ago may not be ideal today. If you are solely relying on multiple hard drives as a safety measure to prevent data loss, you are in for a disaster. Ideally, you will use a multi-drive array for an increase in speed and lower access times and have a backup of your data elsewhere. I have seen arrays with hot spares that had multiple drives fail and the data was gone. Benchmarking Results Following Benchmarks were performed via 1GbE connectivity trough the onboard switch. Raid 0 1Gbps Raid 10 1Gbps Raid 5 1Gbps Raid SHR 1Gbps Following Benchmarks were performed via 10GbE connectivity through PCIe card. Raid 0 10Gbps Raid 10 10Gbps Raid 5 10Gbps Raid SHR 10Gbps Synology Hybrid RAID Synology has a RAID array they call Synology Hybrid RAID (SHR). Essentially it is for those users that do not know a whole lot about RAID or those users that don’t want to fuss with setting up a RAID array. There are two options available for SHR, 1-disk (similar to RAID 5) or 2-disk redundancy (similar to RAID 6). The redundant disk basically means you can lose n number of drives (n is the number of redundant disks) and the array will continue to work and data will still be available with no corruption. SHR also allows the use of mixed size drives meaning, that all the drives in your NAS do not have to be the same capacity. You can do the same with a traditional RAID array however, all the drives in the array can only use the amount of space available on the smallest drive. For example, in a 5 drive array the smallest disk is 250 GB. You would create a 5×250 GB raid array. With SHR, the system divides the disks into smaller chunks and creates additional redundant storage. There’s a catch however, you must have two of the largest drives installed. Taking the example above, with 5×250 GB drives, you could swap out 2 of the drives to 1 TB drives and be able to use all of the disk space available.

Image provided by Synology

Conclusion and Final Thoughts Once again Synology produced a fine product. DS 1819+ is a network attached storage device which has the ability to support not only a home office but also small to mid-size businesses. This little scalable storage server will store all of your business files and if needed offload them into the cloud for backup retention. This and other features are all available from the Package Center. Numerous applications are offered free of charge in the Package Center however there are some applications which you might need to purchase if you looking to unlock a full functionality or a special feature. This is true for all NAS products that Synology offers with DiskStation Manager (DSM). The Synology DS 1819+ is powered by Intel Atom C3538 64-bit CPU. This CPU is a quad-core chip that has a clock of 2.1Ghz. This comes in handy if you plan to run virtual machines directly from the NAS. DS 1819+ comes with 4Gb DDR4 RAM that could be upgraded up to 32Gb but prepare to pay a premium price for the 32Gb kit. Currently, a single supported 16Gb RAM module by Synology costs a whopping 333$. It is worth mentioning that 16Gb modules support ECC (Error Correction Code). One of the best features of this NAS is the expansion slot which supports PCIe based network cards. DS 1819+ has built-in 4 port 1Gbps however if you are planning to use this in a multi-user environment, I highly recommend looking at 10GbE solutions for this NAS. In my testing of the Synology DS 1819+, I looked at both 1GbE and 10GbE performance data of the device. For the 1GbE benchmarks, the NAS performed up to par with what I would expect from a gigabit connected device. When 10GbE benchmarks were performed I saw real-life metrics which showed the ability of the NAS to sustain write speed in the upper 700s MB/s and read speed of mid 800s MB/s. Essentially, I was getting SSD speeds over the network. With a large capacity storage device such as DS 1819+, you want to be able to supplement the storage with good transfer speeds. I found no issues with the hardware or the software of DS 1819+. The ease of use of DiskStation Manager and Virtual Machine Manager (downloadable through Package Center) you can easily set up a small Virtual Server environment. The only problem I saw with this NAS is the number of the CPU cores. If you are planning to use this NAS as a storage device the CPU cores (4) is plenty of horsepower to go around, however, if you looking to spin up multiple virtual machines your options are limited to 4 vCPUs. The maximum amount of RAM is also limited. Maximum supported RAM to be used in DS 1819+ is 32Gb.

Overall the device is very well built. I love the internal based power supply, it really gives that server/appliance look and feel. Price of DS 1819+ I found to be a little bit on the high side. Right now, Synology DS 1819+ retails for $ 949 USD (at the time of the review. Some of Synology’s competitors that offer 8 bay NAS devices sell their products about 100-120$ less. I also find that the price of RAM upgrade is high as well. If you are looking for a storage solution that offers scalability and gradual growth in storage then DS 1819+ is the one to consider. When we look for NAS devices we usually have a set of criteria that we look for. Synology DS 1819+ has pretty much everything that I would want for my small-medium business. Features in DS 1819+ are endless and too many to list in this review but if you are looking for a file storage repository with advances shared features, this is it. Read the full article

#10Gbe #ATOM #CPU #DiskManager #DS1819+#SFP+#SSD #Synology #VirtualMachines

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k12news · 4 years ago

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CBSE Class 12 Term 1 Exams Answer Key: 'Difficult Paper,' Says Teacher, Check Reactions

#cbse #class12exams #students #samplepapers #teachers

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wishallbook · 4 years ago

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CBSE TERM 1 MTG SCORE MORE 10 SAMPLE PAPERS ENGLISH CORE CLASS 12

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER WITH BLUEPRINTS AS DESIGN ISSUED BY CBSE LATEST CBSE TERM (2021-22) SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER OMR SHEET PROVIDED AFTER EACH SQP BASED ON THE LATEST COMPETENCY BASED EDUCATION (CBE )

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itraininginchandigarh · 4 years ago

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Accounts Coaching Classes in Chandigarh

Accounts Coaching Classes in Chandigarh offers Accounts Coaching for Class 12th for CBSE, ICSE, AND PSEB board students. Accounts Academy in Chandigarh has designed 11th 12th Class Tuition in such a way that it will clear all the basic fundamental concepts of CBSE 11th 12th class syllabus for those students who wish to excel & score good rank in CBSE 11th 12th Examination. Accounts Coaching Classes in Chandigarh is one of the best tutoring institutes for Class 11th & 12th Commerce students. Our teachers cover here apart from teaching and also work as their instructors.

Our unique study method combines modern practice techniques and our accounts programs are easy to design in coaching classes. Our training for those accounts helps the student overcome all confusions about accountancy. The study involves accounting laws, fraud detection, managerial accounting, and auditing in the study. Motivated accountants generally take their accounting courses through a full degree program. Traverse the contents of general accounting classes by studying accountancy.

Our

Accounts Training

Accounts Classroom Training

Accounts Mock Test

Accounts daily Practice

Accounts Problem Solving Classes

Accounts Weekly Practice Test

Accounts Result

Some common concepts we hear here involve auditing procedures and standards, cost analysis, financial statements, and reporting, tax deductions and liabilities, international accounting, business or tax research methods, global economy, etc. Solve all your confusion with the Accounts Coaching Institute in Chandigarh. In our accountancy coaching classes in Chandigarh, you get the full solution for the accounts. Students learn the business side of accounting in this classical classroom, such as direct handwriting, bookkeeping, numerous equations, and liabilities. Involves original accounting principles and how they relate to making statements. This accounting course is a must for any accounting major in our tuition classes. We also provide all the subjects for commerce stream 11th & 12th students like Accounts, Business Studies, Economics, English, and Mathematics

Vision

To attain apex in sharing knowledge, training students in accountancy and related domains, and to provide professional guidance for their success.

Mission

To provide students with quality-oriented personalized attention by delivering educational solutions and to see they prosper their career.

Focus

The teaching methodology is designed in such a way to realize how learning accountancy is made so easy, with an ultimate goal to attain the untold secret of success in every walk of life.

Syllabus for Class 11th Accountancy

Accountancy syllabuses differ from schools affiliated to one board of education to schools affiliated to another board. While there may be some differences across syllabuses advised by several education boards, the core study areas remain the same. Here are the things that commerce students have to cover in Class 11th.

Theoretical Framework – Benefits, Importance, Objectives, and Limitations of Accounting, Basic Accounting Terms

Theory Base of Accounting – presumption, Principles, Accounting Standards, Double Entry System

Recording of Transactions

Debit and Credit Rules

Journal

Cash Book

Purchase or buy Book, Sales Book, Purchases Returns Book & Sales Returns Book

Bank Reconciliation Statement

Ledger

Objectives and Preparation of Trial Balance

Depreciation

Provisions and Reserves

Promissory Note and Bills of Exchange

Accounting Treatment of Bill Transactions

Rectification of Errors

Financial Statements

Balance Sheet

Trading and Profit and Loss Account

Sole Proprietorship Trading, Profit & Loss Account and Balance Sheet

Limitations and Uses of Incomplete Records

Statement of Affairs Method for regulating Profit & Loss

Financial Statements of Not-for-Profit Organizations

Syllabus for Class 12th Accountancy

Here partnership firms and companies will come into the picture. What are the main subjects?

Accounting for partnership firms: Partnership deeds, preparation of profit and loss accounts, admission of a partner, retirement, and death of a partner, and dissolution of a partnership firm.

Accounting for the organization: Accounting for share capital and accounting for debentures will be clear here.

Analysis of financial statements: The students are taught how to analyze financial statements using various tools such as ratio analysis.

Cash flow statement

Besides the students are also given classes in computerized accounting.

Books followed in the

Accounts Coaching Classes

in Chandigarh

T.S. GREWAL

D.K. GOEL

P.C. TULISAN

S.A. SIDDIQUE

Importance of

Accounts Coaching Classes

in 12th Class?

The majority of class 12 students would answer this question by saying that it is essential to get a good score in the subject. Which is perfectly true. But by focusing on a broader aspect, you will realize the following.

Preparing for accountancy for class 12 will:

Enhance your chances of getting admissions to a good institute that broaden your exposure and knowledge

Keep your foundation strong

Broaden your skills set and competency

Gain your confidence

Train you to be able to understand advanced accounting concepts with ease method

Offer you opportunities that can make you a versatile accountant in the future

Help you get a job in some of the best financial consultant companies due to the rising demand for accountants

Help you get one step closer to writing the common proficiency test (CPT)

Help you get one step closer to becoming a Chartered Accountant (CA)

Teaching Methodology:

One to one attention (individual attention) is a great favor in Accounts Coaching Classes in Chandigarh.

All illustrations and exercises in a textbook & practice manual will be explained.

Students are given instructed to do all exercise problems and submit. Corrections will be made then and there. If required related concepts will be explained once again, where the students find it difficult to solve the exercise problems.

Mock tests will be directed for each chapter and if needed for each concept.

Questions that appeared in previous year’s question papers will also be solved or explained.

Parents are informed then and there concerning wards performance

How should you prepare for

accounts in class 12th?

Accountancy has both theoretical topics and practice-based topics in every chapter. There are six exact steps to be followed while preparing for accounts in class 12th.

Step 1: Study the theory – definitions, conceptual explanations, applications and p 4: Work on questions at the end of every chapter – at the end of the third step, you must be comparatively thorough with a chapter and its concepts. Now is the best time to work on the problems, questions, and adjustments that are available at the end of every chapter of the textbook. This will not only make you comprehensively thorough but will also demonstrate various kinds of questions that can be asked in the exam.

Step 5: Analyze past year’s papers – past year’s papers on accountancy for class 12th is available on 2 main sources, the internet, and books by many authors. Sometimes, the last few pages of your accountancy textbook could also have several year’s papers. By checking these papers, you can get a clear-cut idea and outline of:

Question paper format

Emphasized topics

Allocation of marks

Frequently asked questions

Answer expectation

Step 6: Solve sample papers – numerous students think that analyzing the past year’s papers are sufficient in conducting a good score. But sample papers are equally essential when offered by the right source. These sample papers will give you information and updates on:

Any changes in the question paper format

Any predicted questions

Changes in answer expectations

Changes in answer pattern

After following these steps, you will know that you are not only prepared with the right answers but also prepared for any changes or surprises that may happen in the examination hall. You would have learned to manage time, maintain your confidence, work efficiently, and stay aware.

Benefits of

Accounts Coaching Classes

in Chandigarh for 11th 12th Classes

Commerce students who have ambitions and aspirations for prosperous careers in the world of accounting only have one year to familiarize themselves with the basic accounting concepts; Class 11. While there are advanced concepts to learn in Class 12, candidates must grasp the basics in Class 11 to make sure that they don’t face any problems in understanding advanced concepts in the future. With an accounts home tutor, candidates can gain greater insights into accounting concepts and learn them thoroughly.

Classroom teaching at school may not always be efficient as teachers have limited time to explain concepts. However, a home tutor can take as much time as needed to explain concepts thoroughly. Regular Practice: Your accounts teacher at school may be great, but they cannot ensure that you are practicing regularly. There are two-parts of accountancy; the theoretical side and the practical side. What you learn in your accounts theory section will be of less use if you cannot use it practically. Coaching classes helps in this regard as they can assign tasks and homework for students that they need to submit regularly.

School teachers also mostly rely on the advised school textbook for examples and problems. However, a home tutor has the freedom to use any resource they see fit and may also come up with problems that students have to solve. Correspondence with Parents: School teachers remain under a lot of pressure for the whole academic session and apart from the two or three parent-teacher meetings scheduled by the school, they don’t get many chances to speak to parents. However, a home tutor can keep parents up-to-date regarding the performances of their children. Parents can use this information to motivate their children to practice more and they can also be more aware of the difficulties their children are facing with regards to accountancy.

Careers in Accounting

Finding a job in the accounting field is one of the decisions. Accounting is a field that will always be in demand and it is a field that you can continue to develop and move up inside your organization. There are various positions you can find in the accounting field. Careers in the accounting field can differ from entry-level positions to executive level. Choose the accounting career you are most interested in learning what it requires, what education you may require, and the salary you can potentially earn.

Jobs in Accounting

Accountant

Accounting Assistant

Accounting Clerk

Accounting Manager

Accounts Payable Clerk

Accounts Receivable Clerk

Bookkeeping

Budget Analyst

Certified Internal Auditor

Chief Financial Officer – CFO

Comptroller/Controller

CPA

Forensic Accounting

Government Accounting

Payroll Clerk

Staff Accountant

Tax Accountant

Why us for

Accounts Coaching Classes

in Chandigarh?

Accounts Coaching Classes in Chandigarh apply ease techniques to train our students and make smooth command over the desired subject. We have a practical approach and follow the 360-degree feedback system, to maintain hygiene in our Service Delivery Eco system. We prefer to deliver Quality students/professionals instead of delivering a lump of students reaching nowhere! Accountancy coaching classes in Chandigarh have the best and experienced teachers, offering students total insight and ample knowledge of the subject.

Exclusive Study Material

Properly compiled study material is our specialty which contains

Complete course topic-wise,

The easy language that helps in remembering the concepts,

Flow charts,

Diagrams,

Tabular representation,

Solved and unsolved questions,

Fast Track Revision section,

Important points to remember,

Do’s and Don’ts for the exam.

All these spotless features make this study material exclusive.

Routine Feedback & Tests

Surprise tests and feedback are important to make sure the student has understood the concept thoroughly. We believe in a quality product, therefore students are given regular tests and feedback on their work.

Our modernistic system will take the test of our students online and make sure that the result of the feedback is given immediately.

Doubt solving sessions

Our teaching sessions and methods are different and simple giving students no doubts about any concepts.

If there is any query or doubt, our doubt solving session or one to one sessions with students will work wonders to solve the problem of the students. Examples of the concepts should be studied to lay strong foundations for the chapter before moving next to complex adjustments.

Step 2: Solve accounting problems – after having enhanced the base knowledge for the chapter, you can go ahead with working on simple-moderate accounting problems. These accounting problems will have terms or concepts that have been explained in the theoretical expansion of the chapter.

Step 3: Practice computerized accounting – repeatedly practicing accounting on a spreadsheet or DBMS or even on software like Tally can make a huge difference in keeping what you studied and can lead to a better understanding of treating some accounting adjustments.

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your-dietician · 4 years ago

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Humanistic counselling plus pastoral care as usual versus pastoral care as usual for the treatment of psychological distress in adolescents in UK state schools (ETHOS): a randomised controlled trial

New Post has been published on https://depression-md.com/humanistic-counselling-plus-pastoral-care-as-usual-versus-pastoral-care-as-usual-for-the-treatment-of-psychological-distress-in-adolescents-in-uk-state-schools-ethos-a-randomised-controlled-trial/

Humanistic counselling plus pastoral care as usual versus pastoral care as usual for the treatment of psychological distress in adolescents in UK state schools (ETHOS): a randomised controlled trial

Summary

Background

About one in seven adolescents have a mental health disorder in England, UK. School counselling is one of the most common means of trying to address such a problem. We aimed to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of school-based humanistic counselling (SBHC) for the treatment of psychological distress in young people in England, UK.

Methods

We did a two-arm, individually randomised trial in 18 secondary state-funded schools across the Greater London area of the UK. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) using a centrally secure randomisation procedure with random permuted blocks to either SBHC plus schools’ pastoral care as usual (PCAU), or PCAU alone. Participants were pupils aged 13–16 years who had moderate-to-severe levels of emotional symptoms (measured by a score of ≥5 on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Emotional Symptoms scale) and were assessed as competent to consent to participate in the trial. Participants, providers, and assessors (who initially assessed and enrolled participants) were not masked but testers (who measured outcomes) were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome was psychological distress at 12 weeks (Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation measure [YP-CORE]; range 0–40), analysed on an intention-to-treat basis (with missing data imputed). Costs were assessed at 24 weeks (Client Service Receipt Inventory and service logs). The trial was registered with ISRCTN, number ISRCTN10460622.

Findings

329 participants were recruited between Sept 29, 2016, and Feb 8, 2018, with 167 (51%) randomly assigned to SBHC plus PCAU and 162 (49%) to PCAU. 315 (96%) of 329 participants provided data at 12 weeks and scores were imputed for 14 participants (4%). At baseline, the mean YP-CORE scores were 20·86 (SD 6·38) for the SBHC plus PCAU group and 20·98 (6·41) for the PCAU group. Mean YP-CORE scores at 12 weeks were 16·41 (SD 7·59) for the SBHC plus PCAU group and 18·34 (7·84) for the PCAU group (difference 1·87, 95% CI 0·37–3·36; p=0·015), with a small effect size (0·25, 0·03–0·47). Overall costs at 24 weeks were £995·20 (SD 769·86) per pupil for the SBHC plus PCAU group and £612·89 (1224·56) for the PCAU group (unadjusted difference £382·31, 95% CI £148·18–616·44; p=0·0015). The probability of SBHC being more cost-effective reached 80% at a willingness to pay of £390 for a 1-point improvement on the YP-CORE. Five serious adverse events occurred for four participants in the SBHC plus PCAU group, all involving suicidal intent. Two serious adverse events occurred for two participants in the PCAU group, one involving suicidal intent.

Interpretation

The addition of SBHC to PCAU leads to small reductions in psychological distress, but at an additional economic cost. SBHC is a viable treatment option but there is a need for equally rigorous evaluation of alternative interventions.

Funding

This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (grant reference ES/M011933/1).

Introduction

Adolescence is a period of rapid biological, psychological, and social change, making young people particularly susceptible to mental ill health.

Adolescence and mental health.

In England, approximately one in seven individuals aged 11–16 years have a mental disorder, with highest rates for young people living in low-income households.

Sadler K

Vizard T

Ford T

et al.

Mental health of children and young people in England, 2017: summary of key findings.

Prevalence of mental disorders in individuals aged 5–15 years has risen over the past two decades.

Sadler K

Vizard T

Ford T

et al.

Mental health of children and young people in England, 2017: summary of key findings.

Childhood disorders often continue into adulthood and can have longstanding social and economic consequences.

Chen H

Cohen P

Crawford TN

Kasen S

Johnson JG

Berenson K

Relative impact of young adult personality disorders on subsequent quality of life: findings of a community-based longitudinal study.

In the UK, the cost of mental health problems for children and young people across health, education, and social services has been estimated as approximately £1·5 billion per year.

Snell T

Knapp M

Healey A

et al.

Economic impact of childhood psychiatric disorder on public sector services in Britain: estimates from national survey data.

The UK Government plans to transform children and young people’s mental health provision in England at universal preventative, selective, and indicated levels, with a strategy developing mental health support in schools and colleges.

Department of HealthDepartment for Education Transforming children and young people’s mental health provision: green paper.

Mainstream mental health services can be hard for children and young people to access, might be stigmatising, and do not cater for levels of disturbance that do not meet diagnostic thresholds.

Snell T

Knapp M

Healey A

et al.

Economic impact of childhood psychiatric disorder on public sector services in Britain: estimates from national survey data.

By contrast, schools might provide young people with unparalleled access to services, alleviating barriers such as time, location, and cost.

Werner-Seidler A

Perry Y

Calear AL

Newby JM

Christensen H

School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Consequently, school-based services can increase young people’s use of mental health support

Kaplan DW

Calonge BN

Guernsey BP

Hanrahan MB

Managed care and school-based health centers. Use of health services.

and reduce inequities in mental health care.

Knopf JA

Finnie RKC

Peng Y

et al.

School-based health centers to advance health equity: a community guide systematic review.

Research in context

Evidence before this study

We did a systematic review to identify randomised controlled trials of humanistic counselling in schools with adolescents (aged 11–18 years). We searched Web of Science, PsychInfo, and PubMed from inception to Dec 17, 2018, using terms for “humanistic” and “therapy”, in combination with ten terms covering population and trial design of interest. We also hand searched systematic reviews. Only articles in English were included. We identified 22 papers with relevant abstracts. Full text screening yielded 11 papers, referencing eight randomised controlled trials. Humanistic counselling showed similar results to cognitive behavioural interventions in improving emotional problems and functioning, but was less effective in reducing symptom severity. Four studies were UK-based, individually randomised pilot trials of the effects of adding 6–12 weeks of school-based humanistic counselling (SBHC) to pastoral care as usual (PCAU) for young people with emotional symptoms. Sample sizes varied from 32 to 64 adolescents. A meta-analysis of results on the principal outcome measure, the Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation, indicated that SBHC plus PCAU led to significant improvements over PCAU alone at 6 weeks (standardised mean difference 0·62, 95% CI 0·19 to 0·84; four studies) and the endpoint, 12 weeks (0·87, 0·49 to 1·25; three studies), but not at 24 weeks (12 weeks after completing therapy; 0·45, −0·14 to 1·03; one study). In terms of cost-effectiveness, just one of these studies did a pilot analysis and found some evidence that expenditure and cost savings were about equivalent. The study concluded that further investigations on a larger scale were warranted. An additional search for literature on cost-related findings for counselling services identified 36 relevant articles, but no further evidence on combined cost and outcome analyses.

Added value of this study

To our knowledge, ETHOS is the first adequately powered trial of SBHC for young people with emotional symptoms, one of the most common mental health interventions in the UK and worldwide. Additionally, compared with previous pilot studies, ETHOS has a comprehensive cost-effective analysis, examines outcomes on an intention-to-treat basis, reports adverse events, and bases the intervention on a comprehensive manual with dedicated adherence rating scale.

Implications of all the available evidence

The addition of SBHC to PCAU brings about small reductions in psychological distress, and these effects persist up to 3 months after counselling is completed. However, the intervention does not lead to reductions in other costs and is unlikely to be considered cost-effective. There is an urgent need for the evaluation of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of other mental health interventions in UK school settings.

One of the most common forms of school-based mental health intervention is counselling.

School-based counselling in UK secondary schools: a review and critical evaluation.

Studies indicate that counselling is viewed positively by many pupils, school staff, and local authority leads: providing accessible, independent, and non-stigmatising support.

School-based counselling in UK secondary schools: a review and critical evaluation.

School-based counselling is well established in over 60 countries worldwide, and is mandatory in at least 40 countries, including Wales.

International school-based counselling.

In England, approximately 60% of secondary schools provide some form of on-site counselling.

School-based counselling in UK secondary schools: a review and critical evaluation.

Harland J

Dawson A

Rabiasz A

Sims D

NFER teacher voice omnibus: questions for the Department for Education–June 2015.

Around 70 000–90 000 young people attend school-based counselling every year in the UK.

School-based counselling in UK secondary schools: a review and critical evaluation.

Worldwide, school-based counselling takes different forms, including vocational guidance, psychoeducation, and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).

International school-based counselling.

In more than 20 countries, including the UK, school-based counselling most commonly takes the form of a humanistic therapeutic intervention.

International school-based counselling.

Such intervention is a form of psychological therapy that provides young people with an empathic, non-judgmental, and supportive relationship to find their own answers to their problems.

The competences required to deliver effective humanistic counselling for young people.

Unlike psychological interventions such as CBT, humanistic counselling is not specific to diagnosis. This non-specificity might make it particularly appropriate as a first-line indicated intervention within a school context, in which a diverse array of mental health challenges can exist (eg, bereavement, bullying, problems with parents). In 2013, standardised competences were developed in the UK for this form of intervention.

The competences required to deliver effective humanistic counselling for young people.

A national training curriculum was also developed and a large practitioner base exists.

Despite the existence of this intervention in schools, only a small body of supporting evidence exists. Data from four small trials have provided some initial indications of its effectiveness,

Cooper M

Rowland N

McArthur K

Pattison S

Cromarty K

Richards K

Randomised controlled trial of school-based humanistic counselling for emotional distress in young people: feasibility study and preliminary indications of efficacy.

McArthur K

Cooper M

Berdondini L

School-based humanistic counseling for psychological distress in young people: pilot randomized controlled trial.

Pearce P

Sewell R

Cooper M

Osman S

Fugard AJB

Pybis J

Effectiveness of school-based humanistic counselling for psychological distress in young people: pilot randomized controlled trial with follow-up in an ethnically diverse sample.

Pybis J

Cooper M

Hill A

et al.

Pilot randomised controlled trial of school-based humanistic counselling for psychological distress in young people: outcomes and methodological reflections.

but only one trial assessed outcomes beyond the end of the intervention. Research into the cost-effectiveness of school-based humanistic counselling (SBHC) has also been scarce, with just one pilot study testing whether or not a cost-effectiveness evaluation is feasible, and providing a preliminary analysis of costs.

Beecham J

Pearce P

Sewell R

Osman S

Support and costs for students with emotional problems referred to school-based counselling: findings from the ALIGN study.

Given the extensive use of humanistic counselling in schools plus a small evidence base, the aim of this study was to complete the first adequately powered effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trial of SBHC for psychological distress in young people.

Methods

Study design

The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trial of school-based humanistic counselling (ETHOS) study is a two-arm, parallel-group individually randomised controlled trial. The study was done in 18 secondary schools in the Greater London area of the UK (typical age range 11–18 years). Schools that already had counselling provision were ineligible for participation. Ethical approval for the trial was obtained under procedures agreed by the University Ethics Committee of the University of Roehampton (reference PSYC 16/227), on Aug 31, 2016. The protocol for the trial has been published.

Stafford MR

Cooper M

Barkham M

et al.

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of humanistic counselling in schools for young people with emotional distress (ETHOS): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Panels of young people and parents or carers recruited through the National Children’s Bureau (NCB) and their Young Person’s Advisory Group provided advice at all stages of the study.

A panel of young people (drawn from the Young Person’s Advisory Group at the NCB) and a panel of parents and carers (drawn from the Parent and Carers Advisory Group at the NCB) met face-to-face with the researchers at the start of the project, with follow-up email consultation, to advise on the development of methods. Involvement of these panels was at the level of interactive advice and light consultation,

Sellars E

Pavarini G

Michelson D

Creswell C

Fazel M

Young people’s advisory groups in health research: scoping review and mapping of practices.

with guidance on the choice of outcome measures, the development of participant-facing materials, and strategies for reducing the burden of the research on participants. Self-nominating representatives from both panels then joined the Trial Steering Committee. This committee met, face-to-face, throughout the duration of the study; advising on all elements of study design, progress, and dissemination. The young people’s and parent or carers’ involvement in the Trial Steering Committee was supported by an NCB facilitator, who met with them before the start of committee meetings, and accompanied them during the meetings, to ensure that they understood the committee’s aims and the issues emerging, and could express their views. Members of the Young Person’s Advisory Group were aged 13–18 years, interested in issues of mental health and wellbeing, and not involved as participants in the trial. They were reimbursed for their time.

Participants

Eligible participants were aged 13–16 years and had moderate-to-severe levels of emotional symptoms (as indicated by a score of ≥5 on the Emotional Symptoms subscale of the self-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ], range: 0–10).

Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire.

They had an estimated English reading age of at least 13 years, wanted to participate in counselling (as assessed by the assessor at the assessment meeting), had a school attendance record of 85% or higher (to increase likelihood of attending testing meetings), were not currently receiving another therapeutic intervention, and were considered capable of comprehending the outcome measurement forms. Adolescents were excluded if they were incapable of providing informed consent for counselling or their parent or carer had not provided informed consent, they were planning to leave the school within the academic year, or were deemed at risk of serious harm to self or others. Informed parent or carer consent was obtained either in writing, or via the telephone with a member of the pastoral care staff or an ETHOS researcher acting as a proxy to obtain consent in this way. Consent obtained by proxy was either audio-recorded or witnessed by a third party.

Participants were recruited through the schools’ pastoral care teams who were briefed on the trial and, as a pre-screening stage, asked to identify potentially eligible young people. If those who were eligible expressed interest in participating in the trial, their parents or carers were contacted by a member of the pastoral care team to provide written consent. Young people were then referred for assessment by a member of the research team with experience of adolescent mental health work, who formally assessed their eligibility and invited them to provide written assent. Young people who were not eligible for participation were referred back to their pastoral care team to consider alternative sources of support.

Randomisation and masking

Young people were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either SBHC, along with access to provision of pastoral care as usual (PCAU), or access to provision of PCAU alone. They were enrolled and assigned to trial groups by an assessor (ie, member of the research team), who did not carry out any further tests with that young person (although some of the assessors did act as testers for other young people). Our PCAU control condition was chosen to maximise the value of our study to policy makers, funders, and commissioners, providing direct evidence on the benefits or disbenefits of having a counselling service, compared with not having one. Allocation was concealed, done centrally via remote access to a secure randomisation procedure. This system used the method of permuted blocks within school strata, with adjacent block sizes, varying randomly within prespecified limits (from two to eight). Follow-up tests were done at weeks 6, 12, and 24, by testers who were masked to the allocations. The statistician who did the analysis was not involved in the administration of the trial, and treatment assignment was coded as non-identifiable categories for the primary analysis.

Procedures

SBHC is a manualised form of humanistic therapy based on evidence-based competences for humanistic counselling with young people aged 11–18 years.

The competences required to deliver effective humanistic counselling for young people.

SBHC assumes that distressed young people have the capacity to address their difficulties if they can explore them with an empathic, supportive, and trustworthy counsellor. SBHC counsellors use a range of techniques, including active listening, empathic reflections, and inviting young people to express underlying emotions and needs. In this trial, SBHC also included weekly use of an outcome feedback tool, the Outcomes Rating Scale,

Miller SD

Duncan B

Brown J

Sparks J

Claud D

The Outcome Rating Scale: a preliminary study of the reliability, validity, and feasibility of a brief visual analog measure.

so that counsellors and young people could discuss their progress during therapy. Sessions were delivered on an individual, face-to-face basis, and lasted for 45–60 mins. They were scheduled weekly for up to 10 school weeks, with young people able to terminate counselling before this timepoint.

SBHC was delivered by a pool of 19 counsellors, with 14 schools having one counsellor each throughout the trial, and four schools having two counsellors (non-concurrently). 16 of the counsellors were female, with a mean age of 45·0 years (SD 9·0, range 25–63 years). 14 of the counsellors were of a white British ethnicity and five were of a Black Caribbean or African ethnicity. All counsellors were qualified to diploma level (part-time training for at least 2 years) and had been qualified for an average of 7·2 years (SD 6·6, range 1–25 years).

The counsellors were instructed to adhere to a SBHC manual, developed for the trial.

University of Roehampton The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trial of humanistic counselling in schools (ETHOS).

They received, at minimum, 4 days of group training with 1 additional day’s training in the research protocols. Adherence to SBHC was assessed by two independent auditors by use of a young person’s adapted version of the Person Centred and Experiential Psychotherapy Rating Scale.

Freire E

Elliott R

Westwell G

Person-Centred and Experiential Psychotherapy Scale: development and reliability of an adherence/competence measure for person-centred and experiential psychotherapies.

The mean adherence rating for counsellors was 4·6 on this 6-point scale (SD 0·3), with all counsellors exceeding the predefined adherence cutoff point, based on literature on this scale, of 3·5 (range 3·9–5·1).

All counsellors received one-to-one clinical supervision throughout the trial, approximately 1 h every 2 weeks. Supervisors were instructed to adhere to a SBHC supervision manual, specifically developed for the trial, and participated in a 2 day training programme. Supervision was recorded and assessed for adherence with a three-item scale specifically for the trial. The mean adherence rating for supervisors was 2·1 (SD 0·3; maximum score was 3), with all supervisors exceeding the predefined adherence cutoff point of 1·5 (range 1·6–2·5).

Participants in the SBHC group also had full access to their school’s usual pastoral care support, which was the schools’ pre-existing service for supporting the emotional health and wellbeing of young people. Pastoral care could vary substantially across schools and pupils, and we did not attempt to standardise it. However, typically, this care involved time with school staff, such as learning and behavioural support, class teachers, pastoral care managers, and heads of year. In some instances, the service could also involve referral to community-based specialists, such as social workers or police liaison officers (appendix p 4). Amount of support could vary considerably, from single, one-off meetings of 5 mins or less, to 1 day or more of ongoing help (eg, with a learning support mentor).

The PCAU group comprised access to the school’s usual pastoral care support, alone. Participants in the PCAU group were offered the opportunity to access SBHC 6–9 months after their assessment.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was self-reported psychological distress, measured by the Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (YP-CORE) at 12 weeks. This is a ten-item measure with total scores ranging from 0 to 40, whereby higher scores indicate greater distress. The YP-CORE is the most widely used indicator of mental health in school counselling for young people. The tool has good evidence of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α=0·80) and sensitivity to change.

Twigg E

Cooper M

Evans C

et al.

Acceptability, reliability, referential distributions and sensitivity to change in the Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (YP-CORE) outcome measure: replication and refinement.

Secondary outcomes were self-reported psychological distress, measured by the YP-CORE, at 6 weeks and 24 weeks. Additionally, at weeks 6, 12, and 24 from baseline, we assessed psychological difficulties using the self-report SDQ,

Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire.

symptoms of depression and anxiety using the Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale—Short Version,

Ebesutani C

Reise SP

Chorpita BF

et al.

The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Short Version: scale reduction via exploratory bifactor modeling of the broad anxiety factor.

self-esteem using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale,

Society and the adolescent self-image.

engagement with school using the Behavioural Engagement subscale of the Student Engagement Scale,

Lam SF

Jimerson S

Wong BPH

et al.

Understanding and measuring student engagement in school: the results of an international study from 12 countries.

wellbeing using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale,

Tennant R

Hiller L

Fishwick R

et al.

The Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation.

and attainment of personal goals using the Goal-Based Outcome Record Sheet.

Goals and Goal Based Outcomes (GBOs): some useful information.

At 12 weeks, we administered the Experience of Service Questionnaire

Development of methods to capture users’ views of child and adolescent mental health services in clinical governance reviews.

to assess satisfaction with treatment provision. To evaluate the possible impact of SBHC on educational outcomes, we asked each school, at baseline and at 24 weeks, to provide details of the participants’ attendance and exclusion rates, numbers of detentions and disciplinary proceedings, and current grades in English and Maths for the preceding 3 months.

An adverse event was defined as any negative psychological, emotional, or behavioural occurrence, or sustained deterioration in a research participant. For monitoring of adverse events, all professionals in contact with trial participants were provided with a detailed document on adverse event information,

University of Roehampton The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trial of humanistic counselling in schools (ETHOS).

which defined criteria for assessing whether the adverse event was serious or not, its causality, and its severity, as well as procedures for detecting and reporting adverse events. These professionals were also required to use an adverse event reporting log, which recorded whether or not the adverse event was serious (ie, defined as life-threatening or fatal), the adverse event severity (a 5-point scale from mild to extremely severe), and whether or not it could be attributed to participating in the trial.

Statistical analysis

The sample size was calculated to take account of clustering within schools and participants lost to follow-up on the basis of previous pilots.

Cooper M

Rowland N

McArthur K

Pattison S

Cromarty K

Richards K

Randomised controlled trial of school-based humanistic counselling for emotional distress in young people: feasibility study and preliminary indications of efficacy.

McArthur K

Cooper M

Berdondini L

School-based humanistic counseling for psychological distress in young people: pilot randomized controlled trial.

Pearce P

Sewell R

Cooper M

Osman S

Fugard AJB

Pybis J

Effectiveness of school-based humanistic counselling for psychological distress in young people: pilot randomized controlled trial with follow-up in an ethnically diverse sample.

Pybis J

Cooper M

Hill A

et al.

Pilot randomised controlled trial of school-based humanistic counselling for psychological distress in young people: outcomes and methodological reflections.

For 90% power to detect a standardised mean difference of 0·5, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0·05 and an attrition rate of 20%, 153 participants were required per group, yielding a total sample size of 306.

The analyses followed a statistical analysis plan and an economic analysis plan,

University of Roehampton The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness trial of humanistic counselling in schools (ETHOS).

approved by the Trial Steering Committee, on the recommendation of the Data Monitoring and Ethics Committee, before data preparation. For the statistical analysis, a mixed effects model was fitted to the data with Stata software (version 15) that included randomised group (as a fixed effect), baseline YP-CORE (as a fixed effect), and school (as a random effect). The model results were examined with the parameter estimates, 95% CIs, and the p value of all covariates fitted in the model, together with the overall log likelihood. Standardised effect sizes, computed by use of the model, were calculated as the difference between groups divided by the baseline pooled SD.

The number of missing YP-CORE scores at different timepoints were summarised, overall and by treatment arm. For the primary outcome, an intention-to-treat analysis was adopted with the last observation carried forward to impute YP-CORE scores missing at 12 week follow-up. Where measures were not collected at 12 weeks, participants’ scores were imputed from the 6 week tests. If these data were also missing, the baseline score was used. We also did various sensitivity analyses for our primary outcome, including a per-protocol analysis for participants who had attended a minimum of three counselling sessions (50% of the number of sessions considered to constitute an acceptable dose, six sessions) and for whom the counsellor had assessed as meeting adherence criteria to SBHC (as assessed by our PCEPS-YP auditing procedure), and a worst case or best case imputation analysis (appendix p 6).

Mixed models were also used for the analysis of the secondary outcomes. These secondary analyses used completer samples for each measure at each timepoint.

The economic analysis comprised of a cost-effectiveness analysis of SBHC plus PCAU versus PCAU alone from a public sector perspective. Participants’ use of health and social care services, and education support were measured with a specially adapted Client Service Receipt Inventory

Costing psychiatric interventions.

covering a retrospective school term and completed by participants at baseline and at 24 weeks. Additionally, a pastoral care log, developed by the research team, was completed by school staff for each participant. Use of the SBHC intervention was logged by counsellors with a counselling session log and contained data for each young person in the intervention group, including session date, session number, session length, and any follow-up actions or comments. To determine the costs associated with this support, a unit cost for each service was identified

Department of Health NHS reference costs 2016–17.

Unit costs of health and social care, 2017.

or calculated by an equivalent approach,

Unit costs–not exactly child’s play: a guide to estimating unit costs for children’s social care.

and multiplied by the number of service contacts reported (appendix p 3).

Cost-effectiveness was explored with a net-benefit approach,

Net health benefits: a new framework for the analysis of uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis.

with the change in YP-CORE scores between baseline and 24 weeks as the outcome measure. Results are presented as cost-effectiveness acceptability curves,

van Hout BA

Al MJ

Gordon GS

Rutten FFH

Costs, effects and C/E-ratios alongside a clinical trial.

plotting the probability that the intervention will be considered cost-effective against a range of levels of willingness to pay for a 1-point improvement in outcome.

All economic analyses were done with Stata version 15. All costs are shown in 2016 or 2017 prices. No discount rate was applied as all costs and outcomes were within a 12 month period. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN, number ISRCTN10460622.

Role of the funding source

The funder of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. A representative of the funder was present at the Trial Steering Committee meetings. All authors had access to the raw data. The corresponding author had full access to all of the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.

Results

Participants were recruited between Sept 29, 2016, and Feb 8, 2018, from 18 secondary schools in the Greater London area of the UK. All schools were state funded: 11 academies, six community schools, and one foundation school. The mean number of pupils per school was 900 (SD 226·1, range 445–1489). Five of the schools were faith schools (Church of England), and five were single-sex schools (three all female, two all male). Seven (39%) of the schools were in the most deprived Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile, with a further three (17%) in the second lowest quintile. The mean percentage of children receiving free school meals (made available by the state to individuals from the lowest income families) was 32% (SD 22%, range 7–80%). The mean percentage of children from Black and ethnic minorities, on the basis of data provided by 11 of the 18 schools, was 47% (29%, 3–89%).

The study ran from April 1, 2016, to Feb 28, 2019. We did 596 eligibility assessments and, in 330 cases (58%), enrolled the young person into the trial (figure 1). However, in one case, a young person had been erroneously referred for assessments and randomly assigned into the trial twice, giving 329 participants in total (table 1). The primary reason for ineligibility at assessment was a SDQ Emotional Symptoms score of less than 5 (221 participants). Of the 329 eligible participants, 167 (51%) were allocated to the SBHC plus PCAU group and 162 (49%) to the PCAU group. The overall retention rate was 98% (321 participants) at 6 weeks, 96% (315 participants) at 12 weeks, and 93% (306 participants) at 24 weeks. Testers reported unmasking in approximately 15% (136) of instances (appendix p 1). On average, young people in the SBHC plus PCAU group attended 7·80 sessions of counselling (SD 2·70, range 0–11; appendix p 2).

Figure 1Trial profile

Show full caption

As per the intention-to-treat analysis, the participant in the PCAU group who received SBHC plus PCAU in error was included in PCAU for all outcomes. SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling. PCAU=pastoral care as usual.

Table 1Baseline characteristics

Data are n (%) or mean (SD). SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling. PCAU=pastoral care as usual.

At baseline, the mean YP-CORE scores for the two groups were similar (table 2). Based on the last observation carried forward approach, the 12 week scores were 16·41 (7·59) for the SBHC plus PCAU group and 18·34 (7·84) for the PCAU group. The primary analysis indicated a difference between groups of 1·87 YP-CORE points (95% CI 0·37–3·36) in favour of SBHC plus PCAU (p=0·015). The effect size was 0·25 (0·03–0·47). In the mixed-effect model analysis, the effect of school on outcome was not significant. The parameter estimate for the intraclass correlation coefficient was 3·37×10−10 (SE 3·35×10−7).

Table 2Secondary outcomes

Data are mean (SD) or n (95% CI), unless otherwise stated. PCAU=pastoral care as usual. SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling. SDQ=Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.

Results from most secondary analyses supported the primary analysis (table 2). The significant reductions in psychological distress brought about by SBHC were maintained at 24 weeks follow-up. SBHC brought about medium to large improvements in both goal attainment (Goal-Based Outcome Record Sheet) and self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale) across all time points, and small improvements in wellbeing (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale) and psychological difficulties (SDQ) at 12 weeks only. The intervention had no significant effect on levels of anxiety and depression (Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale), externalised difficulties (SDQ), or engagement with school (Behavioural Engagement sub-scale of the Student Engagement Scale). Similarly, there were no significant effects on school and educational outcomes.

Seven serious adverse events occurred during the trial, five for four participants (2%) in the SBHC plus PCAU group and two for two participants (1%) in the PCAU group. A serious adverse event was defined as any adverse event that is life-threatening, or results in death. Five of these serious adverse events were attempted drug overdoses, three of which led to hospitalisation. One further serious adverse event involved suicidal intent (without suicidal attempt or hospitalisation). Two of the attempted drug overdoses, both for the same participant in the SBHC plus PCAU group, were assessed by the Chief Investigator as being causally related to involvement in the trial. In these instances, the young person had become severely distressed following meetings with an assessor or tester. Additionally, eight non-serious adverse events were recorded across eight participants (5%) in the PCAU group and 25 non-serious adverse events for 22 participants (13%) in the SBHC plus PCAU group (table 3). Most commonly, this type of event was school exclusion (seven participants [2%]) and significant increases in emotional difficulties (six participants). An independent review was commissioned by the project management team to investigate the serious adverse events and adverse events further. The review concluded that trial procedures were appropriate and recommended the ongoing monitoring and investigation of adverse events.

Table 3Adverse events

Number of participants do not sum to total number of events as participants might have had more than one type of event. SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling. PCAU=pastoral care as usual.

The sample for the cost-effectiveness analysis consisted of participants with data on both service use and outcome measures at baseline and at follow-up (SBHC plus PCAU group: 147 participants [88%]; PCAU group: 150 participants [93%]). The cost of the SBHC intervention was estimated to be £53·28 per session. There was little difference in the use of services across conditions, at baseline and at 24 weeks (table 4; appendix p 4). Consequently, we found no significant differences in any cost category other than total costs at 24 weeks, driven by the cost of the intervention (unadjusted difference for total costs £382·31, 95% CI £148·18–616·44; p=0·0015). The cost-effectiveness analysis suggests that SBHC is unlikely to be considered cost-effective if the decision maker’s willingness to pay for a 1-point improvement on the YP-CORE, over and above the improvement seen in the PCAU group, is below £390, in which the probability of cost-effectiveness reaches 80% (figure 2). The probability that the intervention will be considered cost-effective compared with PCAU exceeds 50% at a willingness to pay of £222, and exceeds 90% at a willingness to pay of £630.

Table 4Economic costs (£) associated with service use for SBHC plus PCAU versus PCAU

PCAU=pastoral care as usual. SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling.

Figure 2Cost-effectiveness acceptability curve

Show full caption

SBHC=school-based humanistic counselling. YP-CORE=Young Person’s Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation.

For the primary outcome, the results of the sensitivity analyses (appendix p 6) all indicated significantly greater improvements for SBHC plus PCAU, except for the comparison between worse case for SBHC plus PCAU scenario and best case for PCAU scenario. Between-group differences ranged from 1·45 points in favour of SBHC (effect size 0·19; p=0·091) to 2·99 points in favour of SBHC (effect size 0·38; p=0·00016).

Discussion

Finding effective ways of managing adolescent mental health problems remains a policy priority. Decisions about service delivery should be based on rigorous evidence. SBHC is widely delivered; however, to date, only pilot data have supported this approach. We found that the addition of up to ten weekly sessions of SBHC to PCAU led to a small but significant reduction in psychological distress in adolescents with moderate and severe emotional symptoms on our primary outcome measure, the YP-CORE, sustained at 6 month follow-up. These benefits were achieved across a range of state-funded schools. However, the benefits were associated with increased costs, and were not found on our secondary outcome measures of distress, the SDQ, and Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale.

Our study was designed to balance internal and external validity. Allocation was concealed and assessors were masked. Counsellors delivered a replicable intervention. Training, support, and assessment procedures assured competence and fidelity, while allowing variation in delivery to better reflect routine practice. Retention rates were high, and the likelihood of bias in the main comparison is small. The participating schools had relatively high levels of social deprivation and ethnic diversity. However, poor school attenders were excluded from the study, as were young people at risk of serious harm to self or others, and those already receiving psychological interventions. Therefore, the results might be not be generalisable to adolescents with the most severe mental health problems. Our ability to generalise is also limited by an absence of precise data on the numbers excluded at pre-screening. This number includes cases where parental consent could not be obtained (approximately 11% of prospective participants). Measures were predominantly self-reported and those that were not did not show significant effects. As with all trials of psychological interventions, masking of participants to condition was not possible. There was considerable variability in the amount and type of pastoral care provided, but the overall levels of service care provision (and costs) in the two groups were similar. Furthermore, because no active control was used, we cannot disentangle the effects of humanistic counselling from generic counselling provision or other forms of attentional control.

There are complexities associated with the size of the effect that we found. There is no consensus on the magnitude that represents clinically significant benefits in young people, and we showed that the benefits of counselling persisted at 24 weeks. Nevertheless, our observed effect size (0·25) was less than that used to guide the sample size calculation (0·50), and did not generalise to all secondary, validated measures of psychological distress. The effect size in this study was also lower than that found in previous trials of SBHC, and in a recent meta-analysis of controlled studies of person-centred and experiential psychological therapies for children and adolescents (0·48, 95% CI 0·38–0·58).

Effects of person-centered and experiential psychotherapy and counseling with children and young people: review and meta-analysis.

A large meta-analytic study of school-based counselling and psychotherapy interventions also found greater effects (0·45, 0·37–0·53) than those found in our study.

Baskin TW

Slaten CD

Crosby NR

Pufahl T

Schneller CL

Ladell M

Efficacy of counseling and psychotherapy in schools: a meta-analytic review of treatment outcome studies.

However, sample sizes in these previous studies have generally been much lower than in the present study: in the large meta-analysis of school-based interventions, only 19 (15%) of 132 interventions were tested in trials with more than 100 participants. Attenuation of intervention effects is not unusual in large trials, which could reflect greater variation in participants and interventions in larger, more pragmatic trials in routine care settings compared with smaller exploratory trials done in a more restricted number of selected care settings.

Dechartres A

Trinquart L

Boutron I

Ravaud P

Influence of trial sample size on treatment effect estimates: meta-epidemiological study.

Our observed effect for SBHC was also smaller than for other manualised treatments for young people, such as CBT and interpersonal therapy for depression, in which standardised mean differences ranged from 0·47 to 0·96 against controls.

Zhou X

Hetrick SE

Cuijpers P

et al.

Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapies for depression in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

However, these interventions are yet to be tested in UK school settings. To date, evaluations of mental health interventions in UK schools have tended to show mixed results, with economic analyses either absent or indicating that the intervention is unlikely to be considered cost-effective.

Caldwell DM

Davies SR

Hetrick SE

et al.

School-based interventions to prevent anxiety and depression in children and young people: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

The lowered levels of change before and after the intervention in this study, across both conditions, might also be related to the sample’s relatively high levels of deprivation, which might be associated with increased chronicity of distress.

There is no one agreed measure of quality-adjusted life years (QALY) in child mental health that would allow assessment of value against consensus thresholds (eg, £15 000 per QALY, which underpins National Institute for Health and Care Excellence decision making). Our analysis would suggest that SBHC does not reduce use of other services, thus leading to an increase in costs. Nevertheless, the intervention does not result in an increase in use of external mental health services and, therefore, does not add to pressure on already stretched services. Assuming that the estimated increase in costs associated with SBHC (£382) is the maximum willingness to pay for a commissioner, and considering the effect size of SBHC on the primary outcome, the chance that SBHC would be considered cost-effective is only 52%, similar to flipping a coin. The economic data alone do not provide strong support for a decision to provide or expand SBHC. However, although making efficient use of resources is important, evidence on cost-effectiveness might not be the sole decision-making criterion for commissioners. Other factors that might influence the decision include the effect on secondary outcomes, user experience, accessibility, and local policies formulated to support young people’s mental health.

The mixed results raise important questions for policy makers and commissioners, given the strategy to centre development of mental health support in schools. SBHC is a viable option for meeting policy goals that are likely to deliver benefits for some young people, as one of a range of interventions. The benefits of SBHC could potentially be enhanced through increased training and supervision, or improved targeting of psychological therapies (to particular subgroups of young people, or as part of a stepped care system). Alternatively, cost reductions might be sought through efficiencies in delivery. Further research on such issues should be a priority.

There is an urgent need for equally rigorous evaluations of alternative interventions. Evidence from outside of UK schools suggests that CBT and interpersonal therapy might be effective, but evidence within UK schools is scarce. In principle, digital therapy and universal preventative interventions (eg, the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies curriculum) could improve access and efficiency, but are yet to prove clear advantages in this setting.

Humphrey N

Barlow A

Wigelsworth M

et al.

A cluster randomized controlled trial of the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) curriculum.

Understanding how these different services can be organised to provide seamless coverage, appropriate to the individual needs of children and young people, remains a crucial task.

Our ETHOS study has shown that schools are an excellent environment for high-quality research in mental health. There is an urgent need for these alternative models (eg, CBT) to have rigorous assessment in the context of schools in the UK, as the Department for Education’s INSPIRE and AWARE trials are doing, to support decisions about the right mix of services to meet the pressing challenge of addressing children and young people’s mental health.

Contributors

MC, JB, MB, PB, KC, CD, and PP designed the study and were responsible for its conduct. MC was Chief Investigator and oversaw all aspects of the study. MRS and KC managed the delivery of the trial, with support from TR. PP was Clinical Lead for the study. GR coordinated the assessment of adherence. DS analysed the clinical outcomes. JB and E-MB developed and conducted the economic analysis. DS, E-MB, and MC analysed, checked, and examined the data files. Data verification processes were conducted by the Manchester Clinical Trials Unit. All authors had access to the data, contributed to writing and editing of the manuscript, and approved the final version.

Declaration of interests

All authors report grants from Economic and Social Research Council, during the conduct of the study. CD and GR report personal fees from British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, outside of the submitted work. MB was a member of the research group that developed the YP-CORE measure.

Data sharing

Quantitative, participant-level data for the ETHOS study (with data dictionary), and related documents (eg, parental consent form), are available from Feb 1, 2021, via the ReShare UK Data Service (reshare.ukdataservice.ac.uk/853764/). Access requires ReShare registration.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council [grant reference ES/M011933/1]. The Chief Investigator would also like to acknowledge additional funding to support the team from the University of Roehampton (London, UK), the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (Lutterworth, UK), and the Metanoia Institute (London, UK). Thanks to all of our counsellors, supervisors, assessors, testers, and raters; members of the Manchester Clinical Trials Unit and the NCB; the school counselling coordinators at each participating school; and all of our participants. We would also like to thank the Chairs and members of the Trial Steering Committee and Data Monitoring and Ethics Committee; and the Young People’s Advisory Group and Parent and Carer Advisory Group, at NCB. Thanks to the following individuals for their support and guidance throughout the development and delivery of the trial: Zainab Amir, Mark Donati, Andi Fugard, Adam Gibson, Chris Kelly, Rabia Khatun-Baksh, Rebecca Kirkbride, Susan McGinnis, Robert Elliott, and Cathy Street.

Supplementary Material

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Published: January 20, 2021

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30363-1

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School mental health: integrating young people’s voices to shift the paradigm

Deteriorating patterns of pupil mental health are emerging across the globe, exacerbated by the additional pressures of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is affecting access to educational and employment opportunities for young populations. Finding ways to support pupils in their schools given the myriad difficulties that they face requires clearly conceptualised public health models built on a solid scientific basis. Failure to implement these models frustrates many of those involved in designing, delivering, and receiving services, given how most children have contact with schools, as opposed to the scarce accessibility of mental health services.

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Package Boilers Market is expected to reach USD 18.59 Billion by 2027 |John Wood Group PLC., Thermax Global, Hurst Boiler & Welding Co, Inc., Powermaster

Package boilers market is expected to reach USD 18.59 Billion by 2027 growing at a growth rate of 8.70% in the forecast period 2020 to 2027. Increasing demand for package boiler to decrease NOX emissions and growing demand for clean renewable energy sources are the factor responsible for the growth of this market.

Package Boilers Market Research report provides a detailed analysis of of main manufactures and geographic regions,global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players. Package Boilers Market report includes definitions, classifications, applications, and industry chain structure, development trends, and key regions distributors analysis.The report also provides supply and demand Figures, revenue, revenue and shares. value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches.

Package Boilers market imparts a deep understanding of this industry vertical with key emphasis on the market dynamics and projected returns over the forecast period.

Due to the pandemic, we have included a special section on the Impact of COVID 19 on the Package Boilers Market which would mention How the Covid-19 is affecting the Package Boilers Industry, Market Trends and Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape, Covid-19 Impact on Key Regions and Proposal for Corrugated Board Players to Combat Covid-19 Impact.

Get Sample PDF of Package Boilers Market Report (including COVID19 Impact Analysis) @ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/request-a-sample/?dbmr=global-package-boilers-market

Package Boilers Market Scope and Market Size:

Package boilers market is segmented of the basis of design, end- users, fuel and type. The growth among segments helps you analyse niche pockets of growth and strategies to approach the market and determine your core application areas and the difference in your target markets.

On the basis of design, the package boilers market is segmented into D-Type Package Boilers, A-Type Package Boilers, and O-Type Package Boiler. D-type segment is expected to dominate the market among all because they have the ability to decrease overall project cycle time and decreases the cost as well.

The end- user segment is divided into food & beverage, chemical, oil & gas, paper & pulp, and others. Food & beverage is expected to dominate the market among all because of increasing production capacities and advancement.

On the basis of fuel, the package boilers market is categorized into oil, gas, biomass, and other. Oil segment is expected to dominate the market because of limited access to natural gas.

The package boilers market is also segmented on the basis of type as fire-tube package boilers, water-tube package boilers, electric boilers, and others. Fire-tube package boilers are expected to dominate the market among all because of their increasing usage of these package boilers in marine applications

Key Players: Global Package Boilers Market

Cleaver-Brooks, Inc, Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd., Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises, Inc., John Wood Group PLC., Thermax Global, Hurst Boiler & Welding Co, Inc., Powermaster, Johnston Boiler Company, IHI Corporation, Forbes Marshall., PARKER BOILER, Microtech Boilers Private Limited., ACTOM, Rentech Boiler., Miura America Co., LTD., Kawasaki Thermal Engineering Co.,Ltd, Williams & Davis Boilers., English Boiler, LLC, Superior Boiler, Mackenzie Industries Sdn Bhd, among other domestic and global players. Market Share data is available for Global, North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa and South America separately. DBMR analysts understand competitive strengths and provide competitive analysis for each competitor separately.

MAJOR TOC OF THE REPORT

Chapter One: Package Boilers Market Overview

Chapter Two: Manufacturers Profiles

Chapter Three: Global Package Boilers Market Competition, by Players

Chapter Four: Global Package Boilers Market Size by Regions

Chapter Five: Global Package Boilers Market Revenue by Countries

Chapter Six: Global Package Boilers Market Revenue by Design (D-Type Package Boilers, A-Type Package Boilers, O-Type Package Boiler)

Chapter Seven: Global Package Boilers Market Revenue by End- Users (Food & Beverage, Chemical, Oil & Gas, Paper & Pulp, Others)

Chapter Eight: Global Package Boilers Market Revenue by Fuel (Oil, Gas, Biomass, Others)

Chapter Nine: Global Package Boilers Market Revenue by Type (Fire-Tube Package Boilers, Water-Tube Package Boilers, Electric Boilers, Others)

Chapter Ten: Global Package Boilers Market Revenue by Country (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America, Germany, Italy, U.K., France, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Turkey, Russia, Rest of Europe, Japan)

Get Detail TOC@ https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/toc/?dbmr=global-package-boilers-market

Key Report Highlights

Comprehensive pricing analysis based on different product types and regional segments

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pooling-us · 5 years ago

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Pooling

In resource management, pooling is the grouping together of resources (assets, equipment, personnel, effort, etc.) for the purposes of maximizing advantage or minimizing risk to the users. The term is used in finance, computing and equipment management. 7 days ago - Under the pooling of interests method, a business combination is regarded as the uniting of the ownership interests of two companies, not as ... Pooling definition, a small body of standing water; pond. See more. Pooling: Overview. After obtaining features using convolution, we would next like to use them for classification. In theory, one could use all the extracted features ... Pooling is the process of a girl getting wet and creating a puddle, or “pool” pooling is the process of a girl getting wet or being wet and her vagina is drowning. Define pooling. pooling synonyms, pooling pronunciation, pooling translation, English dictionary definition of pooling. n. 1. A small body of still water. 2. Pooling is a resource management term that refers to the grouping together of resources for the purposes of maximizing advantage and/or minimizing risk to the ... PronunciationEdit · IPA: /ˈpuːlɪŋ/. NounEdit. pooling (countable and uncountable, plural poolings). (resource management) Grouping together of various ... Apr 22, 2019 - Pooling layers provide an approach to down sampling feature maps by summarizing the presence of features in patches of the feature map. Synonyms for pooling at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Find descriptive alternatives for pooling. While the multinational pooling concept has been around for over 50 years, interest in this global funding mechanism remains as strong as ever. Having gone ... Pooling Budget Concept. The next example displays how you see the details of the Operating expenditures pool when you click on 7D. The pool account code is ... Pooling is a core function of health financing policy. The purpose of pooling is to spread financial risk across the population so that no individual carries the full ... Mar 28, 2019 - In an ever more competitive context, transportation pooling seems unavoidable for 3PL logistics providers. Why? WHat are its advantages? Apr 27, 2016 - Normalization of single-cell RNA sequencing data is necessary to eliminate cell-specific biases prior to downstream analyses. However, this is ... This section introduces pooling layers, which serve the dual purposes of mitigating the sensitivity of convolutional layers to location and of spatially ... Leasing or "pooling reusable containers" vs owning reduces your maintenance, liability and the expense of buying. Invest your capital in more strategic ways. Max pooling operation for temporal data. Arguments. pool_size: Integer, size of the max pooling windows. strides: Integer, or None. Factor by which to ... Keywords: resource pooling, traffic engineering, load balancing, statistical multiplexing, multipath. 1 INTRODUCTION. There is a silent revolution that is ... Voluntary Code Transfer Process for Establishing an LRN Click here for document. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) published Bulletin OMB 18-04 ... The dada function implements the high-resolution sample-inference at the core of the dada2 package. Because dada resolves amplicon sequence variants ... Apr 17, 2019 - In this paper, we propose a graph pooling method based on self-attention. Self-attention using graph convolution allows our pooling method to ... Nov 8, 2018 - In addition to the two pooling methods, however, there could be many other pooling types, such as geometric average, harmonic average, and ... The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically ...

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moddersinc · 6 years ago

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Synology DS 1819+ Review: Pushing storage to the limit

USB 3.0 SuperSpeed HUB controller that supports 4 USB 3.0 connections on the motherboard is by Realtek RTS5411.

To support both groups (5 drives and 3 drives) Synology uses two SATA 6Gb/s Marvel controllers 88SE92350-NAA2.

DS 1819+ has 1Gb Flash Memory by Macronix MX30LF1G18AC-TI which is SLC NAND.

Flash CPLC in this device is by Intel/Altera 5M240ZT199C5N.

The onboard Ethernet adapters are supported by Marvel 88E1543-LKJ2 controller. This controller offers 10/100/1000 Mbps speeds.

Next step is to create an administrator account to manage the DS 1819+. A strong password is highly advised here.

If you would like to set up QuickConnect you can do so on this step of the wizard. QuickConnect allows remote access to NAS from outside of your network.

That’s pretty much it. The NAS software will self-configure the basic settings and give you a prompt to log in. The entire process is automated and takes less than 2 minutes.

Image provided by Synology

#10Gbe #ATOM #CPU #DiskManager #DS1819+#SFP+#SSD #Synology #VirtualMachines

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totalrockhounder · 6 years ago

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Annotated bibliography

Aaron Hart

Fish Burton

English 2010

9/25/19

Annotated bibliography

· “What Are Water Quality Standards?” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 23 July 2018, https://www.epa.gov/standards-water-body-health/what-are-water-quality-standards.

This is the official web page for the standards for water body health, this page was published by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It briefly explains what the basics of water quality standards are and simplified version of the core components of water quality standards.. This page navigates users though General policies and Water Quality standards variances. this page also includes links to the water quality handbook and also other criteria such as antidegradation requirements. With the resources that are provided on this web page one could easily navigate the through the provided information found on said page to meet the requirements set by the EPA.

Following the standards that are provided studying any body of water can be made many time easier an can also ensure the validity of the project. The resources provided by the EPA could be helpful in many aspects such as safe levels of heavy metals, minerals and toxins. This page could also tell me what tools could be used such as a dissolved Oxygen meter or a flow meter and also this page contains references to external pages if needed.

Another aspect that this page could provide is found in the realm of finances, by contacting the EPA for funding the project could go beyond the planning phase and actually come into reality. Also by setting up a channel for funding for the project it could also provide an opportunity for getting into contact with experts the project could closely be monitored by experts in related fields. These experts could in turn provide feedback and also help review data to further the research.

· “Utah Lake Algal Bloom Monitoring 2019.” Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Utah Department of Environmental Quality, 3 Oct. 2019, https://deq.utah.gov/water-quality/utah-lake-algal-bloom-monitoring-2019 Date Accessed Throughout the years Utah lake has been plagued with Algal blooms, however the type of algae varies on toxicity levels from normal to severe. This web page keeps track of the algal blooms within different areas of the lake. The areas that are currently being monitored are Lincoln Marina surface and elbow depth samples, North of the Lincoln Beach Marina, Goshen Bay, American Fork Marina, Vineyard Marina, Middle of Provo Bay, Open Water Near Goshen, 1 Mi. SE of Bird Island and also the Swede Access area.

These areas were closed down in August 2019 due to a severe algal bloom. the type of algae that caused the bloom is know as Cyanobacteria. This algae is a Greenish hue in color and in high cell counts can caused severe health risks to anyone who ingest the lake water.

The lake has partly or mostly closed over the past couple of years, because of this fishermen, boaters and other people seeking recreation on the lake haven’t been able to enjoy the full extent that the lake has to offer. Infect the lake has been closed in parts since early June. This in turn decreases the revenue of the local business in the surrounding cities.

The reason that the algae blooms is happening is because the water is turbid and full of nutrients . due to the amount of nutrients in the water the oxygen levels are reduced and causes mass casualties in the fish population. To bring the oxygen levels back to a safe point algal blooms start to form taking the extra nutrients and transforming it into a simple life form . once the algal dies off the particles sink to the bottom of the water body therefore bring oxygen levels back to a normal levels.10/07/19

· Sean P. Means · Published. “Permanent Warnings about Algal Bloom Are Being Installed around Utah Lake.” The Salt Lake Tribune, https://www.sltrib.com/news/2019/06/25/permanent-warnings-about/. Date Accessed 10/07/19

When the algal blooms were first sited in Utah lake temporary warning signs were put in place to inform people in the area to beware of blueish green algal blooms. The sign informed local residents that a harmful substance could be found in the bloom. This substance is known as cyanobacteria and could cause severe health effects to a person came into contact with it. the signs were meant to last maybe a few weeks.

However the algal bloom last a bit longer than expected and due to high summer heat and low oxygen levels the algal blooms started forming year after year lasting longer some years and shorter other years. Because of the variance of the blooms action was required from local authorities. The response was found in closing down the parts of the lake that were affected by the bloom and also installing permanent signs to in form lake goers of the dangers of the bacteria. These signs included picture of the Algal blooms and also information on the effects of said bacteria. The signs were installed at four different areas these areas are as follows Provo harbor, Provo marina, Sandy beach and also an area south of Provo marina.

The signs that were installed were impart by a coalition lead by the Utah Lake Commission and Utah Department of Environmental Quality’s Division of Water Quality. Although the sign are in place I feel that more signs should be put in place around the lake in the future.

· Noble , Mariah. “Researchers to Kick off in-Depth Utah Lake Study.” The Salt Lake Tribune, The Salt Lake Tribune, 30 Nov. 2015, https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=3157609&itype=CMSID. Date Accessed 10/08/19

In 2015 the division of water quality launched a study to research the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. By doing so they could see how the levels of nutrients effect the lake and what the source is for said nutrients. One researcher named Erica Gaddis commented “ this type of assessment is routine for lakes across the state, but this one will be a much more in-depth study."

The reason for the study is for the large algal blooms that have covered the lake in recent years. by looking for the source of the blooms the department can put regulation in place to help curve the nutrients in the water to a safe level.

But this study is not just about the algal according to Erica it will be an in depth study on how recreation effects the lake and also the effect both the algal and those who use the lake effect wildlife. With all this going on one might be concerned about how the lake could affect them Erica had this to say about that "All of the studying we're doing, we don't want to overly worry people," she said. "We don't want people to stop using Utah Lake. We just want to preserve it and protect it for the future."

To help reduce the levels of phosphorus in the lake requirements may be put in place by the year 2020.

These requirements include simple attachments on to water treatment plants, also the requirement would impose new regulation on the total daily load in hopes that the lake will return to a safe levels.

· Burian, Steven J, et al. “Spatiotemporal Variability of Lake Water Quality in the Context of Remote Sensing Model.” PlumX, MDPI AG, 2017, https://plu.mx/a/?ebsco-client=s9010408&doi=10.3390/rs9050409. Date Accessed 10/08/19

This article is a study focusing on Lake water quality and how it could be monitored by remote sensing. This study was a Coalition led by the University of Utah and Brigham Young University . This study focused on three areas of multiple lakes rather than just one. The areas that they focused on were the great Salt Lake Farmington Bay and Utah Lake.

The study included multiple ways of following the algae blooms. The tools that were used ranged from hand held devices to satellite imagery and airborne sensors to improve the data that was collected. The concerns for this study were the difference in water content. The hopes were that since the great Salt Lake was saltier than Farmington Bay and Utah Lake they could find the right devices to measure the amounts of algae in the lakes. The scientist new however that the devices would have limitations and also biases such as they can only tell what nutrients were on Top of the Lake rather than lower in the Lake. One problem they had with the sensing tools was when a storm moved into the area it would mix the water up. This would cause different levels to be read by the sensing device.

Another Issue is that is harder for it to sense short term events so longer events are needed for a more in depth study on the issues that are plaguing the Lake. If there are shorter events the data from said events will not be as helpful And the scientists would have to find a different way to study the Lake.

· Mundorff, J. C. Water-Quality Reconnaissance of Surface Inflow to Utah Lake. State of Utah, Dept. of Natural Resources, 1974. Date Accessed 10/08/19

This show the surface flow of Utah lake and the lakes stream that feed into it. It also shows the drainage pattern of the lake and the average waters level and inflow rates for the lake. By using this information I can effectively see which direction the water travels and what pollutants could be found in the runoff. Also one could make a forecast to predict where the algal blooms and trash plie ups will likely occur within the body of the lake. The paper also includes recommended levels of chemicals, irrigation sources, climate, soils, drainage and what the land was used for in the 1970s.

Knowing the historical context of hat the land was used for and also knowing what chemicals were found in the lake over a period of time will help research the lake and pinpoint the potential causes for troubles that the lake is currently facing. Following the charts given in this document one could better used funding to research the lake and also map out trouble areas. By doing so the lake recovery effort of the lake can accelerate to rates that haven’t yet been achieved.

Also by combining newer charts on top of this maps vital information could be added. This information could include things such as new housing developments, trash dumps, mining operation and water treatment centers. Also new readings of the lake could show a wider range of pollutants that may not have been able to have been researched in the past. This is thanks to newer more accurate equipment that hastens the research by cutting the time to analyze the substances and also provides a deeper more accurate reading.

· Hansen, Carly Hyatt, and Gustavious Paul Williams. “Evaluating Remote Sensing Model Specification Methods for Estimating Water Quality in Optically Diverse Lakes throughout the Growing Season.” MDPI, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 14 Nov. 2018, https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5338/5/4/62. Date Accessed 10/08/19

The aspects of this paper focus on remote sensing through optical observation on three separate freshwater bodies of water. These bodies of water are Jordanelle, Deercreek, and Utah lake, both Deercreek and Jordanelle are known for their clear water which attracts the local population and who are looking for a place to participate in recreational activities. However Utah lake is described by locals as a muddy lake and fouls smelling at times. The reason for this is the turbidity of the lake and also how many time the water is used for irrigation before it reaches the lake.

This project focused on the lake over a particular space of time, this period being the growing season. During this time the researchers discovered that the period that the algal bloom was at its greatest during midsummer this is also the peak time for irrigation usage. Researchers also noted that this was also the peak time for recreation usage this lead to the a conclusion that the water-was effected in both a negative and positive way by recreation seeker as well as farmers.

I the study it is noted that Deercreek has been monitored for algal blooms since 1984 and Jordanelle since 1993. The reason being to study the amount of heavy metals within the water and also the amount of algal biomass within the water. The reason the reservoirs have such a high concentration of heavy metals is the historical mining that occurred near the said bodies of water. Because of the mining with in the mountains was near the reservoirs, the high snow pack in the local mountains when melted combined with the waste from said mines leading to the high levels of metal found with in the waters of said reservoirs. Knowing this information to further the project beyond what it is observations should be made in local streams to measure the amount of metals in said streams, by doing so the area around said stream can be reclaimed and lead to an improvement in the water quality.

· Stackelberg, N. O. von, and B. T. Neilson. “Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management.” Collaborative Approach to Calibration of a Riverine Water Quality Model | Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management | Vol 140, No 3, JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, Mar. 2014, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.uvu.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=8&sid=74568674-29e0-4f5f-a1ed-e0a6545c62c4@pdc-v-sessmgr02. Date Accessed 10/08/19

This paper is a collaborative effort to research the dissolved oxygen levels with in the Jordan River in the Salt Lake valley. The river is the outlet from Utah lake and often is effected by the Algal blooms that occur within said lake.

The research for this paper was conducted from fall 2005 to fall 2011 the project focused on the quality of the water that and the biomass that was found within the water. One concern that the researchers had apart from the low oxygen levels or algal biomass, was the pollution from the urban environment and the effect of said pollution on the water quality along the river. The reason for this is that the water from the Jordan river is used heavily for irrigation of crops and it also feed multiple ponds and public fisheries throughout the valley. If the contaminated water was not detected the effect from said water would be wide felt, the local ecosystem would be effected to the point migratory animals might dies off due to the pollutants.

Using the information within the study I could expand on the project to find the levels of oxygen and pollutants within the river and also compare them to the levels that are within Utah lake. After comparing them I can use other studies to see ho the levels change from reservoirs upstream form the lake and also how the become more concentrated downstream. By doing so the project can focus on the areas that are experiencing the highest levels of pollution and work on restoring said areas.

· Albano, Christine M., and Elise M.p. Giddings. “Characterization of Habitat and Biological Communities at Fixed Sites in the Great Salt Lake Basins, Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming, Water Years 1999-2001.” Scientific Investigations Report, 2007, doi:10.3133/sir20065300.

This study was focused on the habitat and ecosystem of lakes within the Great Basin and surrounding environments. This study water carried out over three years from 1999 to 2001. The research included the differences within the water temperature, oxygen levels, algal species, geomorphic channel characters, surrounding environment and fish inhabitants

What the study found was that the rivers were effect differently depending on where they were located on the river basin. Rivers that where near to the source water were found to have more native fish and also cooler waters, as they followed the river lower to the basin they found more non native fish and also a more urban environment. this change is partly due to pollution from the surrounding environment also the introduction of nonnative fish to said area. The pollutions come from manufacturing plants, storm drains, and irrigation. This in turn decreases the oxygen levels in the water limiting the fish population to the point that nonnative fish are driven away from that portion of the river.

A factor in the rivers of the Greater Basin area is the elevation and the geographic features of the area. The Great Basin is found in the western United States and is surrounded by mountain with the Rockies in one side and the Sierra Nevada’s on the other this creates a blow where water is forced to flow to the bottom of an ancient sea rater than the ocean. The sea however receded over thousands of year and is present day know as the great salt lake. Because there is no out let for the said lake the surrounding mountains erode in to the steams and the debris from said erosion is collected in the bottom of the basin which is the Great Salt Lake. This impacts the water shed and causes a higher mineral/ metal concentration within the said watershed.

· Metcalfe, Tom. “As the World Warms, Harmful Algal Blooms Are on the Rise.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 17 Oct. 2019, https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/world-warms-dangerous-algal-blooms-are-rise-ncna1067526. Date Accessed 10/21/19

Published October 17 2019 this article focuses on the rise of algal blooms worldwide and shifts the view more towards global warming and its effect on shallow body lakes. This story is a brief overview of a study performed by the Carnegie Institution for Science in Stanford, California. The study followed algal blooms from 71 lake from around the world. Using photos from NASA the followed the blooms from creation till they receded. The photos covered from 1984-2013 and show how far the algal bloom spread and the time span that the bloom stayed in the waters of the lakes.

In the study they found multiple lake had significant dead zones where the oxygen levels had dropped so dramatically that a majority of the fish could not survive. Because of this the ecosystem surrounding the body of water began to collapse. In this study the evidence pointed towards Cyanotoxin as the main suspect, This in fact is the same toxin that is involved in the algal bloom in Utah lake.

One aspect that I found intriguing is that red tides are similar to the algal blooms in a sense cause the same die off in the water they infect but the components that they are based off of is vastly different. The red tides are a phytoplankton based structure and are found in salt water were as the cyanotoxins are a bacteria based substance and are found in fresh water. I remember when red tides were all over in the news the was a mass movement in the media to find the cause and help prevent the tides. I wonder if people knew that the blue green Algae has the same effect if they would take the same steps to prevent them as they did with the red tides.

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