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vavaclasses · 1 year ago

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Biotechnology and Its Applications Detailed Explanation Suitable for Class 12 Students

Biotechnology and Its Applications:

Introduction to Biotechnology:

Biotechnology involves using living organisms, cells, and biological systems to develop products and technologies for various applications. It merges biology with technology, providing innovative solutions in multiple fields such as agriculture, medicine, and environmental management.

1. Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture:

Biotechnology in agriculture aims to enhance food production and crop quality through several advanced techniques:

Agro-Chemical Based Agriculture: This method uses chemical fertilizers and pesticides to increase crop yields. However, it can have negative environmental impacts.

Organic Agriculture: Involves using natural methods and products for farming, promoting sustainability and reducing chemical residues in food.

Genetically Engineered Crops (GMOs): Crops are modified using genetic engineering to exhibit desirable traits such as pest resistance, drought tolerance, and improved nutritional content. Examples include Bt cotton, which produces Bt toxin to protect against specific pests, reducing the need for chemical insecticides.

Read Also: Biodiversity and Conservation - Class 12 Detailed Notes

Tissue Culture: This technique allows the growth of entire plants from small tissue samples (explants). It helps in producing a large number of genetically identical plants, known as some clones, which are beneficial for maintaining uniform crop quality.

Micro-Propagation: A form of tissue culture used to produce a large number of plants quickly. It is useful for propagating plants that do not produce viable seeds.

Somatic Hybridization: Combines different plant species at the cellular level to create new hybrid plants with desirable traits from both parent species.

2. Biotechnological Applications in Medicine:

Biotechnology has revolutionized medicine, providing advanced methods for diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases:

Recombinant DNA Technology: Allows the production of therapeutic proteins and drugs in large quantities. For example, insulin used to treat diabetes is now produced using genetically engineered bacteria, making it safer and more effective than animal-derived insulin.

Gene Therapy: Involves inserting healthy genes into a patient's cells to treat genetic disorders. It offers potential cures for diseases like cystic fibrosis and certain types of cancer.

Vaccines: Biotechnology has enabled the development of new vaccines, such as the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, which is produced using yeast cells.

3. Transgenic Animals:

Transgenic animals are genetically modified to carry genes from other species. They serve various purposes, including:

Research: Studying gene functions and disease mechanisms in transgenic animals helps scientists understand human diseases better.

Pharming: Producing valuable proteins and drugs in the milk, eggs, or blood of transgenic animals, which can then be harvested and purified for medical use.

Improving Livestock: Enhancing traits like growth rate, disease resistance, and milk production in farm animals.

4. Ethical Issues:

Biotechnology raises several ethical and moral concerns:

Safety of GMOs: There is ongoing debate about the potential health risks and environmental impacts of genetically modified crops and animals.

Genetic Discrimination: The use of genetic information by employers or insurance companies could lead to discrimination against individuals based on their genetic predisposition to certain diseases.

Moral Implications: Genetic modifications in humans, such as designer babies, spark ethical questions about the extent to which humans should interfere with natural processes.

Conclusion:

Biotechnology offers immense potential to solve some of the world's pressing challenges in food production, healthcare, and environmental conservation. However, it is crucial to address the ethical and safety issues associated with its applications to ensure responsible and sustainable use of this powerful technology.

This more detailed overview should help Class 12 students understand the scope and implications of biotechnology and its applications in a comprehensive yet accessible manner.

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reasonsforhope · 1 month ago

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"If you're hoping that reef-restoring coral larvae will settle down in damaged reefs, you can't just sit around and wait for it to happen. You have to get out there and entice the larvae, which is exactly what a new algae-based gel is designed to do.

While we may think of coral reefs' "skeletons" as being composed solely of calcium carbonate produced by coral polyps, much of the material is in fact generated by what are known as crustose coralline algae.

Along with contributing greatly to the structural integrity of reefs, the algae-produced calcium carbonate also serves as a home to planktonic coral larvae. Once those formerly free-swimming organisms settle in and become polyps, they start producing reef-building calcium of their own.

It's a good arrangement for the coral, but it also benefits the algae.

Not only does the reef itself provide the algae with protection from the elements, the coral polyps also emit ammonia which the algae feed upon. It is therefore in the algae's best interest to entice any coral larvae that may be swimming past in the water column. In order to do so, the algae release metabolite chemicals that attract the larvae.

Led by Dr. Daniel Wangpraseurt, scientists at UC San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography have now incorporated those metabolites into a gel that can be applied to degraded coral reefs. Called SNAP-X, the substance reportedly boosts coral larval settlement by up to 20 times as compared to untreated surfaces.

If the algae metabolites were just applied to the coral on their own, they would soon dissipate in the water, leaving the coral larvae unable to follow them to their source. For that reason, the researchers started by encasing the chemical molecules in durable silica nanoparticles. Those particles were then suspended within a biocompatible liquid blend of gelatin methacrylate and polyethylene glycol diacrylate.

When that liquid is sprayed or painted onto a surface – such as a piece of dead coral – then exposed to ultraviolet light, it polymerizes into a hydrogel form. That gel is capable of clinging to the surface for up to one month while immersed in flowing water, gradually releasing its larvae-attracting nanoparticles as it does so.

Initial lab tests showed that application of SNAP-X resulted in a six-fold increase in larval settlement. Subsequent tests that more accurately simulated the water flow on coral reefs, however, produced the 20-times figure.

It should be noted that all of the tests conducted so far have involved a single type of coral, but Wangpraseurt believes the technology should work on other species with a few tweaks.

"I think this material is a breakthrough that can hopefully make a big contribution to coral restoration," he says. "Biomedical scientists have spent a lot of time developing nanomaterials as drug carriers, and here we were able to apply some of that knowledge to marine restoration."

A paper on the research was recently published in the journal Trends in Biotechnology."

-via New Atlas, May 26, 2025

#coral #conservation #ocean #marine biology #ecosystem #ecosystem restoration #ecology #marine science #marine life #coral reef #science news #tidalpunk #biotechnology #good news #hope

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monaisme · 10 months ago

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Sicktember: Day 1

#1- “I’m not hungover. I’m just sick.” (Or vice versa)

“Mr. Parker,” Dr. Zhang intoned as Peter tried- and failed- to sneak into his class four minutes past its 8:30am start time. The man had obviously taken in Peter’s haggard appearance, because he continued, “While I can appreciate that this is relatively early for a Monday morning class, and we are approaching the end of term, can you please explain to me why you think it is appropriate to slink into my class hungover?”

Peter tried to process exactly what he’d meant, then hiked his backpack over his aching shoulders, wishing he was back at the apartment rather than here. “I’m sorry, sir?” He was confused. “I don’t understand.”

“That is precisely my point.” Apparently Dr. Zhang had reached an end, “How do you, or any of you, for that matter,” The professor waggled a finger at everyone one of the other students in the lecture hall, “expect to succeed in Principles and Applications of Genetic Engineering for Biotechnology and Neuroscience if you continue to not take it and its requirements seriously?!”

“But—” Peter tried to stop him... to explain, but the man was on a roll.

“Yes, the parties and socializing are enjoyable—even I remember what it was like to be young and stupid!—But now is the time to decide how seriously you are going to take your education!” He pointed to his syllabus, framed and hung on the wall beside the smart board. “You must commit! Exams are only weeks away. Can any one of you honestly say that you’re fully prepared?”

The students stayed silent as they watched their professor’s face grow more and more red, all of them refusing to become a part of the unscripted drama.

“Very well, then. What about you, Mr. Parker?” He turned his frustration back to its original target. “In your current state, do you think you’d be ready to pass this class if I handed you your final exam right now?”

Professor Zhang finally stopped for a breath.

Peter cleared away the tickle in his throat. “Uh, sir?” he felt that he’d caught up enough to what he’d been raving about to finally get a word in, “I’m not hungover. I’m just sick.”

Even feeling as fuzzy-headed as Peter was, he could see the righteous indignation evaporate and the embarrassment creep in as Dr. Zhang deflated and he realized his error. He heaved an audible sigh, pinched the bridge of his nose, and dropped his head, “Very well. Grab a mask from my desk and take your seat, Mr. Parker... and please make a greater effort to arrive on time for class going forward.”

Peter ignored the whispers coming from the rest of the students. He simply mumbled a, “yessir,” and shuffled to the man’s desk to pluck a mask from the box sat on its corner, put it on, and then finally made his way to the empty seat that was furthest away from the rest of his classmates.

This was going to be a long day.

/-/-/

It was as Peter was packing up his notes and textbook at the end of his third class of the day that he realized that he’d hit a wall and needed to be done. His throat was aching, his head was pounding, and he was fairly certain he was developing a fever, which was strange because when that usually happened, it was almost a guarantee that—

‘Thunderstruck’ blared from the phone Peter was positive he’d silenced before his first class had finally started for the day, but it didn’t even matter. What Tony wanted, Tony got, and Tony wanted to talk to Peter. He sagged in defeat, sighed, and pulled his phone from his pocket, propping it awkwardly against his shoulder as he accepted the call. “Hey, Tony,” he rasped.

“Yikes! You’ll have to forgive me for what I’m about to say, but I was just talking to Morgan and you know that once the ‘dad vibe’ starts flowin, it’s all but over, so.” Tony paused, then, “In light of how amazing you sound, the rock factory called and they want their gravel back.” Tony teased lightheartedly, then sobered. “And now that I’ve gotten that out of the way, I’m guessing you’ve noticed your biometrics are a little wonky, huh? And I’m hoping that means that I don’t have to fight to convince you to call it a day?”

“Oh, no convincing necessary.” Peter ground out painfully as he zipped up his backpack, and shifted the phone from his shoulder to his hand as he exited the room and ducked into an out of the way nook. “I noticed, and yeah, I think I’m gonna head back to the apartment. I’ve just gotta catch the TA for my next class to get the reading assignment before I go home and hunker down with this thing.”

Tony didn’t say anything for a moment, but Peter could hear the sound of traffic in the background and realized that the man was driving, “While that sounds like a solid start to your plan, kid, can I make it better for you? Perhaps by offering you a car ride home?”

Peter tried to chuckle, whimpered at the pain in his throat instead, and soldiered on with the conversation, “I’m not sure if you’re aware, Tony, but MIT is not exactly in Manhattan. Do we need to do the whole google maps thing for you?”

“Hilarious, kid, don’t even joke about google—you know that Stark Industries offers the superior product.”

“I do,” Peter nodded, even though Tony couldn’t see. “Doesn’t change the fact that you’re not exactly in my neighbourhood.”

“But what if I told you I was in town for the next couple of days for meetings and I’d planned on surprising my favourite spider-baby today with a big ol’ midday hug and lunch at my favourite diner before he’d gotten all diseased and festering?”

“Now who’s being funny?” Yeah, the drive and the hug sounded amazing, but idea of eating was about as appealing as the idea of lingering in the overcrowded hallway any longer than he had to, so he ignored that altogether, “But, uh, are you sure about the ride to the apartment?” Peter had to ask. “I’d hate it if you got sick because of me...”

“Pfft. Kid, if I can survive Morgan’s preschool and kindergarten years, I think I can manage driving you home and getting you sorted for the rest of the day—or at least until one of your buddies gets home to tag in— or kicks me out, if it’s MJ, whichever comes first.”

The idea had Peter almost weeping with relief. “That sounds great,” Newly motivated, Peter made his way toward the building exit, “Where do you want me to meet you after I find my TA?”

Tony went quiet again, then, “I’ll be on Amherst in about twenty minutes. Does that give you enough time to get things done?”

Peter calculated how long he’d need to find Anne in the next building over and to get what he’d need for what he guessed was going to be the next few days. It would be cutting it close, but Tony knew the area and could loop back if worse came to worst, “Yeah, I think I can do it.” He stepped out into the cold early December air. “I’ll see you soon.”

/-/-/

“Yeesh! Kid! What the heck are you doing?!” Tony called out as a still face-masked Peter jumped into the front seat of the car. “Your aunt would murder you dead if she saw you without a coat!”

Peter didn’t reply, only tossed his backpack onto the floor, pulled up his hoodie hood and tighten the strings as he shivered. “I am young and I am invincible.”

Tony put a hand to the part of Peter’s forehead not covered up and winced in sympathy, “I think the word you’re actually looking for is ‘idiotic.’”

Peter hugged himself for warmth. “Shh. Be nice to me. I’m sick,” he insisted as he tried to get comfortable.

“I’m not sure how much ‘nicer’ I can get?” Tony pulled away from the curb, ignoring the honks of the cars behind him and wound his way through traffic. He looked over to his son-in-all-but-blood. “Though I do feel obligated to say that I’m not sure I can make the fact that you look like death warmed over sound any nicer either?” He pressed the button to turn on Peter’s seat warmer and adjusted the vent to help the kid out.

Peter glared. “Ugh. Don’t even. I mean- I knew something was coming on this morning, but I can usually fight it off pretty quick.”

“Maybe it’s something going around campus?” Tony asked.

“Not that I can tell- classes are still full enough.” Peter shook his head as he answered, then stopped. “I wonder if—” While it shouldn’t have been possible, Peter paled even further. “Aww, man. I wonder if I caught something from that guy I had to perform CPR on when we were all home for Thanksgiving?”

“Oof. It could explain things.” Tony thought for a second, “You’d think we’d have found a way to work around the whole mask thing by now, though, huh? But no! That’s not a now problem,” he shook off the distraction. “Did you want me to follow up and see if I can access his medical records from after he was admitted to hospital? See what the deal was?”

“Yeah,” Peter relaxed and melted into his now warmed seat. “At least I won’t need to worry that I’ve caught the plague or something.”

“Anything for you, kid—FRIDAY? Can you jump on that?”

“Of course, Boss,” the AI echoed through the car, “Though it would seem New York Department of Health is currently reconfiguring some systems and have implemented additional security features. There will be delay while I navigate—with apologies.”

“All good,” Tony replied, then glanced over, “So did you still want to head to the apartment or should we head to the tower and get you checked out by your favourite doctor? Especially if you’re worried about it.”

Peter glared back, “Don’t promise to take me to my own bed and then try to take it back, mister.”

Tony only caught a glimpse of his death stare, but chuckled nonetheless. “Alright then, no need to tell me twice, but if it gets any worse...”

“I’ll say something, Tony. I promise.”

Satisfied, Tony nodded, and the car grew quiet, staying that way until Peter’s apartment block came into view.

“Home again, home again, jiggety-jig.” Tony sang to himself as he pulled into one of the visitor parking spots. “Okay, Pete,” he unbuckled his seat belt then shifted to face a very dozy Peter. “Let’s get you upstairs. You can take a quick shower, and while you do that, I’ll set up the couch for a movie marathon to end all movie marathons and double check the grocery situation just in case you need any soup or the like. Sound good?”

Peter barely shrugged. “Sure,” he mumbled then unbuckled his own seatbelt with some effort.

“Perfect!” Tony exited the car with a spring in his step, “Let’s get this party started.” He walked around to the passenger side door and took the backpack from a struggling Peter. “And if I forget to say this later,” Tony wrapped a supportive arm around Peter’s shoulder and guided him to the apartment entrance, “Thank you so much for getting sick today. Pepper had me attending a meeting with Accounting, if you can believe it!”

Peter snorted, “I’m glad I could be of some use to you.” He winced as he spoke.

“Zoinks, kid! I wasn’t sure it could happen, but I think you’re sounding worse! Let’s get you upstairs.”

“Agreed,” Peter whispered, not even trying to pretend.

“And no texting anyone that I’m taking care of you, either.” Tony demanded as they arrived at the elevator, “They’ll skip class and come rushing to your aid like the Scooby gang that you all are—don’t tell MJ I said that.” The elevator door opened and they stepped in, Tony pressing the button for the sixth floor. “All joking aside, now that you’re all grown up, I don’t get to take care of my first kid all that often and, you know—”

Peter sighed. “I know... Pepper will send reinforcements and make you go back to your meetings?”

Tony chuckled, “And Pepper will absolutely make me head back to my meetings.”

@sicktember

#Sicktember 2024 #Day One: I'm not hungover- I'm just sick #Day 1 #chapter one of two #MCU #Irondad and Spiderson #FLUFF!#OBlossom #ao3 fanfic

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abbsbengaluru · 2 days ago

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Your BSc Degree: A Flexible Path to Versatile Career Opportunities

As scientific knowledge expands and evolves, the demand for qualified scientists is growing. There is always a fresh demand for them in diverse healthcare sectors. The Bachelor of Science (BSc) ranks among the most enduring higher education qualifications for new generation of learners. Despite its historical roots, it continues to be a versatile option to make a lucrative career. This is a key reason why the best BSc colleges in Bangalore continue to attract candidates.

Acharya Bangalore Business School welcomes students interested in making a bright future by earning the BSc degree. On the premises are well-equipped labs and strong faculty to teach. Before you enroll, here are some interesting things to note.

Specialized fields to work

Professionals focused on life sciences, research and development find welcoming environments. They are employed in pharmaceutical enterprises, diagnostic laboratories, clinical settings, and hospital systems. The emergence of specialized scientific fields has created multiple opportunities for graduates and PGs.

Students passionate about medicine and enhancing human longevity discover that BSc programs offer a fulfilling educational journey with practical applications. This is why studying in the best BSc colleges in Bangalore like ABBS makes practical sense.

Subjects of interest for BSc

The main subjects taught at ABBS are:

Biology

Chemistry

Physics

Mathematics

There are specialized subjects depending on the chosen concentration.

These foundational disciplines provide critical thinking skills applicable across numerous professional settings.

Biology courses illuminate cellular functions and anatomical structures essential for medical breakthroughs.

Chemistry knowledge enables the development of new medications and materials.

Physics principles underpin technological innovations from medical devices to renewable energy solutions.

Mathematical skills facilitate data analysis crucial in every scientific field.

The practical laboratory components cultivate hands-on expertise valued by employers. Many graduates pursue Master's degrees (MSc) to deepen their expertise in specialized areas, enhancing their career trajectories and research capabilities.

Versatile Options

The remarkable versatility of a BSc qualification extends far beyond traditional scientific roles. This degree opens up diverse opportunities in:

healthcare

technology

engineering

environmental science

research institutions

For instance, Computer Science graduates may secure positions in software engineering, network security, or artificial intelligence development. Biology degree holders often pursue careers in pharmaceutical research, genetic counselling, or ecological conservation efforts. The adaptable nature of scientific training allows graduates to pivot between sectors as interests and market demands evolve.

The best BSc colleges in Bangalore like ABBS go beyond tradition subjects. The teachers are constantly learning to adapt to the latest knowledge to impart. Acquiring specialized knowledge in cutting-edge fields such as gene therapy, computational modeling, or sustainability science can significantly elevate one's career prospects.

Leadership positions in scientific research or academic institutions frequently require advanced qualifications beyond the bachelor's level. The contemporary job market values BSc graduates differently across various sectors.

Three key areas where BSc qualifications hold exceptional value include:

Healthcare and Biotechnology: From developing life-saving treatments to improving diagnostic technologies

Environmental Management: Addressing climate challenges and developing sustainable practices

Information Technology: Creating innovative digital solutions and securing cyber infrastructure

For students considering this educational path, Bangalore offers exceptional opportunities for quality BSc education in 2025. The ABBS educational ecosystem features state-of-the-art laboratories, industry connections, and experienced faculty.

As a leading learning ground, we offer specialized programs aligned with emerging market needs and research priorities. Come join ABBS, one of the best BSc colleges in Bangalore.

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admissionconsultancy · 5 days ago

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MBBS Admission in Santosh Medical College Ghaziabad: Complete 2025 Guide

Choosing the right medical college is a critical step for any NEET aspirant. If you're aiming for a reputable institution in North India, santosh medical college in ghaziabad stands out for its academic excellence, modern infrastructure, and hands-on clinical exposure. In this blog, we present a comprehensive guide for MBBS admission in Santosh Medical College Ghaziabad for the academic year 2025, covering eligibility, fees, application process, seat matrix, and expert counseling tips.

About Santosh Medical College Ghaziabad

Established in 1995, Santosh Medical College is a deemed university under Santosh University and is recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC). The college offers a full-fledged MBBS course with 150 seats and is affiliated with Santosh Hospital – a tertiary care hospital providing rich clinical exposure to students.

The campus is located in Ghaziabad, within Delhi-NCR, making it a preferred choice for students from Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, and even international candidates.

MBBS Course Highlights

Course Duration: 5.5 years (including 1-year mandatory internship)

Annual Intake: 150 seats

Affiliation: Santosh Deemed to be University

Recognition: National Medical Commission (NMC)

Location: Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh

Eligibility Criteria for 2025 Admission

To be eligible for MBBS admission in Santosh Medical College Ghaziabad, candidates must fulfill the following criteria:

Age Limit: Minimum 17 years of age as of 31st December 2025

Academic Qualification: 10+2 or equivalent with Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotechnology, and English

Minimum Marks: 50% marks in PCB for General category; 40% for SC/ST/OBC

NEET Qualification: Must qualify NEET UG 2025

Seat Distribution at Santosh Medical College

General/All India Quota Seats: 85% (admitted through MCC counselling)

NRI/Foreign Quota: 15%

Management Quota Seats: Available for eligible candidates via direct admission under Deemed University Counseling

Admission Process for MBBS 2025

Admission to Santosh Medical College is governed by Medical Counselling Committee (MCC) through Deemed University Counselling. Here’s the step-by-step process:

1. NEET UG 2025 Registration

Students must first appear for and qualify NEET UG 2025, which is conducted by NTA.

2. MCC Counselling Registration

Register on the official MCC portal (www.mcc.nic.in) and select Santosh Medical College Ghaziabad under Deemed University options.

3. Choice Filling & Locking

Fill in Santosh Medical College in your priority list and lock your choices before the deadline.

4. Seat Allotment Result

If allotted a seat, download the allotment letter and proceed to report to the college.

5. Document Verification & Admission

Report to Santosh Medical College with original documents, pay the required fees, and confirm your admission.

Documents Required for Admission

NEET UG 2025 Scorecard

NEET Admit Card

Class 10 & 12 Mark Sheets and Certificates

Migration Certificate

Transfer Certificate

Identity Proof (Aadhaar/PAN/Passport)

Caste Certificate (if applicable)

Passport-size Photographs

NRI documents (if applicable)

MBBS Fee Structure (Tentative 2025)

The fee for MBBS admission in Santosh Medical College Ghaziabad (Deemed University) is approximately:

Tuition Fee (General Quota): ₹22-24 lakhs per annum

NRI Quota Fee: Around USD $40,000 - $50,000 per annum

Hostel Charges: ₹1.5 to ₹2 lakhs per annum

Miscellaneous Charges: Extra based on college norms

Note: Fees are subject to change based on university guidelines and MCC updates.

Why Choose Santosh Medical College?

Academic Excellence: Well-structured curriculum with a strong focus on clinical training

Experienced Faculty: Professors with years of teaching and research experience

High NEET Cutoff: Reflects quality of students and academic rigor

Modern Facilities: Smart classrooms, advanced laboratories, simulation centers

Internship Opportunities: Hands-on experience at Santosh Hospital

Proximity to Delhi: Easy access to national medical seminars, conferences, and job networks

Admission Through Expert Guidance – Collegestoria

Navigating NEET counselling and admission procedures can be daunting, especially for management and NRI quota seats. That’s where Collegestoria, a trusted medical admission consultancy, comes in.

With years of expertise in MBBS admission in Santosh Medical College Ghaziabad and other top medical colleges in India, Collegestoria assists students with:

NEET counseling registration

Choice filling strategy

Direct admission under management quota

Document preparation & verification

End-to-end admission support

Whether you're a NEET-qualified student or an NRI applicant looking for guidance, Collegestoria ensures a smooth and transparent admission journey.

Final Words

If you're dreaming of becoming a doctor and are seeking a reputed institution within Delhi-NCR, MBBS admission in Santosh Medical College Ghaziabad is a choice worth considering. With quality education, clinical exposure, and a location advantage, it checks all the right boxes for aspiring medical professionals.To ensure your seat and avoid last-minute confusion, start early and seek guidance from professionals like Collegestoria to streamline the process.

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qocsuing · 11 days ago

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Camphor’s Cousin: The Hidden Potential of 2-Borneol

2-Borneol is a naturally occurring bicyclic monoterpenoid alcohol that plays a remarkable role in both traditional and modern domains. Recognized for its distinctive aroma and therapeutic properties, this compound has deep roots in herbal medicine and an expanding footprint in scientific research and industrial application.Get more news about 2 borneol,you can vist our website!

Chemical Nature and Origin

Structurally, 2-borneol is a stereoisomer of borneol and features a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane backbone with a hydroxyl group. It is part of a group of natural compounds found in essential oils of plants like Artemisia, Cinnamomum camphora, and Dryobalanops aromatica. It’s closely related to isoborneol, with the two differing in the spatial orientation of the hydroxyl group—a distinction that affects scent and reactivity.

The compound can be extracted from plant sources or synthesized via chemical reduction of camphor. In crystalline form, 2-borneol appears as a white, waxy solid with a strong, camphor-like odor.

Traditional Uses in Eastern Medicine

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 2-borneol—often referred to as “Bing Pian” when extracted—is cherished for its potent effects on the body’s meridians. It is commonly used to awaken consciousness, clear heat, and alleviate swelling. As an aromatic compound, it is employed in preparations to treat fainting, stroke symptoms, headaches, and throat inflammation.

Moreover, it serves as a penetration enhancer, helping active herbal ingredients reach deeper layers of tissue or cross the blood-brain barrier more effectively. This makes it a valuable component in balms, nasal sprays, and certain eye preparations.

Modern Applications and Industrial Value

Beyond traditional medicine, 2-borneol finds use across cosmetics, perfumery, and pharmaceuticals. Its cooling sensation and crisp scent contribute to skin lotions, deodorants, and oral hygiene products. As a fragrance enhancer, it lends a clean, medicinal note to perfumes and soaps.

In pharmaceutical manufacturing, 2-borneol functions as an intermediate in the synthesis of other compounds, and researchers continue to explore its potential for delivering drugs more efficiently. Some studies also suggest antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity, reinforcing its therapeutic promise.

Chemical industries value it for its versatility, and ongoing research explores how its biosynthetic pathways can be leveraged for greener production processes.

Sustainability and Challenges

While 2-borneol offers a wealth of utility, sustainability remains a concern. Wild extraction from Dryobalanops aromatica, a tree native to Southeast Asia, can disrupt ecosystems if not carefully regulated. As a result, synthetic and biotechnological production methods are increasingly favored to meet global demand while minimizing environmental impact.

Advanced techniques using engineered microbes or catalytic systems aim to produce high yields of borneol and its isomers with minimal waste. These innovations not only preserve biodiversity but also enhance product purity and scalability.

Future Outlook

As global interest in plant-derived molecules grows, 2-borneol stands out as a compound blending tradition, technology, and sustainability. Its continuing relevance in both ancient healing systems and modern scientific exploration speaks to its versatility and impact.

Looking ahead, we may see 2-borneol integrated into new drug delivery systems, smart materials, or even digital health interfaces where scent-based diagnostics are being explored. In many ways, this humble monoterpenoid continues to prove that chemistry, when guided by nature, can offer elegant solutions for future challenges.

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metaapply · 15 days ago

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Switzerland Student Visa

Switzerland, known for its stunning landscapes, innovation-driven economy, and prestigious universities, has become an increasingly attractive destination for international students. From hospitality management to banking and biotechnology, Switzerland offers top-tier education in a highly developed, multilingual society.

But before you begin your academic journey in this alpine nation, understanding the Switzerland student visa process is essential. Here's everything you need to know.

🎓 Why Study in Switzerland?

Globally Ranked Universities: ETH Zurich, University of Geneva, and EHL are globally acclaimed.

Multilingual Advantage: Study in English, French, German, or Italian.

Innovation Hub: Switzerland consistently ranks as one of the world’s most innovative countries.

Safe and High-Quality Living: Low crime rate, efficient public services, and clean environments.

Global Career Opportunities: Access to international organizations like the UN, WHO, and multinational corporations.

📌 Do You Need a Student Visa?

Yes, if you're a non-EU/EEA citizen, you need a National Visa (Type D) to study in Switzerland.

📝 Switzerland Student Visa Requirements

Here’s a list of documents you typically need:

Valid passport

Confirmation of enrollment from a Swiss university

Proof of tuition fee payment

Detailed study plan or motivation letter

Proof of financial means (approx. CHF 21,000 per year)

Proof of accommodation in Switzerland

Passport-size photographs

Health insurance coverage

Visa application form and fee receipt

Note: All documents may need to be translated into German, French, or Italian depending on the canton (region).

📍 How to Apply

Apply at a Swiss Embassy/Consulate in your home country.

Submit your documents and attend an interview (if requested).

Wait for approval from both the Swiss embassy and cantonal immigration office.

Once approved, collect your visa and travel to Switzerland.

Upon arrival, register with local authorities to obtain a residence permit.

⏳ Processing Time

Visa processing can take 6 to 12 weeks, so apply early.

Residence permits are issued after registration in Switzerland and are valid for one year (renewable).

💡 Useful Tips

Start the process 3-4 months before your intended date of travel.

Make sure you show clear intent to return to your home country after studies.

Maintain communication with your chosen university for any assistance with documentation.

🤝 Final Thoughts: Let MetaApply Be Your Guide

Navigating the student visa process for Switzerland can be complex, especially with multi-language requirements and regional-specific rules. That’s where MetaApply steps in.

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bangalorestudy01 · 15 days ago

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BMSCE Bangalore: 2025 Admission Guide for UG & PG Courses

Introduction:

BMS College of Engineering (BMSCE), Bangalore, is one of India’s most prestigious private engineering institutions, known for its academic excellence, robust industry connections, and strong placement records. Established in 1946, BMSCE has shaped thousands of engineering professionals and continues to be a top choice among aspirants across India.

In this 2025 guide, we’ll explore everything you need to know about UG and PG admissions at BMSCE, including courses, fees, eligibility, entrance exams, and placements.

About BMS College of Engineering

Established: 1946

Location: Basavanagudi, Bangalore

Affiliated To: Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU)

Accreditation: NAAC A++ | NBA Accredited

Approvals: AICTE Approved | Autonomous Institution

BMSCE offers 13 UG, 16 PG, and 15 research programs in engineering, management, and science disciplines.

UG Courses Offered (B.E. Programs)

Branch - Duration

Computer Science & Engineering - 4 Years

Artificial Intelligence & Data Science - 4 Years

Information Science & Engineering - 4 Years

Electronics & Communication Engineering - 4 Years

Mechanical Engineering - 4 Years

Civil Engineering - 4 Years

Electrical & Electronics Engineering - 4 Years

Aerospace Engineering - 4 Years

Biotechnology - 4 Years

Others: Chemical, Telecommunication, Industrial, etc - 4 Years

PG Courses Offered (M.Tech & MBA)

PG Program - Duration

M.Tech in VLSI Design, Machine Design, Power Electronics, etc. - 2 Years

Master of Business Administration (MBA) - 2 Years

Master of Computer Applications (MCA) - 2 Years

BMSCE Admission Process 2025

🔹 For UG Courses (B.E.)

Eligibility:

10+2 with Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics

Minimum 45% aggregate (40% for reserved categories)

Admission Channels:

KCET (Karnataka CET) – For Karnataka students

COMEDK UGET – For All India quota

Management Quota – Direct admissions (subject to availability)

🔹 For PG Courses (M.Tech, MBA, MCA)

Eligibility:

Relevant UG degree with minimum 50%

Entrance through Karnataka PGCET, GATE, or KMAT/MAT (for MBA)

BMS College of Engineering Fee Structure (2025 Approx.)

Program - Fee Range (Per Year)

B.E. (KCET Quota) - ₹90,000 – ₹1,20,000

B.E. (COMEDK) - ₹2,00,000 – ₹2,30,000

B.E. (Management) - ₹3,50,000 – ₹8,00,000 (varies by branch)

M.Tech - ₹70,000 – ₹1,50,000

MBA - ₹2,00,000 – ₹3,00,000

Note: Fees are indicative and subject to change.

BMS College of Engineering Placements

Placement Highlights (2023):

Highest Package: ₹50+ LPA (International Offer)

Average Package: ₹8 LPA (CSE, ISE, AI/ML)

Top Recruiters: Microsoft, Google, Amazon, Bosch, Infosys, Wipro, Accenture

Placement Support:

Training in soft skills, aptitude, coding

Multiple internship opportunities

Alumni mentorship & pre-placement training

Why Choose BMSCE?

✅ Oldest private engineering college in Karnataka ✅ Strong alumni network with global presence ✅ Central Bangalore campus with high accessibility ✅ Cutting-edge research labs and startup incubators ✅ Consistently ranked among India’s top 100 engineering colleges (NIRF)

Final Thoughts

BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, continues to be a top-tier institution for engineering and management education in India. If you’re planning your 2025 admissions, now is the time to explore your options, prepare for entrance exams, and stay ahead in the competition.

Need help with application support, COMEDK counseling, or college selection? Visit BangaloreStudy.com for free expert guidance and personalized counseling today!

- Website: https://bangalorestudy.com/college/bgs-global-institute-of-allied-health-sciences-bangalore

- Contact Us: 080 2245 4991

- Email Us: [email protected]

- Follow Us: Facebook | Instagram | Twitter | LinkedIn | YouTube

#BMS College of Engineering #bms college of engineering fee structure #bms college of engineering admission #bms college of engineering placements #bms college of engineering courses

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factmrblog1 · 15 days ago

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Genetic Research Driving PCR Growth with Biotechnology Innovations

The global polymerase chain reaction (PCR) market is experiencing robust growth, with its valuation estimated at $6.2 billion in 2024 and projected to reach $16 billion by 2034, achieving a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10%. PCR, a cornerstone of molecular diagnostics, has transformed healthcare by enabling rapid and accurate detection of diseases. Drawing from FactMR’s market analysis, this blog explores the drivers, challenges, innovations, and future prospects of the PCR market.

What is Polymerase Chain Reaction?

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify DNA segments, producing millions of copies from a single strand. This enables detailed analysis of genetic material, making PCR critical for diagnosing infectious diseases, genetic disorders, and cancers. Variants like real-time PCR (qPCR) and digital PCR (dPCR) enhance its precision and applicability in research, clinical diagnostics, and forensics.

PCR’s significance was underscored during the COVID-19 pandemic, where qPCR became the gold standard for detecting SARS-CoV-2 due to its high sensitivity and specificity. Its applications extend beyond diagnostics to include genetic research, forensic analysis, and biotechnology.

Key Market Drivers

The PCR market’s growth is driven by the increasing prevalence of infectious diseases and genetic disorders. Conditions like sexually transmitted infections, respiratory diseases, and hepatitis are boosting demand for PCR-based diagnostics. The technique’s ability to detect pathogenic DNA with high accuracy makes it indispensable in clinical settings.

Technological advancements are another key driver. Innovations like qPCR and dPCR have improved the speed, accuracy, and scalability of PCR tests. The development of portable, point-of-care PCR devices, such as Nuclein’s ‘Nuclein Anywhere’ test, has expanded access to diagnostics, particularly in home-based settings. FactMR notes that the rising adoption of these advanced systems is fueling market growth.

Government and private investments in healthcare and pharmaceutical R&D are also significant. Increased funding for developing rapid diagnostic kits, such as RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection, is driving sales of PCR products. The expansion of healthcare infrastructure in developing economies further supports demand for clinical PCR solutions.

Regional Insights

North America, particularly the United States, dominates the PCR market, accounting for 45.6% of the North American market share by 2034. The region’s advanced healthcare infrastructure, high adoption of cutting-edge diagnostics, and significant R&D funding drive growth. The U.S. benefits from rising awareness of PCR products and their integration into clinical and research applications.

Japan is an emerging market in East Asia, driven by growing awareness among healthcare professionals of gene-based diagnostics. Public-private partnerships to develop novel PCR technologies are expected to accelerate growth in the region. Other regions, including Europe and Asia Pacific, are also seeing increased adoption due to expanding healthcare systems and research activities.

Challenges in the Market

The high cost of advanced PCR technologies, such as qPCR and dPCR, is a significant barrier. FactMR reports that qPCR devices range from $4,000 to $13,000 or more, while dPCR systems are even pricier. These costs limit adoption in developing economies, where budget constraints are common.

Another challenge is the complexity of PCR systems, which require skilled personnel and sophisticated infrastructure. This can hinder their use in resource-limited settings. Additionally, competition from alternative diagnostic methods, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), may impact the PCR market in certain applications.

Innovations and Trends

Innovation is transforming the PCR market. Companies like SAGA Diagnostics are leveraging dPCR for non-invasive cancer detection, with products like ‘SAGAsafe’ enabling accurate diagnosis of multiple cancer types. Similarly, advancements in RT-qPCR kits have improved the detection of viral variants, maintaining their relevance post-COVID.

The development of portable and automated PCR systems is a key trend. Devices like Anitoa Systems’ MAx16 and Bio-Rad’s CFX Opus 96 Dx System offer rapid, user-friendly diagnostics, making PCR accessible in diverse settings. These innovations align with the growing demand for point-of-care and home-based testing.

Opportunities for Growth

The PCR market offers significant opportunities, particularly in developing economies where healthcare infrastructure is expanding. The rising prevalence of chronic and infectious diseases creates a steady demand for PCR diagnostics. Companies investing in affordable, portable PCR solutions can tap into these markets.

Collaborations between diagnostic companies and healthcare providers can also drive growth. By developing tailored PCR solutions for specific diseases, manufacturers can address unmet needs and expand their market presence. FactMR highlights that the increasing focus on early disease detection and genetic research will further boost demand.

Future Outlook

With a projected valuation of $16 billion by 2034, the PCR market is set for strong growth. Its critical role in diagnostics, coupled with ongoing innovations, ensures its relevance in healthcare and research. As global health challenges evolve, PCR will remain a cornerstone of molecular diagnostics, driving advancements in disease detection and treatment.

Conclusion

The PCR market’s rapid growth reflects its transformative impact on diagnostics and research. With a CAGR of 10% and a projected valuation of $16 billion by 2034, it offers immense potential for innovation and expansion. As technology advances and healthcare needs grow, PCR will continue to shape the future of medical diagnostics.

#polymerase chain reaction (PCR) market

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newspressx · 16 days ago

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Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market Future Scope: Size, Share, and Growth Projections by 2035

The Latest study titled Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market, By Type (Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrates Systems and Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrates Accessories), By Application (Hospitals & Clinics, Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies, Contract Research Organizations (CROs) & Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMOs), and Academic & Research Institutes), and By Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa) - Market Trends, Analysis, and Forecast till 2029, published by Prophecy Market Insights, provides valuable insights into both regional and global markets projected to grow in value from 2025 to 2035. The comprehensive research delves into the evolving market dynamics, value chain analysis, prominent investment areas, competitive landscape, regional outlook, and key market segments. It also offers a thorough assessment of the global market's drivers and constraints. Additionally, the report highlights effective strategies and opportunities within the market, providing essential guidance for industry professionals, policymakers, stakeholders, investors, and newcomers. This will help them identify key strategies, explore market size opportunities, and gain a competitive advantage in the Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market. Request a free sample of our research report @https://www.prophecymarketinsights.com/market_insight/Insight/request-sample/2919(Note: The report's sample includes information about the study methodology, table of contents, scope and coverage, and sample framework.)Following are the key players analyzed in the report: Ranfac Corp. Arthrex Inc. Globus Medical Inc. Terumo Corporation (Terumo BCT) Cesca Therapeutics Inc. Zimmer Biomet Holdings Inc. and MK Alliance Inc. (TotipotentSC). The report's main goal is to give readers a thorough understanding of the market so they can create strategies for expanding their businesses, analyze the competitive environment, determine their current market position, and make well-informed business decisions regarding the Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market. Key forecasts on important variables like market size, production, revenue, consumption, CAGR, gross margin, and pricing are provided in the report. It is founded on the most trustworthy primary and secondary research techniques and materials out there. A range of research studies are also included in the report, such as evaluations of pricing, production and consumption, market dynamics, company profiles, and manufacturing costs.Request a Customized Copy of Report @https://www.prophecymarketinsights.com/market_insight/Insight/request-customization/2919Market Scope: The report's thorough segmentation of the Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market, which covers product categories, applications, end-user markets, key geographic regions, and top competitors, is one of its main points of emphasis. The research provides objective, professional insights into the state of the market, historical performance, supply and demand ratios, production and consumption patterns, and revenue projections for the anticipated time frame. The financial standings of key players, including gross profits, sales volumes, revenue, manufacturing costs, and other financial ratios, are accurately assessed. Additionally, analytical tools such as investment evaluation, SWOT analysis, and Porter's Five Forces analysis have been employed to examine the production and distribution capabilities of market participants. The research also includes a special section on significant players, in which our analysts offer a thorough examination of their SWOT analysis, financial statements, and product benchmarking. Market share, ranking analysis, and important growth strategies of major businesses worldwide are also included in the section on the competitive landscape. Detailed Segmentation and Classification of the report (Market Size and Forecast - 2035, Y-o-Y growth rate, and CAGR):By

Type - (Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrates Systems and Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrates Accessories), By Application (Hospitals & Clinics, Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies, Contract Research Organizations (CROs) & Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMOs), and Academic & Research Institutes) The report will also highlight the major companies in the market, detailing their product portfolios, market shares, financial health, regional presence, segment revenues, and SWOT analyses. It will cover key strategies such as mergers and acquisitions, product innovations, joint ventures, partnerships, and expansions, along with their most recent news. Additionally, the study will include a list of emerging players in the Respiratory Tract Infection Treatments market. Download the free sample PDF of this report:https://www.prophecymarketinsights.com/market_insight/Insight/request-pdf/2919 Deep-dive Analysis:The Report provides deep-dive qualitative and quantitative analysis on Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market for all the regions and countries covered below: North America - U.S., Canada Europe - UK, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Russia, Rest of Europe Asia Pacific - Japan, India, China, South Korea, Australia, Rest of Asia-Pacific Latin America - Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Rest of Latin America Middle East & Africa - South Africa, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa Highlights of Our Report: Extensive Market Analysis: A deep dive into the manufacturing capabilities, production volumes, and technological innovations within the Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market. Corporate Insights: An in-depth review of company profiles, spotlighting major players and their strategic manoeuvres in the market's competitive arena. Consumption Trends: A detailed analysis of consumption patterns, offering insight into current demand dynamics and consumer preferences. Segmentation Details: An exhaustive breakdown of end-user segments, depicting the market's spread across various applications and industries. Pricing Evaluation: A study of pricing structures and the elements influencing market pricing strategies. Future Outlook: Predictive insights into market trends, growth prospects, and potential challenges ahead. Reason to Buy this Report: Study of the impact of technological developments on the market and the emerging trends shaping the industry in the coming years. Analysis of the regulatory and policy changes affecting the market and the effects of these changes for market participants. Summary of the competitive landscape in the Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market, including profiles of the key players, their market share, and strategies for growth. Identification of the major challenges facing the market, such as supply chain disruptions, environmental concerns, and changing consumer preferences, and analysis of how these challenges will affect market growth. Assessment of the potential of new products and applications in the market, and analysis of the investment opportunities for market participants. Questions Answered by the Report: (1) Which are the dominant players of the Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market? (2) What will be the size of the Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market in the coming years? (3) Which segment will lead the Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market? (4) How will the market development trends change in the next five years? (5) What is the nature of the competitive landscape of the Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market? Thank you for reading this post. You may also obtain report versions by area, such as North America, LATAM, Europe, Japan, Australia, or Southeast Asia, or by chapter. Author: Authored by Shweta.R, Business Development Specialist at Prophecy Market Insights. This comprehensive analysis is grounded in an extensive blend of primary interviews, industry expert consultations, and in-depth secondary research. It

provides strategic insights into the evolving dynamics, competitive landscape, and emerging opportunities within the global Europe Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate Market.

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blogmetaeducationindia-blog · 21 days ago

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MBBS Admission in India: A Complete Guide for Aspiring Doctors (2025 Edition)

Pursuing an MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) in India is a dream for millions of students. With a strong healthcare infrastructure, experienced faculty, and global recognition, India remains one of the top destinations for medical education. Here's everything you need to know about MBBS admission in India.

1. Eligibility Criteria

To apply for MBBS in India, candidates must fulfill the following basic requirements:

Academic Qualification: Must have passed Class 12 (10+2) or equivalent with Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotechnology, and English.

Minimum Marks: General category candidates must secure at least 50% marks (40% for SC/ST/OBC and 45% for PwD).

Age Limit: The candidate must be at least 17 years old as of December 31 of the admission year.

NEET Qualification: It is mandatory to qualify the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET-UG) to be eligible for admission to MBBS courses.

2. MBBS Admission Process in India

Step 1: Appear for NEET-UG

NEET is a single national-level entrance exam conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA). It assesses the candidate’s knowledge in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.

Step 2: Check NEET Result and Rank

After the NEET results are declared, students must check their All India Rank (AIR) and percentile score. These scores determine eligibility for counseling.

Step 3: Participate in Counseling

All India Quota (AIQ) Counseling: Conducted by the Medical Counselling Committee (MCC) for 15% of government medical college seats and 100% of Deemed University seats.

State Quota Counseling: Each state conducts its own counseling for the remaining 85% government college seats and private medical colleges.

Reservation Policy: Seats are reserved for SC, ST, OBC, EWS, and PwD candidates as per government norms.

Step 4: Choice Filling and Seat Allotment

Based on NEET rank, preferences, and availability, candidates are allotted seats in various colleges. After allotment, students must report to the college for document verification and admission confirmation.

3. Types of Medical Colleges in India

Government Medical Colleges: Subsidized fee structure, high competition.

Private Medical Colleges: Higher fees, management and NRI quota seats available.

Deemed Universities: Autonomous institutions with their own fee structures and admission processes (via MCC).

AIIMS, JIPMER, and Other Institutes: From 2020 onwards, these institutions also admit students through NEET.

4. MBBS Course Duration and Curriculum

Duration: 5.5 years (4.5 years academic + 1 year internship)

Curriculum:

Pre-clinical (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry)

Para-clinical (Pathology, Microbiology, Pharmacology)

Clinical (Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Pediatrics, etc.)

Internship: Hands-on training across various departments in a hospital setting.

5. Fees Structure (Approximate)

College TypeAnnual Fee RangeGovernment College₹10,000 – ₹1,00,000Private College₹7,00,000 – ��25,00,000Deemed University₹10,00,000 – ₹30,00,000

Note: Fees vary by state, category, and institution.

6. Key Documents Required for Admission

NEET Admit Card and Scorecard

Class 10 & 12 Mark Sheets and Passing Certificates

Birth Certificate

Category Certificate (if applicable)

Domicile Certificate

Passport-size photographs

Identity Proof (Aadhaar, PAN, etc.)

7. Tips for Aspiring MBBS Students

Start NEET preparation early (preferably from Class 11).

Focus on NCERT books for Biology, Chemistry, and Physics.

Regular mock tests and previous-year paper practice are essential.

Keep updated with official websites like nta.ac.in, mcc.nic.in, and respective state counseling sites.

Conclusion

Securing an MBBS seat in India is a competitive but rewarding journey. With thorough preparation, strategic counseling participation, and dedication, thousands of students successfully begin their medical careers each year. If you’re passionate about medicine, India offers ample opportunities to turn your dream into reality.

#mbbs #mbbs admission #mbbs admission in india

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digitalmore · 2 months ago

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#IFTTT #Digital More

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jamesmilleer2407 · 2 months ago

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The Top Trends Fueling Cannabis Stocks' Growth in 2025

The cannabis industry has rapidly evolved from an illicit market to a legitimate, thriving global sector. As cannabis legalisation continues to gain momentum around the world, it has sparked the interest of investors looking to capitalise on this burgeoning market. Cannabis Stocks have become a key area for investment, drawing attention from those seeking to diversify their holdings and tap into a high-growth industry. The potential for growth is substantial, but it comes with a range of challenges that investors must understand. In this blog, we will explore how Cannabis Stocks are positioned for growth in the next decade and the key factors influencing their future success.

The Expanding Cannabis Market

The primary driver behind the rapid growth of Cannabis Stocks is the ongoing global legalisation of cannabis. Countries like Canada, parts of the U.S., and several European nations have already legalised cannabis for either medicinal or recreational use, with more countries following suit. As legalisation expands, so too does the market for cannabis-related products, ranging from recreational marijuana to cannabis-infused health and wellness products.

This expansion has significantly boosted the cannabis industry, which now includes not just growers, but also distributors, retailers, and biotech companies involved in cannabis-based treatments. As cannabis continues to become more mainstream, it opens up opportunities for companies to scale, making it an attractive sector for investors looking for high returns.

The Appeal of Cannabis Stocks

The appeal of Cannabis Stocks lies in the high-growth potential of the industry. Many cannabis companies are still in the early stages of development, which means their stock prices can increase significantly as they scale operations and enter new markets. This rapid growth potential, paired with increasing demand for cannabis products, has attracted a diverse range of investors.

Furthermore, cannabis's shift from a taboo product to a widely accepted recreational and medicinal option has generated significant interest in Cannabis Stocks. As medical cannabis is increasingly used to treat a variety of conditions—such as chronic pain, anxiety, and sleep disorders—investors are taking note of its expanding role in the healthcare sector. This growing acceptance of cannabis is transforming it into a long-term investment opportunity.

Factors Driving the Growth of Cannabis Stocks

A number of key factors are contributing to the growth of the cannabis industry. Chief among these is the legalisation movement. As more countries and states legalise cannabis, new markets open up for companies to exploit. The ongoing decriminalisation and full legalisation efforts in various parts of the world are setting the stage for sustained market growth in the cannabis stocks sector.

Another significant factor is the rise in demand for cannabis-based health and wellness products, particularly CBD (cannabidiol). Products such as CBD oils, tinctures, edibles, and topicals are gaining widespread popularity due to their perceived health benefits, which has provided a major boost to the cannabis sector. This growing consumer interest in wellness products is expected to continue, further increasing the market for Cannabis Stocks.

The advancements in cannabis-related research are also pushing the industry forward. As biotechnology firms explore the medical applications of cannabis, new treatments and therapies are being developed. This innovation has led to a rising demand for cannabis-based medicines, driving growth in the biotech sector within the cannabis market.

The Risks of Cannabis Stocks

While the growth potential of Cannabis Stocks is undeniable, investors must also be aware of the risks associated with this volatile market. One of the main risks is the uncertainty surrounding cannabis regulations. Although cannabis is legal in certain regions, it remains illegal in many parts of the world. Changes in legislation or regulatory approaches can have a significant impact on the industry, making cannabis stocks highly sensitive to shifts in public policy.

Additionally, cannabis companies face challenges when it comes to banking and financial services. In many regions, financial institutions remain hesitant to work with cannabis businesses due to federal restrictions, limiting these companies' access to capital. This can create instability for cannabis firms, particularly smaller companies that may struggle to secure financing for expansion.

The cannabis industry is also highly competitive, with many companies vying for market share. As the industry matures, consolidation is expected, and not all cannabis companies will survive. This adds an element of risk for investors, who must be cautious and conduct thorough research before committing to Cannabis Stocks.

A Strategic Approach to Cannabis Stocks

Given the volatility and risks associated with Cannabis Stocks, investors need to take a strategic approach. First, conducting in-depth research into the regulatory environment and the specific companies within the cannabis sector is essential. Understanding each company's position—whether they are focused on cultivation, distribution, or biotech—can help investors make more informed decisions.

Diversification is another important strategy when investing in cannabis stocks. With the inherent risks of the sector, it's crucial to avoid putting all funds into a single cannabis company. Spreading investments across different subsectors—such as cultivation, retail, and medical research—can help mitigate risk and capitalise on the overall growth of the industry.

The Long Term Goal of Cannabis Stocks

The future of Cannabis Stocks is bright, as the industry continues to expand. With increasing legalisation, the rising popularity of cannabis-based wellness products, and growing medical research, the market for cannabis is poised for sustained growth. However, this growth is not without its challenges. Regulatory hurdles, competition, and limited access to financial services are obstacles that companies in the cannabis sector must navigate.

For investors willing to take on the risks associated with this emerging industry, Cannabis Stocks offer significant upside potential. As cannabis becomes more accepted globally, and its medical benefits continue to be explored, these stocks could become a more integral part of the investment landscape in the coming years. With careful research, diversification, and a long-term perspective, investors have the potential to benefit from the ongoing growth of the cannabis market.

#CannabisStocks #CannabisIndustry #Legalisation #InvestInCannabis #CannabisMarket

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specialists-opinions · 3 months ago

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Tariffs, Tech, and the View from China

Plus: US-Russia cooperation, thirsty data centers, tariff fears, AI fears, US-Iran conflict fears, and more!

Robert Wright and Connor Echols

Apr 11

Note: If you want to listen to the livestream I did on YouTube with Nikita Petrov and Boris Shoshitaishvili last Friday, it’s now on the NonZero podcast feed. And if you want to join Nikita and Boris for their next livestream—the official launch of their kosmic new show Kosmopolitika—just click this link this Monday, April 14, at 1 pm US Eastern Time. They’ll be fielding questions—and, judging by the array of topics last Friday (politics, AI, noosphere, psychedelics, mind-body problem, etc.), no subject is off limits. Also note: No Earthling next week, owing to Easter-related travels and tariff fatigue. Other content will continue to flow.

—Bob

—The Trump administration is considering using drones to bomb Mexican cartels, possibly without Mexico’s consent, as part of its efforts to fight fentanyl trafficking, NBC News reported. US drones are already conducting surveillance flights over Mexico in order to “build a target deck” for future airstrikes, a former official said.

—A Russian rocket ferried an American astronaut and two Russian cosmonauts to the International Space Station, where the trio will live for eight months as they conduct scientific experiments. Space research is a rare area of continued cooperation between the US and Russia, but that collaboration is expected to end around 2028, when Moscow says it will pull out of the ISS program and start work on its own space station.

—Forty-four percent of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents say tariffs on China will have a positive effect on the US economy, but only 17 percent say tariffs will be good for their own bottom line, according to a new poll from the Pew Research Center. The poll was conducted after Trump placed a 20 percent tariff on Chinese goods but before he increased those levies to 145 percent. (See below for more on Trump’s trade war with China.)

Graph adapted by Clark McGillis. Data via Pew Research.

—The long-extinct dire wolf has been “de-extincted,” resurrected via the magic of biotechnology, according to Time Magazine’s cover story—but not according to Scientific American, which interviewed some scientists who find such language over the top. While the biotech firm Colossal did edit the DNA of embryonic gray wolves to instill some dire-wolf traits (including white fur), a mere 14 gene edits, these scientists say, isn’t enough to bridge the gap between two species whose last common ancestor lived 5.7 million years ago.

—Federal agents at Detroit Metro Airport detained the lawyer of a University of Michigan student who was arrested last year for her involvement in a pro-Palestine rally. Agents separated the attorney, Amir Makled, from his family upon their return from a vacation abroad and then, during a 90-minute interrogation, demanded access to his cell phone contact list—a demand he successfully resisted.

—Immigration officials said they will start combing the social media posts of applicants for visas and green cards, hoping to weed out people who “support antisemitic terrorism, violent antisemitic ideologies and antisemitic terrorist organizations.” J-Street, a progressive pro-Israel group, condemned the move, saying that the “fight against antisemitism won't be advanced by attacks on 250-year-old cherished American rights like free speech.”

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Tariffs, Tech, and the View from China

Plus: US-Russia cooperation, thirsty data centers, tariff fears, AI fears, US-Iran conflict fears, and more!

Robert Wright and Connor Echols

Apr 11

∙

PreviewREAD IN APP

—Bob

Upgrade to paidGenerated by Clark McGillis using ChatGPT 4o.

Humanity has just over two years to save itself from annihilation, according to Daniel Kokotajlo. Kokotajlo, who left OpenAI last year to protest the company’s “recklessly racing” toward artificial general intelligence, has gotten a lot of attention lately for a study he co-authored about the future of AI. The study’s projections, presented as a fictional futuristic narrative, depict American AI companies as facing a stark choice by the end of 2027: either slow down development and ensure that their technology aligns with human values, or storm ahead and risk creating a superintelligence that will within a few years kill us all.

Why, you might ask, would these companies choose door number two? In Kokotajlo’s analysis—conducted with a team that included a prominent forecaster—a lot of it comes down to China. If it looks like Chinese competitors could win the race to superintelligence, US companies will have a strong motivation, and government encouragement, to speed ahead.

In a conversation with Kokotajlo, podcaster Dwarkesh Patel spelled out what would seem to be the moral of the story: “It seems like you’re saying it’s a mistake to try and race against China, or race intensely against China.” Wrong! “Not saying that,” Kokotajlo interjected sharply, emphasizing that he doesn’t “want China to get to superintelligence before the US.” American companies will just have to find a way to “thread the needle,” he said—race fast enough to ensure American AI dominance but not so fast as to hasten the apocalypse.

Silicon Valley is said to be full of brilliant people who see farther than the rest of us, but, when the subject turns to China, some of them seem to suffer from tunnel vision. They believe that a headlong push for AI progress could be globally catastrophic (whether via sci-fi-ish AI “takeover” or more mundane forms of conflict and chaos), and they recognize that racing against China for AI supremacy increases the chances of catastrophe. But they can’t seem to envision an alternative to that race—like, say, pursuing a detente with China that might permit the two countries to agree on a responsible approach to AI development.

The view of China that animates Silicon Valley China hawkism has a lot in common with the view of China that prevails within the US foreign policy establishment, which in turn seems to overlap with the view of China in Donald Trump’s brain—the brain that brought us a world in which, at last count, American and Chinese tariffs on each other’s products were 145 percent and 125 percent, respectively. It’s a view of China that fails to take into account China’s view of the world.

The failure here isn’t a failure to grasp nuances of Chinese culture or important epochs in Chinese history (not even the century that many Chinese consider the “century of humiliation” by western powers, though it couldn’t hurt to keep that in mind). The central failure, rather, is a failure to grasp that Chinese people, like so many other people, are people.

Consider one of the several Trump bargaining masterstrokes that have lately made convulsion the stock market’s default condition. Early this week, after China responded to an American tariff increase of 34 percent with its own tariff hike of 34 percent, President Trump wrote on Truth Social, “[I]f China does not withdraw its 34% increase… by tomorrow, April 8th, 2025, the United States will impose ADDITIONAL Tariffs on China of 50%.” Now, there may be a chance—a small chance, but a chance—that a threat like that could have the desired effect. But it definitely can’t have that effect if you make the threat publicly.

To explain why, you don’t have to resort to the explanation deployed by the New York Times, which quoted a China expert saying that “Xi has built up an image of himself as a defiant strongman”. You just have to remember that leaders of nations don’t like their people to see them caving in to threats made by strutting bullies who lead adversarial nations—a fact that is a corollary of the larger truth that people in general don’t like to be seen by other people as caving in to threats made by pretty much anyone.

Sure, context matters—and the Times gets points for trying to explain how the current political and geopolitical context makes the perception of abject submission even less appealing to Xi Jinping than it might otherwise be. Still, various important failures of elites in Washington and Silicon Valley to understand China’s perspective are grounded in simple failures to understand human nature.

Consider one pattern that’s been amply documented by political scientists: Things nations do for defensive purposes are often construed as offensive by their adversaries (a perception that is part of the sometimes disastrous dynamic known as the “security dilemma”). This is a pretty straightforward emanation of human nature—of the human tendency to spend much more anxiety on threats we could face than threats other people could face (combined, perhaps, with our tendency to think of our own intentions as benign). Yet if you suggest to supporters of chip export restrictions that Beijing may see this policy as an attempt to slow China’s economic growth (the very growth that justifies the Chinese Communist Party’s continued rule), the reaction is often one of surprise. After all, the chip restrictions are defensive—they’re done out of fear that a superintelligence-powered China might extinguish democracy globally. Doesn’t Beijing understand that?

Meanwhile, if China responds to this perceived threat by strengthening ties with other autocracies, these same China hawks will likely see that as offensive, a threat to democracy worldwide (even though, if you pay attention, you’ll notice that China seems willing to strengthen ties with any democracies that are so inclined). And so it goes: A positive feedback loop of threat amplification—the kind of loop that famously contributed to the outbreak of World War I.

This kind of logic can play out in all kinds of realms. Just this week, a bipartisan congressional commission warned that the US must “take swift action” to avoid falling behind China in biotechnology. “There will be a ChatGPT moment for biotechnology, and if China gets there first, no matter how fast we run, we will never catch up,” the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology wrote in its final report. The commission recommends, among other things, $15 billion in biotech subsidies and restrictions on biotech exports to China.

To illuminate the underlying logic, the commissioners shared some predictions. If the US beats China, we could use our edge to facilitate the mining of rare earth minerals, develop pest- and drought-resistant crops, and cure cancer. But if our adversaries win, they could “engineer ‘super soldiers’ with genetically enhanced physical capabilities,” create and release microbes that quietly eat away at our bridges and roads, and cure cancer—but withhold the cure from US patients. The commission’s message is clear: We seek better living through biotech; China seeks “global economic and military supremacy.”

—Major tech firms are operating or building at least 62 data centers in arid regions around the world, where facilities face lower risk of metal corrosion and other humidity-related problems. But some observers—including a former Amazon sustainability expert—worry about the effect of the data centers’ water consumption on drought-prone regions, MaterialSource and The Guardian report. The computing facilities use vast amounts of water for cooling, which can lead to waste. Some use “open loop” systems, which dissipate much of the water via evaporation, and many facilities use water that is “treated with chemicals to prevent corrosion and bacterial growth, rendering it unsuitable for human consumption or agricultural use,” according to researchers at the University of Tulsa...

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sathcreation · 3 months ago

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IGCSE Science Online Classes: Your Complete Learning Solution at Gritty Tech

Why Choose IGCSE Science Online Classes?

The International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) is a globally recognized qualification developed by Cambridge Assessment International Education. Science is one of its most vital subjects, forming the foundation for careers in medicine, engineering, technology, and research. Choosing online classes allows students greater flexibility, access to expert tutors, and customized learning paths. At Gritty Tech, we specialize in delivering high-quality IGCSE Science online classes, tailored to meet the diverse needs of modern learners For More…

About Gritty Tech

Gritty Tech is a trusted leader in online education, providing a platform where technology meets personalized learning. Our IGCSE Science programs are designed by experienced educators and industry experts. With years of expertise, interactive content, and a commitment to student success, Gritty Tech offers a superior learning environment that prepares students to excel.

Comprehensive Coverage of IGCSE Science Subjects

At Gritty Tech, we cover all major branches of IGCSE Science:

IGCSE Physics: Mechanics, electricity, thermal physics, waves, atomic structure, and space physics.

IGCSE Chemistry: Atomic theory, chemical reactions, organic chemistry, industrial processes, and environmental chemistry.

IGCSE Biology: Cell biology, human physiology, genetics, ecology, and biotechnology.

Each subject is divided into modules that align perfectly with the IGCSE syllabus, ensuring complete coverage and thorough preparation.

Benefits of IGCSE Science Online Classes at Gritty Tech

1. Flexible Learning Schedule Students can access classes anytime, anywhere. Our platform allows learners to study at their own pace, balancing academics with other commitments.

2. Expert Tutors Our instructors are highly qualified with extensive experience in IGCSE curricula. They provide deep insights, practical problem-solving strategies, and personalized support.

3. Interactive Learning Resources Gritty Tech integrates videos, simulations, quizzes, and real-time experiments into the curriculum to make learning engaging and effective.

4. Regular Assessments and Feedback Students undertake periodic quizzes, assignments, and mock exams. Detailed feedback helps identify strengths and areas for improvement.

5. Comprehensive Study Material We provide curated notes, mind maps, practice papers, and past exam solutions that streamline revision and boost exam confidence.

6. Doubt Clearing Sessions Gritty Tech hosts weekly doubt-clearing sessions where students interact directly with tutors to resolve any queries.

7. Personalized Learning Paths Our AI-driven platform tailors the learning experience to individual student needs, focusing on weak areas and reinforcing strengths.

8. Exam Preparation Boot Camps Prior to exams, Gritty Tech organizes intensive revision boot camps that include practice exams, tips for tackling difficult questions, and time management strategies.

9. Parent-Teacher Interaction We believe in involving parents in the learning journey. Regular progress reports and meetings ensure transparency and collaboration.

Course Structure and Features

Each IGCSE Science subject at Gritty Tech is structured to make learning systematic and result-oriented:

Live Online Classes: Conducted by expert tutors with opportunities for real-time Q&A.

Recorded Sessions: Students can revisit lessons anytime for better understanding.

Topic-wise Tests: After completing each topic, a short test ensures mastery.

Assignments and Projects: Practical applications of scientific concepts are encouraged.

Past Papers Practice: Extensive practice with solved past papers under exam conditions.

Performance Tracking Dashboard: Students and parents can track academic progress via a smart dashboard.

Technology-Enhanced Learning at Gritty Tech

Gritty Tech leverages cutting-edge technologies to enhance the online learning experience:

Virtual Labs: Simulate scientific experiments safely from home.

AI-Powered Insights: Understand learning patterns and customize strategies.

Gamified Learning: Earn points, badges, and certificates to keep motivation high.

Mobile-Friendly Platform: Access lessons and resources seamlessly on smartphones and tablets.

Who Should Enroll?

Gritty Tech's IGCSE Science online classes are ideal for:

Students aiming for top grades in their IGCSE examinations.

Learners needing flexible schedules.

Students seeking in-depth understanding and practical application.

Homeschooled students looking for a structured science curriculum.

Learners who want to explore science beyond the classroom through interactive technologies.

Testimonials from Our Students

"Joining Gritty Tech's IGCSE Science classes was the best decision. The tutors are amazing, the resources are comprehensive, and I scored A* in Physics and Chemistry!" — Sarah L., Dubai

"The virtual labs and simulations made Biology so easy to understand. I loved the flexibility and support. Thank you, Gritty Tech!" — Ethan P., Singapore

Why Gritty Tech Stands Out

High Success Rate: 92% of our students achieve A or A* grades.

Global Reach: Students from over 20 countries trust Gritty Tech.

Dedicated Student Support: 24/7 assistance via chat, email, and calls.

Affordable Pricing: High-quality education at competitive rates.

Scholarships and Discounts: Merit-based scholarships are available.

Enrollment Process

Getting started with Gritty Tech is easy:

Visit Our Website: grittytech.com

Choose Your Course: Select the IGCSE Science subject(s) you wish to enroll in.

Fill Out the Application Form: Provide basic information and academic background.

Get a Free Counseling Session: Our advisors help you plan the best learning path.

Start Learning: Access your classes immediately after enrollment.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What syllabus do Gritty Tech's IGCSE Science classes follow? A1: We align our content with Cambridge IGCSE specifications, ensuring students are fully prepared.

Q2: Can I enroll in multiple science subjects? A2: Absolutely! We offer package deals for students taking Physics, Chemistry, and Biology together.

Q3: Are the classes live or recorded? A3: Both. We offer live interactive sessions and recorded videos for revision.

Q4: How do you track student progress? A4: Through continuous assessments, periodic reports, and performance dashboards.

Q5: Do you provide any free trial classes? A5: Yes! Sign up on grittytech.com for a free demo class.

Conclusion: Your Success Starts Here with Gritty Tech

If you are serious about excelling in IGCSE Science, Gritty Tech offers everything you need — expert tutors, comprehensive materials, advanced technology, and a supportive environment. With Gritty Tech, you're not just preparing for an exam; you're building a solid foundation for a brilliant future in science.

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komalargroup · 3 months ago

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MBBS in Haryana: A Wise Choice for NEET Aspirants

For individuals aspiring to pursue a career as a doctor, selecting the appropriate state and college is a significant choice. Haryana is quickly becoming a prime preference among NEET aspirants because of its affordable fee structure, an increasing number of NMC-approved institutions, and quality clinical exposure.

Whether you are a local resident of Haryana or a student from another state, pursuing MBBS in Haryana allows you to access reputable institutions, qualified faculty, and structured government-driven counseling via NEET UG.

Why MBBS in Haryana?

Here are the key factors explaining why students choose MBBS in Haryana:

Superior education with knowledgeable faculty at both government and private institutions.

Cost-effective fees compared to other states.

Well-structured NEET counseling managed by the Directorate of Medical Education and Research (DMER), Haryana.

Good patient inflow in hospitals affiliated with government colleges like PGIMS Rohtak, providing excellent clinical experience.

Availability of management and NRI quota seats in private institutions.

List of Top MBBS Colleges in Haryana (Government and Private)

Here are some prominent institutions offering MBBS in the state:

Government Medical Colleges

College Name Location Seats Fees (Approx)

Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak 200+ ₹53,000/year

ESIC Medical College Faridabad 125 ₹1,00,000/year

Kalpana Chawla Medical College Karnal 120 ₹80,000/year

Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Govt. Medical College Nuh 120 ₹60,000/year

Private Medical Colleges

College Name Location Seats Fees (Approx)

Adesh Medical College Kurukshetra 150 ₹12. 50 lakhs/year

World College of Medical Sciences Jhajjar 150 ₹11 lakhs/year

NC Medical College Panipat 150 ₹11. 50 lakhs/year

SGT Medical College Gurgaon 150 ₹13 lakhs/year

All institutions are recognized by the National Medical Commission (NMC) and adhere to the MBBS curriculum according to Indian medical standards.

Eligibility Criteria for MBBS in Haryana

To apply for MBBS in Haryana, you must fulfill the following requirements:

Age: At least 17 years by 31st December of the admission year.

Education: Completion of Class 12 with Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotechnology, and English.

Minimum Marks:

General Category: 50% in PCB

OBC/SC/ST: 40%

PWD: 45%

You must have qualified NEET UG in the applicable year.

MBBS Admission Process in Haryana

Admissions rely solely on NEET UG scores. The counseling process is overseen by DMER Haryana for 85% state quota seats, while the 15% All India Quota (AIQ) is managed by MCC.

Haryana NEET UG Counseling Process:

Online Registration on the official website of DMER Haryana.

Document Verification either online or at designated centers.

Choice Filling of preferred colleges and seat locking.

Merit List Release based on NEET scores and Haryana domicile status.

Seat Allotment and reporting to the assigned college.

Note: Private colleges also have management and NRI quota seats accessible to students from outside states.

MBBS Fees in Haryana

The fees for MBBS differ based on the type of institution:

Government Colleges

Fee range: ₹50,000 to ₹1,00,000 per year

Hostel and mess fees: Additional, typically around ₹30,000–₹50,000/year

Private Colleges

Fee range: ₹10–13 lakhs/year

NRI Quota: $25,000 to $30,000 per year

Hostel: ₹1–1. 5 lakhs/year

Haryana's private medical colleges generally have lower fees compared to states like Karnataka or Maharashtra, making them appealing options.

📊 NEET Cut-off for MBBS in Haryana

The NEET cut-off for MBBS admission is influenced by the number of candidates and their scores. Here’s a general outline:

Government Colleges:

General Category: 600+ marks

Reserved Categories: 520–580 marks

Private Colleges:

Management Quota: 250–450 marks

NRI Quota: No established cut-off, but NEET qualification is necessary

Each college publishes its own cut-off list during the counseling process, so it’s crucial to stay informed through the DMER Haryana portal.

Scholarships and Financial Aid

The Haryana government provides various schemes for economically disadvantaged students, including:

Post-Matric Scholarship for SC/ST/OBC students

Fee waivers for Haryana domicile candidates from BPL families

Merit-based scholarships at the college level

These advantages assist students in alleviating the financial strain of private college fees.

Hostel and Campus Facilities

Most medical colleges in Haryana feature on-campus hostels, with designated sections for boys and girls. Amenities typically include:

AC/Non-AC rooms

Wi-Fi connectivity

Study halls and libraries

Mess and canteen services

Sports and recreation facilities

PGIMS Rohtak and ESIC Faridabad are recognized for their outstanding hostel and hospital infrastructure.

Final Thoughts: Is Haryana Good for MBBS?

Yes, if you’re seeking affordable medical education with quality clinical experience and accredited colleges, pursuing MBBS in Haryana is a viable option. The admission procedure is clear, and the availability of both government and private institutions makes it attainable for a larger pool of students.

Whether you’re a Haryana domicile candidate or applying under the management quota from another state, the region presents promising prospects for your medical career.

#MBBS In Haryana #Study MBBS in Haryana

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