#electrical engineers

[victusinveritas]

[spark-hearts2]

tell me everything about AC to DC filters Right Now

:0

Dear god.

OK I have to make some assumptions or else this is going to get really long. I am going to assume that you already know what AC and DC are. I am going to assume that you took (and passed) geometry, so a sine wave and it's variations are familiar to you. I am also going to assume that you also know the difference between voltage, current, and resistance.

So, what are AC to DC, why do we care about that? Well, the electricity coming out of the wall is AC, but in order to, lets say, charge your laptop battery, you need DC. In fact, if you look at a laptop charger, you'll see The Brick. The thick rectangle that gets hot when charging the laptop.

THAT'S THE AC TO DC CONVERTER

I just called it converter instead of filter. Why? Because filters technically only remove a 'ripple' from DC current, so a current that's almost DC but not quite. If you are making the entire jump from AC to DC, then that's called a converter.

Now here's where things get fucked.

These are all of the parts after the plug. The load is your laptop, the regulator is your filter.

Let's say that this is your AC signal (this graph showing the voltage over time). Now, the first thing this passes through is the transformer, which only adjusts the voltage to the correct level. Some devices need it higher, some lower. Let's say that this transformer is a step up transformer, because it made the signal bigger.

The next step is the rectifier. Now, traditionally this part is taught in stages in order to show it's affect on the signal. I'm going to speed run that. I will assume that you're familiar with what a diode is. If you aren't, just know that it only allows current to flow in one direction. So, anything going backwards will be removed. Picture a one way valve.

So, if we were to send this signal through one diode, then that would leave us with

just the positive half! That's why this setup is called a Half-wave rectifier.

But what if we were to use two diodes. As in, fill in the blank spot that the negative half left with another positive bump. That would give us

This lovely thing! Which is great, but it requires another AC signal that is 180 degrees off from the original one in order to exist. Which, transformers exist which can provide that, but it's not cost effective. So, that leaves us with the most common setup, the Bridge Rectifier.

I've been skipping the circuit diagram so far, but now it's important.

THIS thing is a bridge rectifier connected to the transformer (yes that's what transformers look like according to circuit diagram shorthand). Now, I am American, and for some reason American electricians use that up and down sharp thing in the middle of the diamond to indicate a resistor. Europe uses a rectangle. Again, I am going to assume that you know what a resistor does.

Those four black triangles with lines? Those are diodes. The line across the tip of the triangle indicates what direction they are allowing current to flow into. Now picture you were a positive signal flowing in through point A into the bridge. There's a split in the circuit, but one way (diode D4) is blocked, so you have to go across diode D1. Now you're at the edge of the diamond, once again two ways you can go. You head towards diode D2, because diode D3 won't let you through. What that looks like is this

What about the other direction? Well that looks like

Notice that the edges of the diamond are called out? Points C and D. That's the money makers. You see, if you plug into point D as your positive and C as your negative, you get a full wave signal! (so sorry for not going fully in depth on why that works just trust me it's a bit of a mess and should really be taught with the actual circuit in front of you, not across the internet like this)

A full wave signal is completely positive, but it's not exactly DC yet. That's where smoothing comes in. This is done with a capacitor!

The capacitor is charged up and then slowly releases it's charge. But before it can completely discharge, it gets recharged by the next wave. Quick review, a capacitor is like a battery where it can be charged up, but unlike a battery which holds charge with chemistry, capacitors hold charge with physics. They can still wear out, but not nearly as quickly as a battery.

What does that red line look like? Well, almost like a straight line, except it has RIPPLES! That's right, we're finally back to the filter! Or the regulator as the diagram calls it. Means the same thing.

Sometimes, this step is skipped. If the device getting signal isn't too sensitive or it's just cheep, then the electricity stays bouncy. Some devices really care about any fluxuation in the signal, in which case they get a big expensive filter.

Unfortunately, the inner bits of a filter are many, so I won't be going into all of that. But you want me to go into that, so I will show a circuit diagram.

This is a diagram of the ADP1612

This website has a downloadable version of the spec sheet!

But that's a level of detail that you usually only get into if you are planning on building a circuit. The day that you're flipping through spec sheets in order to check compatibility is when you've really become an engineer.

So that's how you go from AC into DC. Yes, I just spent an hour typing this all out. I like electricity a lot.

Here's a GREAT video that goes over all of this but the guy actually has a circuit and an ossiliscope in front of him to show the signal.

[blitzbahrain]

Switchgear Solutions for Solar and Wind Energy Systems

Why Switchgear Matters in Solar and Wind Systems

Switchgear plays a central role in controlling, isolating, and protecting electrical equipment. In renewable energy applications, it helps:

· Manage power flow from variable energy sources.

· Protect systems from faults or overloads.

· Ensure seamless grid integration and disconnection when needed.

Unlike traditional power plants, solar and wind systems generate intermittent power, requiring switchgear that can handle dynamic loads and frequent switching.

Challenges in Renewable Energy Applications

Here are some of the unique challenges renewable energy systems face — and how they impact switchgear selection:

1. Variable Output

Solar and wind energy production fluctuates based on weather and time of day. This demands switchgear that can:

· Handle frequent load changes.

· Operate reliably under fluctuating voltages and currents.

2. Decentralized Generation

Unlike centralized grids, solar and wind systems are often spread out across multiple locations.

· Modular, compact switchgear is preferred for such installations.

· Smart monitoring becomes critical to manage performance remotely.

3. Harsh Environments

Wind turbines operate at high altitudes, and solar farms are often exposed to heat, dust, or salt.

· Switchgear needs to be rugged, weather-resistant, and have high IP ratings.

· Outdoor switchgear enclosures and temperature management are essential.

Key Features of Switchgear for Solar & Wind

When designing or upgrading renewable energy systems, look for switchgear that offers:

1. Remote Monitoring and Control

Smart switchgear integrated with IoT technology allows operators to track real-time data, detect faults early, and optimize system performance.

2. High Interruption Capacity

Wind and solar systems may experience voltage spikes. Modern switchgear provides high breaking capacities to safely interrupt fault currents.

3. Modular Design

Allows for easy upgrades and maintenance — crucial for scaling renewable installations.

4. Eco-Friendly Design

Look for SF₆-free switchgear that uses clean air or other sustainable alternatives to reduce environmental impact.

5. Hybrid Capabilities

Switchgear that can connect both AC and DC sources is increasingly valuable in mixed-source grids.

LV, MV, and HV Switchgear for Renewables

· Low Voltage (LV) Switchgear: Used in residential or small-scale solar systems. Compact, safe, and cost-effective.

· Medium Voltage (MV) Switchgear: Ideal for commercial and industrial solar/wind applications.

· High Voltage (HV) Switchgear: Essential for utility-scale wind farms or solar plants feeding into the national grid.

Each type requires specific protection, metering, and automation components tailored to its load and system requirements.

Final Thoughts

Switchgear is the backbone of any successful solar or wind energy system. As these technologies become more mainstream, the demand for resilient, intelligent, and environmentally friendly switchgear solutions will continue to rise.

Whether you’re an energy consultant, project developer, or facility manager, choosing the right switchgear today will set the stage for long-term efficiency, safety, and scalability.

[muneca-muerta]

it’s still so depressing to me that i had to turn this down because I was literally in my fall semester of electrical engineering. (I was deferred then accepted)

[e-kitabi]

💥Attention💥

If U are interested ,, I will send this PDF for Free !!📚⬇🥰

[randomuniversityquotes]

"If you're electrical you can close your eyes and imagine stuff, it's amazing." (Statics prof. complementing electrical engineers (for fun))

[platypusisnotonfire]

This is exactly what I want my future hypothetical family to be. This is what I will pass down to my children.

my family is fucking addicted to macgyvering and it's becoming a problem. every time something in this house breaks, instead of doing the sensible thing of replacing it or calling someone qualified to fix it, we all group around the offending object with a manic look in our eyes and everyone gets a try at fixing it while being cheered on or ridiculed by the rest.

it's a beautiful bonding activity, but the "creative" fixes have turned our house into a quasihaunted escape room like contraption where everything works, but only in the wonkiest of ways. you need a huge block of iron to turn on the stove. the oven only works if a specific clock is plugged in. the bread machine has a huge wood block just stapled to it that has become foundational to its function. sometimes when you use the toaster the doorbell rings. and that's just the kitchen.

it's all fun and games until you have guests over and you have to lay out the rules of the house like it's a fucking board game. welcome to the beautiful guest room. don't pull out the couch yourself you need a screwdriver for that, and that metal rod makes the lamp work so don't move it. it also made me a terrifying roommate in college, because it makes me think i can fix anything with enough hubris and a drill. you want to call the landlord about a leaky faucet? as if. one time my dad made me install a new power socket because we ran our of extension cords

[electraglobeblogs]

Detailed Engineering in Utility-Scale Solar for Long-Term Reliability

Australia’s expansion of renewable energy continues to accelerate, with large-scale solar installations playing a leading role. However, the long-term success of these projects depends on more than location and funding. It requires precision renewable energy engineering to ensure safe, efficient, and compliant performance throughout the system’s lifespan.

Detailed engineering transforms early-stage concepts into buildable, grid-ready solar infrastructure. This article outlines how detailed design supports each stage of a utility-scale project, from pre-construction planning to solar to long-term operation.

Why Detailed Engineering Matters in Utility-Scale Solar

Detailed engineering serves as the blueprint that bridges concept and construction. It translates design intent into actionable plans, technical specifications, and performance studies that guide solar farm site coordination and ensure reliable long-term operation.

Without this foundation, even the best ideas can result in costly redesigns, inefficient layouts, and non-compliant systems. With it, developers gain clarity, control, and confidence from early design to commissioning.

Site Planning and General Arrangement of the Project

Effective pre-construction planning for solar begins with precise site layout design. Engineers develop general arrangement (GA) plans that detail the positioning of major components, including:

Access roads

Drainage systems

Inverter and transformer stations

Substations

Equipment maintenance zones

These layouts influence everything from construction management for solar farms to long-term access and maintenance efficiency. By analysing terrain, flood zones, soil characteristics, and clearance requirements, engineers help avoid spatial conflicts, construction delays, and rework.

Electrical Design Supports End-to-End Energy Flow

A well-executed electrical design is central to renewable energy engineering. It ensures consistent power flow across the project’s voltage levels and helps demonstrate compliance with Australian standards and utility requirements. Key areas include:

DC (Direct Current) Design – PV string sizing, conductor selection, and voltage drop analysis

LV (Low Voltage) Design – Auxiliary systems including lighting, control circuits, and internal power distribution

HV (High Voltage) Design – Transformer connections, switchgear layouts, and grid export systems 

Engineers also conduct power system studies such as load flow analysis, fault level calculations, and thermal performance evaluations. These are critical to grid compliance and system optimisation.

Structural and Civil Engineering Improve Stability and Durability

Structural and civil engineering designs are tailored to site-specific conditions such as wind loads, rainfall patterns, and soil bearing capacity. This includes:

Mounting structure specifications

Foundation design using geotechnical data

Stormwater drainage and erosion control

Access road engineering for heavy equipment

Civil and electrical engineers collaborate closely to coordinate cable trenches, foundation zones, and structure placements, reducing design conflicts and keeping the build on track.

Substation and Building Layouts Align Infrastructure

Substations, control rooms, and inverter stations are central to a solar power plant’s functionality. Their layout affects everything from electrical performance to O&M access.

Electrical consultants assess:

Arc flash boundaries

Equipment spacing and door clearances

Cable trench routing

Earthing integration and conduit runs

Designs should align with grid codes and site constraints to ensure safety and efficiency throughout the asset’s lifecycle.

Earthing Design Increases Safety and Equipment Protection

A properly designed earthing system is an essential component of renewable energy engineering, protecting personnel and equipment by mitigating voltage rise during electrical faults or lightning strikes. Key engineering tasks include:

Step and touch voltage assessments

Soil resistivity testing

Earth grid layout and impedance modelling

Bonding of metal structures and conductive components

All designs are aligned with AS 3000 and AS 1768. In addition to improving safety, earthing helps protection devices operate reliably, contributing to overall system stability.

Protection Coordination for Fault Isolation

In utility-scale solar projects, protection systems should quickly detect and isolate faults while maintaining uptime across the unaffected portions of the plant. An experienced electrical engineering consultant conducts detailed protection coordination studies, which typically include:

Time-current curve analysis

Arc flash assessments

Fault level and relay setting calculations

Protection schemes follow AS/NZS 7000 and IEC 61850 standards to ensure compliance and support reliable grid integration.

Comprehensive Design Packages for Seamless Construction

A full design package streamlines construction management for solar farms by providing all the technical documentation needed for procurement and construction. Typical inclusions are:

Civil, electrical, and structural drawings

Site layout plans and trench details

Equipment schedules and specification sheets

Issued for Construction (IFC) documentation

These packages reduce site queries, limit change orders, and help all stakeholders work from a coordinated plan, resulting in faster, smoother execution.

Build Solar Farms That Last with ElectraGlobe

Utility-scale solar farms should operate safely, deliver consistent performance, and meet grid connection standards for decades. Achieving this depends on detailed engineering that considers every system interaction, layout constraint, and compliance obligation from the outset.

At ElectraGlobe, we deliver complete engineering services tailored to large-scale solar and battery energy storage system (BESS) projects. Our team specialises in technically sound, grid-compliant designs that support your project from concept through construction and commissioning. For expert support in renewable energy engineering, get in touch with us today!

[manav-energy]

How Smart Electric Grids are Revolutionizing Renewable Energy?

As the world moves towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, one major innovation which is helping to make this possible: Smart Electric Grid, but what exactly Is it and why it is so important for renewable energy integration to lead towards green energy?

What is a Smart Electric Grid? A Smart Electric Grid is an advanced electricity network that utilizes digital technology and two-way communication to improve the reliability, sustainability and efficiency of electricity delivery. It goes beyond the traditional one-way flow of electricity to enable control, real-time monitoring, and automation of the power grid.

Why does Smart electrical Grid matter in Renewable Energy? The Smart Grid is the modernization of the electricity delivery system in the era of renewable energy integration. A smart grid differs from the traditional grid in that it allows two-way communication of electricity data, rather than a one-way flow. Smart grids enable real-time data collection concerning electricity supply and demand during the transmission and distribution process, making monitoring, generation, consumption and maintenance more efficient which matters more in the renewable energy sector.

Most electricity grids are based on one-way interaction from the stages of generation to consumption. Smart grids, on the other hand, integrate the action of all users in the power network using computer-based remote control and automation. This two-way interaction is what makes the grid “smart”. Like the internet, the Smart Grid consists of controls, computers, automation, telecommunication and equipment that work together, but in this case, these technologies work with the electrical grid to respond digitally to our quickly changing electric demand.

Future of Smart Grid Technology

There is no question that the future of energy is moving towards more decentralized, flexible, and sustainable power provision. But we are talking about a global industry that is over a century old—and often must rely upon infrastructures from nearly that long ago to serve billions of people and their rapidly changing demands.

Other challenges include complex regulatory changes, the rise of prosumers, and new start-ups emerging in deregulated regions. Like any journey of business and digital transformation, the move to smarter grid management starts with a few cautious steps before breaking into a run. Technologies in the utilities sector are undoubtedly powering and enabling the evolution of this sector.

• Communicating a vision of the smart grid and aligning teams and stakeholders around it • Strengthening consumer education about the changes and opportunities to come • Providing win/win motivation for consumers, prosumers, and potential distribution partners • Developing metrics to monitor progress in the implementation and effectiveness of smart grids • Keeping the customer experience and customer retention in mind, given the additional competition and decentralization of a smart energy market

👉 To understand this transformation in depth, read  The Role of Smart Electric Grid in Renewable Energy

Conclusion As we know, the world is undergoing a fundamental transition in the way energy is generated, transmitted, distributed, and used. A drive towards more sustainable sources, reduced waste, and lower emissions, together with a significantly increasing demand for Smart Electric Grid, is redefining the roles of transmission and distribution system operators and the regulatory framework under which they operate.

Manav, through its advanced engineering and consulting expertise, is contributing to this transformation by enabling innovative solutions for renewable energy integration and the future of smart grid technology.

[academiceurope]

Job - Alert 💻

🚀 Projektkoordination in der Quantenforschung gesucht!

Das Ferdinand-Braun-Institut, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik in Berlin sucht einen **wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiter*in (m/w/d)** zur Koordination eines Projekts für photonische Module in Quantencomputern.

🔍 Physik, Elektrotechnik oder Maschinenbau (Master/Promotion)

📍 Berlin-Adlershof | 💼 TVöD EG13 | 🕒 Flexibel & familienfreundlich

🗓️ Bewerbung bis 10.06.2025 | Kennziffer: 13/25

👉 Jetzt bewerben: https://www.academiceurope.com/job/?id=7568

[r4ndom45]

Im failing electronics 😢

[omerahsan]

At Founders Engineering Solutions, we deliver exceptional engineering design and drafting services with precision, efficiency, and innovation. Our experienced team specializes in mechanical, plumbing, electrical, structural, fire protection, and hazardous materials safety engineering, providing comprehensive solutions for residential, commercial, and industrial projects. Committed to compliance, safety, and cutting-edge technology, we offer Professional Engineer (PE) stamped drawings and designs recognized in all 50 states. Whether you require full-scale engineering design, a compliance review, or a PE stamp for existing plans, we ensure quality, accuracy, and reliability in every aspect of your project.

[legendary-ai-stories]

"Incisioni Notturne di Halloween: Gli Ingegneri Elettrici e la Svolta di Ganondorf sul Fiume Ombroso"

Le ombre della notte di Halloween dilagavano sulla bruna superficie del Fiume Ombroso, un corso d’acqua che si snodava intorno alla città come un serpente notturno. Al centro di quest’ambientazione quasi sovrannaturale, i protagonisti non erano however dei fantasmi o delle streghe bensí un gruppo di ingegneri elettrici, con al centro un individuo dal nome evocativo: Ganondorf. Nei meandri del…

[blitzbahrain]

A Closer Look at ACB vs MCCB vs MCB: What’s the Difference?

When it comes to electrical protection and control, selecting the right type of circuit breaker is crucial for safety, efficiency, and performance. Among the most common types of breakers used in low-voltage electrical distribution systems are ACBs (Air Circuit Breakers), MCCBs (Molded Case Circuit Breakers), and MCBs (Miniature Circuit Breakers). Each of these has its unique features, applications, and limitations.

In this article, we’ll break down the key differences between ACB, MCCB, and MCB to help you make informed decisions for your projects.

What is an MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)?

An MCB is a compact protection device designed primarily for low-current, low-voltage circuits (typically up to 100 A).

Key Features:

Rated current: Up to 100 A

Breaking capacity: Up to 10–15 kA

Trip characteristics: Fixed (B, C, D curves)

Voltage level: Low voltage (generally 230V/400V)

Commonly used in: Residential and light commercial installations

Advantages:

Small and space-saving

Easy to install and replace

Cost-effective

Quick response to overcurrent and short circuit

Limitations:

Not suitable for industrial or high-load applications

No adjustability in trip settings

2. What is an MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)?

An MCCB is a more robust and versatile breaker designed for higher current ratings and industrial applications.

Key Features:

Rated current: Up to 2500 A (some models go beyond)

Breaking capacity: Up to 50–100 kA

Adjustable thermal and magnetic trip settings

Voltage level: Low to medium voltage (up to 1000V)

Commonly used in: Commercial and industrial distribution systems

Advantages:

Wide range of protection (overload, short circuit)

Adjustable settings provide flexibility

Suitable for motor protection and feeder protection

Can be used for selective coordination

Limitations:

Larger than MCBs

More expensive

Manual reset required after tripping

3. What is an ACB (Air Circuit Breaker)?

An ACB is a heavy-duty breaker used mainly in main power distribution systems, typically at the incoming (main) panel level.

Key Features:

Rated current: Up to 6300 A

Breaking capacity: Up to 120 kA

Voltage level: Up to 690V (Low voltage applications)

Trip units: Digital/microprocessor-based (with features like communication, metering, diagnostics)

Commonly used in: Industrial, commercial, and utility-scale applications

Advantages:

High breaking capacity

Advanced protection and control (via intelligent trip units)

Remote monitoring and operation

Easy maintenance and servicing

Limitations:

Large in size

Higher initial cost

Generally not suitable for final circuit protection

Comparison Table: ACB vs MCCB vs MCB

Feature MCB MCCB ACB Current Rating Up to 100 A Up to 2500 A Up to 6300 A Breaking Capacity~10 kA Up to 100 k A Up to 120 k A Trip Setting Fixed Adjustable Advanced (Digital/Micro)Application Residential /Light Comml. Industrial/Commercial Main Distribution/Industrial Size Very compact Medium Large Cost Low Moderate High Remote Monitoring No Optional Yes (Smart Trip Units)

How to Choose the Right Breaker?

It depends on your application:

Use MCBs for final circuit protection in homes, offices, or small shops.

Use MCCBs for motor protection, feeder circuits, or larger loads in industrial/commercial setups.

Use ACBs for main distribution, large generators, or transformer protection in industrial facilities.

Conclusion

Understanding the differences between ACB, MCCB, and MCB is essential for electrical engineers, panel builders, and procurement professionals. While they all serve the purpose of protecting circuits from faults, their capabilities and applications are very different.

As a trusted switchgear supplier, we help our clients choose the right protection device for their needs — whether it’s for a home panel or a high-capacity industrial switchboard.

Need help selecting the right circuit breaker for your project? Get in touch with our technical team today — we’re here to support you from specs to supply.

sales@blitzbahrain.com +973 35682029

[afnguy]

If your interested in my business, please respond before April 23, /25, as I will be retiring after that date. Thank you. Ashley Nitkin

[e-kitabi]

🎷New Books 📚 If you're interested,🌹🌹 I'll send you PDF file now ...🌹🌹🌹