#term 1 Chemistry Sample Paper for Class 12

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How to Manage Class 12 and Prepare for the NEET

Introduction

Balancing the rigorous demands of Class 12 and preparing for the NEET exam can feel like juggling flaming torches while riding a unicycle. It's a challenge that requires strategic planning, unwavering dedication, and a clear focus on your goals. This article will guide you through the essential steps to manage both effectively, ensuring you’re well-prepared for both your board exams and NEET.

Understanding the NEET Exam

Before diving into the preparation tips, let’s understand what NEET is. The National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) is the gateway for aspiring medical students in India. It's a highly competitive exam that tests your knowledge in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Cracking NEET is crucial for securing a seat in prestigious medical colleges.

Setting Clear Goals

Success begins with setting clear, achievable goals. Define what you want to accomplish in both Class 12 and NEET. Write down your targets and break them into smaller, manageable milestones. This approach helps you stay focused and motivated, ensuring that you’re making consistent progress.

Creating a Balanced Study Schedule

A well-structured timetable is your best friend. Balance is key; allocate sufficient time for both Class 12 subjects and NEET preparation. Here’s a sample study schedule:

6:00 AM - 8:00 AM: NEET Biology

8:00 AM - 9:00 AM: Breakfast and relaxation

9:00 AM - 1:00 PM: School/College classes

1:00 PM - 2:00 PM: Lunch break

2:00 PM - 4:00 PM: Class 12 Chemistry

4:00 PM - 6:00 PM: NEET Physics

6:00 PM - 7:00 PM: Exercise and leisure

7:00 PM - 9:00 PM: Class 12 Mathematics/Optional subjects

9:00 PM - 10:00 PM: Dinner and relaxation

10:00 PM - 11:00 PM: Revision and self-study

Time Management Tips

Managing your time efficiently is crucial. Prioritize your tasks based on their importance and deadlines. Avoid procrastination by setting specific goals for each study session. The time-blocking method, where you dedicate fixed blocks of time to different subjects, can be particularly effective.

Choosing the Right Study Materials

Choosing the right study materials can make a significant difference. For Class 12, stick to your NCERT textbooks as they are comprehensive and form the basis for many exam questions. For NEET, consider additional reference books like:

Physics: Concepts of Physics by H.C. Verma

Chemistry: Physical Chemistry by O.P. Tandon

Biology: Biology by Trueman's

Also, make use of online resources and mock tests to enhance your preparation.

Effective Study Techniques

Active learning techniques such as summarizing information in your own words, teaching concepts to someone else, and using flashcards can improve retention. Regular revisions are essential to keep the information fresh in your mind. Mind maps can also be useful for visual learners.

Joining Coaching Classes

Coaching classes can provide structured guidance and additional resources. However, they are not mandatory. Weigh the pros and cons before making a decision. If you choose to join, select a reputable institute with a proven track record. Balance the time spent in coaching classes with self-study to avoid burnout.

Staying Motivated

Staying motivated throughout the year can be challenging. Set small, achievable milestones and reward yourself when you reach them. This could be as simple as watching an episode of your favorite show or going out with friends. Maintaining a positive attitude is crucial for long-term success.

Taking Care of Your Health

Your physical and mental health are just as important as your studies. Make time for regular exercise, eat nutritious meals, and get adequate sleep. Practice relaxation techniques like meditation or yoga to manage stress and anxiety.

Mock Tests and Practice Papers

Regularly taking mock tests and solving practice papers is vital. They help you understand the exam pattern, identify your strengths and weaknesses, and improve your time management skills. Analyze your performance in these tests and work on the areas that need improvement.

Balancing Extracurricular Activities

Extracurricular activities play a significant role in your overall development. They provide a much-needed break from studies and help you manage stress. Make time for your hobbies and interests, but ensure they don’t interfere with your study schedule.

Seeking Support and Guidance

Don’t hesitate to seek help when needed. Whether it’s from teachers, mentors, or peers, guidance can provide new insights and help you overcome challenges. Building a support network can make your preparation journey less stressful and more enjoyable.

Staying Updated with NEET Notifications

Regularly check official NEET websites for updates on exam dates, syllabus changes, and other important notifications. Staying informed will help you plan your preparation more effectively and avoid last-minute surprises.

Career & Courses is a premier residential coaching institute dedicated to guiding students towards success in NEET and JEE exams. With a focus on comprehensive study programs, expert faculty, and a nurturing environment, Career & Courses( Best Neet Coaching Centre in Kota) provides the ideal setting for aspiring students to excel in their medical and engineering entrance tests. The institute combines rigorous academic training with personal support to help students achieve their career goals.

Conclusion

Balancing Class 12 studies with NEET preparation is no small feat, but with proper planning and dedication, it’s entirely achievable. Remember to set clear goals, manage your time effectively, stay motivated, and take care of your health. You’ve got this!

FAQs

1. How many hours should I study daily for NEET and Class 12? It varies for each student, but on average, 6-8 hours of dedicated study time should be sufficient, balancing both NEET and Class 12 subjects.

2. Can I manage school and NEET preparation without coaching? Yes, many students successfully prepare for NEET without coaching. The key is a well-structured study plan and access to the right study materials.

3. What are the best books for NEET preparation? Some recommended books are Concepts of Physics by H.C. Verma, Physical Chemistry by O.P. Tandon, and Biology by Trueman's.

4. How do I stay motivated during my preparation? Set small, achievable milestones and reward yourself for meeting them. Maintain a positive mindset and remind yourself of your long-term goals.

5. How important are extracurricular activities during NEET preparation? While academics should be your primary focus, extracurricular activities are important for your overall development and can help manage stress.

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Creating an effective time table for study at home is crucial for academic success. At Ecole Globale Schools, we recognize the importance of structured study time and provide our students with the tools they need to excel. This article will guide parents and students on how to create an efficient study time table, focusing on strategies that enhance productivity and learning outcomes.

Importance of a Study Time Table

A well-organized time table for study at home plays a pivotal role in a student’s academic journey. It helps in:

Time Management: Allocates specific times for different subjects and tasks.

Goal Setting: Sets clear, achievable goals for study sessions.

Prioritizing Tasks: Focuses on subjects that need more attention.

Staying Organized: Keeps track of assignments, exams, and deadlines.

Reducing Stress: Promotes a balanced approach to studying and leisure.

Steps to Create an Effective Study Time Table

1. Set Clear Goals

Setting clear, achievable goals is the first step in creating an effective study time table.

Daily Goals: Break down your study material into manageable daily targets.

Weekly and Monthly Goals: Plan for longer-term objectives to ensure comprehensive coverage of the syllabus.

2. Prioritize Subjects

Focusing on subjects that require more attention can significantly improve study efficiency.

Identify Weak Areas: Spend more time on challenging subjects.

Balanced Approach: Ensure that all subjects receive adequate attention.

3. Plan Your Study Schedule

A well-planned schedule is crucial for effective studying.

Hourly Study Plan: Allocate specific hours to different subjects and topics.

Breaks: Incorporate short breaks to keep your mind fresh and focused.

4. Avoid Distractions

Minimizing distractions is essential for maintaining focus.

Dedicated Study Space: Create a clutter-free, organized study area.

Limit Technology Use: Turn off notifications and avoid multitasking with gadgets.

Sample Study Time Tables

For Self-Study Aspirants

Morning:

5:00 AM – 5:15 AM: Wake up and freshen up

5:15 AM – 6:15 AM: Study Physics

6:15 AM – 6:30 AM: Breakfast

6:30 AM – 7:30 AM: Study Chemistry

Afternoon:

12:30 PM – 1:30 PM: Lunch

1:30 PM – 3:30 PM: Rest and sleep

3:30 PM – 5:30 PM: Study Mathematics

Evening:

7:00 PM – 8:00 PM: Dinner/Walk

8:00 PM – 10:30 PM: Solve practice questions

For Coaching-Enrolled Aspirants

Morning:

5:00 AM – 5:15 AM: Wake up and freshen up

5:15 AM – 7:15 AM: Study Physics

7:15 AM – 7:30 AM: Breakfast

7:30 AM – 9:30 AM: Study Chemistry

Afternoon:

12:00 PM – 1:00 PM: Lunch

1:00 PM – 3:00 PM: Rest/Sleep

3:00 PM – 5:00 PM: Practice questions

Evening:

6:00 PM – 9:30 PM: Coaching classes

9:30 PM – 10:00 PM: Dinner

10:30 PM: Sleep

Tips for Implementing the Study Time Table

Consistency is Key

Maintaining consistency is crucial for long-term success.

Daily Routine: Stick to your time table every day.

Regular Reviews: Adjust your schedule based on progress and feedback.

Frequent Testing

Regular testing helps in reinforcing learning.

Mock Tests: Take frequent mock tests to gauge your understanding.

Previous Year Papers: Solve previous year’s question papers for practice.

Take Regular Breaks

Incorporating breaks enhances productivity.

Short Breaks: Include 10-15 minute breaks after each study session.

Healthy Snacks: Keep nutritious snacks handy to stay energized.

Habits of Successful Students

Adopting good study habits is essential for achieving academic success.

Set Goals and Objectives: Be clear about your future aspirations.

Stay Consistent: Regular practice and revision are key.

Take Notes: Writing notes helps in better understanding and retention.

Seek Feedback: Regular feedback from peers and teachers can provide valuable insights.

Conclusion

Creating an effective time table for study at home is a vital step towards academic excellence. By setting clear goals, prioritizing subjects, and maintaining consistency, students can optimize their study time and achieve better results. At Ecole Globale Schools, we encourage our students to adopt these practices to ensure their success in academics and beyond.

By implementing these strategies, parents can support their children in developing a disciplined and productive study routine. With a well-structured time table, students can balance their academic responsibilities with leisure activities, leading to a more fulfilling and successful educational experience.

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An Indefinite of Biology Lab Equipment and Their Use

Are you searching for the best biology lab equipment manufacturer in India? Look no further than School Equipment India! We specialise in creating high-quality lab gear specifically designed for biology classes in schools. Our top-notch equipment is aimed at making learning simple and enjoyable. With our products, students can engage in hands-on experiments, enhancing their grasp of biology concepts. Count on School Equipment India for all your biology lab needs! Biology Lab Equipment Manufacturers, Suppliers, and Exporters in India, India, Biology Lab Equipment in India, Biology Lab Equipment Supplier in India, Biology Lab Manufacturer in India, Biology Lab Equipment Supplier in India, Biology Lab Equipment Exporter in India.

1. Beaker:

Ideal for mixing, stirring, and heating liquids.

Available in various sizes to suit different laboratory needs.

Made of high-quality borosilicate glass or durable plastic.

Features easy-to-read graduations for accurate measurements.

A versatile tool used in chemistry, biology, and other scientific disciplines.

With spout for easy pouring

Capacity 100ml

Wide hexagonal base

Embossed graduations, beginning 10 ml

Material polypropylene or equivalent

Chemical and heat-resistant, autoclavable plastic (resistant up to 121 °C)

How to use: Pour the liquid into the beaker, use a stirring rod if necessary, and place it on a heat source for heating. Avoid sudden temperature changes to prevent breakage.

2. Measuring Cylinder:

Essential for measuring precise volumes of liquids.

It comes in different capacities, ranging from millilitres to litres.

Typically made of glass or transparent plastic for easy viewing.

Includes a spout for convenient pouring without spillage.

Commonly used in laboratories, classrooms, and industrial settings.

With spout for easy pouring

Capacity 1000 ml

Embossed graduations, beginning 100 ml

Material polypropylene or equivalent

Wide hexagonal base

Chemical and heat-resistant, autoclavable plastic (resistant up to 121 °C)

How to use: Pour the liquid slowly into the cylinder, ensuring it reaches the desired measurement mark. Read the volume at eye level for accuracy.

3. Rack, drying DBS cards:

Specifically designed to dry dried blood spot (DBS) cards efficiently,.

Features a compact design to save space on laboratory benches.

Allows proper air circulation around the DBS cards for quick drying.

Constructed from corrosion-resistant materials for long-term use.

Essential for preserving the integrity of blood samples collected on DBS cards.

Single use

Provides horizontal position for 10 cards

Material chemical resistant plastic or card board

sturdy base provides optimal stability

Rack, drying DBS cards, 10 positions 

Self-supporting vertical rack for drying dry blood spot filter cards

How to use: Place the DBS cards in the rack slots, ensuring they are spaced apart for adequate airflow. Position the rack in a well-ventilated area until the cards are completely dry.

4. Drying Slide Rack:

Designed to hold microscope slides securely during the drying process.

Available in various sizes to accommodate different slide dimensions.

Constructed from sturdy materials like stainless steel or plastic.

Features a grid pattern to keep slides organised and prevent contact between them.

Essential for preparing slides for microscopy or storage.

Material: Heat stable Plastic (plexiglass)

sturdy base provides optimal stability

Self-supporting rack for drying microscopy slides

Provides vertical position for 12 microscopy slides

Use for the drying of coloured slides with 12 numbered positions.

The microscope slides are placed vertically on replaceable blotting paper.

How to use: Arrange the slides vertically in the rack slots, ensuring they do not touch each other. Place the rack in a clean, dust-free environment until the slides are completely dry.

5. Drying Rack Wall Mount:

space-saving solution for drying laboratory glassware and equipment.

Mounts securely to walls to free up bench space.

Features multiple pegs or hooks for hanging various items.

Constructed from durable materials to withstand frequent use.

Ideal for laboratories, classrooms, and research facilities with limited space.

Free-standing or wall mount

Material plastic-coated wire

Dimensions approximately 36x16x65 cm (w x d x h)

Free standing rack for dying glass and plastic ware

How to use: Install the drying rack securely on a wall using appropriate mounting hardware. Hang the glassware or equipment on the pegs or hooks, ensuring they are evenly spaced for efficient drying.

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Get Latest CBSE Sample Paper (MCQ) Chemistry for 2021 Term 1 Board Exams- Rachna Sagar

Together with CBSE Sample Paper, Chemistry has been designed as per the special scheme of assessment vide CBSE Circular No. 75/2021 for Term 1 ( For 2021 Nov-Dec Examination ) for Class 12 has been prepared as per the latest assessment pattern.

Together with EAD Chemistry Sample Paper (with answers) is a perfect step-by-step approach to ensure one’s readiness for Term 1 board examination. This Sample Paper for Class 12 assists the students with the right practice and approach to the newest MCQ pattern.

EAD—Easy, Average, Difficult

The content matter in this EAD 12+1 Chemistry Sample Paper Class 12 has been arranged as complete papers with three levels of difficulty—Easy, Average and Difficult (EAD).

Easy: The first set of papers in this CBSE Sample Paper 2021 is based on 'Easy' concept, thus contains Multiple Choice Questions of simple level, which a student can attempt at the beginning of the preparatory stage.

Average: The next set based on 'Average' concept (MCQs) is graded to a level of difficulty to test mid-level preparedness for the examination.

Difficult: The challenging papers allocated to the third set based on 'Difficult' concept are a test of complete preparedness for the examination.

The EAD sample paper is a self-test drive for the students.

Key Features

This Sample Paper includes:

CBSE (2021-2022) Term 1 Sample Paper.

3 Sample Papers each of Easy, Average & Difficult level.

2 Pre-Board Papers based on CBSE pattern.

1 Mock Paper Based On CBSE Pattern with OMR Sheet.

Includes Assertion Reasoning and Case-Based Objective Type Questions.

The 4-Step Process

Step 1 The students are advised to attempt the set of EASY Papers first and obtain at least 80% marks to move onto the next set of papers which is Average.

Step 2 If the student obtains 75% marks in the AVERAGE category of this EAD 12+1 Chemistry Sample Paper Class 12, he/she can switch to the next category, i.e., Difficult.

Step 3 If 70% marks in DIFFICULT category have been obtained, the students are expected to take the PRE-BOARD PAPERS that are exactly based on the CBSE pattern.

Step 4 Attempt the MOCK PAPER (given at the end) for a final-go for your board exam preparations.

Why EAD Latest Sample Papers?

Learning gets strengthened with practice and its evaluation uplifts the preparation. The answers of the MCQs have been given at the end of each Sample Paper for evaluation purposes. The CBSE Sample Papers for class 12 All Subjects 2021-2022 have been prepared by a panel comprising experienced teachers, tabulators and examiners, who have jointly come up with a student-friendly approach to prepare the students for the forthcoming CBSE Board Examination. Repetitive practice of CBSE Sample Papers for class 12 All Subjects 2021-2022 will surely help the students to make their mark in the CBSE Board Examination.

Good Luck!

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CBSE 2021-22 TERM 1 MTG SCORE MORE 10 SAMPLE PAPERS CHEMISTRY CLASS 12

CBSE 2021-22 TERM 1 MTG SCORE MORE 10 SAMPLE PAPERS CHEMISTRY CLASS 12

SAMPLE QUESTION PAPERS WITH BLUEPRINTS AS DESIGN ISSUED BY CBSE LATEST CBSE TERM 1 (2021-22) SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER OMR SHEET PROVIDED AFTER EACH SQP BASED ON LATEST COMPETENCY BASED EDUCATION

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Study Guide Content Mastery Teacher Edition Chemistry

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STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY Section 12.2 Stoichiometric Calculations In your textbook, read about mole-to-mole conversion. Read the following passage and then solve the problems. In the equation that follows each problem, write in the space provided the mole ratio that can be used to solve the problem.

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STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY .. Section 12.2 Stoichiometric Calculations .. Solution. Step 1 Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

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CHAPTER 12. STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY. Section 12.2 Stoichiometric Calculations. In your textbook, read about mole-to-mole conversion.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology

The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) conducts Board Examination for Biology. CBSE provides Biology as an elective for the Science Students. The students who aspire to get admission in the Medical Colleges or related field generally opt for the Biology Subject. Biology holds equal importance as other subjects who opt for this subject. Some students tend to take this subject lightly and pay more attention to Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. If you have opted for this subject, it is equally important to score good marks in Biology as it is important for the other subjects.

 Read the following article to know about the Chapters for Class 12 Biology. You will be able to view and  download the Free Solutions for Class 12 Biology. Also follow the Preparation Tips for better preparation and to complete the syllabus in less time. 

 CLICK HERE FOR NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR CLASS 12

Class 12 Biology Chapters

Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Chapter 7: Evolution

Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease

Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare 

Chapter 11: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Applications

Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations

Chapter 14: Ecosystem

Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation

Chapter 16: Environmental Issues

CLICK HERE FOR FREE CLASS 12 BIOLOGY SOLUTIONS 

Class 12 Biology Preparation Tips

Rote learning without understanding will not lead to long term results. The students should focus on understanding the concept. You should follow the preparation tips given below which will help you in systematic study leading to completion of the syllabus in lesser time. 

You should start with the topics that have more weightage. Click Here to know the marks distribution for each unit.

Always start preparation with the NCERT book. It is the base for your study. 

Do not focus on rote learning. Read and understand the topics thoroughly.

Practise the questions given after each topic simultaneously. 

Once you have completed the syllabus, you should solve the CBSE sample papers in the stipulated time.

The students should also practise the previous year papers and the practise questions from other sources like internet or reference books as well.

While solving the sample papers, make sure that you complete the test in the designated time. This will help you to complete the board exam within the allotted time limit. 

Practise as many sample papers as you can. It also helps in concept clarity and develops confidence for the subject.

Practise diagrams on a seperate notebook and label them properly. Many times only diagrams are asked as questions. Drawing neat well labelled diagrams will help you attain good marks.  

You should study regularly and do not skip days of studying. 

Make proper notes in a separate notebook or mark/ highlight important points in your textbook. This will help you in revision.

Now that we have provided you with the complete syllabus, direct link to download the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology. We hope that you will not have any difficulty finding the correct answers when you will study the chapters. Do not forget to follow the Best Preparation Tips for Class 12 Biology to study in a systematic manner and complete the syllabus in advance so that you have enough time left for the revision as well.

[biomedgrid]

Biomed Grid| Evaluation of Neuropharmacological Activities of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Citrus Reticulata(Rutaceae) Fruit Peels

Abstract

Introduction: Herbal medicines are getting more interest because of their cost-effective, eco-friendly attributes and proper reprieve from disease condition. The present study was designed to evaluate the anxiolytic activity potentials in peels of Citrus reticulata (Family: Rutaceae) in Libya.

Methods: The peel of the fruits were separated and subjected to cold extraction using 99% Methanol and hot water extraction. The extracts obtained were screened for anxiolytic activity of extracts at 1.25 to 5 mg/Kg body weight concentrations and were assessed by Elevated Plus Maze.

Results: The results revealed that, both extracts treated animals have shown significant anxiolytic activity. From the results it was evident that citrus peel extract of Citrus reticulata exhibited significant anxiolytic activity.

Conclusion: From the results it was evident that Citrus reticulata has prominent activity in terms of parameters assessed in a dose dependent manner.

Keywords: Citrus reticulata; Anxiolytic activity; Psychopharmacology

Introduction

Human brain is a speculate in itself and is not explored entirely. It is a multifaceted gathering of interacting neurons and nuclei that control their own and each other’s activities in a dynamic manner, usually throughout chemical neurotransmission. Psychopharmacology is the scientific learning of the effect’s drugs encompass on mood, thinking, behavior and sensation. It is different from neuropsychopharmacology, which studies drug-induced alterations in the functioning of cells in the nervous system [1,2]. Two‐thirds of the psychotic, depressed, or anxious patients react to the currently available treatments, but the enormity of improvement is not very significant.

The majority of the drugs for these conditions used these days have adverse side effects so the need for better-tolerated, newer and more efficacious treatments is enduring far above the ground [3,4]. The main use of sedative–hypnotic and anxiolytic drugs is to promote calmness (sedatives or anxiolytics) or to create sleep (hypnotics– sedative). Human are exposed to states of restlessness and emotional tension. Anxiety always accompanies many medical and surgical conditions, and it is frequently an indication of psychiatric illness. When the symptoms turn into insufferable or interfere with the treatment of the underlying disease, and if counseling is not enough, drug treatment can be used to help patients manage with their anxiety [5]. There are many medicines are used to treat many psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy illness such as benzodiazepines, azapirones, and antidepressants and others [6].

Citrus reticulata (Rutaceae) is commonly known as naringin or Sentra (orange). It is a small spiny tree with thick top of slim branches, extensively grown in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya [7]. Mandarin is a collection name for this class of orange with thin, loose peel. The name ‘tangerine might be applied as an interchange name to the entire group, but in trade, it is usually limited to the types with red-orange skin. The fruit has aphrodisiac, laxative, tonic properties and astringent [8,9]. It is also used to alleviate vomiting [10,11]. The fruit peel controls the skin moisture, rough and softens hard skin and possess a cleaning effect on oily skin [12]. Chemical composition of the volatile oil of the fruit peels of this species has been reported [13-27]. The effects of the volatile oil of C. reticulata has been studied against Saccharomyces cerevisiae [18], pathogenic fungi, Penicilliums larvae, Schistosoma mansion, Aspergillus flavus, and other microorganisms [19-24]. The volatile oil of C. reticulata also demonstrates the anticancer activity [25-27]. The present paper describes the neuropharmacological Activities of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Citrus reticulata (Rutaceae) fruit peels of the essential oil of the fruit peel of C. reticulata of Tripoli region.

Materials and Methods

Collection of plant material and Preparation of aqueous extract

The oranges were bought from a shop in Tripoli (February 2019). The Citrus reticulata was identified and authenticated by a botanist. Orange rinds were peeled off carefully with the help of a sharp razor blade. Each rind sample was cut into smaller pieces and 30g mass of the sample was taken. The sample was initially rinsed with distilled water. The fresh peels (30 g) were added to 30 ml hot distilled water. In addition, another 30 g of the fresh peels were macerated in cold 99% methanol for three hours. After 3 hours of maceration at room temperature (28°C), the mixture was then was filtered under vacuum and the filtrate was stored at 4°C and used to treat animals as needed [28].

Experimental models

Swiss albino mice of either sex weighing about 18–28g (2–2.6-month-old) used for experimental purpose. They were housed in polypropylene cages in the air-conditioned room with the temperature maintained at 25±2 °C, and 12 h alternating light and dark cycles. The mice were provided with a nutritionally adequate diet and drinking water ad libitum throughout the study. Approval by the Animal Ethics Committee for the experimental procedures obtained.

Acute toxicity study

Acute toxicity was generally carried out for the determination of LD50 value in experimental animals. The aim of performing acute toxicity study is for establishing therapeutic index of a methanolic and aqueous extracts of Citrus reticulata and to ensure safety in-vivo. Acute toxicity test was performed in mice. All animals were fasted overnight before treatment and were given food one hour after aqueous and methanolic extracts. General behavior was also observed at 0.5, 1, 8, 12 and 24 h after administration. The number of animals that died after administration was traced daily for 7 days [29,30].

Elevated plus-maze test

Elevated plus-maze is simple apparatus to study neuroprotective effects [31,32] and anxiolytic responses produced by the test drugs. It is used to test almost all types of anxiolytic agents. Exposure of animals to novel maze alley suggests an approach-avoidance conflict which is stronger in open arm as compared to enclosed arm. Rodents (rats and mice) have an aversion for high and open space and prefer enclosed arm, consequently, spend a greater amount of time in enclosed arm. When animals enter open arm, they freeze, become immobile, defecate and show fear-like movements [33]. The cortisol plasma level is increased, as a true reflection of anxiety. Major advantages of this test procedure are:

a) It is less time consuming, simple and quick

b) no noxious stimuli (light or sound) or prior training is required, and

c) it is conventional and consistent procedure for studying anxiety response as well as anxiolytic action of drug [34,35].

Animals were weighed, numbered, and divided into five groups, each consisting 6 mice. One group was used as control (saline), second for standard drug (diazepam) treatment; groups 3-6 for aqueous Citrus reticulata extract treatment (1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5.00 mg/kg, intra-peritoneally) and groups 7-10 for methanolic Citrus reticulata extract treatment (1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5.00 mg/kg, intra-peritoneally). Animals were placed individually in the center of the maze, head facing toward open arm and stopwatch was started. The following parameters were noted for 5 min.

i. First favorite of mouse to open or closed arm.

ii. Number of entries in open arm (an arm entry defined as the entry of four paws into the arm).

iii. Average time each animal spends in open arm (Average time = total duration in the arm/number of entries) was estimated.

Saline and diazepam were injected to the control and standard groups respectively. Citrus reticulata extracts were injected to the test groups. After thirty minutes, animals were located individually in the center of the maze. Lastly, a comparison of the preference of the animals to open or enclosed arm, average time spent in open arm and the number of entries in open arm in each group were determined and recorded [36].

Statistical Analysis

Data were expressed by mean ± standard error mean. For comparison among the groups, we used analysis of variance with multiple comparisons by post-hoc Dunnett t-test method. The statistical significance of differences between the control and experimental groups was assessed by Dunnett’s two-sided t-tests (post-hoc tests). Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for windows (version 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago., USA). Statistical significance was considered P < 0.05 level.

Result

Acute toxicity study

With the growing amount of research about naringin as a component of the orange and its potential utilize within the pharmacological and food industries, illuminating its toxicological outline becomes increasingly significant. In the present study, the Citrus reticulata extracts were found to be safe up to 200 mg/kg orally. This present study is compared with other previous studies in which an oral single dose of 16 g/kg of naringin did not produce acute oral toxicity in rats [37].

Table 1: The number of entries (open and total) of mice in elevated plus maze.

Table 2: The time spent by mice on elevated plus maze in open and closed arms.

Tables 1 & 2 summarized the number of entries (open and total) of mice in elevated plus maze and the time spent by mice on elevated plus maze in open and closed arms, respectively.

Discussion

Recently, interests in powerful pharmacological properties and clinical applications of natural products for replacing synthetic drugs are rising. Despite of chief scientific and technological development in combinatorial chemistry, drugs obtained from natural products still create a huge contribution to drug discovery today. The citrus plant belongs to the family Rutaceae, comprising of about seventeen species found all over the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions [38,39]. Among the species, Citrus indica, Citrus ichangenesis Citrus latipes, Citrus megaloxycarpa, Citrus macroptera, Citrus jambhiri, Citrus aurantium, and Citrus reticulate are the most common. The genus citrus includes special essential fruits such as orange, mandarins, limes, lemons, and citrons grapefruits [38]. Even though, there are many groups of plants that are crucial in phytochemistry, citrus plantation has been assumed to be a valuable target for commercial agricultural and industrial practices in the world [40]. About 37 major components were identified from Citrus reticulata [41,42], and the major components were geranial (19.0%), geranyl acetate (3.9%), limonene (46.7%), neral (14.5%), nerol (2.3), β-caryophyllene (2.6), citronellal (1.3%), geraniol (3.5%), and neryl acetate (1.1%). Citrus oil also composed of aldehydes and esters being the lowest percentage components and about 97% monoterpenes with alcohols, with values ranging between 1.8 to 2.2% [43]. It has been reported that the identify of about 16-27 chemical constituents in the peel essential oil of C. reticulate was allocated including limonin and naringin and others [44-47].

Naringin is found in many plants. It is a flavonoid and was believed to relieve anxiety at the dose level below 3mg/kg when given intra-peritoneally. At high doses it has been reported to cause sedation but no muscle relaxant property [48]. The anxiolytic effect of naringin has been studies using mice 6-8 weeks old and 30g to 35g weight and the anxiolytic effect was confirmed using elevated plus maze and locomotors activity and these results are in consistency with the results obtained in (Table 1) & (Table 2). [48]. It has been reported that the diazepam 2 and 10 mg/kg dose were used which increased the number of open arm entries and percent of time spent in open arm as compared to saline control [48] and these results also are in consistency with the results obtained in (Table 1) & (Table 2).

The results obtained in (Table 1) & (Table 2). are also in agreements with studies done by Marder et al. [49,50], which have shown that naringin flavones (which is the main component of Citrus reticulata) at the level of dose 3 to 10 mg/kg to have excellent anxiolytic potential with no myorelaxation, sedation, or significant reduction in locomotor activity. It is reported that at high doses of narigine shows increase open arm exploration and decrease locomotor activity as shown from reduction in close arm eateries. Naringin and has anxiolytic and sedative potential at high doses. Naringin at dose 30 mg/ kg show a slight myorelaxant effect in the horizontal wire test [51]. It has been reported that naringin and its derivatives are mediators of GABA receptors and are supportive in relieving anxiety. This flavonoid also has some other targets such as Human Ether-a-go-go- Related Gene (hERG) voltage-dependent potassium channels and Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels (GIRK). This flavonoid has positive modulating effect on GIRK channels [52].

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated that the aqueous extract of peeled Citrus reticulata possess dose-dependent anxiolytic activity. Further, there is need to isolate, characterize, and screen the active principles that are responsible for its anxiolytic activity. Furthermore, there is need to find out the exact mechanism by which the Citrus reticulata extract exerts above effects. Further studies are needed to separate and confirm the active components and its effect on anxiety.

Acknowledgement

The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical support and valuable suggestions obtained from MS Amira Abdul Gbaj.

Conflict of interest

No Conflict of Interest.

Read More About this Article: https://biomedgrid.com/fulltext/volume2/evaluation-of-neuropharmacological-activities-of-methanolic.000591.php

For more about: Journals on Biomedical Science :Biomed Grid

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Last week, my daughter came home from high school amazingly excited about her experience in chemistry class. The class had made soap bubbles filled with methane gas and then set handfuls of bubbles on fire IN THEIR HANDS.  Yes, this was actually a teacher approved activity.  You know why? Because their teacher understands that chemistry for teens has to be engaging and FUN if the kids are going to actually pay attention and learn.  With a growing need for students passionate about STEM programs, we need to focus more of our attention on making science fun again!

This post contains affiliate links. If you make a purchase through a link on this site, we receive a small commission at no additional cost to you.

Making Chemistry for Teens FUN:

My husband and I both have college degrees in the science field.  We spent several years running Science Night at our children’s elementary school.  Every summer, I encouraged my children to explore science through nature, books, and hands-on kitchen science activities.  It is a subject I am passionate about and one that can lead to several great career opportunities.

If you hand a teenager a book and tell them to learn about science by reading facts, you are going to lose their attention quickly.  Make science fun and put those words into memorable actions. This will help them learn concepts faster and remember them for a longer period of time. There are a number of ways to expand on your educational material if you are focusing on chemistry for teens.  Here are a few products that will help make chemistry fun and encourage a love of STEM concepts in your teenagers.

Use a molecular model kit to discuss the concepts of atoms, bonds, and molecules.  This allows your teen to see a 3D version of chemical formulas.

Buy a crystal growing kit.  While younger kids may be fascinated with just watching crystals grow, there is some complex science behind this that teens can learn as well.

Buy a book with hands-on chemistry experiments.  There are so many hands on science experiments that will wow your teens!

Use a DNA kit to discuss heredity, extract DNA from fruit and explore the concept of genetics.

Education.com is a great resource if you are looking for information or experiments in chemistry for teens. The below information will help teens learn atomic mass calculations, specifically the atomic mass of silver.  If you want to include a hands-on activity for this concept, consider purchasing liquid silver or clean tarnish off silver.

  Chemistry for Teens: Atomic Mass of Silver

The goal of this science experiment is to learn about atomic mass, atomic number, relative atomic mass and how different isotopes of an element affect the relative atomic mass.

What is atomic mass? How does it differ from relative atomic mass?

How can atomic mass be calculated?

Do you know how atomic mass differs from atomic weight?

Is it possible for an element to have different atomic masses? Why?

What percent of uranium is radioactive?

Students often confuse atomic number, atomic mass, atomic weight and relative atomic mass. The following definitions may be helpful:Atomic number is the number of protons in an element. This number is always the same for every atom of a particular element; it is a fundamental property of the element.Atomic mass is the total mass of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom.Unlike atomic number, atomic mass is not a fundamental property of an element; rather, it is a fundamental property of a particular isotope.An isotope is a particular form of an element. While all isotopes have the same number of protons, the number of neutrons can vary. For example, hydrogen has three isotopes: protium (with 0 neutrons), deuterium (with 1 neutron) and tritium (with 3 neutrons).Atomic weight is the ratio of the average mass of atoms of a particular element to 1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon-12. While different samples of a particular element may have slightly different atomic weights, this number is sufficiently important that it appears on the periodic chart.Relative atomic mass is a synonym for atomic weight. It represents the average of the mass of all isotopes weighted by the abundance of each isotope.

This “paper-and-pen” experiment does not require setting up any special apparatus. All that is needed is a periodic table.

Relative Atomic Mass of Silver

The formula for relative atomic mass is the relative abundance over 100 divided by the isotope number. This can be expressed as:

(A/100 • a) + (B/100 • b) + (C/100 • c)…. = relative atomic mass

A, B, C stand for different relative abundances of isotope numbers a, b and c.

Silver has two isotopes, silver 107 and silver 109. The relative abundance of these is 51.84 % and 48.16 % respectively.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of silver.

  Relative Atomic Mass of Uranium

Uranium has three isotopes: U 234, U235 and U238. The relative abundance of these is 0.01%, 0.71% and 99.27 % respectively. Use this information to calculate the relative atomic mass of uranium.

  Relative Atomic Mass of Barium

There are seven different isotopes of barium. Doing on-line research, find out what these are and their relative abundance. Use this information to calculate the relative atomic mass of barium.

Terms/Concepts: Atomic number; Atomic mass; Atomic weight; Isotope; Relative atomic mass

References:

Gonick, Larry and Craig Criddle. The Cartoon Guide to Chemistry. Collins Reference (2005) Moore, John T. Chemistry for Dummies. For Dummies (2002). Atomic Number and Mass What are Atomic Number and Atomic Weight?

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How to Ensure Successful STEM Learning in Kids

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