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See the upcoming astronomical events in June 2021

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WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEBULA ? NEBULA

Introduction:

Hello and welcome everyone ,today we are going to discuss about cloud. Oh Wait ,I am not talking about the cloud which we see in sky. Here I am talking about interstellar cloud (A Cloud with accumulation of gases, plasma and dust). So basically in this Article: What are different types of nebula ? we will discuss about definition of nebula, different types of nebula and also how nebula are formed. So without wasting our time lets Start our discussion. So, we will start with definition of nebula.

What is the definition of a nebula ?

So, as we have discussed above that nebula is an Interstellar cloud. Now we will define it in a accurate way. So, basically nebula is an Interstellar cloud of Space dust or cosmic dust, hydrogen, helium and many other ionized gases.

So, this is all about the definitation of a nebula, now we will see some different types of question based on nebula and then We will discuss about different types of nebula. 

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Originally Posted on : astroquantumphysics

[astro-quantum-physics]

Will the sun become a black hole ?

A general question arrised by the people and students that, Will the Sun become a black hole ? If you want a quick answer , then the answer is 'No' , Yes it is very true that sun is a massive object as compared to earth and planets in our solar system. But the sun will never become a black hole , because Sun is too small for that.

Now the question is , If the sun is too small , then Which type of Stars becomes the black hole ? Well , now lets talk about it in detail.

As we all know the mass of the sun is 1988500000000000000000000000000 which is 333000 times the mass of the earth . But still this mass is very less as compared to massive giant stars. According to some calculations, scientists have estimated that, The sun would need to be about 20 times more massive as compared to current sun to end its life as a black hole or to become a black hole.

That means if a star is 20 times or  more massive as compared to our sun then, that type of stars can explode into a supernova to end their life as a black hole (Black hole are objects with massive mass and immense gravitational pull.) As we all know Some smaller stars are big enough to go supernova, but they are too small and they can not become a black hole. Now the question is if the small stars are not massive enough to become a black hole then , what they become at the end of their life ? So the answer of this question is , they become neutron star ( Neutron stars are stars with super- dense structure.) after exploding as a supernova.

Lets summarize all this and make a conclusion, as we all know super - massive stars becomes the black hole after their death and on the other hand small stars becomes neutron stars after exploding. Now there is a very interesting point that is , our sun is not massive enough to become a neutron star either. I know you are shocked with this fact, But this is true . As per estimation our sun has only about one - tenth of the mass as compared to required mass.

So , now the question is , If the sun will not become a black hole and neutron star as well, Then what will happen to the Sun ? Is sun is going to live forever ? No , one day will come , when sun will also die and will end up its life as a white dwarf ( A small and dense remnant of a star ). But we will be not there to see this because, it is going to happen in next 5 to 6 billion years.

It means that after 5-6 billion years from now sun will begin to run out of fuel because, we all know like other stars sun also make energy by fusing hydrogen atom , this all process happen in the core of the Sun. But in next 5-6 billion years sun will start run out of hydrogen atom and due to which sun will not be able to make energy and at last it will explode into a white dwarf.

So thats it for today , we have learnt many things about the sun from article : Will the sun become a black hole ? We saw why sun can not become a black hole.

So , I hope you enjoyed reading. And once again thats it for today , have a good day.

Originally posted on : https://astroquantumphysics.com/

[astro-quantum-physics]

what is quantum mechanics ?

Topic: what is quantum mechanics ? what are quantum mechanics?

Quantum physics (QP):

Quantum Physics is the branch of Physics that deals with study of matter at small scale.

Introduction to Quantum mechanics-

A fundamental Theory in physics that describes the physical properties of matter at small scales  is called Quantum mechanics .

This is the only theory that gave foundation of all quantum physics together with Quantum Field Theory, Quantum chemistry , and Quantum information science and technology.

Why Quantum physics is So Weird?

Quantum Physics is totally different from Classical Physics because in classical Physics everything is present in Particle form but in Quantum Physics everything in the universe has wave nature as well as particle nature.This is the reason why we say Quantum Physics is so weird.The Foundation of quantum mechanics were established by :

Max Planck

Niels Bohr

Werner Heisenberg

Louis de Broglie

Albert Einstein

Erwin Schrödinger

Satyendra Nath Bose

And  many others Scientists contributed in foundation of Quantum Mechanics .Because of these Scientists Quantum Mechanics Became widely accepted theory during the first half of the 20th Century.

Most Famous Equation: Schrödinger's Equation

The Schrödinger equation is a linear partial differential equation that describes the wave function of a quantum-mechanical system.  This is an important result in quantum mechanics, and its discovery was an important milestone in the development of quantum mechanics.  The equation is named after Irwin Schrödinger, who gave the equation in 1925, and published it in 1926, which resulted in his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933.The concept of a wave function is a fundamental signal of quantum mechanics;  The wave function defines the state of the system at each spatial position and time.The solutions of Schrödinger's equation describe not only molecular, atomic and sub-atomic systems, but also macroscopic systems, possibly the entire universe. With the help of  Schrödinger equation  not only we can  study quantum mechanical systems and make predictions but also we can study like Other aggregates of quantum mechanics include matrix mechanics, introduced by Werner Heisenberg, and the main integral formulation, developed by Richard Feynman.  Paul Dirac incorporated matrix mechanics and the Schrödinger equation into one formulation.

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle:

In quantum mechanics, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is any kind of mathematical inequalities that provide a fundamental limit to the extent to which values   for physical pairs of certain particles, such as position, x, and momentum, p, can occur.  Predicted from initial conditions.  Such variable pairings are known as complementary variables or canonically conjugated variables, and, depending on the interpretation, the uncertainty principle is limited to the extent that such conjugate properties retain their approximate meaning,  Because the mathematical framework of quantum physics does not support the notion of simultaneous well.  Defined conjugate properties expressed by a single value.  First introduced in 1927 by the German physicist Werner Heisenberg, the principle of uncertainty states that the more precisely the position of a particle, the more precisely its motion can be predicted from the initial conditions.  And vice versa. Since uncertainty theory is such a fundamental result in quantum mechanics, specific experiments in quantum mechanics regularly observe its aspects.  However, some experiments may deliberately explore a particular form of uncertainty theory as part of their main research program.  For example, superconducting or quantum optics systems involve tests of number-phase uncertainty relationships. Applications that rely on the principle of uncertainty for their operation include techniques with extremely low noise such as those required in

gravitational wave

interferometers.

Quantum Field Theory:

A theoretical framework that combines classical field theory, special relativity and quantum mechanics in theoretical physics is called Quantum Field Theory.

(Note: Quantum Field Theory Doesn't combines General relativity).Quantum field theory is used in particle physics to construct physical models of sub-atomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct models of quipiparticles.Quantum field theory treats particles as quanta of their underlying fields, which are more fundamental than particles.  The interactions between the particles are described by the interaction terms in the Lagrangian involving their respective regions.  Each interaction can be visualized by Feynman diagrams according to disturbance theory in quantum mechanics.

Photoelectric Effect:

The emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation(light rays) hits a material is called photoelectric effect. The  Electrons Which are  emitted in this manner are called Photoelectrons. We study this  phenomenon mainly  in electronic physics and in fields of chemistry such as quantum chemistry and electrochemistry.According to classical electromagnetic theory, photoelectric effect can be attributed to the transfer of energy from light to electron.  From this point of view, a change in the intensity of light induces a change in the kinetic energy of electrons emitted from the metal.  According to this theory, sufficiently dim light is expected to show a time interval between the initial brightness of its light and the subsequent emission of an electron.But experimental results were not associated with either of the two predictions made by classical theory.  Instead, experiments have shown that electrons are disliked only by scattering of light when it reaches or exceeds the threshold frequency.  Because a low-frequency beam at high intensity cannot produce the energy required to produce photoelectrons such that if the energy of light were constant like a wave, Einstein proposed that a beam of light propagating from space  Not a waveform, but rather a collection of discrete wave packets (photons).

Revolutionary Principles of Quantum Mechanics:

-Wave Particle Duality

-Quantized properties

Wave Particle Duality:

Wave-particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that each particle or quantum unit can be described as a particle or a waveform.  It expresses the inability of classical concepts "particles" or "waves" to fully describe the behaviour  of quantum-scale objects.Current scientific theories assume that all particles exhibit a wave nature and vice versa. This is proven with the help of the work done by many Scientists like Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Louis de Broglie, Arthur Compton, Niels Bohr, and many others.This phenomenon has been verified not only for elementary particles, but also for compound particles such as atoms and even molecules.  For macroscopic particles, wave properties cannot usually be detected, due to their extremely short wavelengths.

Quantized  properties:

Some properties, such as position, speed, and color, can sometimes occur only in a specific, set amount, much like a dial that "clicks" from number to number.  This challenged a fundamental notion of classical mechanics, stating that such properties must exist on a smooth, continuous spectrum.  To describe the idea that some properties 'clicked' like a dial with specific settings, scientists coined the term 'quantized'.

About post :

So far we have studied many terms like quantum field theory , dual nature of particles and many more and also we have learnt how quantum physics became the revolutionary theory in 20th century and also many scientists like max planck , albert einstein and co. contributed to this theory .You can read about. I hope you guys have learnt many things from Article: what is quantum mechanics ? what are quantum mechanics? or quantum mechanical model and enjoyed as well. So thats it for today , If you want to read more then you can read other articles given below.

Originally posted on : https://astroquantumphysics.com/

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[astro-quantum-physics]

CAN A BLACK HOLE DIE ?

Can a Black hole die ?

Hello and welcome , today we are going to discuss about black hole's death. Means Can a Black hole die ? As we all know each and everything which comes in existence will end up one day , So from here we are very clear about the answer that is , Yes a black hole also die. But that process takes  so much time and unfortunately no one can see it. Wait , is this a logical answer ? No , this is not perfect answer or explanation for this question, Because we all are science student and we all need a proof or explanation on how a black hole die. So lets talk how a black hole die ?Before talking about how a black hole die , firstly lets talk about definition of a black hole. What exactly is a black hole ? As we all know when a massive star die then, it becomes a black. But Is this a perfect definition of a black hole ? No, this is not perfect. So in terms of Cosmology Black holes are extremely massive objects with immense gravity and strongest gravitational pull that do not allow anything to escape from it, not even a light. Since this is almost impossible with classical physics to explain this cause ( death of a black hole ) , Because many laws of physics breaks down near a black hole.

So with the help of quantum physics we will understand how a black hole dies .According to Quantum mechanics theories , Subatomic positive particles and negative antiparticle comes into existence all the time. Since the positive particles have positive mass and the negative antiparticle have an opposite negative mass, so they cancel out each other effect , and because of that nothing really significant actually happens. But near a black hole this cancellation process does not occurs due to gravity of black hole. Well known English Physicist Stephen Hawking this, that near a black hole the cancellation of negative and positive particles does not occurs. And further he explained, that the particles and antiparticle may not be able to cancel out each other because of the gravitational pull of the black hole. Now let us have a look , that how this cancellation process does not occurs .Here is the basic concept that , when a particle and antiparticle comes in existence near a black hole then black hole's gravity pulls the negative antiparticle in the zone of the black hole. Because of this positive particles are left alone and thus the cancellation process does not occur , making the positive particles as real. And in this explanation, he also stated that , These positive particles are then, emitted from the black hole. And he further called them as Hawking radiation. So , When Someone ask you What is  Hawking radiation ? Then  Just say , they are positive particles which are emitted from the black hole.