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Amelanchier canadensis / Canadian Serviceberry

PLANT COMMUNITY:  New England barrier beach

NATIVE REGION:  Eastern North America, from Maine to Georgia, west to Mississippi and in eastern parts of Tennessee

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 25-30′, spread of 15-20′; large shrub or small tree

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Swamps, lowlands, and thickets; easily grown in average, medium, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade; tolerant of a somewhat wide range of soils

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  4-8

LEAF COLOR:  Finely toothed, elliptic, medium to dark green leaves, change to orange-red in autumn.

FLOWER COLOR:  Showy, five-petaled, slightly fragrant white flowers drooping clusters

FRUIT COLOR:  Small, round, green berries, turn red and mature to a dark purplish-black in early summer

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  Serviceberry is useful as a windbreak planting.

SOURCES:  https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_amca4.pdf; http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=j290; https://www.extension.umn.edu/environment/agroforestry/selecting-trees-shrubs-windbreaks/docs/windbreaksrevised_1.pdf

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 Ophiopogon planiscapus ‘Niger’ / Black Mondo Grass

PLANT COMMUNITY:  N/A

NATIVE REGION:  Japan

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 9-12″, spread of 9-12″; tuberous-rooted, grass-like, slow spreading clumps

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Woods, stream and pond margins; rich, fertile, humusy, slightly acidic, moist but well-drained, soils in part shade to full shade; salt and drought tolerant

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  6-9

LEAF COLOR:  Evergreen in warm winter climates, narrow, linear, deep green basal leaves; develops best black foliage color in sunny locations 

FLOWER COLOR:  White, bell-shaped flowers, tinted with lilac

FRUIT COLOR:  Globular, pea-sized, glossy dark purple berries

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  Lilyturf is a useful plant for providing ground cover and is also planted for erosion control. 

SOURCES:  http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=e400; https://www.gardenia.net/plant/Ophiopogon-Planiscapus-Nigrescens-Black-Mondo; http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:538935-1

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Pinus aristata / Bristlecone Pine

PLANT COMMUNITY:  N/A

NATIVE REGION:  South-western North America, Colorado to New Mexico

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 39′, spread of 13′; oval or pyramidal

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Dry rocky slopes; prefers well-drained soil, can grow on nutritionally poor soil; cannot grow in shade; can tolerate drought and strong winds

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  4-7

LEAF COLOR:  Evergreen, deep blue-green, with drops and scales of resin

FLOWER COLOR: Yellow bloom

FRUIT COLOR:  Purple to brown seed cones; gray-brown to black seeds

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine tolerates some toxic conditions and has potential value in restoring old mine and other polluted sites. On abandoned surface mines in Colorado, Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine seedlings were planted on topsoil-treated and overburden sites. Two years after planting, Rocky Mountain bristlecone pines showed 8.4 inches (21 cm) and 5.6 inches (14 cm) of height growth on topsoil and overburden sites, respectively. Survival was 100% on both sites. Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine is moderately tolerant of saline soil, but not of salt spray.  In a greenhouse study, Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine seedlings showed high tolerance to ozone (20 pphm* and 30 pphm concentrations) compared to other pine species.  Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine provides watershed and erosion protection on high-elevation sites. Pinus aristata can be used for windbreak.

SOURCES:  http://www.pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+aristatal https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pinari/all.html#MANAGEMENT%20CONSIDERATIONS; http://extension.oregonstate.edu/deschutes/sites/default/files/Horticulture/documents/WindbreakPlants.pdf; http://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_aristata.php

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Miscanthus sinesis ‘zebrinus’ / Zebra Grass

PLANT COMMUNITY:  N/A

NATIVE REGION:  China, Korea, Japan; central, eastern, and western US, invasive

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 5-8′, spread of 4-6′; tight clump shape, upward-arching stems

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Lowlands, alpine areas, disturbed sites, roadsides, railroad, woodlands; easily grown in average, medium moisture, well-drained soil in full sun to part shade; tolerant of summer heat and humidity, drought,  and air pollution

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  5-9

LEAF COLOR:  Linear leaves have tapered tips, serrate margins and whitish to silvery midribs; foliage often turns attractive shades of yellow to orange by mid-fall before gradually fading to beige-tan for winter

FLOWER COLOR:  Pink to red flowers in feathery, whisk-like, loose terminal panicles bloom

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  In Japan, Chinese silvergrass is used to stabilize easily erodible soils and is planted to revegetate abandoned ski slopes.

SOURCES:  https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/missin/all.html; http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=u940

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Ginkgo biloba  / Ginkgo

PLANT COMMUNITY:  N/A

NATIVE REGION:  China

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 50-80′, spread of 30-40′

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Stream banks, rocky slopes, cliff edges; prefers moist, sandy, well-drained soils; tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions, including both alkaline and acidic soils and compacted soils, saline conditions, air pollution, heat, most urban environments

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  3-8

LEAF COLOR:  Two-lobed, leathery, fan-shaped, rich green leaves with diverging veins; turn bright yellow in fall

FLOWER COLOR:  Fragrant, inconspicuous, green flowers

FRUIT COLOR:  Female tree produce seeds encased in fleshy, green, yellow fruit-like coverings, messy, noxious odor

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  N/A

SOURCES:  http://conifersociety.org/conifers/conifer/ginkgo/; http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=z990; http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/ginbila.pdf

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Onoclea sensibilis / Sensitive Fern

PLANT COMMUNITY:  Red maple swamp

NATIVE REGION:  Eastern North America

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 3-4′, spread of 3-4′

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Swamps, wet woods, streams; best grown in organically rich, medium moisture, well-drained soil in part shade to full shade; needs consistent moisture; grows taller in wet soils which it tolerates well

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  4-8

LEAF COLOR:  Long-stalked, deeply pinnatifid, bright green fronds; leathery, triangular leaflets which have distinctively netted veins; shorter, erect, woody-like fertile fronds brown up in late summer and persist throughout the remaining season and winter

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  Onoclea sensibilis is useful for erosion control.

SOURCES:  https://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/nvswcd/drainageproblem/plant-list.htm; http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=l300

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Sphagnum spp. / Sphagnum Moss

PLANT COMMUNITY:  Red maple swamp

NATIVE REGION:  Boreal areas in the Northern Hemisphere 

MATURE SIZE: generally found growing in a thick, dense clump moss grows so close that it forms a cushiony "bog mat" that floats on top of the water

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Wet and boggy areas; likes acidic soil; generally not found growing in the woods or in water that contains lime

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  N/A

LEAF COLOR:  Light green tufts, but some species have yellow, pink, deep red, or brown leaves

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  Sphagnum peatlands have been used for wastewater treatment. When sewage is discharged to an active peatland, Sphagnum can absorb toxic heavy metals, oil spills, PCP (pentachlorophenol), microbes, and excess nitrogen and potassium from eutrophic river water.

SOURCES:  http://eol.org/pages/47595/details; http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/Survival/Pages/sphagnummoss.html

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Lycopodium obscurum / Princess Pine

PLANT COMMUNITY:  Northern hardwood forests

NATIVE REGION:  Eastern US and Canada, China, Japan, Siberia

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 0-1′; stems erect, unbranched towards base, densely branched above, bushy, tree-like

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Hardwood forests, moist woodlands; suitable for sandy and loamy soils and prefers moist, well-drained soil; can grow in full shade or semi-shade

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  3-7

LEAF COLOR:  Sharp pointed, linear-lance-shaped; greenish to yellowish brown  

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  N/A

SOURCES:  https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LYOB; http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Lycopodium+obscurum; http://www.borealforest.org/ferns/fern11.htm

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Mitchella repens / Partridge Berry

PLANT COMMUNITY:  Oak hickory forest, red maple swamp

NATIVE REGION: Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Arkansas and Texas

MATURE SIZE: Height of 2″; low-growing, ground-hugging cover

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Dry or moist woods, stream banks, sandy slopes; requires humus-rich, acidic soil

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE: 3-9

LEAF COLOR:  Dark green and lustrous above, often with variegated whitish veins

FLOWER COLOR:  Extremely fragrant, white or pinkish, possibly tinged with purple

FRUIT COLOR: Berry-like, globose red drupe

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  Mitchella repens is an evergreen groundcover that grow well in shade and partial shade for erosion control.

SOURCES:  Dirr, Manual of Woody Landscape Plants; https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=MIRE; https://www.wildflower.org/expert/show.php?id=2635

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Comptonia peregrina / Sweetfern

PLANT COMMUNITY:  Old field

NATIVE REGION:  Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to North Carolina

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 2-4′, spread of 4-8′; broad, flat-topped to rounded outline as it spreads and suckers

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Anthropogenic, dunes, meadows and fields, woodlands; does best in peaty, sandy, sterile, acid soils; full sun or partial shade

ECO-INDICATOR:  Poor, coarse substrates

HARDINESS ZONE:  2-6

LEAF COLOR:  Dark green, almost lustrous in summer; falls green or greenish brown in autumn

FLOWER COLOR:  Yellow-green color cylindric catkins

FRUIT COLOR:  Long, olive-brown nutlet

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  Because sweetfern fixes nitrogen and is drought tolerant, it is ideal for erosion control on dry sandy banks, sand dunes, along roads, or under powerlines.  Sweetfern colonized metal-contaminated soils near Sudbury, Ontario, 1 year following application of dolomite limestone.

SOURCES:  https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/comper/all.html; https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/comptonia/peregrina/; Dirr, Manual of Woody Landscape Plants

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Gaultheria procumbens / Creeping Wintergreen

PLANT COMMUNITY:  Red maple swamp

NATIVE REGION:  Newfoundland to Manitoba south to Minnesota, Tennessee, Virginia and in the mountains to Georgia and Alabama

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 4-6″, spread 6-12″; rhizomatous, creeping ground cover

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Woodlands, ridges, forests, swamps; best grown in organically rich, evenly moist, acidic, well-drained soils in part shade to full shade

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  3-8

LEAF COLOR:  Glossy, leathery, elliptic to oblong, dark green leaves; acquire shades of purple in fall

FLOWER COLOR:  Waxy, nodding, bell-shaped, white flowers

FRUIT COLOR:  Bright red berries

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  Gaultheria procumbens is an evergreen groundcover that grow well in shade and partial shade for erosion control.  

SOURCES:  https://www.wildflower.org/expert/show.php?id=2635; https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/gaupro/all.html; http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b718

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Carpinus japonica / Japanese Hornbeam

PLANT COMMUNITY:  N/A

NATIVE REGION:  Japan

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 20-30′; wide spreading branches

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Woody edges and woodlands; easily grown in average, medium moisture soil in part shade to full shade; tolerates full sun; prefers moist, organically rich soils.  

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  4-7

LEAF COLOR:  Vein-paired, deeply impressed dark green leaves; at best yellow in the fall

FLOWER AND FRUIT COLOR:  Yellowish to brown fruiting catkins are sausage-shaped, featuring dense overlapping bracts.

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  N/A

SOURCES:  Dirr, Manual of Woody Landscape Plants; http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=994; http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a406

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Magnolia macrophylla spp. macrophylla / Bigleaf Magnolia

PLANT COMMUNITY:  N/A

NATIVE REGION:  Ohio to Florida, west to Arkansas and Louisiana

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 30-40′, spread of 30-40′; pyramidal, spreading rounded crown

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Moist, organically rich, well-drained loams in full sun to part shade; intolerant of soil extremes and most urban pollutants 

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  5-8

LEAF COLOR:  Huge oblong-obovate leaves, green above and silvery-gray below

FLOWER COLOR:  Creamy-white, fragrant, inner petals stained purple toward their base

FRUIT COLOR:  Spherical cone-like fruits; mature to roundish, egg-shaped, rose-colored seeds

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  N/A

SOURCES:  Dirr, Manual of Woody Landscape Plants; http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a884

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Cladrastis kentukea / Yellowwood

PLANT COMMUNITY:  N/A

NATIVE REGION:  North Carolina to Kentucky and Tennessee

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 30-50′, spread of 40-55′; broad, rounded crown of delicate branches

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Limestone cliffs and ridges; full sun, tolerates high pH as well as low pH; best in a location protected from strong winds

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  4-8

LEAF COLOR:  Opening bright yellowish green, gradually changing to bright green in summer

FLOWER COLOR:  Perfect, white, fragrant 

FRUIT:  Brown pod with flat, brown, hard-coated seeds

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  N/A

SOURCES:  Dirr, Manual of Woody Landscape Plants; http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a270

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Tilia cordata / Littleleaf Linden

PLANT COMMUNITY:  N/A

NATIVE REGION:  Europe

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 60-70′, spread 1/2 to 2/3′s of height; upright-oval to pyramidal-rounded and densely branched

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Prefers moist, well-drained, fertile soil, full sun; pollution tolerant

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  3-7

LEAF COLOR:  Dark shiny green in summer, changing to yellow in fall

FLOWER COLOR:  Yellowish, fragrant

FRUIT COLOR:  Gray pubescence nutlet

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  Tilia cordata are useful for windbreak plantings.

SOURCES:  Dirr, Manual of Woody Landscape Plants; https://www.extension.umn.edu/environment/agroforestry/selecting-trees-shrubs-windbreaks/docs/windbreaksrevised_1.pdf

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Cornus mas ‘flava’ / Yellowfruit Cornelian-Cherry

PLANT COMMUNITY:  N/A

NATIVE REGION:  Europe, Western Asia

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 15-25′, spread of 12-18′; rounded crown

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Full sun or partial sun or partial shade; prefers well-drained soil, tolerates acidic or alkaline soil

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  5-8

LEAF COLOR:  Ovate to elliptic dark green foliage; red fall color

FLOWER COLOR:  Yellow flowers 

FRUIT COLOR:  Large, yellow fruit

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  The Cornelian cherry is valuable because it is undemanding in terms of its position and cultivation; it grows in an extreme environment.  It has an important landscape-forming as well as an aesthetic, rehabilitation, isolation and cultural function.

SOURCES:  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st196; http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c290; https://acta.mendelu.cz/media/pdf/actaun_2012060080049.pdf

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Quercus macrocarpa / Burr Oak

PLANT COMMUNITY:  Oak hickory forest

NATIVE REGION:  Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania, west to Manitoba and Texas

MATURE SIZE:  Height of 60-80′, spread of 60-80′; massive trunk and a broad crown of stout branches

HABITAT/GROWING CONDITIONS:  Low woods, stream valleys; adaptable to various soils, found on sandy plains to moist alluvial bottoms; full sun

ECO-INDICATOR:  N/A

HARDINESS ZONE:  3-8

LEAF COLOR:  Lustrous, leathery dark green in summer; dull yellow-green, yellow, to yellow-brown in fall

FLOWER COLOR:  Yellowish-green catkins 

FRUIT COLOR:  Oval acorns with fringed, burry cups

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:  One of the better performing hardwoods in surface-mine plantings in Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma, established successfully from both seedlings and seed.  Survival and persistence of bur oak have been reported on revegetated mine sites as high as 75% on surface coal mine reclamation sites in Wyoming and Colorado. Age of spoils ranged from 1 to 16 years old, and pH ranged from 2.4 to 8.1  On another surface mine site in eastern Kentucky, bur oak survival was reported as 68% in the 5th year. In Laurel County, Kentucky, bur oak was still present 18 years after planting on a coal surface mine site.  Bur oak is also useful as a windbreak planting.

SOURCES:  Dirr, Manual of Woody Plants; http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a902; https://www.osmre.gov/resources/library/ghm/ne68.pdf; https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/quemac/all.html#ManagementConsiderations; https://www.extension.umn.edu/environment/agroforestry/selecting-trees-shrubs-windbreaks/docs/windbreaksrevised_1.pdf