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GameCube start screen montage.

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somehow I got 95/20 on an assignment

I hope they never fix it and leave it this way forever

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Why Season Eight Sucked Major Ass

There are so many things about this season that needs to be addressed I almost don’t know where to start. What I have always loved about Game of Thrones is the political drama. Ever since they executed Ned Stark, we all knew that we were in for it. A show that would kill off its beloved main character, and is still known as one of the best written tv shows of all time... that isn’t a show that’s fucking around. My heart still breaks for Ned Stark, he didn’t deserve his fate, but rewatching the first season opened my eyes to what this show is actually about, and why it’s so good.

Ned Stark, was a good and honourable man, everyone knows it, and many people liked him in Kings Landing, but he didn’t play the game. And I don’t mean he didn’t become a male Cercei or a northern Littlefinger, he was woefully ignorant of many good people who were playing the game as well. Some of whom were trying to help him. Varys literally closed all the windows in his solar before speaking with him as plainly as he could and still he couldn’t help him along the right path.

“I did warn you not to trust me.” Littlefinger said. Ahhh now we get it, he wasn’t helping Ned, he was playing the game. There was foreshadowing, subtext, and stellar acting all laid down for the pay off that ended up being Littlefingers betrayal. Even though the payoff wasn’t what we wanted, it was setup throughout the entire season and it made sense. It’s masterful, how through each proceeding season the hints became fewer and father in between, each time the foreshadowing was laid down but each time it was subtler and subtler, more difficult to catch. Going back to rewatch season 1, it’s almost painful to see how oblivious Ned was, so many mistakes were made, so many pieces of advice that was never taken. Season one had a good twist, that was a good season, and that is the pattern that continued practically throughout all seasons of the tv show.

Except for season eight.

I’m not sure why D&D thought they could get away with ‘subverting expectations’ as they put it, by laying down so much ground work with absolutely zero payoff but they did it either way, and it should haunt them throughout the rest of their careers. It’s a complete disservice to both the fans and the characters to write so haphazardly, so unlike GRRM whose every line of dialogue, every song, every little detail served a purpose. That was what we expected in season eight. We believed that D&D could write an ending that would do justice to Martins masterpiece, and that faith made us the clowns we are.

From what I can tell political!Jon was very much real, up until it was revealed that Dany was apart of his family. She is closer to him by blood than any of his remaining living relatives. Jon Snow is nothing if not a man of honour. He betrayed the women he loved, Ygritte, for the Night’s Watch because they were his sworn brothers. His father was murdered and he was still convinced to be loyal to his sworn brothers. Honour is the one and only code he lived by.

Which is why, up until he realized that he was a Targaryen, he was playing Dany to have her release him from her grasp and to help with the Great War. Otherwise the scenes with Theon (S07E07) and Sansa (S08E01, S08E02) were completely meaningless. He was a prisoner in season 7, until miraculously he fell in love with his captor... right, okay. I love Dany, don’t get me wrong, but she’s not the brightest. Jon made the enemy fall in love with him before and still he fought for his sworn family. He fought for the Starks until he realized he wasn’t one. And that would have been all well and good, but they didn’t fucking explain that.

The GA needed to know why, why he was depressed, why he was scared, why he suddenly became a marionette for the Dragon Queen. The other characters don’t need to know, but we do. Dramatic irony is amazing, we love it, give us more dramatic irony. Let the characters suffer, sure, but not us. Don’t punish the fans (who are the reasons you have jobs btw) because you wanted to ‘subvert expectations’, just be real and admit the only thing you wanted to subvert was honest work. If you cannot find your own method of storytelling that isn’t as satisfying or more as the kind that was used before, then don’t do it. It seriously makes me wonder if the talent only lied with GRRM and you two were floundering once your safety net wasn’t available any longer.

I believe that Jon was playing the game, quite well in fact, but he got in over his head after the parentage reveal. It threw him off kilter. The woman that was previously his target for manipulation, a woman not to be trusted, became the women he went to first with the truth. He believed that she would embrace him as family... if only he asked about the fate of her brother first, if he did he might have realized that being honest with Dany was the biggest mistake of his life. He experienced the same tragedy as Jamie Lannister. So many oaths, how do you proceed when they all conflict with one another?

Ironic that the moment he learned he wasn’t a Stark was the moment he became most like his adoptive father.

A sworn member of the Night’s Watch should have known that blood isn’t the only thing that ties you as family. If his thought process was to be loyal to his blood before the family who was raised beside him, I feel sorry for him, he ignored the exact advise he gave to Theon Greyjoy (S07E07). The problem is we have no sure idea what was going through his head. We needed to know what was real and what wasn’t. We needed a Littlefinger-esque kind of reveal.

He did do the right thing in the end, I just cannot fathom why he took so long to get there. Or why there was so much focus on his guilt for preventing a tyrant from committing more mass murder, and not enough focus on him being a hero because of it. Were we expected to believe somewhere along the way of being a captive turned lover turned emotional abuse victim that he was truly in love with her? And sure the Unsuilled were still occupying the city and they were out for blood so yeah lets tell the tall tale of sending Jon to the Night’s Watch (it was actually ingenious to have the men in black escort Jon to the docks right in front of Grey Worm) but we never got to see if Jon joining the Free Folk was the plan all along, or how Tormund knew to be waiting for him at Castle Black. We never got to see any of the Starks be truly happy. I’m still waiting for Bran to get his personality back. Sansa is Queen in the North, as she should be, but will anyone marry her for love? Is Arya still Arya or is she just as broken as Bran? Will Jon only have the wildling children and never have some of his own? Who will he give his sword to? How is he protecting the realms of men? WHERE’S DROGON?

The ending of series was such a disappointment because it left us with more questions than answers. Like Grey Worm so wisely said: It is not enough.

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So like it kinda looked like Jon was saying good bye when the gate closed? Maybe he’s king beyond the wall now? Mance Rayder 2.0. I saw blades of green grass growing so maybe that’s a hint for growth for the land beyond the wall both literally and figuratively.

Also if you look up Bael the Bard there’s some hope for Jonsas

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Here’s some last minute Jonsa meta to help push you guys through

So I rewatched some of Jon/Ygritte scenes and if you look at them with Jonsa goggles on there’s some pretty cool take aways.

Some backstory on my thought process: My guess is that Jon has been vying for the affections of Catelyn Stark since he realized that he was a bastard and that she was not his mother, despite sharing siblings by her husband. He grew up beside his siblings knowing that their father loved him but he never truly had a mother, the closest he had was Catelyn. She loved all her children but absolutely scorned Jon. In his mind, he could have had everything if Catelyn only loved him. I think he grew up believing that if he pleased Catelyn he would be accepted as a full member of the family, so he tried to do everything he could to appease her worries. For example: he stayed a virgin even though he has the desire for physical affection and had opportunities not to be, I mean, just look at him, of course women would have propositioned him. Cat was concerned that he would challenge her children’s claim if he ever decided to try to be legitimized. Which is very fair, Catelyn married Ned so her bloodline would be the Lord/Lady of Winterfell. He did this even though — from what I can tell — a family of his own is what he wants the most. I think he found great love in his father, brothers (and Arya) but hes never had a women’s love or a nurturing kind of love. Even Sansa, the spitting image of her mother, followed Cats lead, even though she probably didn’t have any other reason to scorn him. She was just a child who wanted to make her mother happy, and that was the only way she knew how.

So when Jon meets Ygritte that world finally opens up for him. He could be someone that is shown affection by a woman and he falls hard, and fast, likely due to her looks which strikingly resembles his pseudo mother and ‘half-sister’. He doesn’t believe Ygritte’s intentions at first when she comes on to him, but it’s obvious even without trust he wants her pretty bad, he’s clearly tempted, so much so that he eventually gives in and forsakes his vows to be with her. There’s an element of ‘its wrong, but its not really wrong’ that renders him defenceless. Then they eventually trust each other and fall in love, but there is still uncompromisable factors that separate them. They have different allegiances. You can’t choose who you love but that doesn’t mean you should betray your family (which is exactly what Robb did). A union between people has to have more than just love and attraction there needs to be a benefit or agreement between families before a coupling is made, otherwise the relationship is doomed. Jon remained loyal to the Nights Watch even after falling in love. He never hurts Ygritte but it’s obvious he doesn’t fight for her side either. He fights for the Nights Watch.

However when he is betrayed by the NW he immediately wants to leave — with no real plan — after his death, which is fair, as he is no longer beholden to his oath because of their actions. Then he conveniently runs into a member of the Starks, and its the only Stark member left alive that he never felt properly loved by. And on top of that she’s another subject of his (just going off of subtext and body language) ‘its wrong, but it doesn’t feel wrong’ feelings. Those are the feelings that drew Jon to Ygritte in the first place. Before this he didn’t give any girl a second glance. In Crasters Keep, there was literally tens of women there and none of them could tempt him, even Ros and Melisandre couldn’t tempt him and they were red heads! Then one look at a red headed wildling that would definitely kill him if she had the chance ends up seducing him and quite successfully at that since he falls in love with her... without actually knowing that much about her (go back and watch/read them they don’t really connect that much). What I’m getting at here is that its likely Jon is projecting his forbidden desires about Sansa on to Ygritte. He creates a scenario that allows him to satiate that forbidden desire without ~really~ breaking any important vows, even if only for a little while.

What’s even more interesting about this is that Jon has the complete opposite conflicts with Ygritte than he does with Sansa. Where he and Ygritte were on difference sides of a war, Jon and Sansa are bound by family ties. Where Jon and Sansa cannot act on any feelings or desires because they are family, Jon and Ygritte are free to.

When wolves are in a pack they are in it for life. Sansa is his family and family always comes first, especially when you were just killed by your sworn family and literally don’t have anything else to do. Jon doesn’t know where he stands with Sansa when she comes to the Wall. The last time he saw her was when she was in that phase of ignoring him to please her mother. So when they both look at each other like they each hang the moon its clear, even though they’re confused about each other, that the love runs deep. Sansa has been waiting for her family to save her since season one, she’s been alone and in danger for so long, so of course she’s beside herself with happiness and relief to see him. She’s been traumatized by almost everyone she’s met, and there he is looking like Ned Stark himself. Jon represents safety to her, something she hasn’t truly felt in years.

Jon has completely different reasons for his shocked reaction. He stares at her like she’s a ghost and he can scarcely believe she’s real. He literally can’t take his eyes off her. One could argue its just because he loves her just like he loved Robb, Arya, or Bran, but then why did he not say goodbye to her like he did the others if he was so close with her? He was never that close with Sansa and yet you can still tell he would put his life on the line her. He has done things and has acted out in ways that are suspiciously passionate for two people who weren’t close as siblings. The only way that his behaviour makes sense is if he was in love with her. And it could be that its the reverse — Sansa reminds him of Ygritte and that’s why there’s an attraction — but it’s just not as easy to believe, the logic doesn’t follow that he would be suddenly attracted to his sister because she looks like a past lover of his. The only way any of his behaviour makes sense is that he must have developed an attraction in their childhood and it must have been from afar. He would have only been able to interact with her when they all played and even then sometimes he wouldn’t participate. He said he would sit and stare at them in the corner, so the only thing he could do was admire her at a distance. He likely never established a sibling kind of rapport with Sansa, she was scarcely around to do so. He grew to want something from Sansa that he couldn’t have and probably fixated on that often enough until, either consciously or unconsciously, it grew into something sexually chemical. Boy’s get horny, taboo things are hot, we all know it. Also we can draw on Freudian theories here as well.

This can actually make a lot of sense when you see how Jon looks at Ygritte when he first see’s her. He reminds her of Sansa so much that he just can’t do it, he can’t kill her. He can’t separate the two from his mind. He knows that, at some point, she’s going to have to die to ensure their survival and yet he still can’t do it. Why? At that point he knows nothing about her and she’s very prepared to kill him. It just isn’t logical, but love isn’t logical. But how could he be in love with someone he just met? He isn’t she just reminds him of someone he is in love with. Eventually, once trust is built, he realizes that he can take liberties with Ygritte that he couldn’t with Sansa. It would be absolutely wrong to feel that way about your sibling, and its still kind of wrong to do it with Ygritte, but he’s able to bend the oaths in his favour and in the eyes of the gods.

Bonus: This might be stretching it a little but I’m also of the mind that Jon/Sansa and Jamie/Cersei are complete foils to one another. We know that Jamie and Cersei were attracted to each other from a young age and did not stop themselves from acting on their desires. I’m not saying that Sansa was quite there yet with Jon — maybe, maybe not — but I think there is a part of Jon that was very much attracted to Sansa whether he let himself believe it or not. You don’t call your sister radiant and then rag on the prince she’s enamoured with and then get completely wasted and embarrass yourself when you feel platonic about someone. Anyway, one of the few flashbacks we have that aired on GOT is between Cersei and her friend going to see the witch that gives her her prophecy and these are the lines that stuck out for me:

“We shouldn’t be out here alone”

“Why not?”

“If your father —“

“He’ll never know were gone”

“But if he finds out”

“You don’t need to be afraid of my father”

“Are you sure?”

“Yes”

“We shouldn’t go in”

“Of course we should”

The bolded lines are the exact words said by Jon and Ygritte before they... get down to it. Of course this would be more concrete if Jon and Sansa said these words but, again, in my mind, Jon is really projecting his forbidden desires about Sansa on to Ygritte. And if you switch father with mother I can easily see this being a conversation that Jon and Sansa could have together. The location is even reminiscent of the godswood with all the trees and the pond that they walk by.

There are also many examples of Jamie/Cersei and Jon/Sansa where their course of action is the exact opposite — Cersei wants her people to fear her, Sansa would make them love her; Jamie captured by his enemies and is still hated by them, Jon is captured by his enemies and makes them love him — but they share the same feelings. They are loyal and love their families, that is what they live for. It’s not entirely out of the question that where Jamie/Cersei acted on their feelings Jon/Sansa had feelings but did not act on them. Jamie/Cersei are truly in love but they are the bastardized, pervertred version of love that was doomed from the beginning which then ended in demise. They knew it was wrong but they didn’t care and acted on it anyway, consequences and everyone else be damned. Unlike Jon/Sansa where they believed their feelings were unatural and must be hidden at all costs, even at the expense at their own happiness. Their strength and honour will prove to be the reason for their future happiness.

In a way, Jamie’s act to protect his perverted family (by pushing Bran out the window) leads to his and Cersei’s downfall/demise and leads to Jon/Sansa’s rise to power and true happiness.

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Ummm. Has anyone else seen this???

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What is the theme of subtext in the war council scene?

Challenge of authority and dis/trust

Dani is questioned and chastised by Sansa, and is clearly is offended by it. Jon rolls his eyes, he doesn’t like this. I can’t tell if he’s mad at Dani or Sansa but either way he’s not okay with their dynamic. He wants them to get along. He thinks that she is the only way out of this alive. Which is fair he’s a war strategist guy but Sansa has seen what the power of public opinion can do. They are literally discussing how the people hate Cersei and why that will be her downfall. Anyone see the irony in this?

Dani has never had a parental figure, she’s never been told no by anyone other than her brother. We saw how well that went down. Spoiler alert: he’s dead. To Jon this is not looking good for Sansa right now, he’s thinking that she might be her next target once Cersei is dealt with.

Jon knows how serious the situation is with Dani, he knows what she’ll do to get her throne. He sees this exchange between the two — makes a face — and then stops the conversation when he thinks it’s gone too far, and gives her the most dangerous look I’ve ever seen him give another person and the fact that he gives that look to Sansa, someone he has promised to protect, is fucking huuuuge. He’s trying to save her. When he gave her the deadliest glare of life his back was turned — Dani couldn’t see his face, he might not want her knowing how dangerous he can be. He definitely doesn’t actually because he whips right back around to face Dani and his face looks completely normal in a spilt second. It’s also telling that he broke his own rule, he undermined Sansa in front of everyone. If breaking you’re own rules in politics doesn’t spell ‘act a fool’ to keep a loved one safe Idk what does.

Sansa also couldn’t stop staring at him when he turned around, she’s never seen him like that. She’s smart, she should know that he wouldn’t do that unless it was serious.

Bonus:

After Jon’s look Arya has to look at Sansa. She needs to know if this exchange affected Sansa — she always knows a liar when she sees one — she recognizes the surprise on her face and then immediately holds a Stark family meeting. They’re in this together. Jon’s worried that they’ll care that he’s a Targaryen but he should take his own advice: their father Ned Stark, was more of a father to him than his ever was. With the way Jon has grown up I can understand feeling like maybe the Starks will kick him out of the family, he might be afraid of Sansa most of all since she’s the most like Catelyn but I think it’s pretty obvious they will never betray him.

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Dani is still threatening Sansa guys. It’s pretty clear that if she puts a toe out of line Dani is going to come for her. Jon knows Dani is on her last thread and it explains all the coaxing he’s doing to calm her. She has no one now. He needs to be her Jorah, misandei and possibly more if Dani is going to stay away from Sansa and co. Jon went against her wishes, told the starks his secret, and now the secret is out. She’ll probably end up coming for Sansa and who do you think Jon will choose in the end?

Also, I’ve never seen Jon look so cross with Sansa — or with anyone — and we haven’t seen Sansa so jealous and emotional in a long time/ever. This isn’t the end. D&D always pull this last minute shit on us, I don’t see why this will be any different.

Also yeah Jon’s being a shit but *he has no idea that his **sister** is jealous*. He doesn’t see a reason to hide his flirtations, all he keeps doing to console Sansa is tell her that the North needs her.

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Sansa Stark is already Queen of the North

And here’s why

As most of you have noticed, Jon said this to Dani:

and of course all the northerners know:

So already we have a strong case that Jon never bent the knee in the first place physically or otherwise, what he did say however is this:

He cannot serve two queens not House Stark. He pledged himself, not House Stark. This is still a problem for Jon, but for Jon alone. However he might be able to get himself out of this pledge with out Dani dying first.

What’s even more interesting is the letter that he sent Sansa after he said as much. It reads as this:

"Sansa,

Cersei Lannister has pledged her forces to our cause, as has Daenerys Targaryen. And if we survive this war, I have pledged our forces to Daenerys as the rightful Queen of the Seven Kingdoms. We are both coming to organise the defence of the realm.

Jon Snow. Warden of the North.”

It does not say he bent the knee, and although at the time he does not know his true parentage, she is technically not the rightful queen of the seven kingdoms. Not unless Dani marries Jon. The only reason I point this out is because Jon tries very hard not to make oaths he cannot keep, he’s playing a dangerous game but so far he has not committed to anything specific. He also claimed the title Warden of the North, not Lord of Winterfell. He cannot and does not command all the forces of the north, as he is not king, therefore he cannot pledge anyone on their behalf. This is an excerpt from the asoiaf wiki page explaining what the responsibilities the Warden of the North holds:

The initial appointment of a warden in northern Westeros was likely to help deal with the wildlings. The territory of the North also has shores on both the Shivering Sea and the Sunset Sea, making pirates and reavers a real threat.

And this is Sansa’s reaction to Jon’s letter (couldn’t find gifs so here’s poor screen caps):

Every time she says something untrue or unproven she looks down (he has asked for her opinion and he has not bent the knee nor does it say so), every time she speaks truth she looks up and she never directly addressed Littlefingers remark.

So basically what this proves is that Dani is under the impression that Jon has bent the knee (which he hasn’t), and has pledged his forces (which he has no right to). What he has done however is pledged himself (himself alone) to Dani. However as Sansa pointed out to Tyrion recently:

And convinently, in their next scene, Tyrion is kissing Sansa’s hand (which no one else saw), a possible illusion to Tyrion’s secret switch of loyalties. His main reason for supporting Dani was because she was a better option than Cersei, and after what he has seen since then... that might not be the case anymore. It only takes Sansa just a few interactions with Tyrion to have him demonstrate a very significant gesture of admiration and devotion. I believe this interaction was less about making a case for Tyrion to remarry Sansa (it’s already been done before, this show runners aren’t the type to be predictable) but rather show that how loyalties matter to her in a marriage and that she needs a sign from Tyrion to show that he is loyal to her.

Which brings me back to Jon providing a sign to Sansa that he is loyal to her and not Dani. As posted above there are many reasons that Sansa should be able to trust Jon’s loyalty, however what Littlefinger said to her before he was executed must have lingered in her mind, causing her to second guess Jon. It is understandable, you don’t choose who you love.

Of course the scene cuts off before we know what his response is but I predict that, without saying too much about how he feels about Dani, he lets her know without question where his loyalties lie, by bending the knee to Sansa.

He has not once said out loud that he has bent the knee to Dani. He only says so twice and his choice of words is important. The first is explained above and the second is this:

This is his very next appearance after his cut off conversation with Sansa. Not only do I think that he wouldn’t lie to Sam, but I believe that the Starks can’t lie in places that are sacred to them, like the crypts and the gods wood.

So if my prediction is true, Jon, like Tyrion, has an issue of divided loyalties. He has pledged himself to Dani and has (maybe) bent the knee to Sansa. There are a couple different ways that Jon could honourably get out of his pledge to Dani: get out of it on a technicality, Jon Snow pledged himself to Dani not Aegon Targaryen, however the same could be said for his pledge to Sansa. The other would be marriage. If he married Sansa he would have new rights as a husband. From the wiki page: “This socially recognized union establishes rights and obligations between the spouses, as well as any biological or adopted children and affinity.”

Jon would be able to argue that through marriage, a new identity, and as technical rightful heir, that he has no more olbligation to act on his pledge and in the eyes of the people and the gods.

Not only this but Lord Royce, one of the most traditional and courteous lords that I have ever seen on Game of Thrones did not address Sansa or Dani by their titles, or any title for that matter. It’s suspicious. Especially since we were reminded of Lord Royce’s attention to titles in the previous episode when Tyrion first comes to speak with Sansa.

Oh and not to mention this

look at hER HAIR,

FUCKING QUEEN

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Ya’ll ready for a scene comparison?

So in this scene we have Jon grabbing D@ny to remind her to stick to the plan. He reminds her why they are waiting to strike, so they can get the drop on the Night King. However D@ny, seeing that one of her armies is now been decimated, vehemtly refuses him and does not hesitate in doing so. There is no conversation, there is no trust, there is no faith, there is no listening or conceding. What I got from this is that D@ny will do as she pleases whether or not the person she loves likes it or not, and that she has almost completely stopped listening to her advisors especially now that Jorah has died.

What is super interesting is the similarities in body language between this scene and the scene with Jon and Sansa arguing about undermining him. In the above you see Jon is the one grabbing D@ny, symbolizing maybe that he is the one with the power in the relationship. However D@ny pulls away from him and also refutes him. This is also similar concept to when Jon takes D@ny’s hand when he ‘bends the knee’ and when Sansa takes Jons hand when she tries to convince to take back Winterfell with her. When Sansa takes Jon’s hand he doesn’t pull away and he agrees, when Jon takes Dany’s hand she pulls away. Dany may think she is in love with Jon but I think deep down she doesn’t know how to love someone truly.

There’s a key difference between the scenarios between Jon, D@ny and Sansa and that is, when its Jon and Sansa, he actually listens. He was hurt that Sansa would vocalize her difference of opinion in front of the other lords, but that’s because he knows what can happen when men are in disagreement with their leader (i.e. Jon getting stabbed) Where as Sansa just wants to be heard, she’s never been in a position of power, and she also believes that the Lords of Winterfell are loyal, she’s never experienced the flightiness of men (however she does learn and understands quite quickly when Jon has left). He understands that Sansa wasn’t trying to hurt him she just wanted him to listen to her and he does! If political!jon turns out to be real, which is a pretty good bet, he’s learned from her beautifully. He probably used the moves that Sansa used on him to use on D@ny (not saying she manipulated him just that he knows how touch from a loved one can influence decisions) since he personally experienced how they can work.

This look is what sells it for me. This isn’t D@ny, walking away in a huff, this is a man who completely trusts the woman in front of him and maybe realizes how he completely read the situation wrong. What I love about this is that they want to work things out you can tell with the way they speak to one another that they are fighting to come to an agreement. D@ny, who supposably loves him, resents him for his birth status and jumps to conclusions about what his intentions are. Jon grabs her to remind her of the best course of action and she throws him off. This is not a trusting relationship. Jon even told her himself about his parents, it wasn’t a forced confession, he tried to be honest with her and she immediately thought he was going to betray her.

In the new promo for 8x04 Jon and D@ny are not seen together whatsoever, they are both alone or with others when featured, and in the ‘Together’ promo they are showed faced away from each other while Jon is walking away. There must be a scene coming up that solidifies the broken trust between them, because either way it’s not boding well for the ship.

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Hand-kissing is a gesture indicating courtesy, politeness, respect, admiration or even devotion by one person toward another. However, the lips do not actually touch the hand in modern tradition, especially in a formal environment where any intimate or romantic undertones could be vastly inappropriate. The gesture is short, lasting less than a second.

Tyrion is hand to the Queen. Queen Sansa.

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We are in a culture that demands authenticity from others….then punishes them when their authenticity doesn’t conform to the norms of the culture.