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How to Detect Fake Honey

How to Tell the Difference Between Real and Fake Honey:

The Crystallization Test

As honey is made from nectar, bees process it and infuse it with special enzymes. One of these enzymes, glucose oxidase, helps to remove any water from the honey. The result of this process is that natural honey has a tendency to crystallize and become thicker when stored. Artificial honey will not.

The Water Test

Real honey doesn’t mix readily with water. Just drop a teaspoon into a glass of water and you’ll see that it settles at the bottom of your container. To incorporate it into the liquid, real honey needs to be stirred. Fake honey, on the other hand, easily dissolves in water without even mixing.

The Paper Test

Place a few drops of the sample you are testing on a paper towel or napkin. If the honey is pure, it will remain solid and not soak through. If the honey is impure, it will wet the paper and maybe even soak through it.

The Microwave Test

Add about 2 tablespoons of your sample to a microwave-safe bowl and heat on high power for 45 to 60 seconds. Natural honey will caramelize quickly while artificial honey will become foamy and bubbly.

The Bread Test

Spread your sample on a slice of bread. If it is genuine honey, the bread will become crunchy on top within a couple of minutes. If the honey is counterfeit, the bread will become soggy (because of its different moisture content).

If beekeepers need to test honey for veterinary drugs, they can use honey testing kit.

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Well plates is a commonly laboratory consumables, except for 96 well plates, there are some types of microplates: 6 well plates, 12 well plates, 24 well plates, 48 well plates, 96 well plates, 384 well plates, 1536 well plates.

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What Is A 96 Well Plates?

https://ballyabio.com/what-is-a-96-well-plates/96 Well Plates

The 96 well plates is one type of ELISA PLATE, is a key role in the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). It's involved in the immunological reaction, such as: antibody or antigen coating, buffer block, etc.

The well plate is manufactured in a GMP clean room. The product quality is strictly controlled in accordance with the requirements of ISO and ANSI/SLAS Standards to ensure the stability of the product batches. The product variation coefficient of each plate hole and batch is less than 5%. The product adopts optimized surface treatment technology, which effectively improves the adsorption capacity of the protein in the high and medium binding capacity ELISA plate, and improves the sensitivity of the product to protein adsorption detection. It can be widely used in various types of ELISA, PCR detection, Cell culture, scientific research, etc.

Types Of 96 Well Plates

According to the microplate reader, it is divided into detachable and non-detachable.

Non-Detachable 96 well plates

For the non-detachable, the well strips on a whole board are connected together.

Detachable 96 well plates

Then the detachable is that the well strips on the board are separated, and the separated strips are 8 wells or 12 wells per strip.

Generally, detachable microplates are commonly used. Although all well plats has same apperance, but different brands have their own technical difference, such as structure, protein adsorption performance, etc. While you choose to buy 96 well plates, you should also consider which brand of microplate reader is better you.

According to the different binding ability with protein and other molecules, the ELISA plate can be divided into the following categories:

High Binding Well Plates

After surface treatment, the protein binding capacity of the ELISA plate is greatly increased, reaching 300-400 ng 1gG/cm2, and the molecular weight of the main binding protein is >10kD. To  use this type of well plates can improve the sensitivity, and can relatively reduce the concentration and dosage of the coating protein. The disadvantage is that it is easier to produce non-specific reactions. After the antigen or antibody is coated, non-ionic detergents cannot effectively seal the unbound protein sites, and protein should be used as a sealant.

Medium Binding Well Plates

The ELISA plate is passively combined with white through the hydrophobic bond on the surface, and is suitable as a solid-phase carrier for macromolecular proteins with a molecular weight of 20D. Its protein binding capacity is 200-300 ng 1gG/cm2. Due to the characteristic of ELISA plate that only binds to macromolecules, it is suitable as a solid-phase carrier for unpurified antibodies or antigens, and can reduce potential non-specific cross-reactions. This microplate can be used as a blocking solution with inert protein or non-ionic detergent.

Animated Enzyme Well Plates

After surface modification, the alcohol standard has a positively charged amino group, and its hydrophobic bond is replaced by a water-killing bond. It is suitable as a solid phase carrier for small molecule proteins. Using a suitable buffer and pH value, the surface can bind to small negatively charged molecules through ionic bonds. Due to the hydrophilic properties of the surface and the ability to covalently bond with other crosslinking agents, it can be used to immobilize protein molecules soluble in detergents such as Triton-100 and Tween20. Its disadvantage is that due to the reduced hydrophobicity, some protein molecules cannot bind; in addition, its surface needs to be effectively sealed. Due to the hydrophilic and covalent surface characteristics, the sealing fluid used must be able to interact with the non-reactive amino groups and any functional groups in the selected crosslinking agent.

How to detect the protein adsorption of the microplate?

A protein solution of known concentration can be used for coating on a blank well plate for ELISA. Measure the protein concentration of the solution in the well after coating. The amount of protein in the well before coating minus the amount of protein after coating is the amount of protein adsorbed on the plate. In this way, we can know the adsorptivity of the microplate.

Raw Materials Of 96 Well Plates

There are 4 types materials: Polystyrene, PVC, Poly-D-Lysine and Quartz. Polystyrene is commonly used to make 96-well plates, but polystyrene has poor chemical stability and can be dissolved by a variety of organic solvents (such as aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, etc.), and will be corroded by strong acids, alkalis and anti-grease. easy to change color after being irradiated by ultraviolet light, so be careful during use.

The Apperance Of 96 Well Plates

Wells: 96 wells

well is the most commonly used now, because the microplate is used with microplate reader.

Struture: Detachable and non-detachable (SOLID)

https://ballyabio.com/what-is-a-96-well-plates/

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The Ultimate Guide To Rational Use Of Probiotics And Antibiotics In Dairy Cow--BALLYA

SMART USE OF PROBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTICS STOPS SPREAD OF  ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Just like humans, dairy cows are also prone to a number of infectious diseases and health conditions. Timely diagnosis of diseases and effective treatment strategy is very much important for the well-being animals and significant growth of dairy business. Overall profitability of the dairy business highly depends upon how you keep cows healthy and free from diseases.

ANTIBIOTICS ARE PRODUCED BY MICROBES AND USED AGAINST MICROBES

Antibiotics are low molecular compounds/medicines which are produced by living organisms and are used to treat and prevent the diseases caused by microorganisms (exclusively bacteria). Antibiotics either kill or stop the growth of bacteria.

Here we will discuss how antibiotics should be rationally used in dairy cows along with a lot of  risks associated with the misuse of antibiotics under the light of scientific literature.

1.WHY WE USE ANTIBIOTICS IN DAIRY COWS?

2.WHAT ARE IMPORTANT CLASSES OF ANTIBIOTICS WHICH ARE USED IN DAIRY COWS?

3.HOW ANTIBIOTICS ARE MISUSED IN DAIRY COWS?

4. WHY PROBIOTICS ARE USED IN DAIRY COWS?

For details, anyone interested in it can read the article to learn more: https://ballyabio.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-rational-use-of-probiotics-and-antibiotics-in-dairy-cow/

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BALLYA Thiamphenicol Test For Milk, Milk Powder, Pasteurized Milk It rapid to detect an antibiotic residues in milk and dairy product by using colloidal gold immunochromatography technology. As soon as 7-10 minutes to results.

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BALLYA One Step BT Sensor  For Milk, Milk Powder, Pasteurized Milk

BALLYA Betalactam+Tetracycline Combo Test Kit

Only insert the strip into the milk sample, just waiting 7 minutes to get reliable results. Interested friends can click on the link to read the operating instructions

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BALLYA milk test kit 

It rapid to detect an antibiotic residues in milk and dairy product by using colloidal gold immunochromatography technology. As soon as 7-10 minutes to results.

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Special therapies for dairy cow diseases you should know

With the improvement of living standards, people's demand for milk is increasing, and the development of the dairy farming industry has been promoted, especially in rural small-scale farming. The increase of dairy cows will inevitably bring many diseases, so the treatment of these diseases has become a major problem faced by dairy farmers in rural areas. Some diseases often worsen due to lack of timely treatment, and even lead to the death of dairy cows, bringing huge losses to farmers. To overcome this problem, this passage introduces several special therapies for cow diseases, so that farmers themselves can treat cows in time.

1. Self-blood therapy Also, known as protein stimulation therapy, it has the functions of both autologous serum and autologous vaccine. This method is suitable for the treatment of some skin diseases, skin inflammation, some eye diseases (such as conjunctivitis, keratitis), these diseases to a certain extent due to local nutritional deficiency, low immune function. On the one hand, it can play a nutritional role, on the other hand, it can promote the immune system function of the body.

Specific methods: At the junction of 1/3 superior jugular vein and 1/3 middle jugular vein, 3-6 ml of blood was collected according to different parts of the treatment after alcohol disinfection (to prevent coagulation, blood should be injected immediately after blood collection, and some anticoagulants can also be added). They are then injected into surrounding healthy tissues (skin diseases, skin inflammation) or subcutaneous eyelids (eye diseases). The second injection is after the blood is absorbed from the first injection.

2. Rumen Bloating Induced Soaking Massage Therapy: Primary Rumen Bloating is caused by animals eating numerous fermentable green fodder or leguminous plants and cereals, producing a large amount of gas to compress the gastric wall, reducing the body's neuron activity, dysfunction of the rumen, gas can not be discharged and leading to rapid expansion and expansion of the rumen. Inducing belching and massage therapy is a kind of therapy that aims at exhaustion and distension by inducing belching and promoting rumen peristalsis.

Specific method: Use a stimulus smell of relatively large tender branches, or ordinary branches coated with soy sauce and other substances with a stimulus odor, so that the cow in the mouth, the branches at both ends of the rope fixed at the corner root. Owing to the stimulation of the branches, cows were induced to ruminate and belch. At the same time, grasses are massaged in the rumen area of the abdomen to promote the peristalsis of the rumen and strengthen the emptying of the rumen. The effect would be better if some warm water was given to the dairy cattle before the massage.

3. Pseudo-death of newborn cow babies: Artificial respiration. Pseudo-death of newborn calves, also known as asphyxia, is caused by obstruction of fetal discharge during childbirth, prolonged delivery period or compression and winding of umbilical cord, which causes the blood circulation of placenta to weaken or stop, and causes the fetus to breathe prematurely, resulting in asphyxia due to inhalation of amniotic fluid. If not rescued in time or the method is wrong, it often leads to the death of calves. Artificial respiration has a good effect on the treatment of pseudo-death.

Specific methods: After the birth of the fetus, the amniotic fluid in the nostril and mouth was wiped with a cloth immediately. The calf's hind limbs were lifted to the head and off the ground while shaking, while gently pressing the chest and abdomen rhythmically, and the effluent amniotic fluid was wiped off at the same time. In summer, some cold water can be thrown on calves to stimulate the body and induce breathing. If you don't have enough hands, you can put the calf on the slope, head down, and gently press the chest and abdomen rhythmically. The effect is also good.

4. Production paralysis mammary air supply therapy: Production paralysis, also known as milk fever, occurs mostly in high-yielding cows. The main reason is that a large amount of blood calcium enters colostrum before and after delivery, and the ability to use bone calcium decreases. At the same time, the amount of calcium absorbed from the intestinal tract decreases, resulting in a sharp decrease in blood calcium concentration. Breast ventilation therapy is by far the most effective and simple method to treat paralysis of dairy production. When air is injected into the breast, the pressure in the breast rises, the blood vessels are compressed, the blood flows into the breast decreases, and the calcium loss with the blood flow into the colostrum decreases, and the blood calcium level increases. Also, the air is injected into the breast, and the nerve endings of the breast are stimulated and transmitted to the brain, which can increase the excitement of the brain and relieve the depression.

Specific method: Prepare breast air supply (also can make breast air supply, as shown in the figure). The bottles, stoppers, catheters, and water of the self-made breast air supply should be strictly disinfected, and the catheters should be strictly disinfected and then coated with disinfected vaseline. The affected female cow will lie in Baoding, and the breast, nipple strict disinfection, squeezes out the breast milk. Slowly insert the duct into the nipple and fix it. The assistant pumps slowly until the skin of the breast is tense. The edge of the base of the breast is clear and thicker.

Gently tapping the drum is the standard. Four breast areas are full of air, too little does not work, too much will occur breast acinar rupture. After blowing up, gently tie the nipple with a wide gauze strip to prevent air escaping. After an hour of standing up, the gauze strip will be released. If cows suffer from mastitis symptoms, the use of breast ventilation therapy should be prohibited to prevent the spread of inflammation.

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How to develop POCT rapid test? Here is Tutorial for reference. For more details visit https://ballyabio.com/point-of-care-how-to-develop-rapid-test

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Pay attention to The common disease of dairy cow!

Dairy cows are the production machines and profit objects of cattle farms, but in the actual feeding management, cows will suffer from some chronic diseases because of the unfavorable supervision of cattle farm personnel, which will bring great economic losses to the cattle farms. Therefore, experts remind: dairy cattle breeding must do a good job in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.

Common respiratory diseases

Bovine respiratory diseases are generally caused by the environment, such as excessive harmful gases in the cowshed, which lead to the respiratory tract being stimulated and damaged and infected by a virus, or because of the dry air, excessive dust in the air leading to bovine respiratory diseases. And some cattle respiratory diseases have high infectivity and fatality rate, so cattle breeding should prevent respiratory diseases. Common respiratory diseases in cattle are:

Tuberculosis. The disease is a chronic consumptive infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its pathological features are the formation of characteristic granuloma, caseous necrosis and calcified nodules in multiple tissues and organs of diseased cattle. The disease is a chronic process. The cattle show progressive emaciation, cough, and dyspnea, but their body temperature is generally normal.

Infectious bovine pleuropneumonia. The chronic cattle with this disease mostly turn over from acute. The digestive function of diseased cattle is disordered and thin. Most diseased cattle have no obvious symptoms, but they are poisoned for a long time. The cattle were sensitive to palpation, and the lesion was located in the voiced area.

  Prevention and control:

Strengthen feeding management and environmental monitoring, and regularly  make sanitation and disinfection.

Tuberculosis: Isotoxin callus, streptomycin, kanamycin, and rifampicin can be used to treat pulmonary tuberculosis. No therapeutic significance should be eliminated as soon as possible. There is no ideal vaccine for the disease. The best prevention and control strategy is to strengthen quarantine and surveillance to prevent the introduction of the disease and the spread of the epidemic.

Infectious pleuropneumonia: Tylosin, kanamycin sulfate and other medicines can be used to treat infectious pleuropneumonia. Cattle diagnosed should be eliminated as soon as possible. The disease is mainly prevented. Cattle farms should not introduce cattle from epidemic areas, and imported cattle should be strictly quarantined. Bovine infectious pleuropneumonia attenuated vaccine inoculated once a year in cattle over 6 months of age can prevent the onset of the disease.

Common digestive system diseases

Digestive tract disease is caused by feed nutrition and feeding methods. It can be divided into acute and chronic diseases. If the treatment is not timely, it will often turn into chronic diseases.

Chronic anterior gastric flaccidity. Symptoms of diseased cattle: loss of appetite, reduction or cessation of rumination and belching, weakening or disappearance of peristaltic sounds in the rumen, reticulum, and valvular stomach, weakening of intestinal peristaltic sounds, decreased milk production and depression. Most of the cases turned to chronic because of untimely treatment. The diseased cattle were progressively emaciated, exhausted and unable to lie down. The main reasons are: an improper mix of feed and forage, deterioration, lack of minerals and vitamins, inappropriate management, stress reaction, cattle suffering from nutritional metabolic diseases and the use of antibiotics in numerous rumen flora disorders can also cause the disease.

Chronic gastroenteritis. The main symptoms of diseased cattle are persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, thin feces, mucus and pus blood, its odor, depression of cattle spirit, loss of appetite, stop of rumination, sharp decline in milk production, severe dehydration, acidosis, hypothermia, cyanosis of the mucosa, and eventual exhaustion and death. It is mainly due to the long-term lack of exercise or overwork of dairy cows, coupled with sudden changes in feed or eating corrupt, frozen, polluted, non-digestible, toxic herbs, which easily lead to the disease.

Parasitic diseases. The main symptoms of cattle were hemorrhagic enteritis, anemia, and digestive disorders. Clonorchiasis infection is generally a chronic process, which can cause cow milk production decline, low milk fat rate and short milk production peak period, and affect the growth, development, fertility and calving performance of cows. Serious cases can lead to death. The main parasites that infect the digestive tract of dairy cows are cryptosporidium, Fasciola hepatica, anteroposterior and posterior dishware, digestive tract nematode, Haemonchus contortus, esophageal mouth nematode, Ascaris and so on.

 Prevention and control:

Preventive treatment is the main method for anterior gastric flaccidity. To prevent this disease, we should improve the feeding management, rationally allocate feed, refine the diet, and not feed moldy or frozen feed. The main treatment is to stimulate and enhance the motility of the forestomach. Potassium antimony tartrate is usually administered through the gastric tube, which can be injected with neostigmine. The use of micro-ecological agents or traditional Chinese medicine can also play a role in disease prevention.

For cattle gastroenteritis, we should mainly strengthen grazing or reduce labor, increase nutrition, and do a good job of feed supervision.

It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and diagnosis of parasitic diseases and select effective, broad-spectrum and easy-to-use drugs for insecticidal treatment according to the results of monitoring and diagnosis. Two or more drugs can be used together to improve the efficacy, reduce the number of drug use and expand the scope of insecticidal treatment. To change bad feeding management and grazing habits, feces should be concentrated fermentation to eliminate and control pathogens.

  Common reproductive diseases

Cows suffering from reproductive system diseases are very serious for cattle farms, which will affect the productivity of dairy farms. Therefore, dairy cows must prevent cows from suffering from reproductive system diseases.

Chronic endometritis. Chronic endometritis in dairy cows is mostly caused by bacterial infection during or after childbirth. Chronic endometritis in dairy cows can be divided into catarrhal, catarrhal purulent and recessive endometritis.

The symptoms of diseased cattle are the vaginal discharge of turbid mucus, more mucus when lying down or estrus, abnormal estrus cycle of affected cattle, accompanied by mental retardation, loss of appetite, gradual wasting, elevated body temperature, and other symptoms. Recessive diseased dairy cows have no obvious clinical symptoms. Their estrus cycle is normal, but they are often sterile. Some diseased dairy cows do not have estrus, and uterine empyema or hydrops. During the rectal examination, the uterus of diseased cattle was enlarged, fluctuated, touched the uterus, and no fetus was found.

Brucellosis. It is a chronic zoonotic infectious disease caused by Brucella. Brucella mainly infects the reproductive system of dairy cows. The main symptoms were inflammation of uterus, peritoneum, joints and lymph nodes. The most significant symptoms were the abortion of pregnant cows or infertility of cows. Some diseased cows had foul secretions from the vagina.

Mastitis. Mammary mechanical damage, improper milking methods, delayed milking, unclean environment and lack of attention to breast hygiene are all important reasons for promoting cow mastitis. Dairy cow mastitis is mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus, and cows fed with high protein are also prone to this disease.

Because of the slow development of inflammation in mammary tissue, the clinical symptoms of chronic mastitis are not obvious, and cows do not show systemic symptoms, but their milk production decreases, inflammation recurs, lactating acinus is destroyed in a wide range, mammary tissue fibrosis, and finally breast atrophy and sclerosis.

 Prevention and control measures:

The routine treatment of cow endometritis is to use antibiotics to prevent and cure the infection, remove purulent secretions in the uterine cavity, and improve uterine tension and uterine self-cleaning ability. The uterus can be washed with medicated liquid first, and then cleaned by rectal massage, then injected with antibiotics and uterine contractile drugs. At the same time, electrolytes and other medicines can be applied appropriately according to the incidence of the disease.

It is assumed that healthy cattle can be treated symptomatically for brucellosis, and those with no therapeutic significance should be eliminated in time. At the same time, quarantine and surveillance should be strengthened to prevent the introduction and spread of epidemic diseases.

There are many problems that need to be paid attention to in the process of dairy cattle breeding. A little neglect will cause various diseases of dairy cattle. The occurrence of cow diseases not only costs treatment costs, but also reduces the milk production of cows, which directly affects the economic benefits of farmers. Moreover, it can lead to the death of sick cows or the infection of diseases, which will lead to the sickness or death of economic animals in the whole farm. Therefore, farmers should pay special attention to scientific breeding in the process of breeding. They should not rush for success. They should feed cows with too cheap feed or milk promoter. It is also necessary to conduct regular physical examination of animals in farms. Suspected cases should be isolated in time and keep the farms hygienic. The staff of farms should also conduct professional training, disinfection when entering and leaving the farms, and professional training in milking, including the posture, quantity and quantity of milking. The improper work may cause diseases in cows, so we should actively defend against them.

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BALLYA Tetracucline test for milk 

Milk antibiotic test in milk. it can detect the antibiotic residues and improve the quality of milk. Tetracucline test for milk to detetc the single antibiotic.

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Several Measures for Increasing Milk Yield during Heat Stress in Ranches

Ⅰ. Reasons for seasonal imbalance in raw milk supply

1. The work of heat prevention and cooling is not good, and cow milk production decreases during heat stress.

2. The pregnancy rate of insemination in the ranch affected by heat stress is low from July to September every year, which leads to a decrease in the proportion of cow pregnancies. In April-June of the following year, there will be more dry dairy cows and fewer new cows.

3. Artificial insemination is carried out seasonally in ranches. Breeding is stopped in some ranches from September to November to prevent calving losses from June to August next year.

Ⅱ. Measures to adjust seasonal imbalance of raw milk supply

The biggest daily cost of ranch investment is the feeding cost of cattle, and the main source of production efficiency of cattle is milk production and reproduction. Therefore, the ultimate goal of the rancher's work should be to let the suitable cows breed and produce milk as soon as possible. Doing well in the following aspects will help to improve the economic efficiency of the ranch.

1. Consolidate and strengthen heat prevention and cooling

(1). In April, the ranch should prepare for the installation of heat-proof and cooling equipment in advance to ensure that the air velocity in the cowshed reaches 3 m/s.

(2). Conditional branches are equipped with spraying cooling equipment to reduce the temperature of cowshed and cow surface during heat stress, to reduce the impact of heat stress on dairy cows.

(3). Setting up sunshade shelter, sunshade net and other facilities for preventing heat and cooling in the feeding passage and lying area of the young cowshed. During the period of June-August, the normal feeding density should be reduced so as not to affect the oestrus of cattle. Voluntary balanced calf-producing ranches in the Southern Region shall be carried out according to nutritional and management measures such as perinatal cows and new-born cows during the heat stress period.

2. Strengthen feeding management

Suggestions on cows cluster management at different stages

(1). Perinatal period and new delivery period (30 days before delivery - 30 days after delivery) need a separate TMR formulation to facilitate more accurate nutritional management.

(2). During the period of heat stress, it is suggested that perinatal delivery of dry milk should be carried out 7 days ahead of schedule, and the inspection of the perinatal cowshed should be strengthened. Cows with signs of impending labor should be transferred to the delivery room in time for calving.

(3). During the first two months of gestation, the group was transferred to the dry milk shed, and 7 days earlier to the perinatal shed.

(4). The density of dry dairy cows and perinatal periods is less than 85%, and the density of cowshed of primary cows is less than 80%.

Suggested Feeding Standards for Dry Dairy Cows, Perinatal Cows, and Primary Cows

IndexHerd of cowsDry Dairy CowsPerinatal CowsPrimary Cows

Roughage: Concentrate75-8055-6045-55

CP%13.5-1415-1617.5-18

RDP%65-7060-6560-65

RUP%30-3535-4035-40

ADF%25-3521-2517-21

NDF%45-5540-4527-32

NEL(Mcal/kg)1.3-1.351.5-1.551.65-1.7

NFC%20-3030-3535-40

Starch%8-1016-1821-23

Fat%2-34-55-5.5

Ca%(anionic salts)0.6-0.71.50.9-1

P%0.35-40.35-40.35-4

K%1.2-1.51-1.21.5-1.8

DCAD12-20-5-1530-40

During the perinatal period (including 30 days of young cows before delivery), oatmeal of the highest quality was used, and heat stress additives such as active yeast, ruminal nicotinic acid or choline, and organic chromium additives were used.

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Ballya milk test kit, it safe, quickly, easy and simple to use, no equipment and device requied, results in 5 minutes, low cost, Rapid One Step Assay

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Special design for detecting Beta-lactam, Tetracycline, Sulfonamide in one strip! Specifically match E.U. MRL.