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My Answers to HW6case, Q3
Q3. Write up your case on your blog with the following subheadings:
“The facts of the case.” Here is where you describe the case in your own words.
“My conclusions.” Your conclusions and opinions about the case. Be sure to explain and justify what you write. 3 sentences of average length or more.
“Analysis.” Examine the case in terms of the questions and/or discussion.
“Conclusions.”
“Future environment.” Describe your vision of a future in which technology is more advanced than today, or society has changed in some significant way.
“Future scenario.” Describe how this ethical case (or an analogous one) would or should play out in the environment of the future, and give your opinions about it.
Answer:
The facts of the case. Arizona officials invited companies like Uber to test their newly developed self-driving cars. Tempe was considered an ideal place to test self-driving vehicles; in 2015, Arizona declared the state a regulation-free zone in order to attract testing operations from companies like Uber, Waymo, and Lyft. However, one car operated by Uber -- with an emergency backup driver behind the wheel -- struck and killed a woman on a street. On the night of the accident, it did not appear as though the car had slowed down before impact and that the Uber safety driver showed no impairment signs. This was believed to be the first pedestrian death associated with self-driving technology. Even when an Uber self-driving car and another vehicle collided in Tempe in March 2017, officials said that extra safety regulations weren’t necessary; the other driver was at fault, not the self-driving vehicle.
Analysis. The consequentialist approach suggests in this case that the function of the self-driving car was highly dangerous in that it seemingly did not detect a pedestrian and come to a complete stop, making its usability regarding safety quite flawed. The deontological approach seems to imply that the self-driving car violated the AI code of ethics where it should not put itself or any human in danger which differs from the consequentialist approach in that it focuses more on the code of ethics but is similar in that the device has a major bug for it not detecting the pedestrian. A Humean analysis indicates that the backup driver was in the wrong for not taking safety precautions which seems similar to the consequentialist approach in terms of the device’s usability but different in that the approach is more on the driver than the self-driving car itself. It also compares to the deontological approach in both AI code of ethics and safety rules but suggests that the backup driver should have had exercised more control even if the self-driving car did detect a pedestrian. I feel that the Humean approach works best in this case because it can apply to both the human and the AI, and that the consequentialist approach seems to give the odd result that the backup driver may not be in the wrong.
Conclusions. In my previous blog, I mentioned that self-driving cars is a prominent topic of discussion when it comes to robot ethics. In 2016, it was projected that by 2020, self-driving cars would become the modern way of transportation, and we all would be “backseat drivers.” It is currently 2020, and there still is not an optimal grasp of programming self-driving cars to obey the laws of AI and the road. This case brings a call to action of being more mindful of how self-driving cars are developed.
Future Environment. Even if we resort to self-driving cars, it is still important that we understand the laws of the road and be able to put ourselves out of harm’s way should it ever occur again. Technology evolves every second, and while self-driving cars could benefit from constantly updated materials, if something is outdated, it could be quite dangerous to anyone.
Future scenario. Should this event occur in the future, the AI must be able to detect a pedestrian from miles away and program itself to come to a complete stop when it approaches the crosswalk or where pedestrians exclusively have the right of way. However, if the detection malfunctions, the backup driver must be able to act quickly to stop the vehicle from putting anyone and itself in harm’s way.
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My Answers to HW6case, Q2
Q2. Online students: Explain the case and discuss, one at a time, each question you devised about it, plus the 3 standard questions. Post this on your blog.
Answer:
Not necessarily. It more or less brings a call to action; we need to be very mindful of how we develop these cars to abide by not only the laws of the road but also the laws of AI.
Yes. With the development of self-driving car facilities, technicians can debug any errors with the vehicles instead of the outside world being the test subject.
Assuming that the self-driving car had manual inputs for the “backseat driver,” yes; the driver had full control of making sure the accident didn’t happen.
In both cases, the self-driving car violated the AI code where it should not obey any orders that would cause it to put itself or any other object in danger.
Self-driving cars is a prominent topic of discussion when it comes to robot ethics. In 2016, it was projected that by 2020, self-driving cars would become the modern way of transportation, and we all would be “backseat drivers.” It is currently 2020, and there still is not an optimal grasp of programming self-driving cars to obey its own set of ethics, as well as the laws of the roads.
In terms of deontological ethics, self-driving cars seem to not have the proper rules programmed into its memory. The case shows an example of the self-driving car violating the AI code in that it put itself and a human being in danger.
By utilitarian ethics, there have been numerous concerns about the notion that if we were to develop self-driving trucks, it would put numerous drivers out of a job; only the technicians who developed the vehicles would receive revenue from their automated transportation.
Since this is a robot, it does not seem to understand when they should abide the laws of the road. Therefore, the self-driving car lacks an ethical personality in that it would not only protect itself but also the passengers, other vehicles, and especially pedestrians.
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My Answers for HW6proj
Directions: For your term project (see “Course Information” tab for details): if it is a paper: write 349 words (or more) of it and place in your blog. The blog entry should not contain any material already in a previous blog entry. If your project is not a paper: do the equivalent amount of work. Then describe briefly (but with specific details) what you did on your blog (for example, if you are developing a web site, you could provide a link to it. Or if you are filming a skit, you could explain who will play each part, or provide the script outline, etc., depending on how far along you are.) If you’re not sure what to do, see me or send me an email, and I will try to suggest something. Title your blog post “HW 6proj.”
Answer:
The core, which contained a Master Emerald, began to glow immensely, almost blinding its surroundings.
“Is that the... “ Sonic covered his eyes, “Master Emerald!?”
“Who would have thought that this Master Emerald could power South Island’s Internet, as if it was some modem?” Tails noted.
Dr. Eggman grinned from one end of his moustache to another and exclaimed, “It’s working! I am almost gaining control of the core, and this Emerald is only a fake!”
“Not this again!” said Tails.
“Nevermind that, buddy,” said Sonic, “we need to stop this Emerald from emitting more viruses.”
“Sonic, I think if we shut the Internet off, the IP address will be refreshed, and the viruses will be gone. However, the Master Emerald is a bit too strong for me. It needs someone with stronger power to neutralize its negative energy. All I can do is hold off these viruses with my anti-virus shield, but it only works for so long.”
Tails put up the shield. The viruses were approaching the core, hacking away at every network, creating a gigantic earthquake within cyberspace. There wasn’t much time left to act, as the transporter was also running low on energy. Dr. Eggman was maniacally laughing as the events were unfolding.
“Oh, look, I’m seeing the complaints to the service provider regarding my little virus, OHOHOHO, and they’re causing them to speed up and continue hitting every part of South Island!”
Suddenly, the lights in Dr. Eggman’s base started flashing, and all of South Island’s Internet shut completely off. The video signal, which was using the island’s Internet, disappeared.
“What? NO!” Dr. Eggman exclaimed. “I lost signal? I thought I was using an external modem using my own network!?”
Cubot scratched his head and said, “Oh, you were supposed to connect this fiber optic, coaxial cable thing into this jack and not into the jack that connects to this base directly to the Master Emerald.”
Dr. Eggman turned around to face Cubot, enraged. “You dopey duncebot! You were supposed to split the external modem with the Master Emerald! Not only are we not connected, but now my doxxing data is not saved into my external server!”
The lights came back on, and the video resumed to a chuckling hedgehog.
“Sorry, Egghead,” Sonic said. “Guess you needed to use a better malware device.”
“Curse that loathsome hedgehog. There’s only one way I can really shut down South Island now.”
Dr. Eggman pressed the red self-destruct button... but it was wired to the base instead of the core.
“Oh, no…” Dr. Eggman braced for the explosion of his base. “Your Internet will be mine one day, Sonic the Hedgehog.”
“Not a chance, Eggman. Tails, let’s get out of here.”
Tails nodded and transported him and Sonic out of cyberspace.
Back at South Island, the town welcomed Sonic and Tails with a huge applause, quite glad to see their Internet returning to normal with seamless speeds. The two heroes gave a quick speech.
“As it turns out,” Tails says, “the Internet was running off of the Master Emerald’s power, and even though Eggman tried to harness it once again, Sonic was able to neutralize both the virus and the emission of the Emerald to completely refresh our IP addresses!”
The crowd murmured and scratched their heads. Sonic took over.
“Uh, what my buddy meant here was that we essentially did more than shut off the Internet so the viruses can disappear.”
The crowd understood and cheered for the heroes.
“And for better protection,” Tails added, “I created an anti-virus tool and also recabled the core of our Internet to divert any instance of viruses. Your personal data is safe.”
One person asked, “Does this mean our digital footprints are still going to be there?”
Sonic answered, “I would not post something that you would not want to post that would cause anyone to leave virtual footprints.” He shook his head and also said, “That’s no good.”
A loud character began running towards the audience screaming, “SOMEONE POSTED MY BABY PICTURES ON TITTER.(DOT)COM.”
It was Sticks.
“Sticks, I thought we removed the posts already,” Sonic said with an exasperated sigh.
“Yeah, but someone posted them again! I think I was hacked.”
“It looks like you accidentally posted them.”
“Oh, I did? That’s right. I needed to test my sharing function on this new phone.” She deleted the post. “There, it’s gone now.”
Sonic and Tails ended their speech with a reminder for everyone to be very careful on how the Internet is being used. Exposing one’s privacy or controlling their devices can lead to troublesome events for businesses, communities, and even individuals. Cybersecurity is one of the more prominent issues in today’s world, and it is important that we all exercise proper protection of our personal information.
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My Answers to HW6case, Q1
Q1. Notes for the case related to robots for the robotics unit. This should include
A link or other citation to the case you are using, or if it is from personal experience, point that out.
A list of 8 or more important facts about the case. These could help you tell your group members or anyone or remind yourself what the case is all about.
A list of questions (4 or more) to think about or discuss about the case.
A 5th discussion question about how computer security relates to or could relate to the case.
Answer:
The source of my case is https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/technology/uber-driverless-fatality.html.
Eight important facts are:
Arizona officials invited companies like Uber to test their robotic vehicles on the state’s roads.
An autonomous car operated by Uber -- with an emergency backup driver behind the wheel -- struck and killed a woman on a street in Tempe, AZ.
This was believed to be the first pedestrian death associated with self-driving technology.
The accident was a reminder that self-driving technology is still being experimented, and governments are figuring out how to regulate it.
Federal policy makers considered a Senate bill that would free autonomous-car makers from some existing safety standards and pre-empt states from creating their own vehicle safety laws.
On the night of the accident, it did not appear as though the car had slowed down before impact and that the Uber safety driver showed no impairment signs.
Tempe was considered an idea place to test autonomous vehicles; in 2015, Arizona officials declared the state a regulation-free zone in order to attract testing operations from companies like Uber, Waymo, and Lyft.
Even when an Uber self-driving car and another vehicle collided in Tempe in March 2017, officials said that extra safety regulations weren’t necessary; the other driver was at fault, not the self-driving vehicle.
Five questions to ask about the case are:
Does this case make self-driving cars unsafe to consider?
Should a driving center be developed to test self-driving cars?
Could the backup driver had done something to stop the car from hitting a pedestrian?
How does this case tie with the self-driving car colliding with the other vehicle case?
How does this apply to robot ethics?
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Notes on Robotics Lecture 4/20/20
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/top-10-ethical-issues-in-artificial-intelligence/
This website presents a top 10 (9) ethical issues in artificial intelligence (robotics). Here are 4 of the more important issues from the list.
Unemployment
We’ve invented ways to automate jobs; this could create room for people to assume more complex roles such as administration. For instance, if Elon Musk’s self-driving trucks become widely available, we would be able to oversee its functions, as it lowers the risks of accidents. Ultimately, if we develop AI to our jobs, it gives us time to care for our families, engaging with communities, and learning new ways to contribute to human society.
Inequality
By using AI, a company can minimize relying on the human workforce, but revenues will go to less people. This also means that individuals who developed the AI will receive more of the money. And it can therein lead to the unemployment issue where we may not figure out how to spend our quality time as robots are essentially performing our tasks, making money for their creators.
Humanity
Machines can trigger the reward centers in our brain. Clickbait headlines and video games are some examples. These headlines are often optimized with A/B testing, an algorithmic optimization used to capture our attention. It renders technology addiction more of an issue.
Security
The more powerful technology becomes, the more susceptible it is to nefarious uses. This applies to not only robots used to replace human soldiers or weapons but to AI systems that can overall cause damage. Cybersecurity, therefore, will become more of the battlefield.
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Notes on Robotics Lecture 4/15/20
Three Laws of Robotics:
A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, harm the human being.
A robot must obey the orders given by human beings, but they cannot obey orders that conflict the First Law.
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
Are these laws utilitarian, deontoloigcal, or virtue ethics based?
Virtue. The laws essentially give robots more or less characteristic values that they must live by.
Do the laws work for:
Driverless cars? Sure. If the car were to crash itself, for instance, it would be harmful to it and the human being(s) in the vehicle. Another example is that my 2019 Nissan Rogue has an emergency braking option, where if it is about to hit someone’s bumper, it comes to a complete stop so that no one gets hit.
Theme of stories is...
Three Laws Conflict
They form an ethical code with “problems”
Can an ethical rule be “strengthened” or “weakened?”
I think ethical rules can strengthened if more people are willing to be aware of the rule’s weaknesses. In the case of WALL-E, the robots are programmed to do everything for the humans; because of that, the humans are very overweight and cannot fend for themselves. It shows that humans are already being harmed by being unhealthy, which breaks the First Law. Therefore, the robots must be developed and programmed to where it can encourage us to improve life activities as opposed to being pampered on a daily basis.
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My Answers to HW5case, Q3
Q3. Write up your case on your blog with the following subheadings:
“The facts of the case.” Here is where you describe the case in your own words.
“Analysis.” Examine the case in terms of the questions.
“My conclusions.” Your conclusions and opinions about the case. Be sure to explain and justify what you write. 3 sentences of average length or more.
“Future environment.” Describe your vision of a future in which technology is more advanced than today, or society has changed in some significant way, such that the ethical issues of the case would be even more important than they are in today’s world. 3 sentences of average length or more.
“Future scenario.” Describe how this ethical case (or an analogous one) would or should play out in the environment of the future, and give your opinions about it. 3 sentences of average length or more.
Answer:
The facts of the case. Google and YouTube were accused of illegally collecting personal information from young viewers of child-directed channels [without first notifying parents and getting their consent]. YouTube earned millions of dollars by using Internet cookies to deliver targeted ads to viewers of these channels. This act violated the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) rule. COPPA Rule requires that child-directed websites and online service provide notice of their information practices and obtain parental consent prior to collecting personal information from children under 13. Therefore, Google and YouTube ended up paying a record $170 to settle the allegations by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the New York Attorney General.
Analysis. The consequentialist approach suggests in this case that YouTube was indeed wrong in using their own identifiers to track personal information, which can be deemed as an invasion of privacy. The deontological approach seems to imply that YouTube was also wrong in that they violated a rule by not seeking permission from the parents which differs from the consequentialist approach in that it focuses on the rule aspect of the case but is similar in that in both approaches, YouTube was wrong. A Humean analysis indicates that YouTube was wrong which seems similar to the consequentialist approach in terms of actually using cookies to obtain money but different in that the approach is more on using cookies to invade someone else’s privacy. It also compares to the deontological approach in violating the rules but does not determine whether the company feels wronged for doing so. I feel that the consequentialist approach works best in this case because it resulted in Google and YouTube to pay a hefty amount to the FTC and the New York Attorney General.
Conclusions. All in all, YouTube was completely in the wrong for their invasion of privacy. They essentially used their viewers as a means to end by tracking their personal information and obtain money out of it. Instead of "protecting kids and families,” they obtained their personal information without their permission. It renders the platform very unsafe, especially for children.
Future Environment. In the future, COPPA rules may more than likely be overturned in the event Google and YouTube, in particular, exercise proper security of their network, as well as creating a safer environment for families to enjoy their videos without worrying about their information being tracked. However, parents must be very cognizant of what their children watch on the Internet. To help with this matter, an anti-cookie tracker of some sorts would be developed or hardwired into the network so that no website can retrieve personal information unless the user types it in and saves it.
Future scenario. Should this situation play out in the future, YouTube would be shut down completely, and COPPA would end up tightening their regulations. Online video sharing sites would be put in grave danger. Channels lose revenue because their platform chose to obtain personal information without permission.
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My Answers to HW5case, Q2
Q2. Online students: Explain the case and discuss, one at a time, each question you devised about it, plus the 3 standard questions. Post this on your blog.
Answer:
There is not an exact number of YouTube channels that have been dropped due to COPPA; however, quite a few animation channels (in particular) either stopped producing videos or were completely dropped from the platform. (Example: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDfM9tiOtlM)
According to the FTC, if a channel uploads content that is directed towards children, and if the channel collects personal information from viewers of that content, the channel must be covered by COPPA. However, this regulation is misleading. Channels are required to select whether or not their video is directed towards children. The rules are implying that if the video itself is family-friendly, then COPPA does not apply to the video nor the channel.
In 2018, YouTube provided an emailed statement that “protecting kids and families has always been a top priority for us.” YouTube has also been notorious for showing inappropriate ads on their YouTube Kids subsidiary, and when they received a complaint for it, they began to show ads such as Barbie Dolls.
If a channel marks their video as directed toward kids, the video will not showcase personalized ads, thereby decreasing the revenue. Comments and notifications will also be disabled for those videos. Lack of push notifications means traffic will come more slowly to newly posted videos. In terms of revenue, COPPA can alter how much a channel makes if they mark a video as directed towards children. Therefore, the COPPA rule is mostly unfair to those who mark their videos as directed towards children as opposed to making it a regular video.
Computer security relates to COPPA such that YouTube used cookies to retrieve personal information from their child viewers without the parent’s consent. Because of those cookies, YouTube was able to showcase targeted advertisements to the viewers and earn millions of dollars.
YouTube technically violated COPPA rules before it was enforced, meaning that they were still in the wrong for using cookies to retrieve personal information.
YouTube used their viewers a means to an end, as they were able to garner millions of dollars from distributing targeted ads.
YouTube essentially fuels the notion that Google is notorious for its privacy issues. Simply tracking anyone’s personal information makes their network not secure, and it can possibly lead to abhorrent consequences for the client.
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My Answers to HW5case, Q1
Q1. As a “case” to discuss for this unit, use a law related to security, privacy, etc. Suggestions: HIPAA, FERPA, Computer Security Act, Sarbanes-Oxley, Gramm-Leach-Bliley,COPPA, Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), US Patriot Act, Section 508 of the Americans with Disabilities Act, or some other law.
A link or other citation to the case you are using, or if it is from personal experience, point that out.
A list of 8 or more important facts about the case. These could help you tell your group members or anyone or remind yourself what the case is all about.
A list of questions (5 or more) to think about or discuss about the case.
Answer:
The source of my case is https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2019/09/google-youtube-will-pay-record-170-million-alleged-violations
Eight important facts are:
Google and YouTube paid a record $170 million to settle allegations by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the New York Attorney General that the YouTube video sharing service illegally collected personal information from children.
Google and YouTube had to pay $136 million to the FTC and $34 million to New York for violating the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) Rule.
The $136 million penalty is the largest amount the FTC has obtained in a COPPA case since Congress enacted the law in 1998.
The FTC and New York Attorney General allege that YouTube violated the COPPA rule by collecting personal information from viewers of child-directed channels without first notifying parents and getting their consent.
YouTube earned millions of dollars by using cookies (identifiers used to track users across the Internet) to deliver targeted ads to viewers of these channels.
COPPA Rule requires that child-directed websites and online service provide notice of their information practices and obtain parental consent prior to collecting personal information from children under 13.
YouTube marketed itself as a top destination for kids in presentations to the makers of popular children’s products and brands (i.e., Mattel, Hasbro, etc.)
The settlement with the FTC prohibited Google and YouTube from violating the COPPA Rule, and requires them to provide notice about their data collection practices and obtain verifiable parental consent before collecting personal information from children.
Five questions to ask about the case are:
How many YouTube Channels were dropped because of COPPA?
Is it wrong for a channel to maintain its content and ignore COPPA rules?
Why did YouTube collect information from children?
Is the COPPA Rule fair?
How does computer security relate to COPPA?
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My Answers for HW5proj
Question:
In-class students: send me an email ([email protected]), picking any class day between now and the end of the semester for your presentation to the class. The presentation will be 5 minutes long. Up to about 8 people per class day can be scheduled, so get your request in soon so you get the day you requested. (Online students: you may present in class if you like, or instead, you can submit a video, or slides that would be usable for a presentation of about 5 minutes.)
Answer: I will submit a video and slides by the day the entire project is due.
Question:
For your term project (see “Course Information” tab for details):
If it is a paper, write 349 words or more of it to your blog. MS Word tells you how many words are in a document you are editing in a little status bar in the lower left corner of its window. OpenOffice Writer has a tool that you can click to find out the # of words. Let me know if you can’t find it. Do not include material submitted for a previous HW, obviously.
If your project is not a paper, do the equivalent amount of work, and provide a brief (but with specific details) description, and evidence as appropriate, in your blog. If you’re not sure what to do, I can try to suggest something.
Answer:
In the virtual world of computers, known as cyberspace, there exists communication between different networks and devices. The speed at which communication travels is undocumented, but we do know that one virus can not only cause disruption but also have the capability to destroy an entire Internet entity. While they were blasting through this cyber world, Tails was analyzing the causation of the virus to spread across South Island. He programmed his portable computer to pinpoint the exact location of the virus while being distributed.
“Huh, this virus moves at a constant velocity; neither speeding up nor slowing down,” said Tails.
Sonic shook his head. “Whatever this virus is, we have to put a stop to it. And contain it in that Egghead’s lair.”
“Right. I also built a machine that reflects any incoming viruses traveling in here back to its original owner.”
“You are one smart fox, dude.”
Suddenly, the two friends are halted by a rumbling sound.
“What is that sound?” Tails asked, concernedly.
Sonic looked behind them to notice a swarm of viruses moving towards them.
“Well, this is a nice welcome. Time to make a run for it, Tails!”
They start blasting through cyberspace at the speed of sound until they lose sight of the virus pack.
Panting, Tails said, “Sonic, the viruses are not actually chasing us! They are headed towards the core of South Island’s Internet! And the worst part is that as we are in here, we drain the energy of the Chaos Emeralds!”
“I have just enough rings to use the last bit of the transporter’s power to get us to the core first and prevent those viruses from taking out our Internet.”
Sonic began to glow as the Chaos Emeralds were surrounding him, allowing him to transform into Super Sonic.
“Come on, Tails, we gotta go fast!”
Sonic and Tails began to travel faster than the lowest amount of ping possible, though in the distance, an enraged scientist began to speak.
“You fools! Not even your unparalleled speed is enough to stop my fleet of viruses from reaching the core of South Island’s Internet!”
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“Last Lecture” Discussion Questions
Your name: Neco Larimore
1. The video was intended as life advice to whom?
This video was intended as life advice to those who do not reflect on events that led to where they are today; mainly the life lessons.
2. List the advice terms that you/your group can recall below. (Many, but not all, are related to ethics.) For each, note whether you agree or not.
“It’s cool to meet your boyhood idol.” “Guys, that was good, but you can do better.” - Agree
“Help others.” - Agree
“I believe in karma.” - Agree
“Apologize when you’re wrong.” - Agree
“Tell the truth.” - Disagree; there are certain situations when you have to lie.
“Never lose the child-like wonder.” - Agree
“Decide if you’re a Tigger or an Eeyore.” - Agree
“Brick walls are there for a reason: They let us prove how badly we want things.” - Agree
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Notes on Lecture of 04/01/2020 from a Recording (Last Lecture)
Educator Randy Pausch delivered a unique last lecture on September 18, 2007 before his death in 2008 due to pancreatic cancer.
His lecture essentially goes through achieving his childhood dreams
Throughout the presentation, he’s very chipper, simply ignoring the fact that he doesn’t have much longer left to live
He even met Captain Kirk: “It’s cool to meet your boyhood idol.”
“Brick walls are there for a reason: They let us prove how badly we want things.”
There are two ways to say “I don’t know,” a good way and a bad way. “I don’t know if it is a good idea, but my star faculty member is in here, so please tell me more.”
After he discusses his childhood dreams, he considers how to enable childhood dreams in others
Pausch created the Building Virtual World class
“Guys, that was good, but you can do better.”
The Hello World demo is creepy but awesome at the same time
“You can tell just by their body language; if they’re standing close to each other, the world is good”
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My Answers for HW4case, Q3
Q3. Write up your case on your blog with the following subheadings:
“The facts of the case.” Here is where you describe the case in your own words.
“Analysis.” Examine the case in terms of the questions.
“My conclusions.” Your conclusions and opinions about the case. Be sure to explain and justify what you write. 3 sentences of average length or more.
“Future environment.” Describe your vision of a future in which technology is more advanced than today, or society has changed in some significant way, such that the ethical issues of the case would be even more important than they are in today’s world. 3 sentences of average length or more.
“Future scenario.” Describe how this ethical case (or an analogous one) would or should play out in the environment of the future, and give your opinions about it. 3 sentences of average length or more.
Answer:
The facts of the case. Twitch’s ethical code requires streamers and viewers to abide by the law; unlawful or illegal behavior is strictly prohibited. Similarly, hateful conduct such as threats to DDOS or dox someone is not tolerated at all. Intellectual property rights are exercised, as people may not share other streamers’ content without their permission. The community guidelines applies to the audience members as much as it applies to the streamers.
Analysis. The consequentialist approach suggests in this case that Ninja was outright wrong for doxxing the person with a racist username. The deontological approach seems to imply that perhaps the person was wrong for using a hateful name which differs from the consequentialist approach in that the person did not actually receive punishment from Twitch but is similar in that both Ninja and the person were wrong for violating Twitch’s ethical code. A Humean analysis indicates that Ninja can be hateful towards his viewers which seems similar to the consequentialist approach in terms of them attempting to break Twitch’s ethical code but different in that he proceeded to conduct himself in a negative fashion. It also compares to the deontological approach in the other person being racist but Ninja ended up being just as wrong as the racist person. I feel that the consequentialist approach works best in this case because doxxing someone is impermissible by law, and that the deontological approach seems to give the odd result that the racist person did nothing wrong, however, their name still violated Twitch’s ethical code.
Conclusions. In my personal opinion, Twitch’s ethical code is quite straight-forward with a few extra components for the viewers such as prohibiting stream sniping. Simply violating this code ruins the experience for both the streamer and the audience. As for Ninja, he has been notorious for his hateful conduct towards his viewers despite being an innovator in the gaming community. His actions of doxxing one of his viewers as well as falsely accusing someone of stream sniping are examples of how and why Twitch is becoming more sensitive about their platform.
Future Environment. Gaming continues to evolve every second, and they are becoming the most popular component of content creation. As more people are starting to livestream their games, more of personality seems to come out, which can either be innovative or atrocious. Ethical codes have to be updated or reminded to everyone using the platform in order to maintain a healthy streaming environment. And with the COPPA act in place, streamers must be sensitive about their character towards their audience as there could be the possibility of children watching their role-model.
Future scenario. Suppose Ninja received another donation from a person with a racist username. In the future, one act of hateful conduct like doxxing someone would result in an automatic ban from the platform. Instead of revealing such personal information, it would be best to return the donation to the viewer as opposed to taking the money and then invade their privacy. Also, let them know that their name is going to be reported to Twitch as it violates their ethical code of using a hateful username.
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My Answers for HW4proj
Question:
Make a blog entry titled “HW4proj.” If your term project (see “Course Information” tab for details) is a paper, write 399 words or more and put it in the blog. Do not include any material already in a previous blog entry. To see the word count, copy into MS Word and look at the little status bar in the lower left corner of its window. OpenOffice Writer has a tool that you can click on to find out the # of words. Let me know if you can’t find it.
If your project is not a paper, do the equivalent amount of work. Explain what you did on your blog. For team projects, focus on your own activities although you can also discuss the overall effort to provide some context. Explain and give evidence (for example, if a web site, you could provide a link to it; if software, give the code; if a skit, give some of the script or list rehearsal or meeting times; etc.). If you’re not sure what to do, see me or send me an email and I will try to suggest something.
Answer:
Meanwhile, an evil doctor was staring at his computer screen, maniacally laughing.
“OHOHOHOHO, my astounding master plan to eradicate South Island’s internet is practically complete!” exclaimed Dr. Eggman. “It was so easy tricking that pesky hedgehog into wanting those speedshoes. Oh, don’t get me started on sharing the badger’s pictures to everyone. OHOHOHOHO!”
Orbot, one of the doctor’s robots, interjected.
“But sir, how will you hide your identity? Someone is bound to be tracking down the source that is tampering with South Island’s internet.”
Cubot, slightly not as bright as Orbot, said, “All you have to do is go to South Island’s main internet tower and just pull the plug!”
Dr. Eggman facepalmed. “You foolish duncebot. Do you have any idea what the consequences are if I were to step into that main tower? Those lowly citizens already know who I am, and because of that stupid two-tailed fox, his satellite can detect when anything from this location reaches South Island.”
Orbot asked again, “But what about your identity?”
Dr. Eggman facepalmed again. I want to go back and laugh at my marvelous plan, but my ridiculous robots will never understand what I really want out of this plan. And that involves capturing that hedgehog once and for all.
He removed his hand from his face and said, “I programmed my virus to have different IP addresses, meaning no one will be able to track down this base, even if one manages to dox the source behind it.”
Orbot agreed with the notion then noted, “Doxxing is punishable by law, and should anyone of South Island attempt to release the location of the source to the public, they’re going to spend some time in the jail cell.”
“And that will give the professor some time to obtain full control of the internet,” Cubot chimed in.
“I am NOT a professor,” Dr. Eggman snarled and then turned away. He began to throw his hands upward. “I am a DOCTOR. The most intelligent, witted, advanced…”
Orbot and Cubot covered their robot ears and left the doctor to his flaunting of characteristics.
However, Dr. Eggman does not realize that there are two islanders travelling through cyberspace to put a stop to his evil plan. Not only is he performing a distributed denial of service attack, he also has the ability to dox anyone. A few moments later, a digital buzzer begins to sound, interrupting the doctor’s boasting. Frustratedly, he walks over to his supercomputer and notices a disruption in virus distribution.
“WHAT?” Dr. Eggman exclaimed. “Who could have HALTED my virus? My stupendous and precious virus… err, no matter. I’ll let this ‘anti-virus’ find its way here, and then they’re in for a real digital destruction, OHOHOHOHO.”
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My Answers to HW4case, Q2
Q2 (33 pts.).Explain the case and discuss, one at a time, each question you devised about it, plus the 3 standard questions. Post this on your blog.
Answer:
Stream sniping is comparable to looking at your friend’s screen when playing a multiplayer game that changes the display to split-screen. You’re watching the stream and playing the game at the same time, which allows you to have knowledge of what they’re about to do and then secure a kill on them. It can be very annoying for the streamer, especially if they have no latency on their streams; they make revenue off of gaming content and it overall ruins the experience for the community if one person were to play the game while looking at their opponent’s screen most of the time.
Throughout his career on Twitch, Ninja’s actions sparked numerous controversies involving racism, stream sniping, and doxxing certain individuals who he deemed as dangerous to his brand. However, Ninja left Twitch as their contract with him restricted outside brand deals, effectively limiting his ability to grow his gaming community.
Recently, a group of hacker(s) by the name of UK Drillas began to DDOS Wikipedia, Twitch servers, and World of Warcraft Classic. Shortly after, Twitter managed to take down the account of the alleged DDOSer; the suspect was then arrested.
The simplest way to be a streamer in general is to play what you essentially enjoy playing and make it fun for your audience. Personally, it’s easy for me to not swear or engineer/condone inappropriate content for children. In other words, build a community by building people up instead of attempting to use them as a means to an end.
Twitch is a social media platform, and it is notorious for its ethical and security issues, especially in the case of Ninja. He received a donation from someone with a racist username; then proceeded to find the person’s location and released it to the public, known as doxxing. It’s not just computer security; it was an invasion of privacy regardless of the unethical name by his viewer.
Twitch’s ethical code itself is deontological; it lays out the ground rules for how streamers and the chat should interact with each other. At the end of each regulation, it reminds the reader that should they break the rule, there are consequences.
The ethical code also implies how the user should use their platform. It states that inappropriate content will not be tolerated or using Twitch to harm someone is impermissible.
Overall, the ethical code emphasizes being virtuous towards one another. Stream sniping, in particular, is unethical given that it ruins the experience for the streamer and their audience. Same with carrying out DDOS attacks and threats to dox someone and release their information to the public.
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My Answers to HW4case, Q1
Q1. Prepare case notes on an ethics case which, for this HW, is an example of an ethical code. Online students: post your notes to your blog. Your notes should include the following.
A link or other citation to the case you are using, or if it is from personal experience, point that out.
A list of 8 or more important facts about the case. These could help you tell your group members or anyone or remind yourself what the case is all about.
A list of questions (4 or more) to think about or discuss about the case.
A 5th discussion question about how computer security relates to or could relate to the case.
Answer:
The source of my case is: https://www.twitch.tv/p/legal/community-guidelines/
Eight important facts are:
Every Twitch streamer must abide by the law; simply encouraging unlawful or illegal behavior is strictly prohibited.
Hateful conduct that involves minimizing or marginalizing anyone is prohibited.
Attempts and/or acts of violence that involve DDOS attacks, physically harm someone, or using actual weapons are not tolerated at all.
Content that involves impersonating an individual or an organization is prohibited.
Twitch also does not allow malicious content such as phishing, defrauding, or reselling of services.
Intellectual property rights are very much imperative; people may not share other streamer’s content without their permission.
Cheating, exploiting, or stream sniping other players is prohibited.
The community guidelines applies to the audience members as it also does to the streamers.
Five questions to ask about the case are:
Why is stream-sniping prohibited?
Why did streamers like Ninja quit Twitch?
Were there any DDOS attacks involving Twitch?
How can Twitch streamers be ethical when most of their content is not family-friendly?
How does computer security correlate with Twitch?
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Ethical Code for Class Session of 3/16/20
Code of Ethics for Live Streaming
Be very mindful of your language and content - some audience members are children, and their safety in regards to what they watch on the Internet is very important.
Anything that is under copyright or could be potentially copyright struck should not be used in the stream unless given special permission from the owner of those rights.
Be honest and faithful when endorsing a product. As an influencer, If you outright endorse a product that turns out to be the worst item in existence, then you could be liable for damages paid to anyone who bought the product because they relied on your review.
If you have any doubt on the product you’re about to endorse, it is recommended to stay well clear of it.
When doing personal giveaways, do not insist that audience members must follow you and like the post; make it an option, as well as offering other options.
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