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Tips upon landscaping

to spend inside worry.

the world then, is very important.

in thoughts as well as using them is one thing which the landscaper and also you may want to attempt to do. Knowing Likewise, making an attempt to try to to your own landscaping, unless you are a new professional, may always Sprinkler System be a great Lastly, take a peek at your https://www.homeadvisor.com/c.Landscaping.Denver.CO.-12046.html landscapers financials and also insurance standing. be positive which they're

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Have an excellent comprehension of Landscaping

Do not believe you require to use each principle for you to each and also every a portion of your current plan. Merely having an comprehension of these rules can help you produce ideas along with increase your creativity. Great landscaping lies within your eyes of the its creator. Imply as the rules involving landscape style are wonderful pointers to follow, don't really feel like they're your "need to rules" associated with landscaping. Abstract and creativity are generally allowed. Unity ought in order to be one amongst your own primary goals inside your design. The idea might be better understood as well as http://www.burpee.com/ applied as consistency as well as repetition. Repetition produces unity by repeating as well elements like plants, plant teams, or decor throughout the landscape. Consistency produces unity in the method in which several as well as all with the different elements in the landscape fit together to make an entire. Unity is likely to be developed from the consistency associated with character regarding parts in the look. Simply By character, I suggest your dimensions, height, texture, colour schemes, etc. of different parts.

A smart illustration will be in the utilization of accent rocks as well as boulders. If you've got ever seen any landscape style which had several different colors along with sizes of boulders, then you've seen that unity wasn't created by this particular part. This could be simply one example even so the actual principle pertains to almost all additional parts such as teams regarding plants and materials. A easy method to create unity inside your landscape is merely by creating theme gardens. Making an issue garden is a entire lot easier when it's attached to one thing you're curious with regards to or perhaps have a passion for. If you're fascinated by butterflies with regard to example, you could create any topic making use of plants that entice butterflies in addition utilizing statues, ornaments, and alternative decor that are associated in order to butterflies.

Unity ought for you to be expressed through no much less than 1 element inside your landscape and also ideally additional. Utilizing elements to express any major concept by means of consistent style plus a selected theme is finished . that produces harmony. Simplicity is genuinely 1 one regarding the principles in style and art. It's among the particular greatest pointers you'll follow when acquiring started or do it yourselfer. Just keep things easy to start with. You'll find a way to accomplish additional later. Simplicity inside planting, with regard to example, could be to choose a pair of or 3 colors and repeat these throughout the garden or landscape. keeping decor in order to a minimum and also amongst a particular theme plus maintaining hardscapes just like boulders constant can furthermore be practicing simplicity. Balance in style can be simply because the term implies. The way of equality. There are primarily 2 types of balance in landscape style. Symmetrical and Asymmetrical. Symmetrical stability is how you can easily find much more or even much less equally spaced matching parts, areas, along with designs of your garden style. Along With the garden equally divided, each attributes may well reveal just about all as well as a component of the actual identical form, type, plant height, plant groupings, colors, bed shapes, theme, etc. You could bear in the mind creating a essential factor like this after a person had been a new little one in art class in school. Exactly Where you tend to be taking a piece of paper, splash paint upon it, fold it throughout 0.5, unfold it, then it magically creates an interesting symmetrical style. so symmetrical balance or even design is actually somewhat of a mirror image or reflection. Asymmetrical stability in the other hand is however one amongst the ideas of landscape style that's a almost no a new lot of complicated. Whereas textures, forms, colors, etc. may remain continuous in order to form a few unity, designs along with hardscapes could be more random. This specific form of balance typically provides separate or various themes together with every owning an equal however different sort of attraction. Asymmetrical might be far better understood as truly getting unbalanced, abstract, or totally free kind whilst nonetheless making unity along with balance through the particular repetition of several elements. A sensible example of this is in a new position to become where bed designs or perhaps ways differ about each and every facets with the landscape dividing series although nonetheless sharing a number of the same components along with plants. 1 aspect might be curved with a sense of flow whilst one other aspect will be straight, direct, laborious, along with fully opposite. Again, unity as well as stability is likely to be developed by means of various components. Distinction will be terribly interesting and this kind of form will create a new neat distinction. Flowing lines are usually pleasing to the eye nevertheless the daring contrast of your curve combined using a straight line is likely to be terribly attention-grabbing. Asymmetrical balance isn't enthusiastic concerning the shape of your own garden. The idea could be however generally it truly is not. An instance could be exactly where one aspect associated with a garden is mainly enormous shade trees whereas the other facet can be predominately a new lower expanding flower garden or even any mix of every examples. like I stated earlier, the particular landscaping is planning to be abstract although even now keeping unity via alternative elements similar to rocks, plants, as well as decor. Contrast as well as harmony will conjointly be practiced using plants. Fine foliage verses coarser foliage, round leaves verses spiked leaves furthermore for you to colour compliments and contrasts. Plant height, color, and also texture could be varied via 1 location towards the subsequent nevertheless each and also every area ought to remain consistent at intervals its very own theme. You'll listen to me speak concerning "themes" the heap. Many productive take action oneself styles have a fundamental theme for you to attain the majority of the principles of landscape type described in this page. It's a new easy starting point with regard to take action yourselfers that can be included with later. Color adds the dimension associated with actual life and also curiosity for the landscape. Bright colors such as reds, yellows as well as oranges seem to advance toward you together with can certainly generate an item appear closer in order to you. Cool colours similar to greens, blues, along with pastels appear to move removed through you and will make an object seem farther via you. Grays, blacks, and also whites are considered neutral colors and so are greatest utilized in the track record together with bright colors within the actual foreground. However, for you to increase depth inside a landscape, you'll use darkish along with coarse textured plants within your foreground and employ fine textured as well as light-weight colored plants within the background. Colors could even be used to direct your own attention to a selected area with the garden. The bright display amongst cooler colors would obviously catch the actual eye. Natural transition can be applied to stay away from radical or perhaps abrupt changes in your landscape design. Transition is actually basically gradual change. It could best become illustrated in regards to plant height or even colour even so could additionally be applied to any or even most components within the actual landscape as well as although not limited by textures, foliage form or size, and furthermore the scale and also form of numerous elements. In alternative phrases transition will most likely be achieved through the gradual, ascending as well as descending, arrangement of various components with varying textures, forms, colors, as well as sizes. An example of a good transition will be a new stair step impact from giant trees to medium trees to end up being able to shrubs for you to bedding plants. This kind of illustration will be in which in turn a almost no data regarding right plant choice would can always be located in handy. Transition is one inch all the rules of landscape design that will may become accustomed to "produce illusions" inside the actual landscape. As an example a new transition from taller to shorter plants will give you any method of depth as well as length (like throughout an exceedingly painting), creating your garden seem larger of computer truly is. A New transition coming from shorter for you to taller plants may be accustomed to frame a focal purpose for you to form it be noticeable along with seem nearer than it very is. Line is of the extra structural principles involving landscape style. It will principally always be related towards the indicates beds, walkways, and entryways transfer along with flow. Straight lines are forceful as well as direct although curvy lines use a a new large quantity of natural, gentle, flowing effect. Proportion just refers to the size of Sprinkler Installation Desoto components inside relation in order to its every alternative. Involving all the rules involving landscape style, this one is actually sort of obvious but nonetheless requires a very small thought as well as designing. The Majority Of in the elements within landscape design can be intentionally planned for you to fulfill the right proportions. For illustration if an individual are creating a little courtyard garden, an monumental seven foot garden statue positioned in the center would be approach out of proportion plus a very little tacky to say the smallest amount. Or Even a small four foot waterfall and also pond placed inside the middle involving a big open yard would wander off within the actual expanse. Don't misunderstand this to imply that if you've a huge yard an individual can not have got smaller features or garden decor. Proportion will be relative as well as parts will be scaled to match by making different rooms within the garden. Your goal would become to create a pleasing relationship on their e-mail list of three size of length, breadth, as well as depth or perhaps height. A small water feature can be proportionate if positioned inside a Desoto Sprinklers really corner or about the edge of your large area and turns directly into a focal purpose of the greater space whereas making its distinct atmosphere. An entire space, sitting space, as well as theme may be produced about it. Various Other rooms as well as themes could be produced still. Discover small gardens pertaining to ideas upon creating rooms as well as creating illusions. Conjointly, unique consideration as well as study should be offered to correct plant choice for you to avoid utilizing plants that are from proportion. Repetition can be directly related for you to unity. Its good to encounter a choice of components and types in the garden nevertheless repeating these parts gives variety expression. Unity is achieved by simply repeating objects or perhaps elements that are alike. too many unrelated objects can create your garden look cluttered along with unplanned. There's a new little difference here. It's prospective that an excessive amount of of just one portion may create an outdoor or landscape feel uninteresting, boring as well as monotonous. However, unity can easily nevertheless be developed by utilizing numerous very different elements repeatedly. This in turn keeps a garden interesting.

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What Is Actually Infill As Well As Durafill?

Synthetic grass will be engineered to be resilient as well as durable with regard to several years. artificial turf producers are constantly improving the particular composition regarding turf products to satisfy high top quality expectations. Any significant element used to maintain the high quality of synthetic grass is infill. Infill consists of pebble-like granules that are spread under the actual turf surface within in between grass blades, acting as the cushioning layer. Infill helps as well to keep synthetic grass blades upright and standing. You could find artificial grass products around the marketplace that don't require infill, proclaiming that it is not necessary. However, these non-infill turf products are shortly lasting and may degrade swiftly without the existence of a cushioning as well as supporting infill layer. Also, the appear off non-infill synthetic turf may be flat, since polyethylene blades use a natural tendency to stay flat without infill. Infill proves to become any necessary component pertaining to synthetic grass of all purposes. Rubber, sand, or possibly a blend of each create up synthetic turf infill. Rubber is granulated as well as may be recycled via old tires regarding infill. Sand can be ground straight into round silica in order to stop abrasiveness. This particular helps to act as a cushion with out developing a surface that is also hard. This specific cushioning is significant to any kind of as well as all types of synthetic turf, such as sports as well as area turf that undergoes high-level performance along with activity. Since several area sports, for example soccer, require surface experience of cleats, rubber granules keep infill coming from becoming moved around by simply sharp or perhaps pronged footwear. Any softer layer can in addition https://www.yelp.com/search?cflt=florists&find_loc=Mountain View, CA be crucial for turf used in yards, pertaining to people and pets alike. Infill helps with turf drainage systems, allowing rain along using other liquids in order to effortlessly permeate. Whilst rubber infill will be good, the mix associated with rubber as well as sand could be much more beneficial. However, the actual greatest infill around the marketplace today https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MxJZ17W86U can be Durafill. Although it will always be more expensive compared to rubber or rubber along with sand infill, it proves to be probably the most ideal. the the majority of technologically advanced infill system about the marketplace nowadays is actually Durafill, exclusive in order to Tiger Express Landscape's synthetic turf item line. Durafill is unique because it does not degrade more than time, sustaining pellet solidity and also structure. Thus, your infill never wants to become replaced when it continues to be placed around the turf. Tiger Express Landscape's pet-friendly turf series advantages coming from Durafill because it doesn't absorb pet urine or waste. This assists pet turf in order to deflect unpleasant odors. Durafill's capability to create permeability regarding artificial grass makes positive that collection associated with rain, water, as well as other liquids doesn't construct up within the actual grass. This kind of prevents the growth regarding bacteria and spores within your synthetic turf. Durafill meets eco-friendly standards and it is certainly not composed of hefty metals, silica https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MxJZ17W86U dust, as well as zinc. Your abstaining via utilizing these materials also reduces wellness risks related in order to zinc , chromium, lead, as well as other hefty metals. That doesn't absorb heat as well as is not likely to contribute to hot temperatures upon turf surfaces. Durafill continues to become the leading infill system about the synthetic grass market today, assisting to preserve along with keep artificial turf looking and also feeling one of the most natural.

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A fantastic backyard landscaping idea

A excellent backyard landscaping concept is one which everybody will make use of. Right now there are lots of various backyard landscaping ideas and a new lot of these are decent nevertheless for you to get the one that's suitable for you together with which is just what your yard needs could try taking some reading. This kind of article will help one to discover the perfect backyard landscaping idea for the home. A great backyard landscaping thought will be to help to make use of evergreens. Your use of these fabulous trees will do o significantly for nearly any yard. they will add the stately nature to the feel associated with your house although keeping it welcoming along with warm. Numerous individuals such as to utilize deciduous trees inside the yard and this is definitely advisable nevertheless it is the evergreens that may provide the yard the actual composition as well as the stability in which it wants for a great backyard landscaping idea along with design.

You need to try for you to find any backyard landscaping idea just similar to the one higher than that may advantage you all yr round. Deciduous trees won't end up being gorgeous in most seasons, most perhaps, but not all. Evergreens on one other hand will virtually always be fantastic and Sprinkler System Installation Wylie so they look as beautiful within the winter as they do inside the summer and this is the purpose why they've created with regard to such a fantastic backyard landscaping idea. The Particular step to just about any great landscaping design is in order to discover backyard landscaping idea such as this that may keep your yard fascinating it doesn't matter what duration of the year it is. Another great backyard landscaping concept is to use hardscape. This specific is the use regarding things like rocks, fences and walls. These kind of could make the yard look quite interesting throughout just about all with the seasons. An Individual can easily possess climbing plants onto it inside the summer as well as spring along with rather trees about it which will look great within the winter. When searching for a good backyard landscaping thought a person need to try for you to find other accessible choices besides just plants. There is certainly far more for you to landscaping than simply plants along with trees.

Walls and fences could frame your premises beautifully and also with these will be such a fantastic backyard landscaping concept since they are generally going to just https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscaping accent most of your some other wonderful backyard landscaping ideas. they will frame your yard as a picture frame frames a gorgeous painting. Appear only with that type of backyard landscaping concept too within your search for your one.

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Stay clear involving Accidents and Maintain Clean Landscape with Tree Services Companies

You is most likely not conscious involving this reality nevertheless tree maintenance could even more aids one to conserve numerous dollars. These kinds of undesirable trees could damage your wall surfaces and inside addition sewage techniques along with passing time. In case a person obtain to have rid involving undesirable trees as well as extra choose with regard to fort worth tree trimming, after that https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cia4iGgKoOY you are complimentary via investing money on several other allocations. Merely like providing safety along with security also as preventing crashes, these tree caring too as maintenance enterprise will surely keep tidiness, on a portion of customers. Overgrown as http://www.peaklawns.com/ well as undesirable trees will surely produce the mess, as well as this will certainly additionally aid in interfering with the look of your stunning yard or even excessive landscape. make certain for you to call fort worth tree pruning firms, and also repair a day and throughout addition time along with them. Not merely protecting against wall surface fractures, even so proper tree treatment method too as companies will definitely steer clear of any kind of further crashes from getting area. In the particular event that you have a vintage tree inside your landscape, you can find possibilities which a vintage branch could drop on you anytime. Some undesirable strong tree trunks might hinder your own job, as well as you need expert Tree service, all through such emergency circumstances constantly. With existing, acquiring rid regarding undesirable trees is not truly a tough activity, when you have agents to immediate anyone with just about all the complete treatment. various other in contrast in order to eliminating unnecessary trees, you might furthermore prepare in order to get rid of dead trees without coping with any kind of trouble. It's important regarding one to understand the elements regarding working together with fort really https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cia4iGgKoOY worth tree service. As these trunks are usually tough as well as old, consequently; you require proper devices as well as tools pertaining to getting rid involving trees. These People are usually educated well, and in addition utilize suitable equipments for getting rid of tree trunks securely.

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Business, financial and personal finance news

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Most stock quote data provided by BATS. Market indices are shown in real time, except for the DJIA, which is delayed by two minutes. All times are ET. Disclaimer. Morningstar: Morningstar, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factset: FactSet Research Systems Home Improvement in College Station Inc. . All rights reserved. Chicago Mercantile Association: Certain market data is the property of Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. and its licensors. All rights reserved. Dow Jones: The Dow Jones branded indices are proprietary to and are calculated, distributed and marketed by DJI Opco, a subsidiary of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC and have been licensed for use to S&P Opco, LLC and CNN. Standard & Poor's and S&P are registered trademarks of Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC and Dow Jones is a registered trademark of Dow Jones Trademark Holdings http://www.bhg.com/home-improvement/remodeling/ LLC. All content of the Dow Jones branded indices S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC and/or its affiliates. 2017 Cable News Network. A Time Warner Company. All Rights Reserved. Terms under which this service is provided to you. Privacy Policy. .

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Paul James, The Gardener Guy, Announces Return As Official Spokesperson For Fifth Annual National Public Gardens Day

AZUSA, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--In support of public gardens as important resources for education and conservation in the communities they serve, Paul James, Gardener Guy(TM), host of HGTV's Gardening By The Yard, announced today that he will continue his commitment as the official ambassador for 2013 National Public Gardens Day. Scheduled for May 10, 2013, National Public Gardens Day is a national day of awareness in which communities nationwide are invited to visit and learn about the role their public gardens play in http://www.texasartificiallawns.com/ promoting environmental stewardship and awareness, plant and water conservation, and education. Now in its fifth year, National Public Gardens Day was established through a partnership between the American Public Gardens Association (APGA) and irrigation product and service provider Rain Bird. As the program's Sprinkler System national spokesperson, Paul James will continue his work to showcase the contributions of public gardens as part of a local, regional and national awareness and education initiative that includes media partnerships, broadcast public service announcements and local and national media tours. "Public gardens have always had a strong role as beautiful places to visit and de-stress, but today's public gardens have evolved to become leaders in sustainability, conservation and education," said Paul James. "I am excited to once again have the opportunity to spread this important message and encourage the public to utilize the available resources at their public garden when designing and planting their own gardens at home." In addition to conducting media interviews and studio appearances to promote National Public Gardens Day 2013, Paul James will host a nationwide satellite media tour, be featured in the campaign's national broadcast public service announcements and will make personal appearances at a number of public gardens leading up to National Public Gardens Day 2013. For more information on National Public Gardens Day, visit www.NationalPublicGardensDay.org, "LIKE" the National Public Gardens Day Facebook page and follow the National Public Gardens Day Twitter feed, @NPGD. ABOUT APGA

Founded in 1940, Pennsylvania-based American Public Gardens Association is an organization devoted to strengthening the public gardens throughout North America. With over 70 years of work increasing cooperation and awareness among the gardens, APGA has built a membership of more than 500 public gardens located in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Canada and seven other countries. Their members Sprinkler Installation Fort Worth include public gardens as well as arboreta and zoos. APGA has also built up an international network of individual members in the U.S., Canada and 24 other countries. The APGA is committed to increasing public awareness for public gardens and supplying resources to the industry. Through their leadership and advocacy, public gardens have become vital to public appreciation and understanding of the irreplaceable value of plants. www.publicgardens.org ABOUT RAIN BIRD CORPORATION

Headquartered in Azusa, Calif., Rain Bird Corporation is the world's leading manufacturer and provider of irrigation products and services. From simple beginnings in 1933, Rain Bird now offers the industry's broadest range of irrigation products for farms, golf courses, sports arenas, commercial developments and homes, available in more than 130 countries. Rain Bird has been awarded hundreds of patents, including the first in 1935 for the impact sprinkler. Rain Bird's philosophy called The Intelligent Use of Water is about using water wisely. Its commitment extends beyond products to education, training and services for the industry and the community. Rain Bird maintains state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities around the world. www.RainBird.com http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130314006302/en/Paul-James-Gardener-Guy-Announces-Return-Official

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Gardening scratch develops into infection, sepsis and ends in death for British mom of two

A scratch while gardening spiraled into a fatal bout ofsepsis fora mother of two from the UnitedKingdom, her family says. Lucinda Smith's family, reported The Telegraph, saidthe43-year-old went to see her doctor earlier this year due to pain in her Sprinkler System Installation Arlington shoulder that occurred shortly https://www.houzz.com/photos/landscape after she suffered a minor handscrape while gardening. The doctor diagnosed a trapped nerve and prescribed anti-depressants to relax her and she was also told to see a physiotherapist to help with rehabilitation of the so-called trapped nerve. Within three days, Smith's fingers and arm Sprinkler System Installation Arlington became red and swollen, The Telegraph said. She also was vomitting and had increased pain. She saw a second doctor who thought she might have a blood clot and sent her to Basildon Hospitalwhere a blood test revealed within 30 minutes that she had sepsis.

Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection, according to Mayo Clinic experts. It happens when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body. That process can lead to organ damage and failure. Septic shock occurs when the person's blood pressure drops dramatically, which may lead to death. Smith, a lawyer from Billericay, Essex, immediately received intravenous antibiotics and was moved to a critical care unit, but she suffered organ failure and died. A CDC report released in August showed that in the U.S., for nearly 80 percent of patients, sepsis begins outside of the hospital. But itis also linked to exposure to medical environments -- 7 in 10 patients with sepsis had recently used health care services or had chronic diseases requiring frequent medical care. Anyone can develop sepsis but seniors and people with weaker immune systems are more vulnerable, say Mayo Clinic experts. Early treatment of

sepsis, usually with antibiotics and large amounts of intravenous fluids, improves chances for survival. People should know the signs and immediately seek medical care if they notice these symptoms after developing an infection: Shivering, fever, or very cold Extreme pain or discomfort Clammy or sweaty skin Confusion or disorientation Shortness of breath High heart rate At the CDC press briefing in August, CDC Director Dr. Tom Frieden, said his own son survived sepsis more than two decades ago. "Helping patients to know to ask 'Could this be sepsis?' empowers them to potentially save their own or family members' lives," he said. "Recognition and treatment against sepsis is a race against time." The most common infections that can lead to sepsis include lung infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, gut infection, and skin infection. 2016 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/uk-woman-mother-of-two-dies-of-sepsis-just-days-after-gardening-scratch/

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Lawn

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Lawn (disambiguation). "Lawns" redirects here. For other uses, see Lawns (disambiguation). The Lawn at the University of Virginia, facing south. The lawn of a small summerhouse. A croquet lawn at a club in Edinburgh, Scotland San Francisco Botanical Garden lawn A lawn is an area of soil-covered land planted with grasses or (rarely) other durable plants such as clover which are maintained at a short height with a lawnmower and used for aesthetic and recreational purposes. Common characteristics of a lawn are that it is composed only of grass species, it is subject to weed and pest control, it is subject to practices aimed at maintaining its green color (e.g., watering), and it is regularly mowed to ensure an acceptable length,[1] although these characteristics are not binding as a definition. Lawns are used around houses, apartments, commercial buildings and offices. Many city parks also have large lawn areas. In recreational contexts, the specialised names turf, pitch, field or green may be used, depending on the sport and the continent. The term "lawn", referring to a managed grass space, dates to no earlier than the 16th century. Tied to suburban expansion and the creation of the household aesthetic, the lawn is an important aspect of the interaction between the natural environment and the constructed urban and suburban space.[2] In many suburban areas, there are bylaws in place requiring houses to have lawns and requiring the proper maintenance of these lawns. In some jurisdictions where there are water shortages, local government authorities are encouraging alternatives to lawns to reduce water use. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 The English lawn 2.3 Middle class pursuit 2.4 United States 2.5 American lawn culture 2.6 Australia 3 Uses 4 Types of lawn plants 4.1 Grasses 4.1.1 Cool season grasses 4.1.2 Warm season grasses 4.2 Grass alternatives 4.3 Ground cover alternatives 5 Lawn care and maintenance 5.1 Planting and seeding 5.2 Fertilizers and chemicals 5.3 Mowing and other maintenance practices 6 Social impacts 7 Environmental concerns 7.1 Water conservation 7.2 Chemicals 7.3 Decreasing environmental impact 8 See also 8.1 Lawns 8.2 Gardening 8.3 Others 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology Lawn is a cognate of llan which is derived from the Common Brittonic word landa (Old French: launde) that originally means heath, barren land, or clearing.[3][4] History Origins Gardens of the Chteau de Vaux-le-Vicomte, designed by Andr Le Ntre at Versailles. Lawns may have originated as grassed enclosures within early medieval settlements used for communal grazing of livestock, as distinct from fields reserved for agriculture. The word "laune" is first attested in 1540,[5] and is likely related to the Celtic Brythonic word lan/llan/laun, which has the meaning of enclosure, often in relation to a place of worship. Lawns became popular with the aristocracy in northern Europe from the Middle Ages onward. The early lawns were not always distinguishable from pasture fields. It is speculated that the association between the word "pasture" and biblical mentions made lawns a cultural affinity for some. The damp climate of maritime Western Europe in the north made lawns possible to grow and manage. They were not a part of gardens in other regions and cultures of the world until contemporary influence.[6] Before the invention of mowing machines in 1830, lawns were managed very differently. They were an element of wealthy estates and manor houses, and in some Sprinkler System Rockwall places were maintained by the labor-intensive methods of scything and shearing. In most situations, they were also pasture land maintained through grazing by sheep or other livestock. Areas of grass grazed regularly by rabbits, horses or sheep over a long period often form a very low, tight sward similar to a modern lawn. This was the original meaning of the word "lawn", and the term can still be found in place names. Some forest areas where extensive grazing is practiced still have these seminatural lawns. For example, in the New Forest, England, such grazed areas are common, and are known as lawns, for example Balmer Lawn. Lawns similar to those of today first appeared in France and England in the 1700s when Andr Le Ntre designed the gardens of Versailles that included a small area of grass called the tapis vert, or "green carpet". The English lawn Capability Brown's landscape design at Badminton House. It was not until the 17th and 18th century that the garden and the lawn became a place created first as walkways and social areas. They were made up of meadow plants, such as camomile, a particular favorite. In the early 17th century, the Jacobean epoch of gardening began; during this period, the closely cut "English" lawn was born. By the end of this period, the English lawn was a symbol of status of the aristocracy and gentry; it showed that the owner could afford to keep land that was not being used for a building, or for food production. In the early 18th century, landscape gardening for the aristocracy entered a golden age, under the direction of William Kent and Lancelot "Capability" Brown. They refined the English landscape garden style with the design of natural, or "romantic", estate settings for wealthy Englishmen.[7] Brown, remembered as "England's greatest gardener", designed over 170 parks, many of which still endure. His influence was so great that the contributions to the English garden made by his predecessors Charles Bridgeman and William Kent are often overlooked.[8] His work still endures at Croome Court (where he also designed the house), Blenheim Palace, Warwick Castle, Harewood House, Bowood House, Milton Abbey (and nearby Milton Abbas village), in traces at Kew Gardens and many other locations.[9] His style of smooth undulating lawns which ran seamlessly to the house and meadow, clumps, belts and scattering of trees and his serpentine lakes formed by invisibly damming small rivers, were a new style within the English landscape, a "gardenless" form of landscape gardening, which swept away almost all the remnants of previous formally patterned styles. His landscapes were fundamentally different from what they replaced, the well-known formal gardens of England which were criticised by Alexander Pope and others from the 1710s.[10] 1803 painting of the main elements of the English landscape garden. The open "English style" of parkland first spread across Britain and Ireland, and then across Europe, such as the garden la franaise being replaced by the French landscape garden. By this time, the word "lawn" in England had semantically shifted to describe a piece of a garden covered with grass and closely mown.[11] Wealthy families in America during the late 18th century also began mimicking English landscaping styles. In 1780, the Shaker community began the first industrial production of high-quality grass seed in North America, and a number of seed companies and nurseries were founded in Philadelphia. The increased availability of these grasses meant they were in plentiful supply for parks and residential areas, not just livestock.[11] Thomas Sprinkler System Rockwall Jefferson has long been given credit for being the first person to attempt an English-style lawn at his estate, Monticello, in 1806, but many others had tried to emulate English landscaping before he did. Over time, an increasing number towns in New England began to emphasize grass spaces. Many scholars link this development to the romantic and transcendentalist movements of the 19th century. These green commons were also heavily associated with the success of the Revolutionary War and often became the homes of patriotic war memorials after the Civil War ended in 1865.[11] Middle class pursuit The lawn at Kirkby Fleetham Hall, Yorkshire, circa 1889. Before the mechanical lawnmower, the upkeep of lawns was possible only for the extremely wealthy estates and manor houses of the aristocracy. Labor-intensive methods of scything and shearing the grass were required to maintain the lawn in its correct state, and most of the land in England was required for more functional, agricultural purposes. This all changed with the invention of the lawnmower by Edwin Beard Budding in 1830. Budding had the idea for a lawnmower after seeing a machine in a local cloth mill which used a cutting cylinder (or bladed reel) mounted on a bench to trim the irregular nap from the surface of woollen cloth and give a smooth finish.[12] Budding realised that a similar device could be used to cut grass if the mechanism was mounted in a wheeled frame to make the blades rotate close to the lawn's surface. His mower design was to be used primarily to cut the lawn on sports grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and he was granted a British patent on 31 August 1830.[13] In an agreement between John Ferrabee and Edwin Budding, Ferrabee paid the costs of development and acquired rights to manufacture, sell and license other manufacturers in the production of lawn mowers. Budding went into partnership with a local engineer, John Ferrabee, and together they made mowers in a factory at Thrupp near Stroud.[14] They allowed other companies to build copies of their mower under license, the most successful of these, was Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies of Ipswich which began mower production as early as 1832.[15] The first petrol-powered lawnmower, 1902. However, his model had two crucial drawbacks. It was immensely heavy (it was made of cast iron) and difficult to manoeuvre in the garden, and did not cut the grass very well. The blade would often spin above the grass uselessly.[15] It took ten more years and further innovations, including the advent of the Bessemer process for the production of the much lighter alloy steel and advances in motorization such as the drive chain, for the lawnmower to become a practical proposition. Middle-class families across the country, in imitation of aristocratic landscape gardens, began to grow finely trimmed lawns in their back gardens. In the 1850s, Thomas Green of Leeds introduced a revolutionary mower design called the Silens Messor (meaning silent cutter), which used a chain to transmit power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder. The machine was much lighter and quieter than the gear driven machines that preceded them, and won first prize at the first lawn mower trial at the London Horticultural Gardens.[15] Thus began a great expansion in the lawn mower production in the 1860s. James Sumner of Lancashire patented the first steam-powered lawn mower in 1893.[16] Around 1900, Ransomes' Automaton, available in chain- or gear-driven models, dominated the British market. In 1902, Ransomes produced the first commercially available mower powered by an internal combustion gasoline engine. JP Engineering of Leicester, founded after World War I, invented the first riding mowers. From the 1860s, the cultivation of lawns, especially for sports, became a middle-class obsession in England. Pictured, a lawnmower advertisement from Ransomes. This went hand-in-hand with a booming consumer market for lawns from the 1860s onward. With the increasing popularity of sports in the mid-Victorian period, the lawn mower was used to craft modern-style sporting ovals, playing fields, pitches and grass courts for the nascent sports of football, lawn bowls, lawn tennis and others.[17] The rise of Suburbanisation in the interwar period was heavily influenced by the garden city movement of Ebenezer Howard and the creation of the first garden suburbs at the turn of the 20th century.[18] The garden suburb, developed through the efforts of social reformer Henrietta Barnett and her husband, exemplified the incorporation of the well manicured lawn into suburban life.[19] Suburbs dramatically increased in size. Harrow Weald went from just 1,500 to over 10,000 while Pinner jumped from 3,00 to over 20,000. During the 1930s, over 4 million new suburban houses were built and the 'suburban revolution' had made England the most heavily suburbanized country in the world by a considerable margin.[20] Lawns began to proliferate in America from the 1870s onwards. As more plants were introduced from Europe, lawns became smaller as they were filled with flower beds, perennials, sculptures, and water features.[21] Eventually the wealthy began to move away from the cities into new suburban communities. In 1856, an architectural book was published to accompany the development of the new suburbia that placed importance on the availability of a grassy space for children to play on and a space to grow fruits and vegetables that further imbued the lawn with cultural importance.[11] Lawns began making more appearances in development plans, magazine articles, and catalogs.[22] The lawn became less associated with being a status symbol, instead giving way to a landscape aesthetic. Improvements in the lawn mower and water supply enabled the spread of lawn culture from the Northeast to the South where the grass grew more poorly.[11] This in combination with setback rules which required all homes to have a 30-foot gap between the structure and the sidewalk meant that the lawn had found a specific place in suburbia.[21] United States Lawn seating A Memorial Day concert on the west lawn of the U.S. Capitol Building Prior to European colonization, the grasses on the East Coast of North America were mostly broom straw, wild rye, and marsh grass. As Europeans moved into the region, it was noted by colonists in New England, more than others, that the grasses of the New World were inferior to those of England and that their livestock seemed to receive less nutrition from it. In fact, once livestock brought overseas from Europe spread throughout the colonies, much of the native grasses of New England disappeared, and an inventory list from the 17th century noted supplies of clover and grass seed from England. New colonists were even urged by their country and companies to bring grass seed with them to North America. By the late 17th century, a new market in imported grass seed had begun in New England.[11] Much of the new grasses brought by Europeans spread quickly and effectively, often ahead of the colonists. One such species, Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), became the most important pasture grass for the southern colonies. Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is a grass native to Europe or the Middle East. It was likely carried to Midwestern United States in the early 1600s by French missionaries and spread via the waterways to the region around Kentucky. However, it may also have spread across the Appalachian mountains after an introduction on the east coast. Kentucky Bluegrass is now one of the top three pasture grasses in the United States and the most desirable species of grass for lawns. Farmers at first continued to harvest meadows and marshes composed of indigenous grasses until they became overgrazed. These areas quickly fell to erosion and were overrun with less favorable plant life. Soon, farmers began to purposefully plant new species of grass in these areas, hoping to improve the quality and quantity of hay to provide for their livestock as native species had a lower nutritive value. While Middle Eastern and Europeans species of grass did extremely well on the East Coast of North America, it was a number of grasses from the Mediterranean that dominated the Western seaboard. As cultivated grasses became valued for their nutritional benefits to livestock, farmers relied less and less on natural meadows in the more colonized areas of the country. Eventually even the grasses of the Great Plains were overrun with European species that were more durable to the grazing patterns of imported livestock.[11] A pivotal factor in the spread of the lawn in America was the passage of legislation in 1938 of the 40-hour work week. Until then, Americans had typically worked half days on Saturdays, leaving little time to focus on their lawns. With this legislation and the housing boom following the Second World War, managed grass spaces became more commonplace.[21] The creation in the early 20th century of country clubs and golf courses completed the rise of lawn culture.[11] American lawn culture Lawn monoculture was a reflection of more than an interest in offsetting depreciation, it propagated the homogeneity of the suburb itself. Although lawns had been a recognizable feature in English residences since the 19th century, a revolution in industrialization and monoculture of the lawn since the Second World War fundamentally changed the ecology of the lawn. Intensive suburbanization both concentrated and expanded the spread of lawn maintenance which meant increased inputs in not only petrochemicals, fertilizers, and pesticides, but also natural resources like water.[2][11][21] Front lawns became standardized in the 1930s when, over time, specific aspects such as grass type and maintenance methods became popular. The lawn-care industry boomed, but the Great Depression of the 1930s and in the period prior to World War II made it difficult to maintain the cultural standards that had become heavily associated with the lawn due to grass seed shortages in Europe, America's main supplier. Still, seed distributors such as Scotts Miracle-Gro Company in the United States encouraged families to continue to maintain their lawns, promoting it as a stress-relieving hobby. During the war itself, homeowners were asked to maintain the appearances of the home front, likely as a show of strength, morale, and solidarity. After World War II, the lawn aesthetic once again became a standard feature of North America, bouncing back from its minor decline in the decades before with a vengeance, particularly as a result of the housing and population boom post-war.[11] The G.I. Bill in the United States let American ex-servicemen buy homes without providing a down payment, while the Federal Housing Administration offered lender inducements that aided the reduction of down payments for the average American from 30% to as little as 10%. These developments made owning your own home cheaper than renting, further enabling the spread of suburbia and its lawns.[21] Levittown, New York was the beginning of the industrial suburb in the 20th Century, and by proxy the industrial lawn. Between 1947 and 1951, Abraham Levitt and his sons built more than seventeen thousand homes, each with its own lawn. Abraham Levitt wrote "No single feature of a suburban residential community contributes as much to the charm and beauty of the individual home and the locality as well-kept lawns". Landscaping was one of the most important factors in Levittown's success - and no feature was more prominent than the lawn. The Levitts understood that landscaping could add to the appeal of their developments and claimed that, "increase in values are most often found in neighborhoods where lawns show as green carpets" and that, over the years, "lawns trees and shrubs become more valuable both esthetically and monetarily".[23] During 1948, the first spring that Levittown had enjoyed, Levitt and Sons fertilized and reseeded all of the lawns free of charge.[21] The economic recession that began in 2008 has resulted in many communities worldwide to dig up their lawns and plant fruit and vegetable gardens. This has the potential to greatly change cultural values attached to the lawn, as they are increasingly viewed as environmentally and economically unviable in the modern context.[24] Australia The appearance of the lawn in Australia followed closely after its establishment in North America and parts of Europe. Lawn was established on the so-called "nature strip" by the 1920s and was common throughout the developing suburbs of Australia. This term is uniquely Australian, alluding, perhaps, to man's desire to control nature. By the 1950s, the Australian-designed Victa lawn mower was being used by the many people who had turned pastures into lawn and was also being exported to dozens of countries.[25] Prior to the 1970s, all brush and native species were stripped from a development site and replaced with lawns that utilized imported plant species. Since the 1970s there has been an interest in using indigenous species for lawns, especially considering their lower water requirements.[26] Lawns are also established in garden areas as well as used for the surface of sporting fields. Over time, with consideration to the frequency of droughts in Australia, the movement towards "naturalism", or the use of indigenous plant species in yards, was beneficial. These grasses were more drought resistant than their European counterparts, and many who wished to keep their lawns switched to these alternatives or allowed their green carpets to revert to the indigenous scrub in an effort to reduce the strain on water supplies.[24] However, lawns remain a popular surface and their practical and aesthetically pleasing appearance reduces the use of water-impervious surfaces such as concrete. The growing use of rainwater storage tanks has improved the ability to maintain them. Following recent droughts, Australia has seen a change to predominately warm-season turfgrasses, particularly in the southern states like New South Wales and Victoria which are predominately temperate climates within urban regions. The more drought tolerant grasses have been chosen by councils and homeowners for the choice of using less water compared to cool-season turfgrasses like fescue and ryegrass. Mild dormancy seems to be of little concern when high-profile areas can be oversown for short periods or nowadays, turf colourants (fake green) are extremely popular. Within Australia it is reported that there are nearly 400 turf farms.[27] Knowing which farm is currently selling what turf variety is difficult. However, in 2016 an independent web site called TurfFinder was developed to assist homeowners and professional turf managers in choosing the appropriate turfgrass that meets their needs. The web site lists generic and technical information on over 100 warm- and cool-season turfgrasses and provides the location of reputable turf producers from across Australia that sell these turf varieties. Uses A newly seeded, fertilized and mowed lawn Lawns are a common feature of private gardens, public landscapes and parks in many parts of the world. They are created for aesthetic pleasure, as well as for sports or other outdoor recreational use. Lawns are useful as a playing surface both because they mitigate erosion and dust generated by intensive foot traffic and because they provide a cushion for players in sports such as rugby, football, soccer, cricket, baseball, golf, tennis, hockey and lawn bocce. Lawns and the resulting lawn clipping waste can be used as an ingredient in making compost and is also viewed as fodder, used in the production of lawn clipping silage which is fed to livestock[28][29] as a sustainable feed source. Types of lawn plants Lawns need not be, and have not always been, made up of grasses alone. Other plants for lawn-like usable garden areas are sedges, low herbs and wildflowers, and ground covers that can be walked upon. The area on the right has not been mown since the previous autumn. Thousands of varieties of grasses and grasslike plants are used for lawns, each adapted to specific conditions of precipitation and irrigation, seasonal temperatures, and sun/shade tolerances. Plant hybridizers and botanists are constantly creating and finding improved varieties of the basic species and new ones, often more economical and environmentally sustainable by needing less water, fertilizer, pest and disease treatments, and maintenance. The three basic categories are cool season grasses, warm season grasses, and grass alternatives. Grasses Many different species of grass are currently used, depending on the intended use and the climate. Coarse grasses are used where active sports are played, and finer grasses are used for ornamental lawns for their visual effects. Some grasses are adapted to oceanic climates with cooler summers, and others to tropical and continental climates with hotter summers. Often, a mix of grass or low plant types is used to form a stronger lawn when one type does better in the warmer seasons and the other in the colder ones. This mixing is taken further by a form of grass breeding which produces what are known as cultivars. A cultivar is a cross-breed of two different varieties of grass and aims to combine certain traits taken from each individual breed. This creates a new strain which can be very specialised, suited to a particular environment, such as low water, low light or low nutrient. Diagram of a typical lawn grass plant. Cool season grasses Cool season grasses start growth at 5C (41F), and grow at their fastest rate when temperatures are between 10C (50F) and 25C (77F), in climates that have relatively mild/cool summers, with two periods of rapid growth in the spring and autumn.[30] They retain their color well in extreme cold and typically grow very dense, carpetlike lawns with relatively little thatch. Conventional selections: Bluegrass (Poa spp.) Bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) Ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) Fescues (Festuca spp., hybrids, and cultivars) Native plant regional selections (for taller lawns): Red fescues (Festuca rubra) Feather reed grass (Calamogrostis spp.) Tufted hair grass (Deschampsia spp.) Cluster fescue (Festuca paradoxa spp.) Warm season grasses Warm season grasses only start growth at temperatures above 10C (50F), and grow fastest when temperatures are between 25C (77F) and 35C (95F), with one long growth period over the spring and summer (Huxley 1992). They often go dormant in cooler months, turning shades of tan or brown. Many warm season grasses are quite drought tolerant, and can handle very high summer temperatures, although temperatures below -15C (5F) can kill most southern ecotype warm season grasses. The northern varieties, such as buffalograss and blue grama, are hardy to 45C (113F). Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) St. Augustine grass Bahiagrass (Paspalum) Centipedegrass (Eremachloa) Carpetgrass (Axonopus) Buffalograss (drought tolerant) Grama grass Grass alternatives Carex species and cultivars are well represented in the horticulture industry as 'sedge' alternatives for 'grass' in mowed lawns and garden meadows. Both low-growing and spreading ornamental cultivars and native species are used in for sustainable landscaping as low-maintenance and drought-tolerant grass replacements for lawns and garden meadows. wildland habitat restoration projects and natural landscaping and gardens use them also for 'user-friendly' areas. The J. Paul Getty Museum has used Carex pansa (meadow sedge) and Carex praegracilis (dune sedge) expansively in the Sculpture Gardens in Los Angeles.[31] Some lower sedges used are: Carex caryophyllea (cultivar 'The Beatles') C. divulsa (Berkeley sedge)[31] C. glauca (blue sedge) (syn. C. flacca) C. pansa (meadow sedge)[31] C. praegracilis (dune sedge)[31] C. subfusca (mountain sedge)[31] C. tumulicola (foothill sedge) (cultivar 'Santa Cruz Mnts. selection')[31] C. uncifolia (ruby sedge) Ground cover alternatives

One of ground cover plants, common bearberry Some lawns are replaced with low ground covers, such as creeping thyme, camomile, Lippia, purple flowering Mazus, grey Dymondia, creeping sedums, and creeping jenny.[32] An example of this is the floral lawn in Avondale Park. Other alternatives to lawns include meadows, drought-tolerant xeriscape gardens, natural landscapes, native plant habitat gardens, paved Spanish courtyard and patio gardens, butterfly gardens, rain gardens, tapestry lawn and kitchen gardens. Trees and shrubs in close proximity to lawns provide habitat for birds in traditional, cottage and wildlife gardens. Lawn care and maintenance Seasonal lawn establishment and care varies depending on the climate zone and type of lawn grown. Planting and seeding Broadcast spreaders can be attached to tractors or ATVs to spread seed or fertilizer Aeration is one method used to maintain a lawn Early autumn, spring, and early summer are the primary seasons to seed, lay sod (turf), plant 'liners', or 'sprig' new lawns, when the soil is warmer and air cooler. Seeding is the least expensive, but may take longer for the lawn to be established. Aerating just before planting/seeding may promote deeper root growth and thicker turf. Sodding (American English), or turfing (British English), provides an almost instant lawn, and can be undertaken in most temperate climates in any season, but is more expensive and more vulnerable to drought until established. Hydroseeding is a quick, less expensive method of planting large, sloped or hillside landscapes. Some grasses and sedges are available and planted from 'liner' and 4-inch (100mm) containers, from 'flats', 'plugs' or 'sprigs', and are planted apart to grow together. Lawn growth, 20-hour time lapse Fertilizers and chemicals Various organic and inorganic or synthetic fertilizers are available, with instant or time-release applications. Pesticides, which includes biological and chemical herbicides, insecticides and fungicides are available. Consideration for their effects on the lawn and garden ecosystem and via runoff and dispersion on the surrounding environment, can constrain their use. For example, the Canadian province of Quebec and over 130 municipalities prohibit the use of synthetic lawn pesticides. In order for the lawn to grow and flourish, the soil must be prepared properly. If this step is overlooked as many do, the lawn will burn out as soon as it runs out of nutrients. [33][33] The Ontario provincial government promised on 24-2 September 2007 to also implement a province-wide ban on the cosmetic use of lawn pesticides, for protecting the public. Medical and environmental groups support such a ban.[34] On 22-2 April 2008, the Provincial Government of Ontario announced that it will pass legislation that will prohibit, province-wide, the cosmetic use and sale of lawn and garden pesticides.[35] The Ontario legislation would also echo Massachusetts law requiring pesticide manufacturers to reduce the toxins they use in production.[36] Sustainable gardening uses organic horticulture methods, such as organic fertilizers, biological pest control, beneficial insects, and companion planting, among other methods, to sustain an attractive lawn in a safe garden. An example of an organic herbicide is corn gluten meal, which releases an 'organic dipeptide' into the soil to inhibit root formation of germinating weed seeds. An example of an organic alternative to insecticide use is applying beneficial nematodes to combat soil-dwelling grubs, such as the larvae of chafer beetles. The Integrated Pest Management approach is a coordinated low impact approach.[37] Mowing and other maintenance practices A typical lawn-mowing bot maintaining even and low grass. Dethatching removes dead grass and decomposing materials that build up in a lawn Lawn sweepers clean up debris from dethatching in addition to leaves, twigs, pine needles, etc. Maintaining a rough lawn requires only occasional cutting with a suitable machine, or grazing by animals. Maintaining a smooth and closely cut lawn, be it for aesthetic or practical reasons or because social pressure from neighbors and local municipal ordinances requires it,[38] necessitates more organized and regular treatments. Usually once a week is adequate for maintaining a lawn in most climates. However, in the hot and rainy seasons of regions contained in hardiness zones greater than 8, lawns may need to be maintained up to two times a week. Social impacts The prevalence of the lawns in films such as Pleasantville and Edward Scissorhands alludes to the importance of the lawn as a social mechanism that gives great importance to visual representation of the American suburb as well as its practised culture. It is implied that a neighbor, whose lawn is not in pristine condition, is morally corrupt, emphasizing the role a well-kept lawn plays in neighborly and community relationships. In both of these films, green space surrounding a house in the suburbs becomes an indicator of moral integrity as well as of social and gender norms as lawn care has long been associated with men. These lawns also reinforce class and societal norms by subtly excluding minorities who may not have been able to afford a house in the suburbs with a lawn that was the symbolic representation of safety and stability.[39] The lawn as a reflection of someone's character and the neighborhood at large is not restricted to films, the same theme is evident in The Great Gatsby, a book written by http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/lawn-garden/how-to/a724/install-sprinkler-system-underground/ American novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald. Character Nick Carraway rents the house next to Gatsby's and fails to maintain his lawn according to West Egg standards. The rift between the two lawns troubles Gatsby to the point that he dispatches his gardener to mow Nick's grass and thereby create uniformity.[40] Most lawn care equipment over the decades has been advertised to men, and companies have long associated good lawn care with good citizenship in their marketing campaigns. As well, the appearance of a healthy lawn was meant to imply the health of the man taking care of it; controlled weeds and strict boundaries became a practical application of the desire to control nature, as well as an expression of control over their personal lives once working full-time became central to suburban success. Women were encultured over time to view the lawn as part of the household, as an essential furnishing, and to encourage their husbands to maintain a lawn for the family and community reputation.[11] During World War II, women became the focus of lawn-care companies in the absence of their husbands and sons. The lawn was promoted as a necessary means by which women could help support their male family members and American patriotism as a whole. The image of the lawn changed from focusing on technology and manhood to emphasizing aesthetic pleasure and the health benefits derived from its maintenance; it was assumed that women would not respond positively to images of efficiency and power. The language of these marketing campaigns still intended to imbue the female population with notions of family, motherhood, and the duties of a wife; it has been argued that this was done so that it would be easier for men returning from war to resume the roles their wives had taken over in their absence. This was especially apparent in the 1950s and 1960s, when lawn-care rhetoric emphasized the lawn as a husband's responsibility and as a pleasurable hobby when he retired.[11] The lawn aesthetic in Europe and Australia seems to exhibit the same cultural tendencies as a representation of order, power over nature, patriotism, and suburban family life while still adhering to other gender constructs present throughout the world's suburbs. However, there are differences in the particulars of lawn maintenance and appearance, such as the length of the grass, species (and therefore its color), and mowing.[26][41] Environmental concerns Greater amounts of chemical fertilizer and pesticides are used per acre of lawn than on an equivalent acre of cultivated farmland,[42] and the continued use of these products has been associated with environmental pollution, disturbance in the lawn ecosystem, and increased health risks to the local human population.[43] Other concerns, criticisms, and ordinances regarding lawns come from the environmental consequences: Lawns can reduce biodiversity, especially when the lawn covers a large area. Lawns - particularly in the United States - may be composed of introduced species not native to an area, which can produce a habitat that supports a reduced number of species.[44] Lawn maintenance may use inorganic fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides, which can harm the environment. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has estimated nearly 70,000,000 pounds (32,000,000kg) of active pesticide ingredients are used on suburban lawns each year in the United States.[45] It has also been estimated that more herbicides are applied per acre of lawn than are used by most farmers to grow crops.[21]For example, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Kuwait, and Belize have placed restrictions on the use of the herbicide 2,4-D. It has been estimated that nearly 17 million gallons of gasoline are spilled each summer while re-fueling garden and lawn-care equipment in the United States; approximately 50% more than that spilled during the Exxon Valdez incident.[21] The use of pesticides and fertilizers, requiring fossil fuels for manufacturing, distribution, and application, have been shown to contribute to global warming, whereas sustainable organic techniques have been shown to help reduce global warming.[46] A lawn sprinkler Water conservation Maintaining a green lawn sometimes requires large amounts of water. This is not normally a problem in the temperate British Isles, where the concept of the lawn originated, as natural rainfall is usually sufficient to maintain a lawn's health, although in times of drought hosepipe bans may be implemented by the water suppliers.[47] The exportation of the lawn ideal to more arid regions of the world, however, such as the U.S. Southwest and Australia, has crimped already scarce water resources in such areas, requiring larger, more environmentally invasive water supply systems. Grass typically goes dormant during cold, winter months, and turns brown during hot, dry summer months, thereby reducing its demand for water. Many property owners consider this "dead" appearance unacceptable, and therefore increase watering during the summer months. Grass can also recover quite well from a drought. In the United States, 50 to 70% of residential water is used for landscaping, most of it to water lawns.[45] A 2005 NASA study "conservatively" estimated there was 128,000 square kilometres (49,000sqmi; 32,000,000 acres) of irrigated lawn in the US, three times the area of irrigated corn.[48] " That means about 200 gallons of fresh, usually drinking-quality water per person per day would be required to keep up our nation's lawn surface area. " It is possible that lawn maintenance could come at the expense of precious resources, especially when faced with extreme weather conditions. This situation is described in Water in Australia by David Ingle Smith, who observed in 1995 data that under extreme conditions during summer drought periods, up to 90% of the water used in Canberra, Australia was applied to lawns.[49] Chemicals An increased concern from the general public over pesticide and fertilizer use and their associated health risks, combined with the implementation of the legislation, such as the US Food Quality Protection Act, has resulted in the reduced presence of synthetic chemicals, namely pesticides, in urban landscapes such as lawns in the late 20th century.[50] Many of these concerns over the safety and environmental impact of some of the synthetic fertilizers and pesticides has led to their ban by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and many local governments.[43] The use of pesticides and other chemicals to care for lawns has also led to the death of nearly 7 million birds each year, a topic that was central to Silent Spring by the conservationist Rachel Carson.[21] Decreasing environmental impact In the United States, lawn heights are generally maintained by gasoline-powered lawnmowers, which contribute to urban smog during the summer months. The EPA found, in some urban areas, up to 5% of smog was due to small gasoline engines made before 1997, such as are typically used on lawnmowers. Since 1997, the EPA has mandated emissions controls on newer engines in an effort to reduce smog.[51] A 2010 study seemed to show lawn care inputs were balanced by the carbon sequestration benefits of lawns, and they may not be contributors to anthropogenic global warming.[52][53] However, lawns with high maintenance (mowing, irrigation, and leaf blowing) and high fertilization rates have a net emission of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide that have large global warming potential.[54] With the use of ecological techniques including organic lawn management, the impact of lawns can be reduced. Such methods include the use of native grasses, sedges, and low herbs; higher mowing techniques; low volume irrigation, 'grasscycling' grass clippings in place; an integrated pest management program; exclusive organic fertilizer and compost use; and including a variety of trees, shrubs, perennials, and other plants surrounding the lawn. A positive benefit of a healthy lawn is it filters contaminants and prevents runoff and erosion of bare soil. Replacing turf grass with low-maintenance groundcovers or employing a variety of low-maintenance perennials, trees and shrubs[44] can be a good alternative to traditional lawn spaces, especially in hard-to-grow or hard-to-mow areas, as it ?an reduce maintenance requirements, associated pollution and offers higher aesthetic and wildlife value.[55] See also Lawns Grasses Grasslands Lawn topics Lawn sweeper Lawn aerator Organic lawn management Gardening Gardening Organic gardening Organic horticulture Sustainable gardening Sustainable landscaping List of organic gardening and farming topics with links Others bacterial lawn References ^ Ripmeester, Michael. "Lawn." Encyclopedia of Urban Studies. Ed. Ray Hutchison. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2009. 441-45. SAGE Reference Online. Web. 2 Apr 2012. ^ a b Robbins, Paul. Lawn People: How Grasses, Weeds, and Chemicals Make Us Who We Are. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. 10 June 1927. Retrieved 11 June 2013. ^ "laund". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 27 March 2013. ^ "Etymology for "lawn"". Etymonline. Retrieved 5 June 2015. ^ Hostetler, Mark E. (2012-02-07). The Green Leap: A Primer for Conserving Biodiversity in Subdivision Development. University of California Press. ISBN9780520271104. ^ "Lancelot Brown". Encyclopdia Britannica, Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc. 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2012. ^ Walpole, Horace (1905) [1780]. On Modern Gardening. Canton, Pa.: Kirgate Press. at Internet Archive ^ "Lancelot 'Capability' Brown (1716-1783)". Kew History & Heritage. Kew Gardens. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2012. ^ Peter Willis, "Capability Brown in Northumberland" Garden History 9.2 (Autumn, 1981, pp. 157-183) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Jenkins, Virginia S. The Lawn: A History of an American Obsession. Smithsonian Institution, 1994. ^ "Gardening - Design - Georgian and Regency". BBC. Retrieved 24 May 2009. ^ US RE 8560, Passmore, Everett G., "Improvement in Lawn-Mowers", published 23 February 1869, issued 28 January 1879; see pg 1, col 2. For a copy, see Google Patents copy. This source indicates the patent number as "6,080". According to "British patent numbers 1617 - 1852 (old series)", the patent number was assigned sometime after 1852 and took the form of "6080/1830". ^ "People at the cutting edge: lawnmower designers". Parks & Gardens UK (University of York/Association of Gardens Trusts). Retrieved 24 May 2009. ^ a b c The Old Lawnmower Club. "Mower History". The Old Lawnmower Club. Retrieved 23 April 2011. ^ "The History of the LawnMower". Thelawnmower.info. Retrieved 23 April 2011. ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National Ockham's Razor, first broadcast 6 June 2010. ^ "The suburban aspiration in England since 1919". Contemporary British History. 14: 151-174. doi:10.1080/13619460008581576. ^ "Henrietta Barnett and the Beginnings of the Suburb". Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. ^ "Suburban Ideals on England's Interwar Council Estates". Retrieved 17 December 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i Steinberg, T. (2006). American Green, The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-06084-5. ^ Influence of catalogs: See America's Romance with the English Garden by Thomas J. Mickey, 2013. Cited at [1] ^ Teysott, Georges (1 June 1999). The American Lawn. Princeton Architectural Press. p.18. ISBN1568981600. ^ a b Trudgill, Stephan; Jeffery, Angus; Parker, John (2010). "Climate Change and the Resilience of the Domestic Lawn". Applied Geography. 30 (1): 177-190. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.08.002. ^ Wood, Richard V. (2002). "Richardson, Mervyn Victor (1894 - 1972)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: Australian National University. Retrieved 2007-08-25. ^ a b Hogan, Trevor. " 'Nature Strip': Australian Suburbia and the Enculturation of Nature." Thesis Eleven 74:1 (2003): 54-75. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1998 ^ "Making Silage from Lawn Clippings". Grit. Retrieved 2016-01-05. ^ Logsdon, Gene (2004). All Flesh Is Grass. Ohio: Swallow Press. pp.Chapter 20. ISBN978-0-8040-1068-9. ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). Lawns. In New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 3: 26-33. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5 ^ a b c d e f Bornstein, Carol, Fross, David, and O'Brien, Bart; 'California Native Plants for the Garden;' Cachuma Press, Los Olivos, CA; 2005; ISBN 0-9628505-8-6, 0-9628505-9-4. pp. 74-5. ^ Lunn, Matthew (7 September 2004). "Fact Sheet: Lawn Alternatives". Gardening Australia. Retrieved 16 September 2009. ^ a b Christie, Mike (13 March 2007). "Private Property Pesticide By-laws In Canada" (PDF). The Coalition for a Healthy Ottawa. ^ "Why We Support a Province-wide Ban on Cosmetic Pesticides" (PDF). ^ Mittelstaedt, Martin (22 April 2008). "Ontario to prohibit cosmetic-use pesticides". Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. ^ Benzie, Robert (22 April 2008). "Pesticide ban set to grow". Toronto Star. ^ UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program. access date: 25 May 2010 ^ "High Weed/Grass Complaint Process". City of Akron, Ohio. ^ Dickinson, Greg (2006). "The Pleasantville Effect: Nostalgia and the Visual Framing of (White) Suburbia". Western Journal of Communication. 70 (3): 212-233. doi:10.1080/10570310600843504. ^ Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1925. ^ Sedgman, K (1997). "Cutting Grass: In Search of the Australian Male". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy. 18 (3): 143-147. doi:10.1002/j.1467-8438.1997.tb00284.x. ^ Coates, Peter (2004). "Emerging from the Wilderness: (or, From Redwoods to Bananas): Recent Environmental History in the United States and the Rest of the Americas". Environment and History. 10: 407-38. doi:10.3197/0967340042772676. ^ a b Alumai, Alfred. "Urban Lawn Management: Addressing the Entomological, Agronomic, Economic, and Social Drivers." PhD., Ohio State University, 2008. ^ a b Rebecca Pineo. Susan Barton. Turf Grass Madness: Reasons to Reduce the Lawn in Your Landscape ^ a b "Cut Your Lawn - In Half!". National Wildlife Federation. ^ Sayre, Laura. "Organic farming combats global warming--big time". Rodale Institute. ^ "Hosepipe ban". Retrieved 21 January 2015. ^ Milesi, Cristina; S.W. Running; C.D. Elvidge; J.B. Dietz; B.T. Tuttle; R.R. Nemani (8 November 2005). "Mapping and modeling the biogeochemical cycling of turf grasses in the United States". Environmental Management. 3: 426-438. doi:10.1007/s00267-004-0316-2. Retrieved 5 November 2010. ^ David Ingle Smith (1998). Water in Australia: Resources and Management. Oxford University Press, Melbourne ^ Alumai, Alfred; Salminen, Seppo O.; Richmond, Douglas S; Cardina, John; Grewal, Parwinder S. (2009). "Comparative Evaluation of Aesthetic, Biological, and Economic Effectiveness of Different Lawn Management Programs". Urban Ecosyst. 12: 127-144. doi:10.1007/s11252-008-0073-8. ^ "Answers to Commonly Asked Questions from Dealers and Distributors" (PDF). U.S. EPA. August 1998. ^ "Lawns may contribute to global warming" by Judy Lowe, Christian Science Monitor, 22 January 2010. ^ "Retrieved 17 May 2010". sciencedaily.com. ^ Townsend-Small, Amy; Czimczik, Claudia (March 2010). "Correction to "Carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions in urban turf"". Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (http://www.agu.org/journals/gl/gl1006/2010GL042735/2010GL042735.pdf). Bibcode:2010GeoRL..37.6707T. doi:10.1029/2010GL042735. Retrieved 15 March 2012. ^ Rebecca Pineo, Botanic Gardens Intern Susan Barton, Extension Specialist. Groundcover Alternatives to Turf Grass Further reading Bormann, F. Herbert, et al. (1993) Redesigning the American Lawn. Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Lawns: Ch. 3: pp.26-33. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-47494-5. Jenkins, V. S. (1994). The Lawn: A History of an American Obsession. Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1-56098-406-6. Steinberg, T. (2006). American Green, The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-06084-5. Wasowski, Sally and Andy (2004). Requiem for a Lawnmower. External links Media related to Lawns at Wikimedia Commons Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Lawns. "Planting and care of Lawns" from the UNT Govt. Documents Dept. Integrated Pest Management Program: website & search-engine Lawn Care University at Michigan State University "EPA Management of Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source Pollution" (includes mismanagement of lawns problems.) v t e Lawn and garden ornaments Lawn Bird bath Bathtub Madonna Concrete Aboriginal Concrete goose Garden gnome Lawn jockey Plastic flamingo Suncatcher Whirligig Yard globe Garden Puteal Suikinkutsu Sundial Wind chime Wishing well Authority control NDL: 00570873 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawn&oldid=783034188" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn

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The Lawns

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Lawns is a student accommodation complex for the University of Hull, located in Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It comprises seven halls of residence (Ferens, Lambert, Nicholson, Morgan, Downs, Reckitt and Grant) and the Lawns Centre. The latter is the complex's catering and social hub. The halls accommodate almost 1,000 students.[1] Contents 1 Description 1.1 The Lawns Centre 1.2 Downs Hall 1.3 Morgan Hall 1.4 Nicholson Hall 1.5 Lambert Hall 1.6 Reckitt Hall 1.7 Grant Hall 1.8 Ferens Hall 2 Committees and responsibilities 3 References 4 External links Description The Lawns halls are set in 40 http://gardeninginarizona.com/ acres (16ha) of landscaped parkland, dominated by large sports pitches. There is also a large car park on site and a police station at the main entrance. Of the seven halls on the site, Ferens is of a traditional rectangular 'Sandhurst block style' with the accommodation around three sides of a central lawn. It is somewhat isolated from the other halls both by its location and by a natural screen of trees. Each of the other halls, which were designed by the architectural firm Gillespie, Kidd and Coia, comprises five blocks identified by the letters A to E, and accommodates approximately 140 residents. A typical block configuration was three floors, with each floor accommodating nine students in seven rooms. The lawns were developed on the grounds of the former Cottingham Grange, which had been used as an army camp in the Second World Sprinkler System Installation Greenville War; the nearby Ferens Hall was originally known as 'Camp Hall'.[2] The Lawns Centre Provides various student facilities. Downs Hall

Downs Hall Offers accommodation to 132 students in single rooms.[1] Most rooms have a sun terrace. Before 1985, Downs Hall offered accommodation to male students only. However, due to a decline in preference for an all male Hall, at the start of the 1985 year (autumn of 1984), Downs Hall was open to both male and female students. The hall was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1993 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.[3] Morgan Hall Morgan Hall was the third hall of the planned 12 halls of residence upon the Lawns Complex. Morgan Hall takes its name from the first principle of Hull University College Arther Morgan. The Hall has 133 single rooms, most with balconies.[1] The hall was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1993 Sprinkler System Installation Greenville and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.[4] Nicholson Hall

Nicholson Hall Nicholson Hall was the fifth hall of the planned 12 halls of residence upon the Lawns Complex. It takes its name from the principal of Hull University College 1935 John Nicholson. John Nicholson led the campaign to achieve the college's independence, which eventuated on 13 May 1954. Nicholson Hall house's approximately 142 students in both medium and en-suite rooms. This is the only self-catered Hall on the Lawns Complex.[1] Most rooms have washbasins and a balcony. In 2009 Nicholson Hall was re-furbished converting all double rooms to singles, updated kitchen diner kitchens similar to the Downs and Morgan Hall designs with additional en-suite facilities in particular blocks. The hall was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1993 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.[5] Lambert Hall Lambert Hall accommodates 130 students in a mixture of single and en-suite rooms. Most rooms have a balcony. Before 1985, Lambert Hall offered accommodation to female students only. At the start of the 1985 year (autumn of 1984), Lambert Hall was open to both male and female students. The hall was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1993 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.[6] Reckitt Hall Reckitt Hall accommodates 121 students in a mixture of single and en-suite rooms.[1] Most rooms have a balcony. The hall was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1993 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.[7] Grant Hall Grant Hall is named after G.F. Grant, a co-founder of Hull University College in 1927. It accommodates 121 students across 2 blocks of single and 3 blocks of en-suite rooms. The hall was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1993 and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.[8] Ferens Hall Main article: Ferens Hall Ferens Hall accommodates 191 students all in single rooms. It was established in the 1950s as a male hall of residence.[9] Committees and responsibilities From the date of inception until 1969 Halls of Residence at the University of Hull were presided over by the "Halls of Residence Committee". This committee was responsible for the day-to-day running of Traditional halls until the creation of the lawns. The committee was composed of wardens, facilities management from the university and the vice-chancellor. In 1968 at the decision of the committee the "Halls of Residence Committee" was dissolved and the council of the newly built Lawns complex (known as "The Lawns Forum") gained the responsibility of term time activity upon the Lawns complex. Financial matters and conference responsibilities all passed to the relevant departments of the University and out of the hands of the wardens.[10] References ^ a b c d e "The Lawns, University of Hull Accommodation". University of Hull. Retrieved 30 May 2011. ^ "Cottingham High School History". Cottingham High School. Retrieved 8 November 2012. ^ Historic England. "Downs Hall, the Lawns (1103346)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 August 2013. ^ Historic England. "Morgan Hall, the Lawns (1103344)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 August 2013. ^ Historic England. "Nicholson Hall, the Lawns (1276987)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 August 2013. ^ Historic England. "Lambert Hall, the Lawns (1232675)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 August 2013. ^ Historic England. "Reckitt Hall, the Lawns (1103343)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 August 2013. ^ Historic England. "Grant Hall, the Lawns (1103345)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 August 2013. ^ Allison, K. J., ed. (1969). "Education". A History of the County of York East Riding: Volume 1: The City of Kingston upon Hull. Institute of Historical Research. pp.348-370. Retrieved 8 November 2012. ^ Halls of Residence Committee November 1961 - December 1968 External links The Lawns, University of Hull Accommodation Historic England. "Downs Hall, Grade II* (164757)". Images of England. Historic England. "Grant Hall, Grade II (now grade II*) (164756)". Images of England.

Historic England. "Lambert Hall, Grade II* (164755)". Images of England. Historic England. "Morgan Hall, Grade II (now Grade II*) (164754)". Images of England. Historic England. "Nicholson Hall, Grade II (now Grade II*) (164753)". Images of England. Historic England. "Reckitt Hall, Grade II (now Grade II*) (164752)". Images of England.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lawns&oldid=759939222" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lawns

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Electrician Salary Range

Electrician jobs are some of the most challenging jobs when it comes to skills and abilities. Years of training or apprenticeship gives electricians a good foundation to excel in the job and become master electricians. The earning Electrician Service College Station of an electrician is a function of various elements, like skills possessed, work experience, and location of the job. Electricity is the fundamental requirement of our life today. It is impossible to imagine the world without the marvelous sources of electricity. Electricity is https://collegegrad.com/careers/electricians important for light, air conditioning, and refrigerators that we use in our daily life. If these electrical equipment and devices don't work even for a day, our life comes to a standstill, and we rush to our local electrician to get the job done. Electricians indeed are important professionals in every community. As a kid, I was fascinated to watch electricians working, and could sit for hours, watching their skills and dexterity in dealing with wires. Duties of Electricians The salary range of electricians is typically decided by the duties and responsibilities that the electrician is carrying out. Senior electricians having good amount of job experience enjoy more benefits and perks than the junior or trainee electricians. The duties and responsibilities of an electrician are mentioned below. Maintain, assemble, and install electrical equipment/instruments by using hand tools and testing instruments. Identify circuit breakers in homes, offices, and buildings, and connect wires to them. Inspection of electrical systems/appliances to detect the presence of potential threat due to defected parts in the manufacturing, and resolve the same, if possible. Ensure electrical safety in the home. Work with electrical testing equipment, like voltmeters, ohmmeters, oscilloscopes, etc., test them, and ensure compatibility and safety of the devices connected to them. Prepare blue prints of the sketches of the wiring systems, and follow the electrical wire sizing chart in new buildings, and carry out household electrical works. Provide assistance to trainee electricians in case of difficult tasks. Install groundwork of coaxial cables and fiber optics cable network in case of telecommunication jobs. Specialize in residential or commercial electricity works or both, and check measures of electrical safety. The program in electrical apprenticeship is usually of four years. Each year includes 2,000 hours of on-the-job training. On-the-job apprentices are trained under senior electricians. In order to take the license exam to become an electrician, the student needs to have a combination of at least 288 hours of classroom training and 8000 hours of apprenticeship. Educational Requirements Those aspirants who don't want to enter apprenticeship courses can practice under the skilled supervision of experienced electricians. A strong background in science subjects, like mathematics, physics, electronics, and mechanical drawing at the high school level is essential to understand the subjects taught in the apprenticeship courses. Many states have made it compulsory for electricians to possess a valid license before they start working as professionals. The license requirements vary as per the needs of the states. Most electricians work as an apprentice in the beginning, and obtain certificates by reputed organizations, like International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and local chapters of the National Electrical Contractors Association. These and some other bodies, train electricians by giving them adequate resources and practical demonstration of the work. Average Salary The salary range of electricians is significantly dependent on the work experience. According to the data (May 2014) presented by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average income of an electrician is USD $54,520. According to the PayScale salary survey, the median salaries of electricians as per their work experience are as follows:Work Experience (no. of years) Approx. Annual Salary Range (in USD) 0 to 5 36,000 5 to 10

46,000 10 to 20 51,000 20 or more 58,000 In the initial years of work, many electricians are paid on an hourly basis. The job prospects of electricians is fairly bright, as young electricians with suitable work experience will be needed to replace the retiring electricians in the future. Besides this, advancement in the electrical and electronics Best Electrician Service in College Station technology demands a lot of young aspirants to work in the research areas related to electricity. The number of job opportunities depend on the location and the development of that locality. Many areas where the investment is high and infrastructure is in peak, the demand of electricians is very high, to meet the requirements of the installation of electricity supplies in the homes and residential complexes. The salary range of electricians fluctuates on a number of economic factors, however, it still presents great career opportunities for trainees who wish to become master electricians. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/electrician-salary-range.html

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house - Dizionario inglese-italiano WordReference

WordReference English-Italiano Dictionary 2017: Principal Translations/Traduzioni principalihouse nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (residence building)casa nfTheir new house has three bathrooms.La loro nuova casa ha tre bagni.house, house [sth] in [sth], house [sb] in [sth] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." (keep in a dwelling)alloggiare [qlcn/qlcs] in [qlcs], ospitare [qlcn/qlcs] in [qlcs] vtrdare alloggio a [qlcn/qlcs] in [qlcs] vtrThe university houses its students in very old buildings.L'universit alloggia i suoi studenti in edifici molto vecchi.house [sth] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." (provide a storage place)contenere=>, ospitare=> vtrThis cabinet houses all our stationery.Questo armadio contiene tutta la nostra cancelleria.Traduzioni aggiuntivehouse nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (household)famiglia nfThe whole house was in mourning for Mr. Saunders.L'intera famiglia era in lutto per Mr. Saunders.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (building)edificio nmpalazzo nmThere's a florist between the coffee house and the schoolhouse. The legislature meets in the State House.C' un fiorista tra il bar e l'edificio della scuola.Il parlamento si riunisce nel Palazzo della Camera.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (hall)camera nfThe British Parliament meets in the House of Commons.Il parlamento inglese si riunisce nella camera dei comuni.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (family)dinastia nfcasato nmfamiglia nfThe House of Tudor ruled from 1485 to 1603.La dinastia dei Tudor regn dal 1485 al 1603.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (shelter)tana nfSome animals build their houses out of straw.Alcuni animali costruiscono la loro tana con la paglia.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (legislative body)(parlamento)camera nfMost parliaments have an upper and a lower house.La maggior parte dei parlamenti ha una http://painters.homeblue.com/pros/house-painters.aspx?hbc=13885943&hbg=1609467383 camera alta e una bassa.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (business firm)(editore)casa editrice nfditta, azienda nfHe works for a publishing house.Lavora per una casa editrice.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (university college)collegio, convitto nm(universit: edificio)struttura nfThe university is divided into several houses.L'universit suddivisa in molte strutture.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (members of a college)universit nfcollege nmThe two houses will be competing in the rowing regatta.I due college si sfideranno nella gara di canottaggio.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (gambling: casino)(casin)banco nmIt never pays to gamble because the house always wins.Non conviene mai giocare d'azzardo perch vince sempre il banco.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (audience)pubblico nfYou'll be playing to a full house tonight.Il teatro dove reciti stasera ha fatto il pieno di pubblico.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (convent or abbey)convento nmabbazia nfThere used to be lots of religious houses in this area.Una volta in questa zona c'erano molti conventi.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (church, mosque, synagogue)(religioni: chiesa, ecc.)casa nfSpeak quietly when you enter the house of God.Parla a bassa voce quando entri nella casa di Dio.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. UK (residential division in boarding school)edificio nm(edificio)struttura nfThe school had 6 houses.La scuola si componeva di sei edifici.house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. UK (team in British school)(scolastica)squadra nfI'm in Newton house at school; our colour is red.Faccio parte della squadra Newton a scuola. Il nostro colore il rosso.house [sb] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." (provide housing)ospitare=>, accogliere=> vtrThe hall will house two hundred people.La sala ospiter duecento persone.house [sth] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." (provide a workplace)ospitare=> vtressere sede di viThis building houses the workshop.Questo palazzo ospita il seminario.Questo palazzo sede del seminario.house [sth] vtrtransitive verb: Verb taking a direct object--for example, "Say something." "She found the cat." (secure sthg)alloggiare=>, riporre, mettere=>, chiudere=> vtrThe machine can be housed in its case for transit.Il macchinario pu essere riposto nel suo contenitore per il trasporto. WordReference English-Italiano Dictionary 2017: Compound Forms/Forme composteacid house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. ('80s, '90s dance music style)(stile musicale)acid house nmacid house party nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. ('80s and '90s dance event)concerto acid house nmadobe house (mattoni di paglia e fango)casa di adobe apartment house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. US (block of flats)condominio, caseggiato nmpalazzo di appartamenti nmpalazzina nfart-house, arthouse adjadjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." (film: independent, creative)(film)d'essai aggd'autore aggbanking-house istituto bancario nmbatch house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (part of a glass factory)sala composizione vetro nfbawdy house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (law: brothel)bordello nmcasa chiusa nfbeach house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (seaside chalet)casa al mare nfShe invited me to spend a week at her beach house.Mi ha invitato a stare una settimana nella sua casa al mare.before the House la nuova proposta di legge e' all'esame della Camera big house grossa casa big house slang (prison)galera nfpenitenziario nmboarding house, boardinghouse nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (guesthouse: offers lodging)(piccolo albergo)pensione nfSome friends and I are staying in a boarding house this summer.(i)This sentence is not a translation of the original sentence. Abbiamo trovato una fantastica pensione a gestione familiare nel centro della citt.brick house casa con mattoni rossi a vista bridge house (nave)cassero nmbridge-house casa sul ponte nfbring down the house v exprverbal expression: Phrase with special meaning functioning as verb--for example, "put their heads together," "come to an end." (make audience laugh or cheer)far divertire il pubblico vtrbrokerage house agenzia d'intermediazione bush house Bush House carriage house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. historical (rest stop for coaches)rimessa per carrozze nfThe carriage house is located near the stables.La rimessa per le carrozze situata vicino alla stalla.cat-house bordello nmchapter house sala capitolare charnel house ossario charnel house (vault for corpses)ossario nmchop-house ristorante di carne alla griglia clean house vtr + n (do housework)pulire casa vtrNow that spring has come, it's time to clean house.(i)This sentence is not a translation of the original sentence. Tutti i sabati mi tocca pulire casa.clean house vtr + n figurative (office: change personnel)(figurato)dare una ripulita vtrWhen staffing his office, the first thing a new president does is clean house.(i)This sentence is not a translation of the original sentence. Con la scusa della crisi, molte aziende hanno dato una ripulita del personale non gradito.clean house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (home: free of dirt)casa pulita nfTrevor tried to cheer me up by saying that women with clean houses are boring.Ha provato a tirarmi su dicendo che le donne con la casa pulita sono noiose.casa linda nfcoach house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. historical (rest stop for carriages)rimessa per carrozze nfcoach-house garage (per pullman) nmcouncil house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. UK (home: subsidized)casa popolare nfcounting house ufficio commerciale country house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (mansion)casa di campagna nfcrack house,

crackhouse nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (place where crack cocaine is sold)(droga)rivendita di crack nfcurry house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (Indian or Asian restaurant)ristorante di curry nmcustom house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (duty office at a port)ufficio doganale nm(luogo fisico)dogana nfcustoms house (edificio)dogana nfcustoms-house dogana nfdance house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. US (venue where dances are held)sala da ballo balera nfdeath house braccio della morte detached house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (house with no shared wall)casa indipendente, villetta nfMy elderly in-laws live in a detached house in Staines.I miei anziani suoceri abitano in una villetta a Staines.dog house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (kennel for a domestic canine)cuccia nfdoll house casa di bambola nfdream house casa da sogno nfduplex house (two-apartment building)casa per due famiglie nfbifamiliare nfdwelling house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (residence)dimora nfeating house trattoria nfengine house sala macchine farm-house fattoria nffashion house casa di moda fashion house atelier nmfield house casa di campagna frame house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (house with a timber frame)casa in legno, casa di legno nfFrame houses are common in the USA, where timber is cheap and plentiful.Le case in legno sono piuttosto comuni negli Stati Uniti, dove il legname non manca e costa poco.fraternity house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. US (male college students' residence)(college americano: residence per studenti)confraternita nfFraternity houses are a uniquely American phenomenon, I believe.Credo che le confraternite siano un fenomeno tipicamente americano.free house UK (type of tavern)pub nmNota: non legato a una particolare fabbrica di birrafreestanding house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (home: detached)casa indipendente nfvilletta indipendente nffront of house platea nffront of the house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (faade of residential building, house front)facciata nfThe front of the house mimicked a Neo-Gothic facade.La facciata della casa ricalcava lo stile Neogotico.front of the house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (rooms towards front of a house)davanti alla casa avvWhenever I come in the back door my dog runs from the front of the house to greet me.full house tutto esaurito full house (poker)full nmfun house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (attraction at fair or amusement park)(luna park: attrazioni percorse a piedi)casa degli specchi, labirinto degli specchi, casa dei divertimenti nffurnished house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (rental property with furniture)casa ammobiliata, casa gi ammobiliata nfI'm going to be there for three months so it will be worth it to rent a furnished house.Star l solo tre mesi, quindi preferirei affittare una casa ammobiliat.gambling house casa da gioco; bisca garden house casa estiva garrison house presidio nmgingerbread house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (edible confectionery structure)casa di pan di zenzero nfglass house serra nfglass-house di serra guard-house corpo di guardia guest house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (small hotel)(piccolo albergo)pensione nf(a gestione familiare)albergo nmMy parents stayed in a nearby guest house while visiting us for three weeks.guest house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (outbuilding for guests)appartamento per gli ospiti nmGrandma and Grandpa will stay in the guest house when they visit.halfway house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. informal (residence for ex-prisoners, etc.)casa di accoglienza per ex detenuti nfhash house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. US, slang (cheap restaurant)tavola calda, trattoria alla buona, trattoria senza pretese nfI ate dinner in a hash house near the station.Ho cenato in una tavola calda vicino alla stazione.ristorantino alla buona, ristorante a buon prezzo nmhaunted house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (house occupied by a ghost)casa stregata nfcasa infestata dagli spiriti, casa infestata dai fantasmi nfStrange noises came from the haunted house late at night.A notte fonda dalla casa stregata arrivano strani rumori.A notte fonda dalla casa infestata dagli spiriti arrivano strani rumori.haunted house nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (fairground attraction)(al luna park)casa delle streghe, casa dei fantasmi nfThe two girls came out of the haunted house shrieking and giggling.Le due ragazze uscirono dalla casa delle streghe gridando e ridendo.head house struttura in cui collocato il castelletto di una miniera hen-house pollaio nmhot-house serra riscaldata nf(figurato)terreno di coltura nmhouse agent nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. UK (estate agent)agente immobiliare nmNota: Estate agent is much more common in this context.house and grounds casa e terreno circostante house and lot casa e terreno circostante house arrest nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (imprisonment in one's home)arresti domiciliari nmplThe Burmese political dissident was under house arrest for many years.Il dissidente politico birmano fu tenuto agli arresti domiciliari per molti anni.house call (professional visit)visita a domicilio nfhouse cat nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (domestic feline, pet cat)felino domestico, gatto domestico nmA lion is a wild cat, not a house cat.house cleaner nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. ([sb] employed to do domestic cleaning)(donna)donna delle pulizie nfLa nonna da giovane faceva la donna delle pulizie, che era uno dei pochi lavori che le era permesso fare.house clearance nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (service: clearing possessions)(da casa, per vendita)rimozione dei mobili nfhouse counsel legale di un'impresa house counsel (law)giurista d'impresa nmhouse detective addetto alla sicurezza house detective US (security guard)addetto alla sicurezza nmhouse divided against itself casa divisa da lotte intestine house doctor nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (physician: lives on site)medico interno nmhouse dog nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. (domestic canine, pet dog)cane domestico nmOne of the best house dogs, in the opinion of some people, is the poodle.house finch ciuffolotto messicano house flag bandiera della casa (cio di una societ) nfhouse flag (nautical)bandiera della casa nfhouse furnishings mobilio nm 'house' found in these entries

In the English description: Italiano: http://www.wordreference.com/enit/house

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Home Improvement Archives - ArticleCity.com

Home https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PpKlVnVvvg Improvement Should You Repair or https://www.britannica.com/science/gardening Replace Your Driveway?

Mar 09, 2017

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Quality Landscaping In The Yard Of Your New Home

Wooden Pergola-A Usable Garden Landscaping Solution Familiar with Japanese landscape gardens? Well, it's been a very important art of Japanese society, dating back to several centuries. The three broad divisions of these gardens are hill gardens, tea gardens and dry gardens. Let’s see what the differences among these three are and just how much will they actually correspond with their names. With the help of landscaping experts, you could make wonderful and appealing landscapes in your property. But, hiring landscaping companies could be very expensive. It can get worse, if one makes costly mistakes when hiring landscaping experts. To help you, below can https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhxCu6cQBMs be a list of the mistakes you'll need to be aware of. Already, recycled plastics have found a market with plastic lumber. According to the Plastic Lumber Company, Inc., one board foot of plastic lumber uses approximately 16 recycled milk jugs. This figure could result in a significant lowering of landfill waste. Expanding that market to recycled plastic paving stones can raise https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KhxCu6cQBMs the environmental benefits. According to the company, these are specialists in all areas of #landscapeconstruction and landscaping maintenance. Discussing a clients as well as and working out a plan that eventually ends up with their customer's finding yourself with the ideal outdoor environment for home, requires vision, knowledge of the subject with an ability to execute projects in a organized and effective way. The end result is a nice-looking back and front yard, that's also healthy, clean and safe. In Orange County, no person should be satisfied with less. Your landscape design is not only just about plants, but about the accessories and decorations that you just utilize too. Everything from pavers to furniture will all create a big influence on http://www.gardeninginla.net/ the success of your landscaping. Try to take a look at area all together before you begin so that you just do not regret making an unacceptable choices.

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Making a Telemarketing Script for Your Landscaping Business

There is a lot to think about when landscaping your house. Landscaping won't only mean to improve your house's garden alone. Things that you should be thinking about when landscaping your house, are areas including, the fence, hedges, decks, fountains or anything else you might want to add. To get a perception of what you can do to landscape your home, have a look through this short article. Glass is one of the most frequently recycled materials. Its simple, pure origins (sand and limestone) ensure it is an ideal substance to be broken down and efficiently remade. It can be recycled several times, making the long-term use of the original product quite remarkable. This characteristic makes glass an extremely eco-friendly substance, as possible utilized as frequently and ways as people will https://www.hunterindustries.com/benefits-hunter-automatic-sprinkler-system get a way to use it. Recycled glass can be used everything from manufacturing new soft drink bottles to getting recycled glass in ponds and landscaping.

When settling on go into the landscaping business, start by narrowing on the scope of the work that you and your crew will perform. It is perfectly https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRbW3ayDWVQ acceptable to down the road branch out into kinds of tasks, but for the sake of becoming known in the community and attracting clients, a workable and well-defined services menu is important. One of the most common mistakes that will increase your landscaping expenses is opting for cheap services. Of course, you could think that you can save big money by choosing cheap services. But, while there is a praoclaiming that goes, "you get what you pay for." Do not expect top quality services and standards that can match your needs if you paid for something cheap. As a result, you may want to hire another landscaping expert immediately.

So how can you strike this balance? Consider tidying your property as you would for important company. This may not be as spotless while you https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRbW3ayDWVQ would tidy it for any showing when it is on the market, nevertheless it will still be pretty clean. A nice, clean home may prevent your stuff from distracting from just what the appraiser perhaps there is to see.

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Bathroom Remodel - The Plan

Disrespect for the fact, if the finances are large or small, there are always plenty of choices for us to decide and select from your best. They is planning to be able to tell you approximately how long it'll take to complete each job, taking in consideration such factors as climate conditions and unexpected occurrences. Often the basement is designed to accommodate work and play, media rooms, storage and craft areas and many other uses.

The best method to apply this type of paint is to make use of spraying equipment. These loans are specifically made for all those wanting to remodel their home or buy new appliances. If you're the master of this website:. Free-standing vanity bases enable you being a bit more adventurous in design. You can even spend per week living your normal life but paying more awareness of this aspect. On the low areas of the wall sea shells, water plants and exotic fish can be painted to give a stylish look for the enclosure. These loans are d specifically for anyone wanting to remodel their property or buy new appliances. You should be cautious that in a few areas where labor costs are tight or where there is a great deal of home construction activity, your remodeling costs can be high. Bathroom Remodeling Fixes. Take the dcor of 1 room and completely switch it with another to provide the house a fresh look. This is probably the benefit that concerns you the most. articledashboard. SmartErrors powered by CloudflarePrivacy policy. Make sure you have a thought out plan while going about the project. Not only http://www.booherbuilding.com/ do you need to increase your homes value, but you'll enjoy it living there as well.

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Get Top Returns for Your Home Remodeling Dollar

Similar results are provided below, or you can test another search. So what next? Maybe you are looking to have a job using a building contractor and material lists is going to be certainly one of the things you'll need to know the way to do. Put on your own prettiest apron and whip up something incredible and then. Often the basement is built to accommodate work and play, media rooms, storage and craft areas and many other uses. Apart from that check together with your state, county, or city housing authority to see when the contractor must meet certain licensing and/or bonding requirements within your area. Apply the veneer. The average basement remodel in Anchorage costs about $56,000, but whenever you compare that for an actual addition, which can easily go higher than $90,000, finishing a basement makes an excellent deal of sense. The first place to begin for financing your kitchen is a a low interest rate home improvement loan. Even in the big event you are remodel in to increase your homes value, you can benefit from this type of loan. About The Author.

SmartErrors powered by CloudflarePrivacy policy. "Work triangles" refer for the distance involving the functional facilities of your bathroom such as toilet, lavatory sink, showers and tubs, and storage space. Poly is quite slippery when wet. Home Remodeling Contractor Arizona: Quality French Doors in ArizonaInstalling French doors can be a breeze, with all the help of a reputable home remodeling contractor in Arizona. Covering your homes with vinyl siding and installing finest replacement windows is definitely an excellent way of impressing your guests. If your cabinets are generally in good condition and made of real wood and plywood, then refacing them will result in a good looking kitchen. If funds and space are limited then a fantastic native will be a kitchen cart. The following is really a useful list of points to think about when exploring bathroom remodeling ideas:. SmartErrors powered https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSFwm5clNF8 by CloudflarePrivacy policy. If funds and space are limited then a fantastic native will be a kitchen cart. Once, you have the kitchen in the new look you can explore the actual way it helps you to experience https://www.houzz.com/ an improved feel in real time. All you will need to complete is look inside the right places.