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Global Social Media: China

In the era of advanced information technology, social media can bring a huge information impact to some countries such as China and its public communication is restricted by the government control. The most popular social media platforms included Facebook, YouTube and Twitter are actually not allowed to provide services in China (Deng 2019). In the absence of these platforms, how does China set their own social media landscape used by their citizens? How does it differ from the others? Let’s check it up~

How the China social media become the important global brands?

Based on the Chinese government study, 802 million China citizens are the active internet users nowadays which aggregate to 57.7% of the country’s residents. This makes China social media more immediate and dynamic. Global brands must invest time and effort to track social media trends for the sheer size of the China consumer market.

In China, the potential power of social media can be used as a tool to predict government narrative in a controlled manner. Therefore, the government strictly controls the country’s social media landscape by blocking the foreign platforms and censoring content on all platforms (Chan 2021).

Recently, there are more than 850 million China citizens are using the social media in 2021 when compared to 673.5 million users in 2019.This result makes China the world’s largest social media market. The patterns of China social media is unique and continue evolving with the emergence of new users every year to keep up with the needs of global brands that want to establish influence in the China market. It is necessary to pay close attention to the development of these platforms (GMA Marketing To China 2021). 

Social Credit System

China’s social credit system is a set of databases and programs used to monitor and evaluate the credibility of individuals, companies and government entities. A good rate score can provide priority health care or deposit-free rent for public housing while a negative rate score can prohibit individuals from taking planes and trains (Lee 2020).

The State Council of China first outlined the plan for the social credit system in 2014 which covers individuals, businesses, social interaction and judicial administration and it is expected that the system will be launched by the end of 2020.

How China’s Corporate Social Credit System Works?

The corporate social credit system collects, aggregates, and analyzes data from businesses to create a score that determines rewards and punishments.

The government authorities also submit data on businesses directly through standard government inspections. This data is then integrated in the national internet monitoring system, which analyzes the data to calculate ratings. These data includes paying taxes on time, holding requisite licenses, meeting product quality standards, and fulfilling environmental protection requirements (Koty 2019).

Is China's AI Technology the answer to the future?

The China’s government announced in 2017 about the plan to “lead the world” in artificial intelligence (AI) by 2030 (Klotz 2020). Professor Mitchell said that policymakers need to distinguish between win-win AI applications and truly competitive AI applications, such as military applications. At the same time, he said, Washington’s increasingly nationalist tone has the potential to alienate foreign students and researchers in the United States-many of them Chinese-who have so far played a key role in American technology leadership. (Sherman 2019).

That’s all from me. Thank you~

References

Chan, J 2021, ‘All you need to know about the Chinese social media landscape’, Linkfluence, viewed 22 May 2021, < https://www.linkfluence.com/blog/chinese-social-media-landscape>.

Deng, YT 2019, ‘Three things you need to know about China’s social media landscape’, APCO worldwide, 30 April, viewed 22 May 2021, < https://apcoworldwide.com/blog/three-things-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-social-media-landscape/ >.

GMA Marketing To China 2021, Top 10 Chinese social media for marketing (updated 2021), viewed 22 May 2021, < https://marketingtochina.com/top-10-social-media-in-china-for-marketing/>.

Klotz, F 2020, ‘Is China taking the lead in AI?’, MITSloan Management Review, viewed 23 May 2021, <https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/is-china-taking-the-lead-in-ai/>.

Koty, A 2019, ‘China’s corporate social credit system: What businesses need to know’, China Briefing, 5 November, viewed 23 May 2021, < https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-corporate-social-credit-system-how-it-works/>.

Lee, A 2020, ‘What is China’s social credit system and why is it controversial’, South China Morning Post, viewed 22 May 2021, <https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3096090/what-chinas-social-credit-system-and-why-it-controversial>.

Sherman, N 2019, ‘Is China gaining an edge in artificial intelligence?’, BBC News, 12 November, viewed 23 May 2021, <https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50255191>.

Summers, J 2020, ‘China’s social credit system and foreigner grading system’, Travel China Cheaper, viewed 23 May 2021, <https://www.travelchinacheaper.com/china-social-credit-system-explained>.

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Social Gaming

Social games generally refer to the online games that allow the digital interaction between players. It includes multiplayer card games, board games, social network games, and interactive multiplayer video games. Digital casinos that enable gamblers to play the online casino games and place bets are one of the largest branches of social gaming (Clement 2021).

Online Gaming Communities

The shape and scale of online gaming communities vary. Some focus on reviewing games, some focus on specific games and franchises and some focus on news or guides. There have different aspects for each game theme that players might want and the community of discussion threads. Online gaming communities allow players to play everywhere. They can also connect and dive in with each other when playing at home (The Editors 2020).

GameFAQs

GameFAQs is one of the most tried and tested online gaming communities. It was founded in 1995. It is a forum for gamers to publish, including common questions about game content and games. It is also the most important platform for video game walkthroughs and guides from the beginning. Today, it has more than 40,000 frequently asked questions about video games. Here, players can almost get answers to any game questions and any difficulties players encounter while playing the game (The Editors 2020).  

Are gaming communities becoming less about play and more about monetization?

The gaming communities become more about monetization. This can be shown that The revenue of the video game industry has exploded in recent years, and the mobile game market alone will be valued at more than $77 billion in 2020. The game software industry relies on three monetization models to make such huge profits: consumers can simply buy games, which can be generated through in-game advertisements, or they can allow players to spend on micro-transactions and downloadable content (DLC) in games money. Each of these models can be developed separately, but, in many cases, game companies choose to combine at least two of the three models to improve revenue prospects. The combination model mainly plays a role in free (F2P) games, encouraging gamers to pay for enhanced features, such as extra life, currency, personalized avatars, ad-free experience or unlimited game time (Clement 2021).

COVID-19 has facilitated interaction with video games and esports. During the pandemic, the revenues of many game companies and platforms have increased. The pandemic is accelerating existing trends in the gaming industry.

Despite the widespread economic damage caused by the coronavirus, the global video game industry is still booming. Through the practice of social isolation, consumer and corporate activities are reduced to a minimum. The game provides a kind of attractive attention for people seeking social interaction at home and the initial data shows the game time and sales are increasing substantially (Hall 2020).

References

Clement, J 2021, Social gaming - statistics & facts, Statista, viewed 13 May 2021, <https://www.statista.com/topics/2965/social-gaming/#dossierSummary>.

Clement, J 2021, Gaming monetization – statistics & facts, Statista, viewed 16 May 2021, <https://www.statista.com/topics/3436/gaming-monetization/#dossierSummary>.

Hall, S 2020, ‘How COVID-19 is taking gaming and esports to the next level’, World Economic Forum, viewed 16 May 2021, <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/covid-19-taking-gaming-and-esports-next-level/>.

The Editors 2020, ‘Social gaming communities; 10 online communities to join in 2020’, RitualTM Motion, viewed 14 May 2021, < https://ritualmotion.com/articles/social-gaming-communities-10-online-communities-to-join-in-2020/ >.

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Fandom

Fandom or fandom culture is a phase that describes a community built around sharing certain popular culture which is books, movies, TV shows, bands, sports or sports teams and others. Fandom culture is an example of participatory culture. Fans involved in participatory culture not only play the role of consumers, but also play the role of producers and creators of some form of creative media. Although most fan cultures have elements of participatory culture, media fandom particularly encourages the creativity and artistic creation of participants (Subcultures and Sociology 2021).

The important of fans in media sociology and cultural studies had defined for many reasons. They are usually consumers of media producers and can be analyzed as an important part of contemporary consumer culture (Fan culture 2021).

Fans have extensive knowledge and expertise about their performances or sports teams and they also feel a sense of mastery accomplishment in their companions. They also tend to seek intimacy with the objects of concern. This "intimate relationship" may include meeting with celebrities, obtaining autographs from sportsmen, watching an actor speak on stage at a conference, chatting with him or her in a bar afterwards, and even visiting the actual location where the movie was filmed. Therefore, fans seek to break the barrier between the subject and their fan object. Their fan status becomes an important aspect of culture and self-identification (Fan culture 2021).

Fan Communities

A fanatical community, discussions, and a powerful combination of news and stories provide users with unparalleled benefits. Fandom is the world's largest entertainment fan site. Fans are the voices of fans in entertainment. It covers all aspects of popular culture, from movies to games and more. Fans can be represented by Wiki editing and discussion users. In total, these fans created 43 million pages of content in 360,000 communities, generated 190 million global unique identities every month, and produced original stories and videos that captured the most interesting and relevant moments in entertainment (Fandom community central 2021).

How do these fans formulate the boundaries of their community through Tumblr?

Tumblr is a blog site where users can post small messages in the form of text, photos, quotes, links, audio and video. These posts can be tagged with hashtags and then other users can search the hashtag keywords in finding the posts to re-blog. For example, share and/or follow other users. Once a user follows a person, their posts are shown in their dashboard. On the Tumblr website, fans have become key contributors to community books surrounding TV shows, movies or movies. These users can write stories about the characters in the show or analyze specific scenes in the show through posts (Hillman, Procky & Neustaedter 2014).

References

Fan culture 2021,Sociology, viewed 5 May 2021, <http://sociology.iresearchnet.com/sociology-of-culture/fan-culture/>.

Fandom community central 2021, Choosing fandom, Fandom, viewed 6 May 2021, < https://community.fandom.com/wiki/Choosing_Fandom>.

Hillman, S, Procky, J & Neustaedter, C 2014, ‘Tumblr fandoms, community & culture’, ResearchGate, viewed 6 May 2021, <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262246094_Tumblr_fandoms_community_culture>.

Subcultures and Sociology 2021, Fandom and participatory culture, Grinnell College, viewed 5 May 2021, <https://haenfler.sites.grinnell.edu/subcultural-theory-and-theorists/fandom-and-participatory-culture/>.

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Crowdsourcing & Crowdfunding

Crowdsourcing                                                

This is the practice of applying the wisdom of the team to a common goal. When trying to solve complex problems or simplify complex processes in innovative ways, it is best to apply them.

Crowdsourcing has become an important tool used by enterprises in various fields, including data collection, improving operational efficiency and solving general problems. It allowed many companies to expand at an unprecedented rate, so much so that this approach completely changed the entire industry (White 2019).

In era filled with fake news, what effect can this have an crowdsourced information?

The effect of crowdsourced information brings the advantages to filter the fake news. Professor David Rand (Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management) and Professor Gordon Pennycook (University of Regina) stated that laypersons trust reputable news media instead of those that create false information. Social media platforms can use these trust levels to tell them how to promote the content. For example, ordinary Republican participants trust the mainstream media such as CNN or MSNBC, rather than super-partisan websites such as Breitbart. These findings indicate that people’s attitudes toward media sources are not partisan-ruled as people once thought (Carufel 2019).

Crowdsourcing Platforms: 99Designs

There are various creative crowdsourcing platforms, which can provide many different designs for logos, websites, advertisements, product packaging, etc. 99Designs is one of the most famous companies. It brings the designers together from all over the world by using crowdsourcing services to provide the unique and reasonably priced creative services for large and small companies.

Crowdfunding

Many consumers have become accustomed to using crowdsourcing to raise funds which is crowdfunding. This technology allows anyone to attract people who are interested in their ideas and increase funds without the need to advertise to large investors, banks or other gatekeepers who may withhold funds (White 2019).

Crowdfunding Platforms: Kickstarter

Crowdfunding has become popular nowadays. There are many well-known platforms to choose from. One of the most famous is Kickstarter. The main goal of Kickstarter is produce creative projects such as music, art, film, and more. It provides reasonable fees for the services, making it stand out among other platforms. Many Kickstarter campaigns have raise thousands of dollars, sometimes millions of dollars (White 2019).

Can Crowdfunding Actually Overtake Traditional Funding Mechanisms For The Creative Information?

Traditionally, cultural and artistic projects have been funded by the wealthy individuals, the businesses or the public wallets. However, crowdfunding is an attractive option because anyone in the society can donate few amount to a selected project, and the sponsor of the project has less leverage (Members’ Research Service 2016). This is a fast system to raise funds without paying upfront and one can share the idea that can get frequent feedback and expert guidance on how to improve the method. This is also a good way to test the public's reaction to the product. Investors can track the progress and ideas that might not appeal to traditional investors can often be financed more easily. On the other hand, this will not be the easier process when compared to the traditional financing methods. When they indicate their own platform, they need to do a lot of work to build interest before the project launches (Nibusinessinfo.co.uk n.d.).

Thanks for reading~

References

Carufel, R 2019, ‘Fighting the spread of fake news- why crowdsourcing is effective’, Agility PR Solutions, 13 February, viewed 27 April 2021, <https://www.agilitypr.com/pr-news/public-relations/fighting-the-spread-of-fake-news-why-crowdsourcing-is-effective/>.

Members’ Research Service 2016, ‘Crowdsourcing and crowdfunding in the cultural and creative sectors’, European Parliamentary Research Service Blog, 24 February, viewed 29 April 2021, <https://epthinktank.eu/2016/02/24/crowdsourcing-and-crowdfunding-in-the-cultural-and-creative-sectors/>.

Nibusinessinfo.co.uk n.d., Crowdfunding, viewed 29 April 2021, <https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/advantages-and-disadvantages-crowdfunding>.

White, J 2019, ‘What is crowdsourcing and how does it work? Definition and example’, TheStreet, 22 July, viewed 27 April 2021, <https://www.thestreet.com/personal-finance/education/what-is-crowdsourcing-15026002>.

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Public Health Campaigns & Communities

Nowadays, most of the citizens are care for their health especially the spread of pandemic Covid-19 in 2019. Through this pandemic, everyone around the world take 100% serious on their health. To maintain the healthiness of society, the governments around the world take their responsibilities on their action to tell the society wear mask and make sure the social distance. However, the number of case Covid-19 still increases continuously until today. Although the number of pandemic still increasing, but the government took social media as their platform to share the information include the way providing the pandemic and the latest news about it.

Public Health

Public health is formed to maintain and protect the health of society and its communities (CDC Foundation 2021).

Public health is also defined as the science of protecting the safety and improving the health of communities through education, policy making and research for disease and injury prevention (University of Pittsburgh 2021).

Public health disseminates and keeps the society’s health and the environment where they live and work. When doctors treat patients, their public health department staff work hard to prevent patients from getting sick or injured. They also promote health by encouraging healthy behaviors.

The individuals from the public health work hard to ensure the society’s health when guiding the systematic research to instructing about health. This means protecting children and adults to avoid the spread of disease or educating them about the health risks associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Public health sets the standards on the workplace safety to protect the workers and establishes school nutrition programs to ensure that children receive their healthy food.

Public health can include many aspects including laws that promote indoor smoke-free and seat belt, disseminate information on ways to maintain health, and provide scientifically based solutions to deal with some diseases. It also help society to save money, improve the life quality, help children grow and alleviate human suffering (APHA.org 2021).

Relationship between Public Health Campaigns and Social Media

Government or even societies often use the social media to spread the information about Covid-19. The Malaysian Government Agency that communicates to the public about Covid-19 on Facebook is the Ministry of Health Malaysia. Its role is to assist an individual in achieving and sustaining as well as maintaining a certain level of health status besides updating the number of Covid-19 positive and death cases in Malaysia (Sipalan 2021).

Other than that, Sarawak Disaster Information is also a Malaysian Government Agency that communicates to the public about Covid-19 on Facebook. Its role is to update the latest information about Sarawak entry, the new clusters occurring in Sarawak and the implementation of strict SOP in certain high-risk places (Sarawak Disaster Information 2021).

The first Politician that communicates to the public about Covid-19 on Facebook is Dr. Noor Hisham Abdullah, a Malaysia Health Director-General. He updates the number of Covid-19 cases in Malaysia, the new clusters and the clusters that had no more cases after 28 days daily and also updates the vaccination progress daily (Chong 2021).

Hashtag #KitaJagaKita is a Covid-19 hashtag trend in Malaysia. The citizens and artists use the kitajagakita hashtag to spread the covid-19 awareness on Facebook (Nadirah H. Rodzi 2020).

There are some people who use this hashtag to remind the others to stay safe and recently, those people who got vaccinated also use this hashtag to promote others to register for vaccination (Nadirah H. Rodzi 2020).

Hope Eveyone Can Stay Safe and Take Care of Each Other!!!

References

APHA.org 2021, What is public health?, viewed 23 April 2021, < https://www.apha.org/what-is-public-health>.

CDC Foundation 2021, What is public health, viewed 20 April 2021, < https://www.cdcfoundation.org/what-public-health>.

Chong, JH 2021, ‘Dr Noor Hisham: 40 healthcare workers infected after completion of Covid-19 vaccination’, The Edge Markets, 17 April, viewed 24 April 2021, < https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/dr-noor-hisham-40-healthcare-workers-infected-after-completion-covid19-vaccination>.

Nadirah H. Rodzi 2020, ‘Coronavirus: Two Malaysia hashtags, including #StayAtHome, trending amid govt curbs’, The Straits Times, 19 March, viewed 24 April 2021, <https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/coronavirus-two-malaysia-hashtags-including-stayathome-trending-amid-govt-curbs>.

Sarawak Disaster Information 2021, SarawakDisasterinfo, viewed 25 April 2021, < https://www.facebook.com/SarawakDisasterInfo >.

Sipalan, J 2021, ‘Malaysia mulls shutdown of Selangor amid COVID-19 surge’, ABS CBN News, 17 May, viewed 21 May 2021, < https://news.abs-cbn.com/overseas/05/17/21/malaysia-mulls-shutdown-of-selangor-amid-covid-19-surge?fbclid=IwAR0H6zTaXRmE0xiGUbixnmcpk1zeJxHu3-yvDVcKK3R2QbDix_m96h12e94 >.

University of Pittsburgh 2021, What is the definition of public health?, viewed 22 April 2021, < https://www.publichealth.pitt.edu/careers/what-is-public-health>.

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Digital Citizens 2: Activism & Protest

When heard for the term ‘activism’, does it familiar to most of you? What come into your mind? Well, I have a picture in my mind that people gather in the street and emphasize their action to support or disagree among an issue happen in their country. Hrm... let’s find out what are the activism and protest first.

Activism and Protest

Activism is defined as a repetition that give emphasis to direct strong action in support or oppose for a debatable issue (Merriam-Webster 1915). Protest means an expression or proclamation of protestation, dissatisfaction, or dissention, often happen when a person is incapacitatedto prevent or avoid something (Dictionary.com 2021). However, due to the pandemic Covid-19 or  the development of technology, most citizens have choosen to do online activism to support or oppose among the issue happened around the world nowadays. Here is the video about how the young climate activists convey their voices to adapt to the pandemic and hold for their protests after 1 year of pandemic Covid-19 (Morresi & Chulani 2021).

Young Climate Activists

Tara Bellerose, 21-year-old farmer from Victorian Highlands use the power of TikTok to broadcasts the urgent information about climate change (Kandi Aryani Suwito 2020).

She believes that her action will raise the awareness to the society. She fears that there are some negative effects to our life when the climate change becomes worst in future (Bogle & Edraki 2019).

Another young climate activist who stand out to talk about climate change is Greta Thunberg, a Swedish 18-year-old climate activist. She is known internationally after she challenged the world leaders to take action among climate change immediately in 2019.

She has became the face of the youth climate movement and the person of the year on Time Magazine in the same year.

She launched hashtag #Fridays For Future” and “School Strike for Climate” movement to encourage students to demand action on climate change from their government which she still active until now on her Twitter (Woodward 2020).

Thunberg also avoid having the big protests and agreed to move their demonstrations online due to the pandemic. She told people to join the digital strike with hashtag #ClimateStrikeOnline on her Twitter in order to address the public health crisis cause by the Covid-19 (Calma 2020).

Besides of those 2 young climate activists, there are a lot of other youth also used the power of social media such as YouTube, Facebook or even Instagram to promote their activism movement.

Hope the world will become more better in the future!

References

Bogle,A & Edraki,F 2019, ‘Students are fighting climate change, one TikTok video at a time’, ABC News, 19 September, viewed 19 April 2021, < https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-09-19/tiktok-youth-led-climate-activism-school-strike/11520474>.

Clama,J 2020, Greta Thunberg urges climate protests to move online because of coronavirus outbreaks, The Verge, viewed 19 April 2021, <https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/11/21174674/greta-thunberg-coronavirus-climate-change-protests-online-covid19>.

Dictionary.com, 2021, Protest, viewed 7 April 2021, <https://www.dictionary.com/browse/protested>.

Kandi Aryani Suwito 2020, Art and online activism amid the pandemic: lessons from around the world, The Conversation, viewed 19 April 2021, < https://theconversation.com/art-and-online-activism-amid-the-pandemic-lessons-from-around-the-world-140161>.

Merriam-Webster, 1915, Activism, viewed 7 April 2021, <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/activism>.

Morresi,E & Chulani,N 2021, ‘Protest in a pandemic: voices of young climate activists’, The Guardian, 23 April, viewed 23 April 2021, <https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2021/apr/23/voices-of-young-climate-activists-how-the-pandemic-changed-the-way-we-protest-video>.

Woodward,A 2020, ‘Greta Thunberg turns 17 today. Here's how she started a global climate movement in just 18 months’, Insider, 4 January, viewed 25 April 2021, <https://www.businessinsider.com/greta-thunberg-bio-climate-change-activist-2019-9>.

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Digital Citizen 1: Political Engagement

In the era of social media, social media has become a necessity for most people. Social media such as Facebook and Twitter has been used recently by politicians to have the campaign or communicate with supporters easily than before.

Politics

Before exploring more about political engagement, let’s find out what is politics.  Actually, politics refer to the government activities, some law-making organizations members or some politicians’ activities to influence the way of country governed (Cambridge Dictionary 2021).

Political Engagement

According to Afromeeva, Liefbroer and Lilleker (2021), political engagement defined as cognitive processes which become a necessary precursor for political participation. It elaborates the thoughts of participation to recognize the latest important and relevant information of politics.

What if political engagement meets with social media?

In the digital era, most of the youth prefer to indicate themselves in the political engagement through social media. According to Wike & Castillo (2018), youth prefer to participate online by posted comments for the political or social issues through their survey.

Another survey had resulted the highest percentage which youth in aged 18 -24 prefer to engaged in network-related political isssues (Smith 2013).

90% of youth had been using Facebook for communicative politics and proactive political engagement in Australia, UK and USA. Most of them were positive in using social media for politics because it was a useful source of information and an important space for political expression. They were likely said this kind of view showed that they were engaged politically but most came from less privileged backgrounds of social (Vromen 2017). 

In the table below, we can find out most people prefer to comment or like on the politics that they engage in social media. The relationship between political posting and easy social networking sites’ (SNS) political behaviors had supported the political activation hypothesis (Bode 2017).

The Influence of Social Media in GE14 Malaysia 2018

The power of Malaysian had been showed during GE14 (14thGeneral Election) with the help of social media’s power in 2018. Malaysian’s politicians took part in communicating and reaching out their supporters actively online through Facebook, Twitter, and so on. However, various issues and opinions were pointed out during the campaign but the supporters gave their opinions based on the debated topic online between political parties and leaders which will affect the society’s impression towards them and the election’s final result (Sara Chinnasamy & Norain Abdul Manaf 2018, p. 3). After Barisan National had been politic for 61 years, Pakatan Harapan (PH) lead by Dr. Mahathir Mohamad had won the election in 2018 because PH had used social media fully by putting the advertisement about promises of developmental projects. PH’s video showed the strenuous commute of working-class Malaysians,Syed Saddiq employed in Singapore demonstrated sensitivity to voters’ socioeconomic grievances and PH promised to find the way solve it (Najwa Abdullah &  Amalina Anuar 2018).

How powerful the social media in political engagement is!!

References

Afromeeva, E, Liefbroer, M & Lilleker, D 2021, Understanding political engagement, Bournemouth University, viewed 02 April 2021, <https://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/research/projects/understanding-political-engagement>.

Bode, L 2017, ‘Gateway political behaviors: the frequency and consequences of low-cost political engagement on social media’, Sage Journals, vol. 3, no. 4, viewed 31 March 2021, <https://journals-sagepub-com.swinburnedb.librarynet.com.my/doi/full/10.1177/2056305117743349>.

Cambridge Dictionary 2021, Politics, Cambridge University Press.  

Najwa Abdullah &  Amalina Anuar 2018, ‘What effect did social media have on the Malaysian election result?’, Today, 16 May, viewed 4 April 2021, <https://www.todayonline.com/commentary/what-effect-did-social-media-have-malaysian-election-result>.

Sara Chinnasamy & Norain Abdul Manaf 2018, ‘Social media as political hatred mode in Malaysia’s 2018 General Election’, SHS Web of Conferences 53, 02005 (2018), January 2018,  University Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, pp. 1-12, ICHSS 2018, viewed 4 April 2021, <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328329207_Social_media_as_political_hatred_mode_in_Malaysia's_2018_General_Election>.

Smith, A 2013, Civic Engagement in the Digital Age, Pew Eesearch Center, viewed 3 April 2021, <https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2013/04/25/civic-engagement-in-the-digital-age/>.

Vromen, A 2017, ‘Is Facebook a site of political engagement for young people?’, LSE US Centre, 10 March, viewed 3 April 2021, <https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2017/03/10/is-facebook-a-site-of-political-engagement-for-young-people/>.

Wike,R & Castillo,A 2018, Many around the world are disengaged from politics but could be motivated to participate on issues like health care, poverty and education, Global Attitudes & Trends, viewed 3 April 2021, <https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/10/17/international-political-engagement/>.

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Is Tumblr a Blog or a Social Network Site?

Tumblr… is a ‘new thing’ to me. If you ask me whether i know Tumblr or not, my answer is I know but i do not use it for my life before. When I asked my friends, most of they actually knew it but do not really use it as their social media. Hmm... There is lack of information about Tumblr, I decided to explore it. Let’s come with me!

Blog

Before we get into Tumblr, let us find out what is blog. I believe most of us prefer to watch video rather than read my words. Here you go.

I guess we got some idea about blog. Right?

Now, let’s explore more. Do you know when is the very first blog had been created? According to Jamie(2021), the blogs start appeared around 1994-1995. It became an open access diaries where people could share their individuals thoughts and feelings about their life include family’s events, travels or even their career. The early bloggers includes Justin Hall, Claudio Pinhanez and Carolyn Burke. Justin Hall, Swathmore College student, created the first blog, Links.net in 1994 (Forsey 2019). A blog is a website where we can write anything we want that won’t beyond the laws. These can be popular news, controversial topics, celebrities’ things, business and money and also our life by using the right website documents, disclaimers and divulgations (Boyd 2021).

Social Network Site

Alright, now let us find out social network site. Here is a video, enjoy your time to watch it.

A social network site (SNS) also consider as a social website. According to Goulart (2013), users in networking divided into two types, personal or business users. SNS allows us to have connection with others and leave messages, comments or even private messages on their pages (Boyd & Ellison 2007, p. 211). These bring benefits to us no matter for our life or our business. In the figure below, we can see when the SNS had been created around the world in these years(1997-2006).

Is Tumblr a Blog or Social Network Site?

Before answer this question, let’s us watch the video below together.

What is Tumblr?

In my opinion, it can be both. As a blog, we can post our short blog posts with some design. The Tumblr page design can be custom built or set from the themes found on it or the other websites such as Hipsthetic, Salvia and so on. It also can be a multi-purpose network which is easy to use. It can set the text's content ranging, gif files, videos and music which settle some specific fan groups and other concerns as well. It also becomes attractive system for e-commerce store owners to emphasize their products (BigCommerce 2021).  As a social network site, it allows us to interact with others either our family or friends.

Before end, just a little thanks for these follow me~

References

BigCommerce 2021, What is Tumblr and how is it used?, BigCommerce, viewed 28 March 2021, <https://www.bigcommerce.com/ecommerce-answers/what-tumblr-and-how-it-used/>.

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