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politics as a science also known as Politology

Preface and Acknowledgments 

These are the reflections of a professor who has had a lengthy career researching and teaching “the politics of others” – known in the profession as “comparative politics.” Always being on the outside looking in has its 

advantages – and disadvantages. It should make one less susceptible to presuming that the rules and practices of one’s own polity are normal and should provide the standard for observing and evaluating the politics of others. It also, however, means that the necessarily short exposure to other people’s politics – and it gets shorter and shorter as one gets older –

deprives the researcher of the depth of observation needed to capture the subtleties and secrets of their behavior. Of course, one can always take refuge in statistical manipulations of data that can be gathered at home without having to go to some exotic locale. My experience has suggested that there is no substitute for living among and talking with the subjects of one’s analysis – and preferably in their own language.

This lengthy essay makes no claim to being scientific. It contains no 

disprovable hypotheses, no original collection of data, no search for 

patterns of association and certainly no conclusive inferences about 

causality. It is self-consciously “pre-scientific.” Before one can do any 

science, but especially any social science, one must identify and label 

what it is that one is trying to understand or explain. Without the ‘right’ 

words (and the right theory surrounding them), the researcher could not 

even begin his or her task, much less gather the relevant data. In the case of political (or any social) research, “Que Dire?” comes before “Que Faire?” This indispensable first stage is called “conceptualization” in academic jargon. It is a sort of mapping process in which the researchertries to specify the goal of his or her trip, some of the landmarks that he or she is likely to encounter en route, and the boundaries that circumscribe the effort. Continue reading here

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10 best short stories by O Henry

The Gift of the Magi 

ONE DOLLAR AND EIGHTY-SEVEN CENTS. That was all. And sixty cents of it was in pennies. Pennies saved one and two at a time by bulldozing the grocer and the vegetable man and the butcher until one's cheek burned with the silent imputation of parsimony that such close dealing implied. Three times Della counted it. 

One dollar and eighty-seven cents. And the next day would be Christmas. 

There was clearly nothing left to do but flop down on the 

shabby little couch and howl. So Della did it. Which instigates the moral reflection that life is made up of sobs, sniffles, and smiles, with sniffles predominating. 

While the mistress of the home is gradually subsiding from the first stage to the second, take a look at the home. A furnished flat 

at $8 per week. It did not exactly beggar description, but it certainly had that word on the look-out for the mendicancy squad. 

In the vestibule below was a letter-box into which no letter would go, and an electric button from which no mortal finger could coax a ring. Also appertaining thereunto was a card bearing the name 'Mr. James Dillingham Young.' 

The 'Dillingham' had been flung to the breeze during a former period of prosperity when its possessor was being paid $30 per week. Now, when the income was shrunk to $20, the letters of 'Dillingham' looked blurred, as though they were thinking seriously of contracting to a modest and unassuming D. But whenever 

Mr. James Dillingham Young came home and reached his flat above he was called 'Jim' and greatly hugged by Mrs. James Dillingham Young, already introduced to you as Della. Which is all very good. 

Delia finished her cry and attended to her cheeks with the powder rag. She stood by the window and looked out dully at a grey cat walking a grey fence in a grey backyard. To-morrow would be Christmas Day, and she had only $1.87 with which to buy Jim a present. She had been saving every penny she could for months, with this result. Twenty dollars a week doesn't go far. 

Expenses had been greater than she had calculated. They always are. Only $1.87 to buy a present for Jim. Her Jim. Many a happy hour she had spent planning for something nice for him. Something fine and rare and sterling - something just a little bit near to being worthy of the honour of being owned by Jim. 

There was a pier-glass between the windows of the room. Perhaps you have seen a pier-glass in an $8 flat. A very thin and very agile person may, by observing his reflection in a rapid sequence of longitudinal strips, obtain a fairly accurate conception of his looks. Della, being slender, had mastered the art. 

Suddenly she whirled from the window and stood before the glass. Her eyes were shining brilliantly, but her face had lost its colour within twenty seconds. Rapidly she pulled down her hair and let it fall to its full length. 

Now, there were two possessions of the James Dillingham 

Youngs in which they both took a mighty pride. One was Jim's gold watch that had been his father's and his grandfather's. The other was Della's hair. Had the Queen of Sheba lived in the flat across the airshaft, Della would have let her hair hang out the window some continue reading here

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History of political science

ROBER T ADCOCK, MARK BEVIR, AND

SHANNON C . STIMSON

BRITISH AND AMERICAN political scientists recently have shown an usual degree of interest in the history of their discipline. The dawn of a new millennium prompted leading figures in the British study of politics to reflect on their past and to situate themselves in relation to it. In America, work on the history of political science has appeared off and on for some time, but the last decade has witnessed a positive flourishing of such studies. These studies include some in which luminaries in the discipline look back on their teachers and predecessors.2 They also include a distinct subgenre of historical studies written from within the discipline, but by scholars outside its limelight.3 The past of political science has attracted further attention recently from intellectual historians outside of the discipline in both Britain and America.4 Modern Political Science

 Jack Hayward, Brian Barry, and Archie Brown, eds., The British Study of Politics in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999). 2 For example, see Ira Katznelson, Desolation and Enlightenment: Political Knowledge after Total War, Totalitarianism, and the Holocaust (New York: Columbia University Read more

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How to solve oily skin problem;  Best sunscreen for oily skin; how to solve oily skin problem

Oily skin is a commonly face problem that' almost each and every individuals face, specifically during the summer season, of course there is no season limit to that, but the extreme problem of oily skin is double in summer season. 

Here, we are trying our best to give you every details regarding Oily skin, of what causes the oily skin, how we must protect and solve that problem and what is the best sunscreen, creams, medication to solve oily skin problem. 

We have research and consult different skin specialist and come up with this articles, to at least help of how we can solve this common oily skin problem. 

What causes Oily skin? 

There are several factors that can contribute to oily skin:

1. Overactive sebaceous glands: 

Sebaceous glands produce sebum, which is the natural oil that keeps the skin moisturized. However, in some individuals, these glands can become overactive and produce excessive amounts of sebum, leading to oily skin.

2. Hormonal changes: 

Hormonal fluctuations, such as those that occur during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can stimulate the sebaceous glands to produce more sebum, resulting in oily skin. See more here

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How to overcome shyness

How to Overcome Shyness;

Steps to avoid or overcome Shyness;

How to overcome shyness

Before we discuss about how to overcome shyness or how to we build confident in our personality and avoid shyness, we must first learn or discuss what actually is shyness and how it affect our life. 

We must have knowledge about what is shyness and what causes us to Shy. So let's first discuss or try to learn what actually shyness is. 

Definition of Shyness:

Shyness is a personality trait characterized by feelings of discomfort, self-consciousness, and nervousness in social situations. It is often accompanied by a tendency to avoid or withdraw from social interactions, particularly with unfamiliar people. 

Shy individuals may struggle with initiating conversations, expressing themselves, or asserting their opinions due to fear of judgment or rejection. Shyness is not necessarily a negative trait, but it can impact one's ability to form relationships, participate in group activities, or assert oneself in various settings.

What is a Shyness? 

Shyness is a personality trait characterized by feelings of discomfort, self-consciousness, and nervousness in social situations. People who are shy often experience anxiety and tend to avoid or feel hesitant in engaging with others, especially in unfamiliar or new situations. 

Shyness can manifest in various ways, such as avoiding eye contact, speaking softly, or feeling awkward in social interactions. It is important to note that shyness is different from introversion, as introverts may prefer solitude or quiet environments but do not necessarily experience the same level of discomfort or anxiety in social situations.

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Why do we become Shy? 

There are several reasons why people may become shy:

1. Genetics: 

Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to shyness. Certain personality traits and temperaments can be inherited, making some people more prone to shyness than others. Continue reading here

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Teaching mental health and hygiene/2020

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A New home for Otis family. a tale of a supernatural creature

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