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Week 10 - Stick and stones can break our bones, but words can break our hearts (Social Media Governance).

There are several, slightly different definitions for online bullying and harassment. For the purposes of this blog post, I believe the definition of online bullying is as follows: "Bothering someone online, teasing in a mean way, calling someone hurtful names, intentionally leaving persons out of things, threatening someone, and saying unwanted, sexually related things to someone" (Patchin and Hinduja, 2006).

Cyberbullying and/or harassment, which began as online comments are now commonplace on social media and in any digital community. People say horrible things globally, but how can we control speech? Who judges what is appropriate and what is not? Many social media sites have moderators, sometimes known as ‘mods’, inside specialized specialist groups, but in general, there exists a lot of seemingly unmoderated insults, online bullying, and harassment on both private and public pages. Organizations frequently monitor the comments portion of their social media pages, and content providers can block specific terms from being remarked on their material. While these are solid choices, restricting words or statements, regardless of how serious they are, might create a sense of government and opinion-blocking, which can destroy the whole idea of a public sphere and irritate these people.

Although the Australian government has approved laws (Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts, 2022) making some forms of cyberbullying criminal; How do you manage an online place where there are basically no cyber regulations? Now Despite this is true to some extent, the laws established by social media companies and listed as guidelines are intended to suggest ways in which social media communications should be handled by members of an organization and how this can benefit users by allowing everyone to engage and participate actively in an online environment (Linke & Zerfass 2013, p.275).

References:

Anne, L., & Ansgar, Z. (2013). Social media governance: regulatory frameworks for successful online communications. Journal of Communication Management, 17(3). https://www.proquest.com/docview/1403431599?accountid=14205&pq-origsite=primo&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals

Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts. (2022, January 23). Online Safety Act 2021. Federal Register of Legislation. https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2021A00076/latest/text

Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies Move Beyond the Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288

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Week 9 - How did the public change their perception on Video games after the Covid-19 outbreak?

Social gaming refers to online games that encourage people to engage with one another while playing. Games may be "social" in a variety of ways, including commenting and monitoring other players. Furthermore, gaming encourages virtual and real-world community formation. Additionally, the World Health Organization has endorsed the #PlayApartTogether campaign, which was launched by the gaming industry to encourage healthy online gaming behaviors, with a focus on activities that enhance social interaction (Giardina et al., 2021).

The Public Perception of Gaming

Violence: Video games can expose children to violence and increase their likelihood of participating in violent behavior.

Addiction: Games have addictive features, as evidenced by research results indicating excessive gaming participation can lead to addiction (Freitas et al., 2019).

Social Isolation: This issue occurs as a result of the significant time commitment required to participate in games, limiting possibilities for face-to-face social connections (Kabir, 2020).

Gaming During Covid-19 Pandemic

The increasing number of gaming has increased significantly as a result of the epidemic, luring those who previously ignored it completely or who just did it on occasion (Lufkin, 2020). It is also interesting to see the World Health Organization's shift in attitude on online gaming, where they earlier warned about its possibly dangerous and addictive character but now praise its therapeutic impacts on social connection (Kriz, 2020). Approximately 75% of participants reported making meaningful friendships in the gaming environment because online gaming allows people to express themselves in ways that they may find difficult to do in offline settings due to factors such as appearance, sexuality, gender, or age (Griffiths, 2020). According to a major research, 63% of gamers participate in collaborative gaming, with a significant proportion of players receiving social aid from the communities in which they play.

Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Change the Public Perception of Gaming?

Indeed, the Covid-19 epidemic has had a wide-ranging impact on how the general public sees games. Research and studies have provided information on the epidemic's effects on gaming behaviors and player well-being. These are a few important findings:

Increased gaming activity

According to research, during the Covid-19 outbreak, young people's gaming activity rose significantly (Haug et al., 2022). Because of the pandemic and its consequences, individuals spent more time at home and played video games for entertainment and social connection.

Concerns and Public Health Initiatives

The pandemic's increasing gaming engagement has raised some significant concerns about young people's lack of physical exercise, poor mental health, and sleep troubles (Haug et al., 2022). It has been advised that public health campaigns prioritize the promotion of physical activity and develop realistic methods to discourage dangerous gaming behaviors.

Perceived benefits of gaming

Some study suggests that online gaming may improve young people's psychological growth in mental, motivational, personal, and social domains. Furthermore, it has been observed that social gaming during social isolation considerably but marginally reduces loneliness.

Negative perceptions

Negative themes have emerged regarding the assumption that playing video games was a means to pass the time during the epidemic, regardless of the possible benefits (Barr & Copeland-Stewart, 2021).

In conclusion, the Covid-19 epidemic has increased young gaming, and ideas on the consequences of gaming on mental health are beginning to emerge, with both good and negative perspectives stated. Despite the fact that other studies highlight the potential advantages of gaming, public health initiatives are required to address the issues related to lack of physical exercise and mental illnesses.

Reference:

Barr, M., & Copeland-Stewart, A. (2021). Playing Video Games During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Effects on Players’ Well-Being. Games and Culture, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120211017036

Freitas, B. D. A., Contreras-Espinosa, R. S., & Correia, P. Á. P. (2019). How Society’s Negative View of Videogames Can Discourage Brands from Sponsoring eSports. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37983-4_11

Giardina, A., Blasi, M. D., Schimmenti, A., King, D. L., Starcevic, V., & Billieux, J. (2021, February 26). Online gaming and prolonged self-isolation: evidence from Italian gamers during the COVID-19 outbreak | Clinical Neuropsychiatry. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. https://www.clinicalneuropsychiatry.org/download/online-gaming-and-prolonged-self-isolation-evidence-from-italian-gamers-during-the-covid-19-outbreak/

Gonçalves, D., Pais, P., Gerling, K., Guerreiro, T., & Rodrigues, A. (2023). Social gaming: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior, 147, 107851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107851

Griffiths, M. (2020, March 24). Coronavirus: making friends through online video games. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-making-friends-through-online-video-games-134459

Haug, E., Mæland, S., Lehmann, S., Bjørknes, R., Fadnes, L. T., Sandal, G. M., & Skogen, J. C. (2022). Increased Gaming During COVID-19 Predicts Physical Inactivity Among Youth in Norway—A Two-Wave Longitudinal Cohort Study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.812932

Kabir, L. (2020, July 21). 10 Negative Effects of Video Games | Healthy Gamer. Www.healthygamer.gg. https://www.healthygamer.gg/blog/10-negative-effects-of-video-games

Kriz, W. C. (2020). Gaming in the Time of COVID-19. Simulation & Gaming, 51(4), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878120931602

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Week 8 - Does filters change anything beyond your looks on social media?

Ever since photo editing or widely known as photoshop became a thing, the looks of models and celebrities have been significantly edited to enhance their looks and attract customers for magazines and advertisements. Over time, these features become more accessible to the general public and become everyday life entertainment. Face filters was first introduced in September of 2015 by Snapchat, the filters have progressed from a kind of silly entertainment, such as animal-like face coverings, to more severe changes of people's appearance to correspond to contemporary beauty standards (Barker, 2020). These trends have caused new social concerns that are harming people's mental health and well-being.

The increasing usage of social media filters to change someone's look is controversial among experts and consumers alike. It can be deemed innocent or as easy as "identity work, play, and self-exploration" (Lavrence & Cambre, 2020). With the advancement of face recognition software, image-sharing apps like Snapchat, Instagram, and TikTok enable users to see bodily alterations on their smartphone displays. They can be as transient and subtle as wearing cosmetics or hair accessories, or they can be much more permanent, such as using hair color, piercings, or even cosmetic surgery.

While the widespread usage of social media is undeniable, there appears to be a parallel increase in the number of cosmetic treatments performed on young people (Walker et al., 2019). According to cosmetic doctors such as Tijion Esho, while patients used to bring in photos of celebrities that they wished to emulate in their physical appearance, they now regularly bring in photos of themselves (Hunt, 2019), frequently with "fuller lips, bigger eyes, or a thinner nose" which is trendy for women’s beauty standard at the moment, and so visible in the filters (Panagiotis Milothridis, 2020).

This is a concern for several reasons. For example, research in 2017 indicated that consumers only noticed a photo was modified 60–65% of the time (Hunt 2019). Editing photographs on social media might lead to "unrealistic expectations of what is normal" and decrease self-esteem in individuals who do not utilize or identify these editing methods (Hunt 2019). Second, while filters and selfie editing have no intrinsic effect on a person, it is obvious that they are prompting people to seek cosmetic procedures such as fillers, botox, or plastic surgery. Over a period of time, people involved with the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery have been interviewed. In 2015, 42% of surgeons said that patients were motivated to appear better in photographs (Milothridis 2020). This figure has increased, with 55% reporting in 2017 (Milothridis 2020), 75% in 2019 (American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2021), and 77% in 2021 (2021 Statistics & Trends Released, 2022).

I am certain that the use of filters without disclosure may be damaging, particularly for celebrities who contribute to an elevated beauty standard without disclosing their use of filters. However, I enjoy how applications like TikTok and Instagram now notify users when filters have been applied (TikTok 2023; Ahmed 2021). I am opposed to the usage of invisible filters, and I feel that openness is critical in combating the continuance of such unattainable beauty standards.  

Reference:

American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. (2021, February 1). American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. https://www.aafprs.org/Media/Press_Releases/New%20Stats%20AAFPRS%20Annual%20Survey.aspx

Barker, J. (2020). Making-up on mobile: The pretty filters and ugly implications of Snapchat. Fashion, Style & Popular Culture, 7(2), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1386/fspc_00015_1

Hunt, E. (2019, January 23). Faking it: How Selfie Dysmorphia Is Driving People to Seek Surgery. The Guardian; The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/jan/23/faking-it-how-selfie-dysmorphia-is-driving-people-to-seek-surgery

Lavrence, C., & Cambre, C. (2020). “Do I Look Like My Selfie?”: Filters and the Digital-Forensic Gaze. Social Media + Society, 6(4), 205630512095518. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120955182

Panagiotis Milothridis. (2020). The Elective Nature of Cosmetic Medicine. Springer EBooks, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44725-0_1

Walker, C. E., Krumhuber, E. G., Dayan, S., & Furnham, A. (2019). Effects of Social Media Use on Desire for Cosmetic Surgery among Young Women. Current Psychology, 40(7), 3355–3364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00282-1

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Week 7 - How the media can affect your body and health

With the rapid and constant development of technologies and beauty standards, it is no surprise that online/real-life body modification has received some significant attention in recent years. Both online platforms and the pharmaceutical industry have allowed consumers to transform their bodies in the way that could help them gain attention.

Body modification is the activity of uploading and promoting different modifications to the human body on sites including Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube. It includes a wide range of purposeful changes, which include tattoos, piercings, scarification, hair coloring, body painting, cosmetic procedures, and even more extreme alterations such as implants or removing certain body parts. Body alteration could possibly be done digitally using Photoshop applications. Through an app, people may change their look by adjusting their physical form, size, skin tone, facial characteristics, or adding accessories such as tattoos and piercings.

If we look at social media nowadays, we'll see that most of the influencers and celebrities we know and love frequently edit their photos before publishing them. Social media lacks reality because it allows users to digitally manipulate photographs by applying filters or lowering body weight (McGovern et al., 2022).

Aside from having negative effects on our bodies, changing bodily parts may also have an impact on our mental health and lead to physical disorders. Mental health is critical for everyone; however, modifying our bodies may sometimes alter how we feel about ourselves since, rather than feeling good about ourselves, we are left with additional anxieties, which can lead to harmful behavior and medical attention. Why do we still feel uneasy when we make those changes? We are still uneasy since altering our body image and look does not compensate for the reality that our self-esteem, no matter what we do, is lost if we never sought it in the first place. You may have developed poor self-esteem as a result of the obvious differences you notice in others, and this might have an impact on your identity (Diamond, 2021).

In conclusion, we are able to see that body modification is utilized not only to appear a specific way, but also to create a perspective of how you should look and what you need to do in order to be like everyone else. We must recognize that body alteration is being employed for cosmetic and sexual purposes, which has influenced society to believe that it is acceptable. It's crucial to keep in mind that everyone is designed to be unique.

Reference:

Diamond, E. (2021, September 29). How Physical Beauty Affects a Person’s Self-Esteem. Psychreg. https://www.psychreg.org/physical-beauty-affects-person-self-esteem/

McGovern, O., Collins, R., & Dunne, S. (2022). The associations between photo-editing and body concerns among females: A systematic review. Body Image, 43, 504–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.013

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Week 6 - Slow fashion movement = Maturity while Fast fashion movement = Environment Destruction?

It is impossible to count all the seasonal clothing collections that are being designed and put out nearly every few weeks nowadays. More and more fashion brands are popping up every day, which has made fast fashion more prevalent and profitable than ever before. Based on statistics conducted by Smith (2024), the worldwide clothing market is expected to be worth approximately 1.7 trillion US dollars in 2023. These are outstanding figures, but at what price?

In short, the term fast fashion can be described as “an approach to the design, creation, and marketing of clothing fashions that emphasizes making fashion trends quickly and cheaply available to consumers” (Merriam-Webster 2023). Despite offering stylish clothes at an affordable price, the drawback that it brought to the eath’s nature is too significant to ignore. The first and most significant impact of the life cycle of these clothes can include their affect on the world’s climate, as this industry tends to generate up to 10% of the world’s carbon emissions, which is even “more than the aviation and shipping combined” (Stallard, 2022). Additionally, the production of these items also consumes a significant amount of water, as it could take up to 10,000 liters of water to produce one kilogram of cotton or approximately 3,000 liters of water for one cotton shirt (Le, 2020). Furthermore, Le (2020) also provides multiple other impacts, such as the usage of plastic microfibers and viscose. Lastly, this economic model has created a culture of excessive consumption, resulting in a significant excess production of fabric waste. As a result, fast fashion companies have to reconsider their production methods by slowing down and adopting an eco-friendly strategy, or these figures will continue to rise even higher than where they now are.

On the contrary, slow fashion provides higher-quality things that are manufactured in a more sustainable manner that respects people, animals, and the environment. This attitude goes beyond environmental sustainability and waste reduction to include the well-being of individual workers, many of whom have highly specialized craftsmanship. This is also highly similar to Kate Fletcher’s definition of the phrase "slow fashion" as he describes it as a comprehensive approach to design, manufacturing, consumption, and, eventually, improved living conditions (Fletcher, 2007). The author also stressed that slow fashion surpasses temporal restrictions, valuing quality above transient trends (Fletcher, 2007). It pushes for an attitude change by raising awareness among designers, consumers, retailers, and consumers concerning the complex implications of fashion goods on workers, communities, and ecosystems (Fletcher, 2015). Slow fashion has seen an increase in popularity in recent years, as customers expect greater standards from manufacturers in terms of sustainability and moral behavior.

According to research conducted by Domingos et al. (2022), he has stated that the more traditional an item of clothing is, the lower its temporality, and hence more in line with a sustainable approach. A basic and understated classical design is typically seen as a display of maturity and elegance, reflecting a distinct social image where the self-image appears to influence an individual's clothing selection. Slow fashion customers have a non-modern self-image, which may influence their decision to buy slow or rapid fashion. They pursue their particular style and focus on more traditional and basic outfits (Domingos et al., 2022).

In conclusion, slow fashion is a movement that encourages sustainability, craftsmanship, and responsible leadership in the fashion industry. Contrary to fast fashion, it emphasizes ethical shopping, sustainable manufacturing techniques, and the application of recycled, natural, or long-lasting materials. These companies prioritize not just with the standard of their products, but also with equitable wage rates and improved working conditions for all production employees. Slow fashion is slowly gaining prominence as public personalities and influencers advocate for more sustainable lifestyles through social media campaigns. Slow fashion supporters may assist to improve the future of the fashion industry, workers, and the planet.

Reference:

Domingos, M., Vale, V. T., & Faria, S. (2022). Slow Fashion Consumer Behavior: A Literature Review. Sustainability, 14(5), 2860. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052860

Fletcher, K. (2007, June 1). Slow Fashion. The Ecologist. https://theecologist.org/2007/jun/01/slow-fashion

Fletcher, K. (2015). Slow Fashion: an Invitation for Systems Change. Fashion Practice, 2(2), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.2752/175693810x12774625387594

Le, N. (2020, July 20). The Impact of Fast Fashion on the Environment. Princeton Student Climate Initiative; Princeton University. https://psci.princeton.edu/tips/2020/7/20/the-impact-of-fast-fashion-on-the-environment

Merriam-Webster. (2023). Definition of Fast Fashion. Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fast%20fashion

Smith, P. (2024, February 15). Global apparel market - statistics & facts. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/5091/apparel-market-worldwide/#topicOverview

Stallard, E. (2022, July 29). Fast fashion: How clothes are linked to climate change. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60382624

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Week 5 - What does/can digital citizens really do social media? Do they have any responsibilities?

This week’s topic has driven us to focus on the concept of digital citizenship. In basic terms, the concept can be described as the ability to know how to use the skills and knowledge of digital technology effectively so that it could create a positive effect on society, the communication process between individuals, and the creation or consumption of digital content (Office of the eSafety Commissioner, 2023).

In order to accomplish these tasks, people would usually take advantage of hashtags (#). In which, it consists of the "#" sign used with short keywords or phrases. This concept originally appeared on Twitter to make it easier for users to find interesting messages and follow discussions or trends. This sign can be additionally used to draw attention to and stress a certain topic on social media. Furthermore, hashtags are also extremely well implemented by social activism to bring about social change, since they frequently use these social media platforms to share information and raise awareness about issues related to the society (Kim & Lee, 2022). With the number of users we have now, social network activists play an important role in molding public discourse and fighting for a variety of issues such as education, public health, human rights, and equality. Moreover, digital citizenship is also utilized in the political processes such as voting through online polls and surveys, engaging with government authorities via digital platforms, taking part in online policy discussions, or organizing or supporting advocacy efforts for larger social or political concerns. According to Jæger (2021), the digital revolution has had a substantial impact on citizens' political participation. These platforms have opened up political discussion by enabling individuals to participate in conversations, express their ideas, and connect with political players in previously unheard-of ways. Furthermore, they have allowed citizens to create independent groups, raise their concerns, and campaign for their problems in front of larger audiences. This shift has transformed traditional elections into a more collaborative, inclusive paradigm in which ordinary individuals may actively influence political agendas and promote social change.

Reference:

Jæger, B. (2021). Digital Citizenship – A Review of the Academic Literature. Online-First, 14(1), 24-. https://doi.org/10.3224/dms.v14i1.09

Kim, Y., & Lee, S. (2022). #ShoutYourAbortion on Instagram: Exploring the Visual Representation of Hashtag Movement and the Public’s Responses. SAGE Open, 12(2), 215824402210933. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221093327

Office of the eSafety Commissioner. (2023). Digital Citizenship - About. Digital Citizenship. https://www.digitalcitizenship.nsw.edu.au/about

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Week 4 - The impact of reality television and social media on each other

This week's topic focuses on reality TV shows, which are considered to be the most hated genre of TV show to date. Like many people, I also consider TV shows the lowest when it comes to genres of TV shows and movies. If I had to pick something to watch on TV, a reality show or series would not be my first choice. To add some background, there are many other definitions of reality TV, but I picked one that I believed was the most understandable.

Brookes and O’neill (2017) define reality TV as "a type of television programming that aims to show how ordinary people behave in everyday life or in situations, often created by the program makers, and is intended to represent everyday life."

Even though this type of TV show received up to 61% of respondents in a study, they say there are too many reality TV shows and wish that there were fewer of them (Stoll, 2021b). Additionally, a large proportion of American adults describe reality TV shows as fake, trashy, meaningless, and predictable (Stoll, 2021a); yet many of them would still follow and watch the content with a hate-watching and critical attitude. This has allowed people on social media platforms like Twitter to bring communities and people together, as it is where most viewers engage and participate in online chats. This feedback can include fan comments, responses to specific events, or simple recognition that they are watching the program (Deller 2019). Many shows have realized and taken advantage of this topic by developing hashtags and urging viewers to 'join the discussion', thus driving traffic to the broadcast. This method enables producers to present this as a 'natural' element of their material rather than a sophisticated marketing effort (Deller 2019).

In conclusion, it can be said that reality shows have provided multiple contents and discussion topics for the social media's users to spend more time on the platform, while these discussions on the platform have encouraged people to watch the show in order to understand the discussion topic and keep themselves up-to-date.

Reference:

Brookes, I., & O’Neill, M. (2017). Collins English dictionary. Collins. https://collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/reality-show

Deller, R. A. (2019). “Chapter Six: Reality Television in an Age of Social Media.” In Reality Television: The TV Phenomenon That Changed the World (pp. 141–175). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swin/detail.action?docID=5975244

Stoll, J. (2021a, January 13). Attitudes to reality TV in the U.S. 2018. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/948542/reality-tv-genre-perspectives/

Stoll, J. (2021b, January 13). Attitudes to the amount of reality shows on TV in the U.S. 2018 | Statista. Statista; Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/948557/reality-tv-shows-amount-perspectives/

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Week 3 - Consideration of Tumblr as a public sphere

This week, we were provided with a deeper analysis on the public sphere.

With the rise of multiple social media platforms during the early 2000s, such as Facebook, Twitter (now known as X), Instagram, etc. (Ortiz-Ospina, 2019). It is no surprise that other people would be inspired to join in this intense competition, which gave birth to Tumblr - "a New York-based social networking and microblogging platform" (Cox, 2024). From these websites also comes the birth of digital communities, in which people with the same interest come together to form groups that would allow them to non-physically communicate through the use of media websites. Even though, these social medias are considered as the most ideal online communities and are suitable to be called a public sphere, there are still some limitation preventing them from becoming so.  

According to Kruse et al. (2018), a public sphere is defined as a space where every individual can use reason to advance important information and drive political change. The public sphere demands unrestricted access to information, equal protection for participation, and freedom from institutional control, especially in the economy. From this definition, it is clear that Facebook and some other social websites are not very suitable to be called a public sphere due to the conversations and monitoring of relatives, family, employers, police, and government entities, which reduces their ability to freely communicate opinions on the site. People may be cautious about sharing their political views due to concerns about online abuse and its impact on their work or relationships with their loved ones (Kruse et al., 2018). On the other hand, Tumble has distinguished itself from other social media platforms and come closer to being a public sphere thanks to one of its main features, which is anonymity, and others, including tagging and hashtagging (Ricardo, 2014). This allows Tumblr users to engage in anonymity online, which eventually gives a safe environment and community to everyone since it prioritizes anonymous personal expressions online, creating more freedom of speech on the web compared to other platforms (Pitre, 2018).

Reference:

Cox, S. (2024, January 17). What is Tumblr and How to Use Tumblr-The Ultimate Guide to Tumblr. Filmora. https://filmora.wondershare.com/tumblr/what-is-tumblr.html

Kruse, L. M., Norris, D. R., & Flinchum, J. R. (2018). Social Media as a Public Sphere? Politics on Social Media. The Sociological Quarterly, 59(1), 62–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2017.1383143

Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2019, September 18). The rise of social media. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/rise-of-social-media

Pitre, J. (2018, October 30). Being queer on Tumblr: Privacy and anonymity in the age of social media. Archer Magazine. https://archermagazine.com.au/2018/10/queer-tumblr-privacy-anonymity-age-social-media/

Ricardo, D. (2014, November 6). The advantages of having a Tumblr account. Strategy Plus. https://www.strategy-plus.net/articles/tumblr/