pathologydiscussionforum

[pathologydiscussionforum]

[pathologydiscussionforum]

The sickle cell syndromes are caused by a mutation in the β-globin gene that changes the sixth amino acid from glutamic acid to valine.

HbS polymerizes reversibly when deoxygenated to form a gelatinous network of fibrous polymers that stiffen the RBC membrane, increase viscosity, and cause dehydration due to potassium leakage and calcium influx. These changes also produce the sickle shape. Sickled cells lose the pliability needed to traverse small capillaries. They possess altered “sticky” membranes that are abnormally adherent to the endothelium of small venules. These abnormalities provoke unpredictable episodes of microvascular vasoocclusion and premature RBC destruction (hemolytic anemia) in the liver and spleen. The rigid adherent cells also clog small capillaries and venules, causing tissue ischemia, acute pain, and gradual end- organ damage. This venoocclusive component usually dominates the clinical course. Prominent manifestations include episodes of ischemic pain (i.e., painful crises) and ischemic malfunction or frank infarction in the spleen, central nervous system, bones, joints, liver, kidneys etc

#hematology #hematologyoncology #hematologylab #hematologyforum #hematologygroup #hemato #hematologia #hematología #hematoloji #Pathology #pathologydiscussion #pathology #pathologynotes #pathology #patho #pathologist #pathologies #usmle #usmlestep1 #usmleprep #usmlestep2ck

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Flea bitten appearance due to tiny petechial hemorrhage in malignant hypertension.

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#neet2021

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#renalpath

#malignanthypertension

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Causes of renal papillary necrosis: Diabetes (most common), obstructive uropathy, analgesic nephropathy and sickle cell disease.

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[pathologydiscussionforum]

Commonest cause of pediatric glomerulonephritis is post strepotocccal glomerulonephritis. It is a type III hypersensitivity reaction.

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RED CELL TRANSFUSION IN ANAEMIA:

Transfusion therapy is reserved for individuals who have symptoms of anemia, cardiovascular instability, and continued and excessive blood loss from whatever source and who require immediate inter-vention. The management of these patients is less related to the iron deficiency than it is to the consequences of the severe anemia. Not only do transfusions correct the anemia acutely, but the transfused red cells provide a source of iron for reutilization, assuming they are not lost through continued bleeding. Transfusion therapy will stabilize the patient while other options are reviewed.

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#anemia

#bloodtransfusion

[pathologydiscussionforum]

The serum iron level represents the amount of circulating iron bound to transfer-rin. The TIBC is an indirect measure of the circulating transferrin. The normal range for the serum iron is 50–150 μg/dL; the normal range for TIBC is 300–360 μg/dL. Transferrin saturation, which is normally 25–50%, is obtained by the following formula: serum iron × 100 ÷ TIBC.

Iron-deficiency states are associated with saturation levels <20%. There is a diurnal variation in the serum iron. A transferrin saturation >50% indicates that a disproportionate amount of the iron bound to trans-ferrin is being delivered to nonerythroid tissues. If this persists for an extended time, tissue iron overload may occur.

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• Curling ulcers refer to ulcers occurring in the proxi-mal duodenum in the context of severe burns or trauma.

• Cushing ulcers refer to gastric, duodenal, and esophageal ulcers arising in those with intracranial disease. They have an elevated risk of perforation

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[pathologydiscussionforum]

Focal nodular hyperplasia:

​Presents as a spontaneous mass llesion.Most frequently in young to middle-aged adults.

Female preponderance noted. Associated with long term use of anabolic hormones or ccontraceptives.

Typically, there is a central grey-white, depressed stellate scar from which fibrous septa radiate to the periphery. The central scar contains large vessels, usually arterial, that typically exhibit fibromuscular hyperplasia with eccentric or concentric narrowing of the lumen.

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Causes of raised serum amylase other than pancreatitis:

-Upper gastrointestinal tract perforation

- Mesenteric infarction

- Torsion of an intra-abdominal viscus

- Retroperitoneal haematoma

- Ectopic pregnancy

- Macroamylasaemia

- Renal failure

- Salivary gland inflammation

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[pathologydiscussionforum]

Extranodal lymphomas can arise in virtually any tissue, they do so most commonly in the GI tract, particularly the stomach.

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[pathologydiscussionforum]

Turcot syndrome:

Adenomatous colon polyposis + CNS tumors (medulloblastoma in 2/3rd and gliomas in 1/3rd patients).

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Crohn's disease:

S​–​Skip lesions I​–​Ileum (MC affected site) S​–​Saccharomyces cerevisae antibody present T​–​Transmural involvement E​–​Extra fibrosis and fistula formation (as compared to ulcerative colitis) R​–​Radiological sign- String sign of Kantor, Rectum is usually spared.

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Hallmark of Whipple’s disease had been presence of PAS positive macrophages containing the characteristic small bacilli. But, similar picture (PAS +ve macrophages with bacilli) can also be seen with M. avium complex (cause of diarrhea in AIDS). However, these organisms are acid fast whereas Tropheryma is not.

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Kehr's sign:

Severe violent pain at the left shoulder due to irritation of the left dome of diaphragm in case of splenic rupture.

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