有拿香拜祖先的都要知道(收藏)。(網路資料)
我們的祖先來自何處?
我們的語言出自何處?
不要被意識形態民粹政客們洗腦騙了!
「堂號」!無論您是400年前、200年前、77年前、或何時來台,都是台灣人也是中國人,只有「堂號」能讓您完全了解。
「台灣人」的祖先大都是來自中國北方的中原地區,祖先為了逃避北方匈奴的侵略,而南遷到中國大陸東南沿海地區,所以「台灣人」大都是來自北方的中原漢人。
「五胡亂華」之後,華北經過長期戰亂,原先在河洛地區的(河圖與洛書,是中國古代傳說中,上天授與的圖象、數列)。
知識分子、士、農、工、商…等紛紛逃亡到江南地區避亂,也有族群避難遷徙,輾轉來到閩南泉州、漳州、潮州 、汀州或梅州、惠州…等地區定居。
河洛叫做「河圖與洛書」,河洛就地區來講,就是中國河南、洛陽一帶地區,廣義泛指「中原」。
為了讓後代子孫認識自己祖先的來處,使用「堂號」讓不同時間到達的移民,可以辨認自己的宗親,得到暫時的照顧。
久而久之,「堂號」成了姓氏宗親聯誼的代號。
「堂號」也可以使後代子孫認識自己祖先發源處,可以知道先人從哪來?
世界只有中國有「堂號」,我們不能讓「堂號」消失。
現今中華民族的族群當中,「堂號」最完整的只剩下客家族群。
堂號即祠堂的名稱或稱號,主要用於區別姓氏、宗族或家族、地名(姓氏宗族的發源地)。
堂號除在祠堂使用外,還會在 族譜、宅院、牌位、墓碑 等處使用。
以下我們從堂號來參考祖先從哪裡來?
濟陽堂:
丁、卞、江、柯、卻、陶、庾、蔡。後漢設濟陰國,晉改濟陽郡,在山東定陶縣地。
西河堂:
卜、苟、林、卓、宰、靳。
漢時的郡名,今內蒙古(綏遠)鄂爾多斯地方,以及陝北、山西離石一帶。
河南堂:
於、山、方、毛、元、平、向、利、苟、邱、俞、陸、褚、廉、種。今河南陽縣。
東魯堂:孔。
孔子生於魯,地因人而名,故叫東魯。
雁門堂:
文、田、童、農。
戰國時為趙地,漢為郡,地當山西舊代州,寧武以北及朔平、大同一帶。
隴西堂:
牛、辛、李、時、彭、董。
秦郡名,地當甘肅舊蘭州、鞏昌、秦州諸府。
天水堂:
尹、皮、艾、狄、桂、姜、秦、莊、趙、嚴、上官。
漢時郡名,在甘肅渭縣境,即今伏羌地。
平陽堂:
仇、汪、巫、來、常、鳳、管、衛、歐、饒。
三國魏郡名,在山西臨汾縣境。
吳興堂:
水、尤、沈、明、姚、施。三國吳郡名,今浙江省吳興地。
太原堂:
王、羊、祁、易、武、祝、宮、溫、霍、閻、尉遲。
太原、汾州二府及保德、平定、忻州各地。
高平堂:巴、范。
漢時國名,今安徽省盱貽縣境。
南陽堂:
白、束、呼、姬、許、隆、葉、翟、韓、樂、鄧。
秦時郡名,泛指河南省南陽及湖北襄陽一帶。
京兆堂:
申、史、宋、別、冷、杜、車、宗、段、計、韋、晁、郜、浦、象、康、舒、雍、壽、酆、黎、皇甫。
漢三輔之一,地轄長安以東至華縣一帶。
渤海堂:
甘、封、高、歐陽。
漢郡名,地領河北省河間、滄縣、安次各地,南至山東吳棣境。
汝南堂:
左、言、汝、周、南、殷、商、梅、廖、袁、藍。
漢郡名,地轄河南舊汝寧、陳州二府及安徽穎州府。
武陵堂:
冉、華、龍、龔、顧。
漢時郡名,今湖南省常德縣地。
上黨堂:
包、尚、連、鮑、樊。
秦時郡名,在山西東南部,今長子縣境。
陳留堂:
伊、阮、虞、謝。
漢時郡名,晉為國,今河南陳留縣,後移至開封。
上谷堂:
成、侯、冠、榮。
秦郡名,地轄保定、易州、宣化、順天諸府,均在河北省。
沛國堂:朱。
漢時設郡,後漢改國,在安徽宿縣境。
晉陽堂:
匡、唐、景。
秦漢時縣名,今山西太原地。
新安堂:古。
三國吳郡名,在浙江省淳安縣。
武威堂:
石、安、賈。
漢武帝時郡名,即甘肅省武威縣地。
樂安堂:任。
南朝宋郡名,隋癈,在山東廣饒縣。
馮翊堂:吉、雷。
漢時郡名,為左馮翊轄地,即陝西大荔縣地。
中山堂:
仲、湯、藺。
春秋時國名,屬北狄鮮虞國地,今河北省正定縣境。
西平堂:池。
東漢郡,今甘肅西寧縣。
安定堂:
伍、胡、席、梁、程。
漢時郡名,在甘肅舊平涼、固原、涇州境。
東海堂:
有、茅、徐。
漢時置郡,地當山東兗州東南,江蘇邳縣以東。
河東堂:
旅、薛、裴、儲、聶。
秦時郡名,即山西西夏縣地。
下邳堂:闕。
後漢時國名,即江蘇邳縣地。
延陵堂:吳。
春秋時吳邑,季札受封延陵,今江蘇武進縣地。
廬江堂:何。
漢時郡名,在安徽廬江縣境。
北海堂:邢、郎。
漢郡名,東漢改國,地領山東益都以東至掖縣一帶。
平陵堂:孟。
春秋時齊邑,今山東歷城縣境。
彭城堂:
金、劉、錢。
漢郡名,今江蘇銅山縣地。
清河堂:
房、傅、張。
漢時郡名,地當河北清河、故城、棗強、南宮諸縣,及山東清平、恩縣、冠縣、高唐、臨清、武城一帶。
東平堂:花。
漢國名,即山東省東平縣。
博陵堂:邵。
晉國名,後改郡,今河北省安平縣境。
山陽堂:岳。
漢郡名,故城在河南修武縣,曹丕篡漢,廢獻帝為山陽公。
滎陽堂:
昌、潘、鄭。
戰國時韓地,今河南省滎陽、成皋一帶。
臨海堂:屈。
三國吳,分會稽東部置臨海,在浙江省,舊稱台州。
范陽堂:
鄒、簡、燕。
范陽是古郡名,即今河北省涿縣地。
齊郡堂:
查、晏、覃、富、譚。
漢時郡名,後改為國,今山東臨淄地。
高陽堂:紀、耿。
漢時縣名,今河北省高陽縣地。
敦煌堂:洪。
漢時郡名,今甘肅西部敦煌縣。
魏郡堂:柏。
春秋時國名,在山西芮城縣境。
扶風堂:
馬、班、祿、萬、魯。
隋時置郡名,今陝西省扶風、鳳翔一帶。
千乘堂:倪。
漢時郡名,在山東地城、益都一帶。
會稽堂:夏。
秦郡名,地當江蘇東部、浙江西部,即今紹興。
河內堂:
苟、荀、司馬。
漢郡名,地當河南省黃河與太行山之間,今武陵、沁陽一帶。
廣陵堂:貢、盛。
漢國名,後改郡,今江蘇都縣地。
薛郡堂:海。
秦時郡名,地轄山東西南部、江蘇東北部。
河間堂:凌、章、詹。
漢國名,後魏改郡,在河北獻縣及河間一帶。
南昌堂:塗。
漢縣名,在江西南昌地,洪州塗氏為豫章望族。
豫章堂:羅。
漢郡名,在江西南昌縣地。
潁川堂:
陳、鄔、賴、鍾。
秦郡名,地轄河南舊許州、陳州、汝寶、汝州諸府,蓋指潁水流域。
護國堂:
逢、邊、戴、稽。
春秋時陳焦邑,今安徽省亳縣地。
餘杭堂:隗。
隋郡名,唐復為杭州,今浙江杭縣。
汾陽堂:郭。
漢地名,唐併入陽曲,在山西省,唐將郭子儀受封於此,因而名傳。
瑯琊堂:
符、雲、諸葛。
秦郡名,地轄舊山東兗、音、沂、萊四府,後漢為國,在臨沂縣境。
廣平堂:
游、賀、談。
漢郡名,後改為國,今河北雞澤縣地。
江夏堂:費、黃。
漢郡名,在湖北雲夢境。
遼西堂:項。
秦郡名,地轄永平、承德、朝陽、錦州、新民一帶,在遼寧與河北間。
平原堂:東方。
漢郡名,在山東舊武定、濟南二府之西,及樂陵、長清一帶,即平原縣地。
頓丘堂:葛、司空。
春秋衛邑,在河南省濬縣。
弘農堂:楊。
漢時郡名,在河南省靈寶縣境。
百濟堂:福。
春秋時國名,在今朝鮮半島。
內黃堂:駱。
漢時縣名,今河南省內黃縣地。
江陵堂:熊。
春秋時楚郢都,漢置縣,宋改都,今湖北江陵地。
鉅鹿堂:��。
秦郡名,晉為國,今河北鉅鹿、寧晉一帶。
蘭陵堂:蕭。
晉時郡名,在山東嶧縣,南朝宋移昌盧,在滕縣境。
解梁堂:關。
春秋時晉邑,地領山西解縣、臨晉、虞鄉諸地,後漢關羽,即解人也。
燕山堂:竇。
遼時燕京,宋改燕山府,地領河北省北部及東北部。
武功堂:蘇。
漢郡名,在陝西郿縣境,今設武功縣。
始平堂:
翁、馮、龐。
晉郡名,三國魏改始平,在咸陽附近。
梁國堂:墨、橋。
漢時梁國,後魏改郡,唐改宋州,在河南商丘縣境。
濟南堂:伏、寧。
漢初置郡名,即今山東歷城縣境。
平昌堂:
紅、孟、管、離。
三國魏置郡名,治安丘,在今山東安丘縣地。
濮陽堂:爰。
漢縣名,後魏改郡,即古帝丘,在河北濮陽縣及山東濮縣一帶。
著存堂:呂。
福建省詔安縣秀篆鎮。
殷禮堂:宋。
陝西西安市,陝西西河郡。
我們現在講的「台語」正確名稱~不是台灣話、更不是閩南話、也不是福建話,正確叫做~「河洛話」!
河洛話:源自河南洛陽,俗稱中原話,在唐朝時期就是講河洛話,唐朝武則天就是講河洛話;日本現在廟宇和尚念經朗誦的語言就是用河洛話!
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範桂霞:22歲與周恩來假扮夫妻,72歲聽聞總理離世,她哭暈過去
範桂霞:22歲與周恩來假扮夫妻,72歲聽聞總理離世,她哭暈過去
原創2021-07-11 18:42·酉戌
1927年8月,在周恩來、李立三、賀龍、葉挺等人的領導下,南昌起義爆發,打響了武裝反抗國民黨反動派的第一槍,可緊接著,汪精衛便命令張發奎、朱培德等人對南昌發起進攻。
範桂霞:22歲與周恩來假扮夫妻,72歲聽聞總理離世,她哭暈過去
面對反對派的反撲,南昌起義部隊按照事先計畫,撤出南昌,開始沿撫河,經瑞金、尋鄔南下,並進入廣東省。
激烈的戰鬥,緊張的行軍,再加上繁重的工作,讓時任革命會委員兼參謀團團員的周恩來染上了嚴重傷寒,甚至一度高燒昏迷。
鑒於周恩來嚴重的症狀,葉挺、聶榮臻及汕頭地區的地下黨員楊石魂親自護送周恩來來到香港醫治,當時,身患重病的周恩來急需一位懂醫術,懂護理的同志照顧,於是,當地組織找到了年僅22歲的範桂霞,讓他與周恩來假扮夫妻。
聽到領導的話,範桂霞臉刷得就紅了,原因很簡單,當時的她,雖然有了男朋友,但尚未婚配,一個女孩子,單獨照顧一位陌生男子���這讓她情何以堪?
範桂霞:22歲與周恩來假扮夫妻,72歲聽聞總理離世,她哭暈過去
但為了革命事業的勝利,最終,範桂霞還是答應了下來,開始在事先找好的公寓內,等待“病人”的到來。
當“病人”被送到公寓後,範桂霞忙前忙後幫忙把病人放上床,當同志們囑咐完注意事項離去,範桂霞走到床前仔細一看,大吃一驚,差點驚叫出來。
原來,這位“病人”她認識,早在周恩來擔任黃埔軍校政治部主任時,自己就曾聽過他的演講,參觀黃埔軍校時,範桂霞也見過周恩來,對他是敬仰不已。
得知與自己假扮夫妻的是周恩來,範桂霞放心了下來,開始悉心照料周恩來。
害怕周恩來出意外,範桂霞每隔1個小時,就會給周恩來量一次體溫,一點點給周恩來喂藥,在範桂霞三天三夜不眠不休的照料下,周恩來睜開了眼睛。
看到這一幕,範桂霞激動地落下淚來,心裏高興的她,為了能讓周恩來早日康復,立即跑去給他燉雞湯,沒想到的是,卻因此挨了批評。
範桂霞:22歲與周恩來假扮夫妻,72歲聽聞總理離世,她哭暈過去
原來,大革命失敗後,組織遭到嚴重破壞,經濟更是困難至極,雖然身體已經極其虛弱,但周恩來依舊心疼同志們給他花錢買雞燉雞湯……
雖然挨了批,但看著周恩來醒過來,她懸著的心,總算落了下來,這一夜,睡得極為香甜……
在香港的公寓,周恩來的身份是一位來自上海的富商,而範桂霞,則是富商太太,送周恩來到香港的楊石魂同志,這是“二少爺”。
在範桂霞與楊石魂的照料下,又過了一個禮拜,周恩來已經能下床走路,但因大病初愈,同志們不允許他四處活動,範桂霞就擔任起了給周恩來收集檔和報紙的責任。
漸漸地,範桂霞與周恩來熟悉,二人也聊起了過往,當得知範桂霞與自己的妻子鄧穎超認識時,二人之間的親近感,油然而生。
範桂霞:22歲與周恩來假扮夫妻,72歲聽聞總理離世,她哭暈過去
範桂霞,廣東佛岡人,出生於當地一個醫生家庭,自幼跟著父母在廣州生活,雖是女孩兒,但爹娘依舊送她去學校學習,到後來成為一名師範生。
上學期間,範桂霞思想漸漸開放,先後加入了廣東新學生社、廣州婦女解放協會等進步組織,與鄧穎超,便是在廣州婦女解放協會時認識的。
再後來,範桂霞成為一名黨員,可惜的是,在大革命失敗後,廣州的組織也出現了叛徒,範桂霞被出賣,無法再回學校。
1927年的一天,範桂霞正在家裏的小閣樓寫信,門外突然響起犬吠和員警的叫喊聲,聽聲音,範桂霞便分辨出這叫喊聲是組織的一名叛徒,她甚至來不及通知家人,便匆匆從窗戶爬出,躲在了鄰屋的煙樓裏。
等家裏沒了動靜,範桂霞才重新回到家,可她看到的,卻是被員警打得奄奄一息的父親。
當範桂霞與母親、弟妹把重傷的父親抬到床上不久,父親便撒手人寰,臨終之際,反復叮囑範桂霞趕緊逃。
為了不牽累更多家人,範桂霞都沒來得及給父親辦葬禮,便匆匆離開家,先後到了澳門,又輾轉日本藤素 日本藤素屈臣氏
日本藤素正品 japan tengsu
日本藤素進口 日本藤 素 價錢
日本藤素官網 日本藤素哪裡買
日本藤素評價 日本藤素ptt
日本藤素副作用 日本藤素吃法
日本藤素官網總代理 日本藤素香港屈臣氏
日本藤素臺灣官網入口
來到香港,並幸運地在這裏找到了組織,不久,擔任廣東省委秘書處的秘書。
在這裏工作崗位上,範桂霞接到過李立三、惲代英、瞿秋白、董必武等當時組織的重要領導人,緊接著,便是與周恩來假扮夫妻。
對於小自己7歲的範桂霞,周恩來以妹視之,像兄長一樣教導範桂霞,當得知範桂霞的男友是黃埔軍校學生,而且是一名黨員,可惜,在北伐之後與範桂霞失去聯繫後,周恩來安慰道:“如果他愛你,一定會回來找你!”。
除了感情上面,在工作上,周恩來也給了範桂霞諸多指導,他說範桂霞身上的學生氣太重,既然是扮富家太太,就要學會抽煙喝酒,但一定要提高警惕,不能使自己上癮。
在周恩來的建議下,範桂霞穿起了旗袍、高跟鞋,還以“夫人”的身份,多次陪伴周恩來出席各種場所,這段日子,給範桂霞留下深刻記憶。
周恩來身體康復之後,也接到了組織的任命,讓他奔赴上海,在碼頭上,範桂霞與楊石魂依依不捨地送別周恩來。
令範桂霞沒想到的是,這才分別,再次見到周恩來,竟然是25年之後。
範桂霞:22歲與周恩來假扮夫妻,72歲聽聞總理離世,她哭暈過去
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5G商用正式開啟:三大運營商套餐匯總 對比歐韓到底貴嗎
搜狐科技圖片,轉載請註明
文 | 楊錦
編輯|王一粟
商用套餐資費一覽
對比來看,三大運營商的收費情況雖然在細節上略有不同,但大體保持一致,相比4G,5G的套餐更加細化,按照上網速度和流量情況分成不同檔位,“低速低價、高速高價”,最低128元起,最高599元,不需要換卡/換號。
三大運營商的套餐資費對比:
中國聯通套餐如下:最低129元/月,最高599元/月
搜狐科技圖片,轉載請註明
中國移動套餐如下:最低128元/月,最高598元/月
搜狐科技圖片,轉載請註明
中國電信套餐如下:最低129元/月,最高599元/月,現在升級5G打8折(連續6個月)
搜狐科技圖片,轉載請註明
三大運營商的收費到底貴不貴?
根據GSA的統計,全球目前已經有46家運營商推出了符合3GPP標準的5G服務,分佈在美洲、亞太、歐洲、中東以及非洲地區,包括美國、德國、英國、瑞士、韓國等等。
從“1G空白、2G跟隨、3G突破、4G並行到5G引領”,GSMA大中華區公共政策總經理關舟對搜狐科技表示,中國在5G部署和商業進程中處於第一梯隊,是走在很前面的。
放眼全球的5G商用套餐,資費普遍偏高。以同樣處於亞太地區且目前商用比較成熟的韓國為例,韓國三大電信運營商韓國電信公司、SK電訊株式會社以及LG U+也提供了不同檔位的5G套餐,月資費從5.5萬韓元(約合325元人民幣)到13萬韓元(約合769元人民幣)不等。
其中,5.5萬韓元的套餐裡面含有8GB的5G流量,超過後將會進行限速。而歐美這種運營商主導的市場,大多以搭售手機優惠套餐的方式進行。
今年將開通超過13萬個5G基站
今年6月6日,工信部向中國移動、中國聯通、中國電信和廣電四家發放5G商用牌照,如今,5G多個多月時間過去了,基站、終端、產業各方都準備好了麼?
作為運營商中的老大哥,中國移動計劃今年在全國范圍內建設超過5萬個5G基站,在超過50個城市提供5G商用服務,2020年,將進一步擴大網絡覆蓋範圍,在全國所有地級以上城市提供5G商用服務,預計商用城市340個以上。
中國聯通則計劃今年建4萬個5G基站,在14個城市提供連續商用覆蓋能力,目前已經開通超過2.8萬個5G基站。中國電信同樣年底前完成4萬個5G基站的建設,預計開通城市50個。
“一個5G基站的建設成本是4G的3倍左右”。由於部署成本高,中國聯通和中國電信還“開創”了共享共建基站的新模式,以“報團取暖”。根據雙方達成的共建共享5G網絡的協議,二者將在北京、天津、鄭州等15個城市分區承建5G基站。目前,二者已經在廣州、太原、大連、廈門、瀋陽等多個城市開通了5G共建共享基站。
基站的建設相當於在“鋪橋修路”,5G基站的部署量,直接影響著用戶的體驗。來自工信部的數據顯示,目前,我國已開通5G基站8萬餘個,預計到2019年底全國開通的5G基站將超過13萬個。
首批5G商用城市中,基站的部署大多集中在北上廣及成都、武漢等一二線城市。以北京為例,北京市通信管理局披露的消息顯示,截至10月20日,北京共計建設5G基站13014個,開通5G基站10829個,已提前完成年初計劃全年建設10000個5G基站的目標。
13萬個5G基站是什麼概念?根據工信部發布的《2018年9月份通信業經濟運行情況》,我國目前基站數量為639萬個,其中3G/4G基站數量為479萬個。
同時,相比4G,5G的信號波長更短,中國工程院院士鄔賀銓指出:“5G將要求更密集的基站,5G基站數將是4G的4-5倍……”
因此,儘管5G商用已經啟動,但不少用戶對5G網絡連續覆蓋的能力依然表示懷疑。那麼,5G什麼時候能達到如今4G廣泛覆蓋的程度?
何時能迎來大規模爆發?
中國移動研究院網絡與IT技術研究所副所長張昊在接受搜狐科技採訪時稱,5G的規模商用主要取決於終端的發展、應用的爆發以及建網的過程。
他認為,明年運營商會持續提升5G覆蓋範圍,但要達到廣覆蓋還需要一個過程。而對於To B(行業市場)而言,即使網絡建好了,也未必能馬上有非常大的繁榮,更重要的是摸索出一個多方共贏的商業模式。
GSMA智庫的調研結果顯示,約有70%的運營商CEO認為,企業市場是未來5G最重要的價值來源。業內人士指出,5G消費市場僅佔20%,另外80%的廣闊天地分佈在工業、農業、金融、智慧園區等行業市場。
三大運營商也紛紛表示計劃2020年啟動SA(獨立組網)5G網絡的部署,支持網絡切片及MEC服務,滿足行業需求。
同時, 張昊表示,消費市場5G的普及需要“千元機”的刺激,只有普通用戶都買得起的千元機出現的時候,5G才會大規模普及。
這也許並不會讓我們等待太久。前日,中國聯通副總經理買彥州公開表示,“預計到2020下半年,將有2000元以下的5G終端上市。”
目前,華為、小米、三星、vivo、中興等廠商均推出了一款或多款5G手機。中國信通院公佈的數據顯示,截止到今年9月底,國內5G手機已經超過18款。
5G商用啟動後,預計將有數量更多、種類更豐富的5G終端上市。業內預計,5G手機有望在2020年下半年迎來換機潮。
業內人士指出,隨著新一代移動通信技術的到來,2G、3G的逐步退網也是更新換代的必然選擇,作為過渡,4G將和5G長期共存。
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Records of Shi Le, Companion 1
So this is the first post of what I hope to make a recurring feature, an attempt to put some order into the chaos surrounding the implosion of Western Jin and the birth of the “Second Three Kingdoms period” of Eastern Jin, Cheng and Later Zhao (c. 300 - 330). The following jumps straight into the middle with the first campaigns of Shi Le up to about November 309, and rely on my already posted translations from the Annals of Emperors Hui (JS004) and Huai (JS005) and Records of Shi Le (JS104). I’m sure other chapters and sources can add more detail, but I have to start somewhere to get anywhere.
Map 1 – Early career
Shi Le石勒 came from Wuxiang武鄉 county in Shangdang上黨 commandery, Bing province 並州. He belonged to the Jie羯 ethnicity and was originally named Bei㔨, but for clarity he will be referred to as Shi Le here throughout.
At 14 years old he said to have travelled to Luoyang洛陽 and shouted at the Shangdong gate 上東門.
Among his early friends were Guo Jing郭敬 from Wu鄔 and Ning Qu甯驅 from Yangqu 陽曲. Wu and Yangqu were two counties in Taiyuan太原.
In the middle of the Taian太安 [302 – 303] era, as Bing province became troubled with starvation and chaos, Shi Le travelled north to Yanmen雁門 commandery, on the northern border of the Jin empire.
When he returned from Yanmen, he ran into trouble with Liu Jian劉欲, Chief Command of Beize北澤. Beize, literally “Northern Marsh”, should be some kind of geographic designation, but I haven't been able to find any place name with that name.
At this time the Inspector of Bing province was Sima Teng, Duke of Dongying東嬴公騰. To raise supplies for his army, he sold many Hu, Shi Le included, off to Ji province as slaves. In this way Shi Le ended up at the estate of Shi Huan師懽 Chiping茌平 county in Pingyuan.
Shi Le was soon released from Shi Huan's service, supposedly due to his abilities and the supernatural portents of greatness surrounding him and joined up with some horse shepherds and their leader, Ji Sang汲桑. Ji Sang came from Wei魏 commandery but seems to have been equally at home in Wei commandery.
Once Shi Le was hired傭, presumably as a horse shepherd, at Wu'an武安 and Linshui臨水, two neighbouring counties in Guangping廣平, when he was arrested by a group of patrolling soldiers. He escaped however thanks to the intervention of a mysterious old man.
It was at this point Shi Le assembled his Eighteen Riders (full list at the bottom) and fully embarked on a career as horse thief and bandit under the leadership of Ji Sang.
Meanwhile, the War of Eight Kings was entering the final phase. On 20 August 304, Sima Yue, King of Donghai東海王越 (brother of Sima Teng), accompanied by Emperor Hui, marched north from Luoyang against Sima Ying, King of Chengdu 成都王穎, headquartered at Ye鄴.
On 9 September Sima Yue was defeated by Sima Ying's generals at the Battle of Dangyin蕩陰. Yue fled and the Emperor was brought to Ye. Sima Ying's success was short-lived as he came under pressure from Xianbei cavalry of the northern warlord Wang Jun王浚. Within a month he was forced to flee with Emperor to Luoyang.
Luoyang was in practice under the military control of Zhang Fang張方, a general of Sima Yong, King of Hejian河間王顒. On 14 December 304 Zhang Fang forced Emperor Hui and Sima Ying to leave Luoyang and travel west with him to his master's headquarters at Chang'an.
Map 2 – Rebellion of Gongshi Fan (August – October 305)
Gongshi Fan公師籓 from Yangping 陽平 was a former subordinate of Sima Ying. According to JS004, in [7 August – 4 September 305] he rose in rebellion in the name of Sima Ying, called himself General, and killed Li Zhi李志, Grand Warden of Yangping and Zhang Yan張延, Grand Warden of Ji汲.
According to JS104, he raised troops in Zhao趙 and Wei, numbering several tens of thousands. I suppose Zhao and Wei might here refer more broadly to the region rather than to the narrow commanderies. Among those recruited were Ji Sang and Shi Le who joined with a force of several hundred cavalry. It was at this point Shi Le sinicized his name.
Shi Le was in the vanguard when Gongshi Fan attacked Ye, at this point the headquarters of Sima Mo, Duke of Pingchang平昌公模, another of Sima Yue's brothers.
According to JS004, Sima Mo dispatched General Zhao Xiang趙驤 who attacked and routed Gongshi Fan. Then on 5 October, Gongshi Fan murdered the Grand Warden of Pingyuan, Wang Jing王景, and the Grand Warden of Qinghe清河, Feng Xiong馮熊. There is nothing in JS004 on Gongshi Fan's final defeat.
According to JS104, when Gongshi Fan attacked Ye, Sima Mo sent General Feng Song馮嵩 against the rebels who defeated them. Gongshi Fan fled south across the He to Baima白馬 where he was killed by the Grand Warden of Puyang, Gou Xi苟晞, killed him.
November 305, Sima Yue went to war against Sima Yong. The war went poorly for Sima Yong, who even released Sima Ying to help him. After a final defeat 4 June 306, Sima Yong fled Chang'an and Sima Yue's generals brought Emperor Hui east again to Luoyang, where he arrived 28 June. Sima Ying was captured and later, in [22 November – 21 December], executed. On 8 January 307 Emperor Hui died and was succeeded by his younger brother Emperor Huai. Sima Yong was executed 6 February 307. The Wars of the Eight Kings were over.
Map 3 - Ji Sang's rebellion (June 307 – January 308)
Meanwhile, after Gongshi Fan's defeat, Ji Sang and Shi Le continued their bandit lives, gathering other disaffected and lawless men, who presumably by then were not in short supply. In [17 June – 16 July] 307, Ji Sang rose in rebellion, calling himself Great General and claiming to act on behalf of Sima Ying to execute Sima Yue and Sima Teng. Earlier that year, Sima Teng had been promoted to King of Xincai and moved to command at Ye.
Ji Sang, with Shi Le in command of his vanguard, advanced his army to attack Ye. He defeated Feng Song, now serving Sima Teng as Grand Warden of Wei commandery, and captured Ye. Sima Teng was killed along with more than ten thousand others. Ji Sang and his men then plundered the city, carried off its women and precious things, and burned the city down in a ten day fire.
According to JS104 Ji Sang then crossed the He at Yanjin延津 and attacked Yan province兗州. Sima Yue dispatched his generals Gou Xi and Wang Zan王贊 against him.
Ji Sang and Shi Le must have recrossed the He and moved east, as they are next recorded defeating and killing the Forward Inspector of You province幽州, Shi Xian石鮮 at Leling樂陵.
Tian Yin田禋, one of the so-called “Beg to Live乞活 ” leaders, led a force of 50 000 to save Shi Xian, but was defeated in battle by Shi Le.
According to JS104, Ji Sang and Shi Le then fought more than thirty battles with Gou Xi in Pingyuan and Yangping, with shifting fortunes. According to JS005, Ji Sang's men also at some point killed Liu Qiu, Duke of Shanyang山陽公劉秋, final heir of Emperor Xian of Eastern Han.
According to JS005, on 15 August, Sima Yue moved his headquarters to Guandu官渡 to support Gou Xi. On 14 September Gou Xi defeated Ji Sang at Ye, and again on 13 October when he captured Ji Sang's “Nine ramparts九壘”.
According to JS104, Ji Sang lost more than 10 000 people in his defeat by Gou Xi. Ji Sang and Shi Le therefore gathered their remaining forces and attempted to flee west to the Xiongnu leader Liu Yuan劉淵, however the Inspector of Ji province, Ding Shao丁紹, intercepted them at Chiqiao赤橋 (not located) and inflicted a final defeat.
After that, the rebel army scattered. Shi Le fled west to Leping樂平. Ji Sang fled east, according to JS104 he was killed by imperial forces in Pingyuan. According to JS005, on 11 January 308 the Bing province natives Tian Lan田蘭 and Bo Sheng薄盛 killed Ji Sang at Leling.
Map 4 – First exploits for Liu Yuan
Liu Yuan (he is called by his courtesy name Liu Yuanhai劉元海 in the JS to avoid the Tang taboo on yuan淵), a Xiongnu noble and former subordinate of Sima Ying, had declared himself King of Han already in 304, but had struggled to expand due to the effective resistance of the Inspector of Bing province, Liu Kun劉琨, headquartered at Jinyang晉陽.
According to JS104, after the defeat of Ji Sang, Shi Le travelled to his old home commandery of Shangdang where two Hu胡 leaders Zhang Beidu張㔨督 and Feng Motu馮莫突 hesitated on what to do. Shi Le convinced them to join up with Liu Yuan. All three received titles from Liu Yuan, Shi Le became General who Assists the Han and King who Pacifies Jin (the latter a “barbarian” kingship”).
Another chief, Zhang Fulidu張伏利度 of the Wuhuan烏丸 was staying in Leping with a force of 2 000, apparently attempting to stay out of the fighting. Shi Le went to Leping on a covert mission where he managed to subvert Fulidu's men and convince them to join him in serving Liu Yuan. For that Yuanhai promoted Shi Le to Controller of All Army Affairs in Conquering and Punishing East of the Mountains, with command of Fulidu's former men.
Map 5 – Campaigns in the service of Liu Yuan 1 (April 308 – November 309)
For the next events it becomes difficult to reconcile JS005 and JS104, hence two maps. Basically JS104 a step-by-step progression easily followed on a map where Shi Le first assists other Han commanders in capturing Shangdang and breaking out of the mountains, then he leads his army north, capturing Ye on the way, until defeated by Wang Jun's Xianbei army at Feilong Mountain. JS005 puts him a bit more all over the place, but does mention his capture of Ye and defeat by Wang Jun.
JS104 Version
JS005 Version
According to JS104, Liu Yuan sent his son Liu Cong劉聰 to attack Huguan壺關 (in Shangdang) with Shi Le in command of 7 000 strong vanguard. Liu Kun sent the Army Protector Huang Xiu黃秀 to relieve Huguan, but Shi Le defeated Huang Xiu at Baitian白田 (not located). Huang Xiu was killed and Shi Le captured Huguan.
According to JS005, in [22 August – 20 September] 309, Liu Yuan sent Liu Cong and Wang Mi王彌 invade Shangdang and besiege Huguan. Liu Kun sent a relief force, which was defeated by Cong. The Interior Clerk of Huainan, Wang Kuang王曠, and Generals Shi Rong施融 and Cao Chao聰戰 also fought with Liu Cong and were defeated, and Shi Rong and Cao Chao were killed. In the end, the Grand Warden of Shangdang, Pang Chun龐淳, surrendered the commandery to Liu Cong.
Now this sounds like the same campaign described by JS105, except that Shi Le is not mentioned, but as will be seen, the timing is far too late. So either there was two very similar Huguan campaigns, or JS104 is wrong and Shi Le was not involved, or JS005 has got the dating of this campaign wrong.
According to JS104, Liu Yuan then ordered Shi Le, Liu Ling劉零, Yan Pi閻羆 and four unnamed generals to invade Wei and Dunqiu頓丘 commanderies with a force of 30 000. They secured the surrender of many of the local fortifications that had sprung up there, and bestowed on their leaders, generally known as “rampart masters” official Han titles. They also recruited among the able bodied men in the region, supposedly to the number of 50 000.
According to JS005, on 3 April 308, Shi Le invaded Changshan常山, but was defeated by the Jin Warlord, the General who Calms the North, Wang Jun王浚.
Still according to JS005, in [8 April – 6 May], Liu Yuan invaded Ji and plundered Dunqiu and Henei. I assume this is identical to the attack on Wei and Dunqiu above and that although the text says it was “Liu Yuan” who attacked, this could just be short for “Liu Yuan's generals”.
At this point JS104 inserts Liu Yuan elevating himself to Emperor of Han, and states that he promoted Shi Le to Great General who Pacifies the East, Holding Tally, and Colonel, Commander-in-Chief and King as before. (There is no record in J104 of Shi Le being appointed Colonel.) According to JS005, Liu Yuan declared himself emperor on 2 November 308.
Having broken out of the mountains, Shi Le now according to JS104 led his army north. He attacked and captured Ye. He Yu和郁, the Jin commander at that place, fled to Wei衛. Shi Le then seized the Grand Warden of Wei commandery, Wang Cui王粹 at Santai三臺 (not located) and advanced into Zhao commandery where he killed the Chief Commandant of the Western Section of Ji province, Feng Chong馮沖. He also defeated the Beg to Live commanders She Ting赦亭 and Tian Yin at Zhongqiu中丘. Both She Ting and Tian Yin were killed.
These victories earned Shi Le promotion from Liu Yuan to Great General who Calms the East and permission to appoint certain senior staff positions.
According to JS005, He Yu had been appointed General who Conquers the North with headquarters at Ye on 18 December 307. In [2 October – 30 October] 308 (before Liu Yuan became emperor), Shi Le invaded Zhao commandery and He Yu fled from Ye to Wei衛. Then in December (possibly on 7 December, JS005 appear to be either listing events out of order or with the wrong day here) he captured Yu and the Grand Warden of Wei, Wang Cui was killed in battle.
So here at last JS005 and JS104 appear to be telling the same story though with some differences. Both agree the Jin commander at Ye, He Yu, abandoned Ye and fled. Shi Le then defeated the Grand Warden of Wei, Wang Cui, who was killed. According to JS005, He Yu's flight took place before Liu Yuan became emperor, JS104 puts it after. According to JS005. Shi Le invaded Zhao before attacking Ye. This would fit with him moving south after being defeated in Changshan. According to JS104, Shi Le attacked Ye, then invaded Zhao commandery. This would fit with him moving north from Wei and Dunqiu.
The next mention of Shi Le in JS005 after his capture of Ye on 7 December 308 comes under [26 April – 25 May] 309, when according to JS005, Shi Le captured more than hundred walled places in Ji commandery. Then, as described above, in [22 August – 20 September] comes the Huguan campaign where JS005 makes no mention She Le.
According to JS104, after invading Zhao, Shi Le continued further north into Julu鉅鹿 and Changshan常山, his forces supposedly swelling to over 100 000. At this point, Shi Le made several appointments at this point. These are listed at the bottom. He also sent one Zhang Si張斯 into Bing province “north of the mountains” to recruit among the Hu and Jie as well as separate forces to attack Zhongshan中山, Boling 博陵 and Gaoyang高陽.
After this the two chapters agree with each other once more. JS005 states that during [20 October - 18 November] 309, Shi Le robbed Changshan and Wang Jun sent a Xianbei cavalry army against him. JS104 adds that this army was commaned by Qi Hong祁弘, included the Xianbei chief Duan Wuchen段務塵 and supposedly more than 100 000 cavalry. Both state that the battle took place Feilong Mountain飛龍山 and that Shi Le was severely defeated with more than 10 000 dead according to JS104. After this defeat, Shi Le withdrew south to Liyang黎陽.
Shi Le's followers
The Records chapters of the JS mention quite a few names, but since they usually don't have separate biographies it can be hard to keep track of their careers, so I'm collecting them here as they appear.
Eighteen Riders
1. Wang Yang王陽 – 309: general
2. Kui An夔安 – 309: “Claws and teeth”
3. Zhi Xiong支雄 – 309: general
4. Ji Bao冀保 – Not mentioned again
5. Wu Yu吳豫 – 309: general. Not mentioned again.
6. Liu Ying劉膺
7. Tao Bao桃豹 – 309: general
8. Lu Ming逯明 – 309: general
9. Guo Ao郭敖
10. Liu Zheng劉徵
11. Liu Bao劉寶 – Not mentioned again
12. Zhang Yipu張曀僕 – Not mentioned again
13. Huyan Mo呼延莫 – 309: general. Not mentioned again in the records. (Huyan was a Xiongnu clan)
14. Guo Heilüe郭黑略
15. Zhang Yue張越
16. Kong Tun孔豚 – Not mentioned again
17. Zhao Lu趙鹿
18. Zhi Quliu支屈六 – Not mentioned again
309 Appointments
Zhang Bin張賓 – 309: Master of planning
Diao Ying刁膺 – 309: “Arms and legs”
Zhang Jin張敬 – 309: “Arms and legs”
Kong Chang孔萇 – 309: “Claws and teeth”
Zhang Si張斯 – 309: leading cavalry north of the mountains of Bing province to recruit Hu and Jie. Not mentinoed again.
8 notes
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