#1) history of russian emigration post-1917 | Explore Tumblr Posts and Blogs

dogsofwarrp · 6 years

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our lifestyle and historical context posts will be broken down into two, as there’s a lot of information and we don’t want to overwhelm you. this is a lot of condensed information and of course we recommend, if you’re into that sort of thing, you go and google and read up about the war and the time period in question to broaden your knowledge.

this right here is our historical context post and our lifestyle post will be right around the corner. if you have any questions, or want any additional information that you can’t find for yourself, then please message us and we’ll try and answer any queries you might have!!!!

THE WAR

It all begins with a gunshot that is heard across the world. Or at least, that is what people say. On June 28th, 1914, Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist with ties to the rebel military group, The Black Hand. It is this event that rapidly sends Europe spiralling into war, drawing the rest of the world into one of the bloodiest and most devastating conflicts of all time; World War One.

Though Franz Ferdinand’s murder was the spark that lit the fuse of the First World War, tensions had been building in Europe for years. The four main powers of Europe - Britain, France, The German Empire and Austro-Hungary - had been stockpiling weapons for decades. France and Germany had a fractious relationship concerning the ownership of Alsace lLorraine, an area on the border between the two countries which had been a bone of contention for decades. Germany also had ambitions concerning its growing empire, which was increasingly causing frictions with the other colonial powers of Europe. In essence, the stage was set for a big conflict to take place by the turn of the 20th Century, though no one could guess at the total devastation that would reign across the world for over four years.

To give a brief summary of the events that followed Franz Ferdinand’s assassination, Austro-Hungary declared war on Serbia, whilst in the following couple of months, Germany declared war on France following a treaty with the Ottoman Empire (modern Turkey). As Germany began its invasion of France (known as the Schlieffen Plan) via Belgium in August 1914, Britain declared war on Germany due to a long standing protective obligation towards belgium. Things quickly escalated as Austro-Hungary, Germany’s long-standing ally, invaded Russia, the long standing ally of the British. Lines were drawn, and alliances were made; the Central Powers and the Allied Powers.

The Central Powers were made up of Austro-Hungary, Germany, Italy and the Ottoman empire. The Allied powers were made up of Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire, late to be joined by the USA in April 1917.

The initial months of the war were not unusual; ground was gained and lost and regained as the German’s invasion plan became a botched effort in Northern France and Belgium. However, things changed as both the Allied and Central Powers settled into a relatively new kind of warfare; trench warfare. Wars, up until this point, had traditionally been fought with man and horsepower, with the cavalry being the main force for winning most battles. This war however, was the first example of industrialised warfare.

New technologies such as machine guns were used on a scale that had never been seen before, and vehicles such as tanks and aeroplanes were seen for the first time on the battlefield. This new mechanised way of fighting came at a huge human (and animal) cost. Battle tactics had yet to catch up with these new technologies, and as such, men and horses were pitted against machine guns. It doesn’t take a genius to know how that worked out.

From the start point of this site, December 1916, huge swathes of Europe are devastated by the war. Much of rural France, Belgium and Germany lie in ruins; a quagmire of mud, bodies and barbed wire. Russia is beginning to withdraw out of the war due to the rising conflict within its own borders; the communist revolution is about to go up like a powder keg. Meanwhile, after years of isolationist policy, the United States of America are considering entering into the fray. Things are becoming desperate on the Western Front. Many view this war as an Armageddon, the End of Days, and perhaps they’re right. This is the end of imperial Europe, and in 1917, the great super powers that had controlled the continents of Africa, Asia and Oceania from their ivory towers in London, Paris, Berlin and Vienna, are beginning to experience their first death throws.

The world would never be the same again.

MAJOR BATTLES

First Battle of Ypres. Western Front. October 19th-November 22nd 1914. Casualties: British (58,000), French (86,000), German (134,000).

Second Battle of Ypres. Western Front. April 22nd-May 25th 1915. Casualties: British (60,000), French (10,000), German (35,000).

Gallipoli. Turkey. April 25th 1915- January 19th 1916. Casualties: British (73,000), French (27,000), Ottoman Empire (250,000).

The Battle of Verdun. Western front. 21st February-18th December 1916. Casualties: French (377,000), German (337,000).

The Battle of Jutland. Sea battle. 31st May-1st June 1916. Casualties: British (6,784), German (3,058).

The Battle of the Somme. Western Front. 1st July-18th November 1916. Casualties: British (420,000), French (200,000), German (500,000).

The Brusilov Offensive. Eastern Front. 4th June-20th September 1916. Casualties: Russian (between 500,000 & 1 million), German (350,000), Austro-Hungary (600,000).

THE WORLD

The world is a very different place in 1917. Europe is made up of colonial super states, and much of africa, asia, south america and oceania is divided up between the empires of europe. Below are a series of maps to try and help you understand the geo-political state of the world in 1917.

WOMEN

In the years leading up to the Great War, women’s suffrage was one of the biggest issues of the day, not only for the half of the population it would directly affect, but in terms of the safety and national security of many countries across the globe.

Suffragettes, as these political campaigners were derisively dubbed by journalist Charles E. Hands in the London Daily Mail, were considered one of the greatest threats to the British public by 1914. Just as the great war was about to break out, the british public had been rocked by acts of terrorism, perpetrated by suffragette groups such as the women’s social and political union, led by one of the most famous suffragettes of all, Emmeline Pankhurst. The contents of letter boxes were burned, windows smashed, and bombs were detonated. As these female perpetrators were arrested and detained, many would employ the tactic of hunger strikes as a form of protest. Stunts were also employed at major events, most famously, Emily Wilding Davison’s attempt to pin a suffragette flag to the king’s horse at the Epsom Derby, which resulted in her accidental death as she pulled under the horse’s hooves. It was a scandal that the country had never truly experienced before.

Of course, the fight for women’s suffrage was a global struggle. New Zealand was in fact the first nation to give its women citizens equal voting rights as its men in 1893. However, it would take nations such as Great Britain, France, the USA and Germany another 20 to 40 years to give their female citizens equal suffrage; Britain in 1921, France in 1944, the USA in 1920, and Germany in 1918.

However, although the suffragette movement is associated with feminism, the suffragette’s feminism was problematic. In Britain, the suffragettes were mainly led by and consisted of upper-white middle class women. There was little intersectionality within the suffragette movement, and women who belonged to the lower classes or were women of colour were often forgotten about and left just as disenfranchised as they had ever been. Class, race and disability were of little concern to the suffragette movement.

UPRISINGS

In April 1916, the most significant Irish uprising in over a hundred years took place. This was the easter rising, an infamous rebellion which paved the way for irish independence from british rule in 1919.

Ireland had suffered under British occupation for hundreds of years. They had been devastated by Oliver Cromwell’s efforts to stamp out the country’s Catholicism in the 1600s; a campaign which is often viewed as a genocide. In the centuries that followed, there were enormous tensions between the native Catholic Irish, and the Protestant English and Scottish settlers.

In 1800, the Acts of Union united Ireland and Great Britain under British rule. Acts and laws that were introduced around this time prevented ownership of land by Irish Catholics, and many Catholics lived as tenants under Anglo-Irish Protestant landlords. Much of the Irish population were left impoverished and dependent on cheap crops that could be grown in poor, boggy ground. One of these crops were potatoes, and when a particularly virulent form of potato blight (a kind of fungal pest) ravaged its way through Europe, much of the Irish population were left without a primary food source. This resulted in one of the biggest disasters in Irish history, known as the great potato famine. Between 1845 and 1852, around a million people perished from starvation and a million more emigrated out of Ireland, many travelling to America for a better life. Ireland’s population fell by around 25% as a result of this disaster.

Hundreds of years of mistreatment, disenfranchisement and religious tensions had given rise to a number of different rebellions, but the Easter Rising was one of the most impacting. Organized by the seven man military council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the rebellion took advantage of the fact that Britain was preoccupied with the ongoing war in Europe. The rising began on Easter Monday, April 24th, lasting for seven days.

Key locations were seized in Dublin with the help of the Irish Volunteers and the Irishwomen’s Council, and an Irish Republic was declared. The british responded by sending in reinforcements and heavy artillery. Gunfights broke out in the streets, and the British eventually surrounded and bombarded the Irish strongholds with their superior artillery. Other parts of Ireland initiated attacks on British military strongholds including the Royal Irish Constabulary barracks in County Meath. However, the British eventually suppressed the rebellion, and martial law was implemented on the country as a result. 485 people were killed during the Rising, over half of which were Irish civilians who were mistaken for Irish nationalist rebels.

In the aftermath, 3,500 people were taken prisoner by the British, though many had no ties with the rebellion. 1,600 people were sent to internment camps and prisons across Britain. The Easter Rising was quashed, but tensions did not dissipate. In fact, the Easter Rising and subsequent response by the British stoked the fires of support for Irish independence across the Irish population.

The Easter Rising may have failed, but it had sparked the flames for Irish independence.

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drubblernews-blog · 7 years

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New Post has been published on http://drubbler.com/2017/02/25/warsaw-remembered-on-the-role-of-germany-in-creating-great-ukraine/

Warsaw remembered on the role of Germany in creating "Great Ukraine"

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Stanislav Stremidlovskij, February 25, 2017, 14:42- REGNUM

100th anniversary of two revolutions in Russia is now a heightened interest in the neighborhood of the former Russian Empire. The other day in an interview with the Rzeczpospolita newspaper in Warsaw, devoted to the events of the February revolution, a Polish historian, Professor of Jagiellonian University, Andrzej Nowak, drew attention to the following position: “the year 1915 Germans implement its programme in Central Europe, which won the Ukraine and then Belarus and Lithuania. Let me remind you that the Bolsheviks came to power by a coup under the banner of the early conclusion of peace. However, when the Germans demanded negotiations in Brest (formally not for themselves) from black to the Baltic Sea, i.e. all lands a long-standing part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Bolsheviks began to fluctuate. Negotiations had been interrupted. Then the Germans started blackmailing Lenin so that they would conclude peace with Ukraine and will give it a huge territory. It will go down in history as the “great Ukraine”. This idea will form the basis of political dreams of Ukrainian elites of their own country, while the German point of view it was the only instrument to break the Russian Empire and to strike at the Polish ambitions.

national Ukrainian elites saw on the map Most of Przemysl and Helms to Kharkov and Donbas, and already has never forgotten. At this point in 1920 − 30-IES will draw upon the programme of the Organization of Ukrainian nationalists (Organization, whose activities are prohibited in the Russian Federation), as well as its armed wing of UPA (Organization, whose activities are prohibited in the Russian Federation) during the second world war. This image will also seek an independent Ukrainian State, as the Bolsheviks, in response to German promises of Soviet Ukraine (and then expanding its territory, in particular after September 17, 1939), de facto adopted the territorial form a large of Ukraine. The last chord was the joining of Crimea to Ukraine in 1954 year. Once the Soviet Union secured the existence of Large of Ukraine in 1991 year it was enough just to fill its independent content. But it all started in the year 1918. If it were not for the German promises on negotiations in Brest, Ukraine would not be so big. ”

Said the Professor draws attention not only from the point of view of evaluating the events of a century ago, but also as a background for certain decisions of modern politicians. In early March this year in Ukraine starts program “to commemorate events and prominent participants of the Ukrainian revolution 1917 1921 −. The appropriate decree was signed at the beginning of the year 2016 President Petro Poroshenko, declaring the year 2017 as the “year of the Ukrainian revolution 1917 1921 −. According to the Deputy Head of administration of President of Ukraine Decree provided Pavlenko Rostislav a whole range of measures, including the installation of monuments and memorials, the holding of thematic exhibitions of archival documents, update existing expositions museums, publication of scientific papers, collections of documents and materials. “This work is very important in regard to national security of Ukraine. This confrontation myths propagated by the aggressor, the myths of the “Russian world” that supposedly Ukraine originated from the wreckage of the Soviet Union, Stalin allegedly combines its modern borders, “said Pavlenko.

Cabinet of Ministers Approved the plan until the year 2021 envisions that it will open a “ceremonial public events on the occasion of the 100 anniversary of the beginning of the Ukrainian revolution and the creation of the Ukrainian Central Rada”. Hold them must in March 2017 year Ukrainian Institute of national memory, the Ministry of culture, education, Foreign Affairs, defence, the oblast and Kyiv City State administration. Thus, the starting point of birth Ukraine assigned 4 (17) March 1917 year, when Kiev UCR was announced as the representative body of Ukrainian society, which became the historian Michael Grushevsky. Note that until January 1918 year when Central Council under pressure from Germany and Austria-Hungary announced the State sovereignty of the Ukrainian people’s Republic (proclaimed in November 1917 year), the first months after the February revolution the desire of Ukrainian leaders of all parties were limited to autonomy of Ukraine in a federal Russian State. As reminiscent of the Ukrainian historian-emigrant Natalia Polonska-Vasylenko, “against autonomy argued strongly myself Hrushevsky. And elected in May 1917 year Chapter 1-St Ukrainian Military Congress Social Democrat Symon Petliura in his speech said that he did not need … separating the fate of Ukraine from the fate of Russia. ”

any State Policy relies on historical constants and historical variables. The question is what to choose as the first and how to adjust them the day-to-day management of the second. If today Ukraine otstraivaet their constant from 1917 1921 − event of the year, they should be marked. “Birth attendants of the first State, the Ukrainian people’s Republic, were German and Austro-Hungarian Empire. While Vienna was the project of creation of the Ukrainian protektoratnogo education under the guidance of Archduke Wilhelm Franz von Habsburg-III of Lorraine, Vasyl Vyshivanyj. January 26, 1918 year in Brest-Litovsk delegation UNR signed with the dual monarchy secret agreement on creation of Ukrainian lands of Bukovina and Galicia separate Crown land in Austro-Hungary (this decision was never implemented). Berlin was considering two options — to bet on United Russia or Ukraine, but one that could resist the expansionist aspirations of poles. In turn, the Poles hoped leaders of the entente, which even in a personal capacity, some leaders of the UPR caused irritation, such as British Prime Minister David Lloyd George thought “adventurer” Petliura. Polish Marshal Józef Piłsudski considered Ukraine as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on federal basis. And his political rival Roman Dmowski saw Ukrainians as “people” and “is not historical backward part” of the Polish nation. Romania wanted to regain the Bukovina and land between the Dniester and the southern bug. Independent Ukraine has acted and the first President of the Czechoslovak Republic Tomáš Masaryk, who feared that the dismemberment of Russia will strengthen pangermanskuju expansion.

will return now in our days. With the February coup d ‘ état in Kiev in 2014 year Warsaw trying to build such relations with Ukraine, which would strengthen the latest as anti-Russian outpost. So far, the Poles prevented and obstructs policies in Kiev aimed at glorifying the Ukrainian nationalists, some of them responsible for the killings of peaceful Polish population during the second world war. Poland turned a blind eye when in the Government was sticking to the Pro-German orientation of coalition party civic platform and the Polish peasants ‘ Party. But in the autumn of 2015, the Government in Poland formed law and Justice Party (PiS), Warsaw’s relations with Berlin and Kiev began to worsen at the same time, be subject to strong fluctuations. The Polish side has become increasingly used against Ukrainian partners policy of historic memory. The other day this position sharply outlined President PiS Jarosław Kaczyński. “I clearly told President Poroshenko that with Bandera they would not form part of Europe,” said Kaczynski. But where would consist of? Russia for Warsaw is not an option. But Stepan Bandera was one of those nationalists who pinned hope to gain statehood of Ukraine through cooperation with Germany. This orientation poles too.

it seems that Warsaw now through an appeal to historical memory is trying to insinuate something Kiev. Given that the UPR virtually ceased to exist during the summer offensive of the Red Army in 1920 year, Riga Treaty 1921, its territory divided between Poland and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, in the context of the Ukrainian revolution 1917 1921 − years “we can say that the Ukrainian statehood was the historical variable rather than a constant. This means that it is unstable and is possible only in conditions of steady-state balance of power. But as soon as the figures on the big geopolitical chessboard begin again come in motion, Ukrainian pawn can, of course, become a pass, however, often turns out to be a bat.

However, there is more to consider, and Poland. In March 2014 year in the newspaper Die Zeit German publicist Jens Jensen noted that Germany “forgets its historical contribution to the history of Ukrainian independence”. Unlike the Russians, who remember how “the Germans tried during the two world wars to tear Ukraine from Russia, as well as not to forget” the Polish invasion and betrayal Petlura, terror and massacres “. So Berlin may reminisce about the geopolitics of the first third of the 20th century, by moving against the Polish horse his rook. The question is how this will turn out in the end for Ukraine.

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