#1922 general election

[thephoenixandthecrocodile]

Episode 62 - Electoral Pacts, Constitutions, and Kidnappings

Michael Collins takes a novel approach to avoiding civil war: election rigging and writing a constitution that will undermine the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The British Government prefers direct action against the anti-treaty IRA members who took the Four Courts and may have assassinated Field Marshall Wilson. Which option do you think seems more likely to avoid civil war? Support this podcast by…

[lemonflavouredspatula]

just so we're clear, not one word of that embarrassing grab for sympathy was an apology or acknowledgement for any of the illegal, undermining, disgusting, self-serving abuses of power. he is still wholly under the illusion that he was good for this country.

[er1chartmann]

Joseph Goebbels's time line

This is Joseph Goebbels,The Nazi minister for Propaganda, time-line:

1897: He was born in Rheydt

1900: His father bought a house at number 140 Dahlener Street, in Rheydt, today number 156.

1909: His sister, named Maria, was born.

1917: He moved to 18 Post Straße in Bonn to continue his studies

1919: He voted for the German Nationalist Party

1919: He moved to Munich.

1920: He moved to Heidelberg University, where he studied under the aegis of two Jewish professors, Friedrich Gundolf, professor of literary history, and Max von Waldberg, author of numerous books on the history of literature.

1922: He worked briefly as an art critic for a newspaper, but was fired; he later gave a public lecture on Oswald Spengler.

1922: He subsequently found work at the Dresdner bank in Cologne, thanks to the family relationships of his girlfriend, Else Janke, of Jewish origins. He remained there for nine months, only to be fired.

1924: He began writing his diaries.

1924: He organized the first political meetings in his father's house in Rheydt

1924: He published his first article in a weekly political magazine

1925: On January 20, 1925, he was fired from the magazine Völkische Freiheit and subsequently became Gregor Strasser's secretary.

1925: He was at the forefront, alongside Strasser, in supporting the campaign for the expropriation of the assets of the fallen nobles, proposed by the communist and social democratic deputies.

1926: on 29 March 1926 Hitler offered Goebbels the opportunity to speak in public, the following 8 April; Goebbels accepted and, from then on, was completely won over by the Führer.

1926: He officially broke with Strasser and definitively switched to Hitler's side.

1926: Hitler appointed Goebbels Gauleiter (regional section head) of Berlin.

1928: He was elected deputy to the Reichstag

1931: He married Magda, the ex-wife of an industrialist, on the estate of Günther Quandt in Mecklenburg: Hitler was his best man.

1932: His first child, named Helga, was born.

1933: Goebbels was called to the position of Minister of Propaganda.

1933: He organized the so-called ''Book Burnings'' in Berlin.

1934: His second child, named Hildegard, was born.

1935: His third child and only son, Helmut, was born.

1936: He became the lover of the Czechoslovakian actress Lída Baarová.

1937: His fourth child, named Holdine, was born

1937: He opened the exhibition of the so-called ''degenerate art'': no ​​entry fee was required, to ensure that it was visited by as many people as possible.

1938: He helped organize Kristallnacht

1938: His fifth child, named Hedwig, was born.

1939: The Second World War began

1939: He visited Poland and in particular a ghetto.

1940: His sixth child, named Heidrun, was born

1940: He became editor of Das Reich.

1941: He read the declaration of war regarding the invasion of the Soviet Union.

1941: He began to take an active interest in the Jewish question. With Hitler's permission, he created a ''special mark for the Jews''

1943: He made the speech of total war.

1945: He was named plenipotentiary minister for total war mobilization and later general of the Wehrmacht, in charge of the defense of Berlin, this assignment meant a lot to Goebbels, who was unable to join the army during WW1 due to his disability

1945: From 22 to 29 April, He published the last Nazi newspaper in history, the Panzerbär.

1945: Hitler, in his last wishes, named him his successor as Reich Chancellor.

1945: Once Hitler died, Goebbels took over from him as chancellor on 30 April 1945, remaining in office for only almost a day and a half.

1945: He and his wife Magda, after having killed their six children with cyanide, they committed suicide.

Sources:

Wikipedia: Joseph Goebbels

Hitler and his loyalists: Paul Roland

Joseph Goebbels, the agitator: Documentary

If you don't like it go with your life :))

Note: If I get new information from my research I will edit the post :))

I DON'T SUPPORT NAZISM, FASCISM OR ZIONISM IN ANY WAY, THIS IS AN EDUCATIONAL POST

[azuresins]

So this could be a mistake made in the manga. To be fair this was early on when there were more of those... It could also be intentional, though. Either way, I noticed this map shown in chapter 38 in the beginning of the Book of Murder Arc with an interesting detail. I'm posting it twice, because I wanted to make certain the map was the same in both English and Japanese.

See Ireland on the map? Northern Ireland and the "Irish Free State" are seen as separated, here. In terms of real-world events this process didn't get set in motion politically until December 14th, 1918 in Ireland's general election... and I found it interesting that such a historic date took place on the twin's birthday. The Irish Free State wasn't officially established however, until 1922. It's entirely possible that this detail was a simple mistake because in the anime, they did change it to just "Ireland," as it technically should be in terms of historical accuracy. Sorry for the quality, but you can tell it's just "Ireland."

However, I find myself musing over this and wondering if the manga had it right the first time... and those who worked on the anime only assumed it was an error and made an adjustment. If it was intentionally done, it would mean The Irish Free State or "Southern Ireland," has established independence already. Perhaps some historical events are happening out of order or have been altered, it's not as though Yana hasn't played around a bit with historical events in the manga before... However, if Ireland managed to accomplish this during the reign of Queen Victoria ...that paints a rather interesting picture. I am inclined to believe Ireland had much more support and allied forces in such a case. Make of this information what you will, I just find it interesting/amusing while I was poking around and rereading older chapters. I realize it's possible she needed a map and simply copied one that wasn't old enough and it was an unfortunate mistake. But it is kind of funny and fun to think about, regardless!

[callsigns-haze]

Loves Revolution

Chapter 1

Pairing: Bradley Bradshaw (as Micheal Collins) x Jake Seresin (as Harry Boland) x OC! Madison Cassidy

Word count: 3.2K

A/n: This is the first post to my new series so please be nice! I'm going to try to make this into a series so please show this story a bit of love and reblog!

Summary: Bradley, Jake and Maddie have been friends for many years ongoing. Bradley from Cork and Jake and Madison from the troubled Dublin, have been close for life. Now fighting in the 1916 Easter rising and the ongoing history to the Treaty and the independence of Ireland their story lives on...

History: Bradley (represents) :Michael Collins (October 16, 1890 – August 22, 1922) was an Irish revolutionary, soldier, and politician who was a key role in the early twentieth-century campaign for Irish independence. During the Irish Civil War, he served as Director of Intelligence for the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and as a government minister in the self-proclaimed Irish Republic. From January 1922, he was Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State, and from July till his death in an ambush in August 1922, he was Commander-in-Chief of the National Army.

Jake (represents) :Harry Boland (April 27, 1887 – August 1, 1922) was an Irish republican politician who led the Irish Republican Brotherhood from 1919 to 1920. From 1918 until 1922, he was a Teachta Dála (TD).He was elected as the MP for Roscommon South in the 1918 general election, but, like other Sinn Féin candidates, he did not serve in the British House of Commons, instead sitting as a TD in the First Dáil. Boland was elected to the second Dáil as a TD for Mayo South-Roscommon South in the 1921 general election. He was re-elected as an anti-Treaty candidate in 1922, but he perished two months later during the Irish Civil War.

History :The Easter Rising (Irish: Éir Amach na Cásca), often known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurgency in Ireland in April 1916 during Easter Week. While the United Kingdom was waging the First World War, Irish republicans started the Rising against British control in Ireland with the goal of establishing an independent Irish Republic. It was Ireland's greatest important insurrection since the 1798 rebellion and the first armed battle of the Irish revolutionary period. Beginning in May 1916, sixteen of the Rising's leaders were executed. The executions' nature, as well as following political developments, eventually contributed to an upsurge in popular support for Irish independence.

Warning: Mentions of gun use, ptsd, mentions of death, mentions of shooting, flirting, mentions of abuse, description of dead body, death, blood

Year 1916, Easter

"Sir, we got the General Post Office surrounded, Sir! We believe that inside are De Valera, Macdonagh, Clark, Connolly and a lot of other rebellions, sir!" One of the funny dressed British soldiers replies to their head commander, with hand at forehead, ready for a salute. This is how the English planned it all along, for the most important rebellions to be stuck at one place, surrounded with no escape.

"So we have the G.P.O, good, very good, but what about O'Connells street, Stevens green, The Liffey and the four courts?" The head commander asked the young man who still held his hand above his head, not moving an inch. "The areas are empty, sir! Either captured or escaped but the rest are at the G.P.O, sir!"

They're all where they were supposed to be, all in one place, no room to escape and they'll give in to this nonsense, they had no way to continue fighting against the British or loyal Irish. The undertakers or loyal Irish were against the rebellions, fighting against them at this very moment, all they had to do now is give themselves up to the English.

"Are there any women inside, lieutenant?" Any innocent woman that had been stuck inside the G.P.O that had been inside the building for the past five days, did not deserve the faith they may face in several minutes from now. The soldiers aligned outside of the building will not hesitate to kill anyone on the inside but the women didn't deserve it.

"There's women of aid and very little volunteers, sir! We believe that one of the fellow female friends of De Valera's help is inside the building. Her parents put her off name Madison Cassidy, but to the public she's known as 'Maddie', sir!" A woman so apparently known to the public but how? No woman that the commander has heard of went by that name or was 'known to the public', no woman has ever had the might or power to be so known in the streets of Dublin or the county of Leinster. "What do you mean 'known to the public', lieutenant?" "She's a public speaker, sir!"

A female public speaker? And that was apparently known to people. Absurd. An absolute absurdity. Some young girl, that he has never heard of decided to become a public speaker. What a joke! She should be scrubbing the dishes, washing the linen, taking care of the kids or cooking and not wasting her time over public speeches. And who would even listen to her? Some sort of female, trying to put her thought into a speech that is apparently supposed to motivate people to do something.

And she believes that's gonna work, but like the lieutenant mentioned, she did work with De Valera. "Bring her to me, nobody lay a finger upon her, understood?" "Yes sir!"

---------------

The gun shots echoed in your ears. It was a sensation as if your ears were violently and rapidly ringing, due to the awful noises that have been haunting your brain for the past five days. You've been in the G.P.O for so long and at this point, it felt like you haven't left in centuries.

You're hiding behind a big, destructed pillar at the moment, leaning your back against it, catching your breath. There was no way out, there was English all around the grand building and mostly everything inside was burning and what didn't make it better is the roof, it's too weak to hold more racket. Even if the English didn't manage to get you guys out, the roof looked like it was only gonna last two more days before swallowing all of you.

"Maddie!" Bradley's voice, called out as the rebel has been looking for you. Him and Jake have been shooting from further up front of the building and now you were unsure if to answer. You couldn't fight more, even though it was written in your blood to fight for the right of being an independent country. But now Leinster, Munster, Connaught and Ulster should forgive you but you've had enough.

"I'm here!" You call out from behind the pillar, Bradley immediately runs over to you, diving behind the pillar like you did as a shelter from not getting shot.

"We're giving up," he told you, those baby cow eyes never dropping your gaze, not even for a second. "What?" You couldn't believe it. You guys destroyed Dublin. The streets of your hometown were in ruins from this rebellion, just so you could give up. That was bloody nonsense.

"They got us surrounded, we have no choice but to give in." "Bradle-" He cut you off, he knew you'd argue or do some sort of disagreement but there was no other way. "I know Maddie, but we had a meeting upstairs and there's nothing we can do they have the four courts and Stevens green and the rest. We have to make it out alive and this is not a step towards that."

You look over the pillar to see men on your side fighting, tired wrecked and most likely depressed. They're not going to make it out alive if we don't give up but if we do they'll probably be shot, either way.

"BRADSHAW!" De Valera calls out, with his old, crispy sharp voice. Sounds like a snob but is the chief, the man everyone listens to and who is leading your group forward. He had to go, you wonder how or when they're going to give up but he lays a soft, delicate, quick kiss on your cheek and gets up and runs towards Jake to help. Jake looks like he had enough.

The building's broken architecture, dust has covered his body and he looks wrecked. He looked over at Bradley running and quickly yanked him behind to a standing pillar up front of the G.P.O. The military has brought in machine guns, full loads and everyone crouches down with full might trying not to get shot. You all were going to die, you knew it. Either shot now or shot later is how you're all going to end, just each had to decide what's best for themselves.

For a full ten minutes of nonstop shooting, the military guns stopped, waiting for a reaction out of the rebellion group. They were going to give up now, you knew it. Dev and the rest ran over to a soldier and wrapped a white flag around his shotgun and told him to head up front.

This is the sign of the rebellions giving up. This was the sign to signify that you guys had enough. One by one they leave the building and you get up from behind the fallen pillar and run to the exit. The second you reach behind De Valera, Bradshaw and Seresin you could tell they were going to give up and this was the end for them.

You stand behind them as the English General calls out orders, "FOUR STEPS FORWARD!" You all do as told. "DROP YOUR WEAPONS!" Anyone who held a gun or anything of that sort does as they're told. "NOW, TWO STEPS BACK!" And that was the last order till the round up.

---------------

An English General was calling out English rebellion names, one by one, dragging them out of the crowd by his ugly cane. "McDonagh. Thomas Clark." Both were dragged out of the crowd by the bloody officer. Each name was dragged out in his tongue and then the actionist was dragged out of the group, except one injured man, Connolly, who was lying down due to a leg wound and instead he was just kicked and carried away on the cloth stretcher.

"Get up, you Fenian swine. Now who else am I missing?" The general murmurs are loud enough for you to hear. He looks up and down the crowd and lays his gaze upon you. "Cassidy!" He calls out your second name and dragged you with his cane forward. Beside you stood the rest of your friends just like before and called out one more name before leaving. "De Valera!"

At that Bradley grunted and pulled a bit forward but Jake got a grip of him and pulled him back. "Brad, if we wanna make out of this shit hole alive, I'm sorry to say but we can't do anything about this," Jake says as he watches the officers drag you and Dev away. And murmurs lowly below his breath, "We can't do anything now."

---------------

They dragged you out of your cell. Death by the firing squad, you can see it so clearly now. Your own fellow friends, the 'Loyal Irish' are about to shoot you and cost you your life in just minutes.

As they drag you through the halls that are dim with no light, you expect happy memories to come but your mind stays dark and blank. You were dragged up as far as the outside where on the floor all you saw was blood from the last corpse that was shot and too heavy and invaluable to carry so just dragged like a worthless shit.

You were lined up against the wooden wall and you looked over to the soldier that was supposed to put a bag over your head but instead said, "Pray." That simple four letter word was a suggestion, a way that god would forgive you but the soldiers were gonna be pissed off more because you were catholic not some prodestant like the English tried, but you still say your prayers as a command. You do the sign of the holy cross and pray.

"I confess to almighty God and to you my brothers and sisters, that I have greatly sinned, in my thoughts and in my words, in what I have done and in what I have failed to do.

Through my fault, through my fault, through my most grievous fault; therefore I ask blessed Mary ever- Virgin, all the Angels and Saints, and you, my brothers and sisters, to pray for me to the Lord our God.

Amen."

And at that the same male officer who just two minutes back, barked at you to pray, gets handed a sack. The sack that was about to be thrown over your head, before one of the fellow Irish citizens on behalf of the English shoots you.

You wanted to scream but nobody would listen. You wanted to run but you wouldn't get far. You wanted to tell Jake and Bradley that you cared about them. You wanted Dublin and all of Ireland to be free again. At that thought the sack was thrown over your head and the big bang of the guns stopped your thinking for all….

----------------

'The fact that l was born in America might save my hide. Either way, I am ready for what comes. The Irish Republic is a dream no longer. It is daily sealed by the lifeblood of those who proclaimed it. And every one of us they shoot brings more people to our side.They cannot imprison us forever. And from the day of our release, Bradley, we must act as if the Republic is a fact. We defeat the British Empire by ignoring it. Now I hear the payers of our beloved friends, Macdonagh, Clark, Cassidy, each of them ended their last speech with Amen and to us that will stand for peace, yet so we shall still try to make it our peace and remember the men and woman in a way that no one ever has.'

That was the first and last letter from Dev and the way that your second name stood out to Bradley was significant. He loved the way you cringed when he said your full name and you crinkled your nose, which caused him to laugh uncontreablly, but now that's all gone.

"She's dead, Jake, they shot her," Bradley, tries not to break apart on the prison steps as he lets those words leave his mouth. The young woman that he admired, fought with was now easily put six feet underground due to a bullet. Such a short, beautiful life of a lady, wasted due to a firing squad.

"She died like she wished, Brad, she wanted to fight for her country and die trying," Jake lets out as he can't stop thinking about you just standing there, waiting for the bullet to pierce your skin. He wanted to cry, scream but he couldn't, not here or now. Bradley was the same he wanted to choke the next guard he saw because there's a chance that it was their bullet that hit you.

"She didn't deserve it, Jake. Not her. She fought but we dragged her into this." "We may have involved her into this, but nobody deserves this faith, Brad. Absolutely nobody."

Year 1918, May

"They let us out of jail so we can do our best to be put inside again," Bradley smirked as the two got of the train that has brought them out of prison sights into town. Shirt drive but freedom for the first time in two years. Final peace with no officers at your back or stupid cells and jail uniforms.

"Don't you see a certain paradox in that?" Jake looked over at his companion in a short shock and repeated. "Paradox." At that Bradley crumbles the piece of paper that he was reading and states like some dictionary. "A contradiction. An immovable force meets an immovable object kind of thing."

The two of them continue walking forward and see a young bride and groom saying their goodbyes to their family as the town was too small for them and they wished to see the world, explore. It brought sadness in both of the men's hearts thinking both about the lovely lady in their past. And sadly the main word of that sentence was past, because whatever hopes they had for her were over now.

"Look, isn't that a lovely picture?" It truly was. It's the kind of picture everyone wishes for and desires at heart. "Maybe we should settle down." Probably a smart thing. To find love in this hopeless place may have made it easier the get through in life and focus on the main goals in a different perspective. In a love kind of way. "Just the two of us?" The other friend joked causing the two to laugh.

"And him." Says Bradley while Jake looks to him in pure confusion. "Who?" Jake had no clue who his fellow friend was referring to and you could easily tell that by the expression on Jake's face. Bradley simply points at the car with two men standing outside. Tom and Sean the men they've fought the Easter Rising with. The two, were friends with Jake and Bradley and somehow we're still not chickened out to help them.

"How are you?" Bradley asks giving Tom a hug as the two have not seen each other since the line up. Tom smiles up at him, since he falls rather short in height and pats Bradley shoulders. "Well, as best as a rebel can be." With those words leaving his mouth, Tom turns to Jake giving him an equal hug as Sean quickly hugs Bradley. "Get in you two, we got a show to attend!"

"How did they know we we're here already?" Bradley wonders looking over his shoulder to find two of the loyal Irish that have been following him and Jake even since the two of them have left jail and entered the not so free freedom. They were gonna get chased down on every step they make every. Any plan will be tracked and this is not what freedom is supposed to be about.

"They know what we eat for breakfast Bradley. This is the bare minimum of their poxy power," answered Sean while driving on a country side road, filled with branches everywhere and no actual pathways for pedestrians. It was a quite Irish road; nothing close to being straight, it was filled by potholes and indents and it wouldn't even be defined as a road, it was just a bunch of loose gravel.

"Well there's only one answer to that. We find out what they eat for breakfast!" Bradley exclaims as Jake looked at his friend in pure confusion and a bit of terror. The terror of how had he managed to survive with the lad for so long. The two years in prison together and many years of friendship before that. People would call him mad if they seen that he survived that long with the crazy brunette. "You're a mad fucker, Bradley," Jake said shaking his head side to side.

"Yeah, but I'm the mad fuck you hang out with," said the brunette, laying his baby cow eyes upon his friends, spring green ones. The two of them are close. They've always been that way but some bond that they have will never be broken. No such thing on this world can interrupt their friendship.

"So are the two of you looking for anyone out the old leading squad?" Asked Sean, with a hint of suspense in his voice. Was there really anyone from the old leading squad left that wasn't shot, hung or killed in any kind of way. Bradley looked over his shoulder to see that the loyal Irish were still behind them, hunting them down like hawks for their pray, right on their heals, step by step behind them. "Well, who can we look for? Either shot or some other cruel way of getting put down into the poxy earth!" Said Jake as he was sitting down, in a kind of slouch, hand behind his head, leaning back with his old fashion cap over his eyes to block out the Irish sun that was barely ever showing at times.

"Ah, Maddie made a big fit out of it a whole while back. Pissed her off, it did! Several speeches and annoying the British that they bloody had to have a full law talk with her but she won!"

Maddie? As in their Maddie? Madison Cassidy? The woman that the two grew up with and who sadly lost her life to the firing squad in 1916? That can't be right. She gott shot, just like the rest. Full prayer ending and mad shit like tha'. This didn't make sense. It didn't add up. "As in our Maddie?" Exclaimed Bradley, thinking he's mistaken, he saw his dear friend get dragged out the line up and heard about her shooting. "Yeah. Don't you guys know Maddie? Madison Cassidy? She worked with De Valera, yeah she still does all the speech things." Answered Tom , expecting the two men to have met the young, independent, confident woman.

This shook the two men inside. They've heard and believed for the last two years the woman that the two of them shared interest for had died, cruelly, due to the firing squad. "We thought she died!" Jake said, he's still shocked. Once he heard that she is alive, he quickly sat up from his slouched position, rubbed his hands down his face and fixed his flat hat. "Nah, they wouldn't manage to put her down that easily!"

"We heard she got shot by the firing squad after the G.P.O!" This is what they have believed and hearing the news that she's been alive the whole time doesn't quite add up to the two men. "Nah, she's alive mate!"

Current taglist:

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[centrally-unplanned]

Ash Decade Timeline of the Past Century+:

1900's: 1901 to 1914 - Death of Queen Victoria to WW1

1910's: 1914 to 1922 - WW1 to the fall of the Ottoman Empire & the founding of the USSR, aka "the death of the old order"

1920's: 1922 to 1929 - Roaring Twenties & the post-war stabilization to the Great Depression

1930's: 1929 to 1939 - Great Depression to the WW2

1940's: 1939 to 1949 - WW2 through the establishment of the post-war order, founding of PRC/Berlin Blockade and the full blooming of the Cold War

1950's: 1949 to 1963 - Cold War start through Death of JFK/Civil Rights movement

1960's: 1963 to 1973 - Counterculture movement through the end of the Vietnam war

1970's: 1973 to 1980 - Counterculture fissile/stagflation to the election of Reagan

1980's: 1980 to 1991 - Reagan to the dissolution of the USSR

1990's: 1991 to 2001 - End of the cold war/Pax Americana to 9/11

2000's: 2001 to 2009 - War on Terrorism through to the Great Recession

2010's: 2009 to 2020 - Obama's America & its Discontents/The Online Era through to Covid

And the 2020's began in February of 2020.

Related concepts of course include the "Long Nineteenth Century" - 1789 to 1914, and the 20th century being from 1914 to 1991 (or 2001, but not my preference) All of this is generally from an American perspective outside of when global events swamped them, as happens at times. Other countries would have other times (like if you are Germany or Japan, 1945 is a hard break in your history, tough for decading). And the events are actually a bit deceptive, often being downstream of the wider culture/vibe shifts that are really changing things around. Some of these I could +/- a year on, but overall I think its solid.

[thistle-nightshade]

The Hundred Years' War on Palestine by Rashid Khalidi

This is a well written book, but it is a dense history text. I encourage those who can read it, but for those short on time or unable to parse the text, here are the main points I was able to draw out, with links to articles concerning the major topics.

1917 Balfour Declaration: a British document committing Britain to the creation of a national Jewish homeland. Makes no mention of the Palestinians.

1922 Mandate for Palestine: formalized British governance over Palestine, expanded upon the Balfour Declaration, paved the way for national rights of the Jewish people, attempted to erase Palestinian historical ties to the land while highlighting a Jewish historical connection.

Jews begin to flee Nazi Germany. With many antisemitic immigration laws in place, Palestine was the only option for many.

1936-1939 Great Revolt: grassroots uprising in Palestine that lead to a 6 month general strike against the British.

Nakba (The Catastrophe)

1947 UN General Assembly Resolution 181: UN General Assembly decides in favor or a partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish States. This would pave the way for 80% of the area’s Arab population to be forced from their homes, losing their land and property.

1948 Israel Established

Security Council Resolution 242 : called for withdrawal of Israel, but ambiguous language was exploited to delay this process.

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): formed to centralize leadership of Palestinian resistance movement

Israel Invades Lebanon against the PLO

Bombing of Beirut 1982

Israel backed by US with US weapons. US fails to protect noncombatants in the region.

Sabra and Shatila massacres of refugee camps.

Intifada: wide spread grassroots uprising born of decades of Palestinian frustrations. This included demonstrations, strikes, boycotts, withholding taxes, and other civil disobedience.

Israel had a brutal “break bones” policy in response in order to try and break the uprising.

1897 Hamas forms. There was initial support from Israel because it was believed this would weaken the PLO.

Oslo Accords

Palestine Authority granted highly restrictive self rule that did not include control of land, water, or borders.

Policy of Seperation

Gaza severed from the West Bank, West Bank severed from Jerusalem. Permits required to pass through Israeli checkpoints.

2006 elections give Hamas control of the Gaza strip. The siege imposed by Israel after the fact lead to what has been titled the ‘open air prison’ of Gaza.

After this point, there was a large escalation in violence including Hamas suicide bombers attacking Israel, Israeli military incursions into Palestine, and War on Gaza.

“While the fundamentally colonial nature of the Palestine-Israel encounter must be acknowledged, there are now two peoples in Palestine, irrespective of how they came into being, and the conflict between them cannot be resolved as long as the national existence of each is denied by the other. Their mutual acceptance can only be based on complete equality of rights, including national rights, not withstanding the crucial historical differences between the two.”

[mariacallous]

Since these political recipes were Buzz’s idea, it always his responsibility to find one each month. This time around, he decided to approach it by thinking, “What famous politicians probably really liked to eat?” Taft was too easy, so he settled on Warren Harding, a president well known now as a man of strong appetites.

So he searched the Web for recipes associated with President Harding, and he found a digitzed gem—The Stag Cook Book from 1922, “written for men by men.” And it is really quite an impressive collection, with recipe submitted by politicians, judges, entertainers, intellectuals, writers, and diplomats. Poets, short story writers, and illustrators provided recipes in their respective genres. William Jennings Bryan apparently really liked onion rings, and Harold Lloyd likes cakes with lemon filling. Warren Harding’s recipe is for waffles, one of two waffle recipes in the book. (Harding recommends topping his waffles with a cream gravy made from chipped beef.)

However, Harding’s recipe is not the first one from the book that we eventually decided to make. Instead, we chose the Chicken Pilau contributed by a member of Harding’s cabinet, Will Hays, the postmaster general. Prior to the election of 1920, Hays had headed the Republican National Committee and managed Harding’s presidential campaign. As postmaster general, he oversaw the postal service at a time when it was significantly expanding its volume and parcel shipping options. Yet Hays left the position after less than a year, to take the job that made his name famous: censoring the film industry.

By the time The Stag Cook Book came out, Hays had taken over as the president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America. He gave his named to the Hays Code, which ended all nudity, suggestive dances, ridicule of religion, venereal disease, and sympathetic adultery (among many other things) in mainstream American film for decades. In Hays’ memory, the remainder of this post will be written in accordance with the United States Motion Picture Production Code of 1930, and so will contain no kisses lasting more than three seconds.

It will, however, contain a lot of chicken and rice.

that's right ladies, gaydies, theydies, and y'alldies - a retro recipe that comes from the man who brought us that moralizing mandate that has yet to die!

[sun-in-retrograde]

6 Things I'm Looking Forward to in 2024's Astrology

1. The Stelliums

This year starts with the Sun, Mercury, Venus, and Mars within 37 degrees of each other. So the first half of the year is a series of stelliums. Here’s what we have - for the purposes of this I’m counting Pluto and Eris as planets but that’s it. 

Sagittarius stellium - 30 December - 6 January

Capricorn - 6 January - 20 January; 24 January - 7 February

Aquarius - 5 February - 12 March

Pisces - 19 Feb - 1 May

Aries - 20 March - 29 April, 1 May - 16 may 

Taurus -  19 April - 27 May

Gemini - 26 May - 17 June

Cancer 21 June - 2 July

Leo - 22 July - 26 July

This means that in the first part of the year, seasonal energies could hit relatively hard. Aries particularly lingers, but then, of course it does. Eris has been in Aries since 1922, through World War II, cold wars and every intense thing. It wouldn’t surprise me to see us have to confront the reality of war next year. I think its a safe bet that the Aries season will be intense. 

In general, though, it’s a good year to follow the wheel of the year in spiritual practice. It’s also a good year to think about Aquarius energy - the Sun leaves Aquarius pretty soon into a stellium forming there, so we have a really long time with this energy and some interesting things to do.

2. Pluto’s eventful entry into Aquarius 

On 21 January, Pluto enters Aquarius. I enjoy that this means it enters Aquarius conjunct the Sun. Astrologers have been talking about Pluto in Aquarius for a while and it seems right that this entry is really mindful of the energies Pluto is invoking. It’s the start of a new year and it’s time to think about how we want the world to be. 

The nice thing is, after that there’s a procession of planets over Pluto to really power up that Aquarius energy - Mercury on 5 February; the Moon on the 8th; Mars on the 13th; and Venus on the 17th. A lot of energy encourage Pluto to really bring in some transformation. I’m hoping for  world that’s a little bit more eccentric, a little bit more open minded; a little bit more communal without losing any love for the freaks. Ultimately I think what we want is an end to the Pluto Capricorn period that started in 2008 and saw economic crisis, Brexit, Trump, Pandemic and war. 

I’m not an idealist. In 2043 when Pluto enters Pisces we’ll all be glad the Pluto Aquarius season is over. The thing about revolutions is they go around. But when a season has been this miserable and it’s coming to an end, I’ll take it and work out the details later. 

We might get to see some of those details in miniature though. On 2 May Pluto goes retrograde and a series on planets will oppose it, giving us a sense of weakened, inward looking Pluto Aquarius energy when it’s doing the hard work. Mercury is first again, on 2 July; Venus on the 12th; and the Sun on 22 July. Then, on 1 September Pluto re-enters Capricorn. It’ll be there for the US presidential election and probably the election in the UK as well. Which is fun given this has been miserable energy in many ways. 

3. Sedna’s eventful entry into Gemini

Sedna takes over 11,000 years to go through all the zodiac signs so we’re currently living through the Sedna return of agriculture. It’s a distant world but one of the most important of the dwarf planets and it’s currently traveling just about as fast as it can. It will come as close as it ever does to the Sun in July 2076 in Cancer. In terms of a 11,000 year cycle, that’s nothing at all. 

For mythological reasons Sedna is often associated with trauma and survival and to a degree, I get that. Sedna carries deep evolutionary anxieties - just by its nature it invites us to consider 10,000 years ago and 10,000 years in the future. Sedna in Gemini is an opportunity for us to think more long term and talk more openly. 

On 27 April, Sedna enters Gemini. On 20th May it’s Conjunct the Sun; Venus on the 24th; Jupiter on the 27th; Mercury on 3rd June; and the Moon on 5th June. This means Sedna enters Gemini and activates our core self and emotions along with the ruler of Gemini. The common belief is that Sedna is the higher Octave of the Moon and that makes sense - but I always think of it as a higher octave of Venus - seeking values that are beyond what we can know in the lifetime of a single civilisation. So personally, I’m very happy to see Venus singing in the new era.

The other fun thing is that Sedna enters Gemini trined to Pluto in Aquarius and all the planets that conjunct Sedna will then go on to have trines with Pluto. More energy that really empowers Pluto Aquarius and hopefully starts that new era off just right. 

4. Jupiter Uranus Conjunction

In April 2024 there will be a Jupiter Uranus conjunction. This is another sign for big change. It would be a good time for labour saving innovations or political ideas to make our lives easier. But it’s also a good time for money making ideas and political ideas to ensure that those who don’t want to change don’t have to. 

I would like to note that the last conjunctions were 1997 and 2010 - the last two times the UK government changed its party in power, and this is very much expected to happen again in 2024. The time before that, in 1983, the government stayed the same but the group that would become the Lib Dems appeared as our 3rd party. Hopefully we use this energy for good.

5. Neptune Pluto Sextile

This sextile is ridiculous because its been active for longer than most of us have been alive. But it has periods when it can go exact: 1947-1960; 1975-1988; and 2024 to 2034. Between July and September the sextile will be within 1 degree and this is a good time to tap into creativity and art; spirituality and intuition. Then, we have it twice a year for a decade. If you want some weird energy - 2 to 4 September is the last time in our lifetimes we’ll have Pluto in Capricorn closely sextile Neptune. 

6. Mars Jupiter conjunction 

This is a pretty common one - it happens every 2-3 years and generally comes with positive thinking, optimism, energy and courage. It last happened in Gemini in 1989, 1942 and 1906. The only reason I mention it here is so I can remember to track the moon on this day because as the Prophecy says

When the moon is in the Seventh House

And Jupiter aligns with Mars

Then peace will guide the planets

And love will steer the stars

This is the dawning of the age of Aquarius

Age of Aquarius

Aquarius

Aquarius!

(sorry)

[thessalian]

Thess vs The Last Two Days

Okay. I promised some kind of explanation - or at least breaking it down for the non-Brits who are following this catastrophe we call a government. So. Let’s take it from the top:

A Bit Of History: So a few months ago, a mass wave of resignations basically forced Boris Johnson to resign as PM himself. It took months for them to pick a new one. They called it an ‘election’, but it wasn’t, really - what happened was that paid-up members of the Conservative Party (note: this does not include members of Parliament; this is just a bunch of rich old white dudes, a fair few of whom don’t even fucking live here anymore) voted on which candidate they wanted in the leadership position. This got us Liz Truss, and no mandate whatsoever - the MPs hadn’t chosen her, the people hadn’t chosen her, no one but this 160k people or so were even able to vote for her ... and she didn’t even really get the majority of those; there were just some abstentions. Then, of course, the Queen died, and there was two weeks of sweet fuck all done. Then, Truss basically announced this awful economic idea (but not a budget because she didn’t want the Office of Fiscal Responsibility anywhere near it) of heavy borrowing, tax breaks for the wealthy and zero accountability, which freaked out the markets, tanked the pound, and made a few people who’d shorted the pound just before this happened even more wealthy than they already were. There were U-turns. Truss sacked her Chancellor, Kwasi Kwarteng, in an attempt to blame him for the ‘mini-budget’ or ‘fiscal event’ or whatever godsawful euphemism we were using for it. We got Hunt, who went back on basically everything (except the bonuses for bankers) and went full austerity. The problem is, we’ve been operating under austerity policies since Cameron took power (because the LibDems did fuck all in that so-called coalition government) in 2010 or so. There can’t be any more spending cuts on public services because there isn’t anything left to cut without destroying public services altogether. That’s still in limbo because of the events of the last couple of days.

So. Let me try to explain the last couple of days. I’m trying to sum this up as succinctly as I can but it’s so stupid and convoluted that it’s difficult.

Who’s Suella Braverman, Why Did She Resign, And Why Did This Matter? Okay, Suella Braverman was one of the people who stood for the leadership position a few months back. She’s the one who is by her own admission obsessed with deporting refugees to Rwanda. (No, she literally called it her dream and her obsession. She is one of at least four boomerang bigots in government right now.) The reason she gave for her resignation was breach of the ministerial code - namely ... well, BUT HER EMAILS (she sent sensitive information to colleagues via her personal email account). Thing is, it’s pretty clear by the tone of her resignation letter that she did so deliberately because she wasn’t happy that no one was helping her live her dreams of sending refugees to a country with a history of crimes against humanity because of being too busy dealing with the collapse of the economy. Seriously, her entire resignation letter was a passive-aggressive “fuck you”. Thing is, this mattered because of how Johnson was forced out of office - when key members of your cabinet start resigning, it’s a death knell.

What’s the 1922 Committee, And How Are They Involved? For our purposes here, the 1922 Committee deals with votes of no confidence in either Prime Minister or Government. If a party in government has no confidence in their leader, or if the MPs in general lose confidence in their government, they send letters to the 1922 Committee demanding a vote of no confidence. If they receive enough letters, they put it to a vote. Winning a vote doesn’t always mean anything - if the margin by which a PM wins is small enough, they might quit anyway owing to lack of mandate (that’s what happened with Thatcher; Johnson had a smaller margin than Thatcher did, but stayed until the mass resignations because the man has a massive sense of entitlement and no shame). Anyway, there are a couple of rules about when you can and cannot send letters to the 1922 Committee about this. By those rules, a PM has to be in office for a reasonable span of time (I think a year?) before they can face a vote of no confidence ... unless the 1922 Committee has been given reason to change the rules. The 1922 Committee was given reason to change the rules not only by the sheer number of letters they were getting, but also Braverman’s resignation - they remember how Johnson was forced out too, after all. That put the writing on the wall for Truss, because the new rules they set were getting her really close to facing a vote of no confidence.

How The Hell Does The Fracking Vote Come In? The fracking vote is complicated. Basically, there are a couple of factions in government who are dedicated to restarting fracking in the UK despite the serious ecological and safety concerns - to the point that they’re basically trying to sabotage land laws to make it nearly impossible to put solar panels on any land that might conceivably, in some far-distant universe, grow a thing. Thing is, the Tory manifesto states that they will not give the go-ahead to recommence fracking in the UK until or unless it is deemed safe by experts. And they did have it looked at by experts! Thing is ... the government won’t show us the results of this. All we have is that Victorian-undertaker-looking motherfucker Jacob Rees-Mogg saying that we could probably survive a few earthquakes, and a statement from the government that fracking is the only way to deal with the energy crisis (see above re: solar panels).This breaks with the Tory manifesto, and is a hard sell with most. And Labour, bless their little cotton socks, put forward a motion to Parliament to ban fracking entirely. This is technically more in line with the Tory manifesto than “Fracking is all that will save us! No, you don’t need to see the safety studies!”, so a fair few Tories would be inclined to vote for this thing. Except that someone close to the PM said, “We’re going to be using this vote to determine whether Liz Truss has a mandate, in the face of all this attention from the 1922 Committee”. And then someone else said, “No, scratch that, it’s just a vote!” And it got all confused but it was pretty clear by the three-line whip that was called for this particular situation that for some reason, this vote was still being seen as Truss’ salvation.

Why Are We Talking About Whips Now? It’s not quite as kinky as it sounds but is honestly more BDSM than it sounds. When you think ‘whip’, literally think like the country’s the carriage, the PM’s the driver, and the MPs are the horses. When something’s put through to the vote in Parliament, the whips from all parties involved (who are actual people in this case) are briefed on exactly how the party should be voting, and they pass that along to the MPs. There are different grades (lines) depending on how serious it’s supposed to be taken - everything from first line “You’re a rebel and we’re keeping an eye on you” to third line “YOU MUST VOTE THIS WAY OR BE BANISHED!” (Literally; anyone rebelling against a third-line whip has to leave the party and sit as an independent.) So calling a third-line whip and telling them to vote in a way that entirely goes against the Tory manifesto because the party said so ... well, honestly, whoever made that decision, it was turned into a test of whether the MPs would put country before party ... and they were expected to put party before country, or face serious consequences.

So What Happened In The Voting Chamber Last Night? It was bedlam. There was yelling. Both chief whip and deputy chief whip briefly resigned. Tory MPs were being bodily dragged into the voting chamber, effectively being forced to vote. I’m not sure what it says that Truss herself was one of the forty who abstained ... probably her way of at least trying to signal that no, it really wasn’t a test of party loyalty, this vote. It didn’t work, anyway. The motion to ban fracking was dismissed because forty abstentions isn’t enough to kill an eighty seat majority in Parliament. Thing is, it didn’t show party loyalty either, just because of the bullying, yelling, and general mishegoss of the vote itself. All it showed was just how fractured the Conservative party has become.

So What Happens Now? As you’ve probably already heard, Liz Truss resigned today, which means she holds the record for shortest term for a Prime Minister. Anyway, she’s going to be in office for as long as it takes them to find a successor.

So That’s Good, Right? Not really. While it took months to vote in a successor for Johnson, they’re getting Truss’ replacement in about a week. This through online voting - same 160k old rich white men that make up the Conservative Party membership, but this time the contenders have to have at least 100 MPs supporting them before they can be considered.

Dare We Ask Who’s Standing? Rishi Sunak is back. So’s Kemi Badenoch, the boomerang bigot and transphobe. So’s Suella Braverman - you know, that one I mentioned just above who deliberately broke the ministerial code and dreams of sending refugees to Rwanda? A couple of dipshits I’ve never heard of. And... Well...

Oh No. Oh yes. Boris fucking Johnson is apparently going to stand again, or is at least “taking soundings” about it. And since he’s this country’s Trump, he actually still has actual people who have been horribly adversely affected by his policies making the #BringBackBoris hashtag trend again.

But Didn’t He Also Breach Ministerial Code? AND HE BROKE THE FUCKING LAW, BUT APPARENTLY NO ONE CARES. He’s being seen as a “big tent leader”. They’re clearly trying to evoke an image of ‘ringmaster’; all anyone with a brain sees is ‘clowns’.

I ... honestly don’t know if this makes any more sense than the headlines do, but I tried. This is as uncomplicated as I can make it. It’s just idiotic. People are screaming for a general election so that we can actually see a manifesto and get some kind of mandate of the people, but the Tories are going to hang on until the Elections Act kicks in properly so that we require voter ID and so that the Elections Commission will be at least partly under their jurisdiction (under their thumb, more like). We get no say in what happens now. AGAIN. All we get is a succession of lapdogs to the exorbitantly wealthy, and they are fucking killing us at this point. This from a country that dragged us out of the EU on “the will of the people” that was decided by the slimmest fucking margin in the universe.

Hope this helps, anyway.

[scotianostra]

Tom Johnston, one of Scotland’s best known Secretaries of State, was born on November 2nd 1881.

Johnston was the son of David Johnston, a grocer, and his wife, Mary Blackwood, he was born in Kirkintilloch in and educated at Lairdsland Public School then at Lenzie Academy.

Tom then entered the University Glasgow where he became interested in politics and stood successfully for a local election in 1903 representing the Independent Labour Party. 

In 1906, thanks to inheriting a printing press from a relative, he was able to set up The Forward, a radical weekly paper that reflected his Fabianism and teetotalism. He remained editor until 1933. It was in the early days of running the paper that he matriculated at the University as a mature student aged twenty-three. 

In 1907 he continued his education and took a class in Moral Philosophy and gave his address as the Student Settlement, a pioneering student association interested in social improvement. The following year he enrolled for Economics, but he left without graduating.

He married Margaret F. Cochrane in 1914 and they were married for over 50 years, they had two children.

During the The First World War he advocated peace and attacked war profiteers. After the war he stood for parliament, and in 1922 won West Stirlingshire for Labour. The period of his greatest achievement was during the Second World War. Churchill appointed him as secretary of state for Scotland in 1941. He worked with colleagues of all parties to galvanise the Scottish economy on a war footing.

It was Tom Johnston  who was instrumental in creating the North of Scotland Hydro- Electric Board, his greatest achievement, handling rural Scotland's resistance and hesitation towards the project intelligently. Until the 1940s, many rural areas of Scotland outwith the Central Belt had little or no electricity supply. There were coal-fired steam-turbine and some diesel-driven power stations serving urban locations. 

In the three decades following the Second World War, the Hydro Board's teams of planners, engineers, architects and labourers succeeded in creating an epic succession of electricity generation and distribution schemes that were world-renowned not only for successfully achieving their technical aims in very demanding terrain but for often doing so in an aesthetically inspiring manner. The economic and social benefits thus brought to all the people of Scotland, and especially those in rural areas, were immense and long-lasting

In 1920 he published the History of the Working Classes in Scotland and from 1950 to 1952 he served as President of the Scottish History Society.

The University of Glasgow conferred the degree of Honorary LLD in 1945.  In 1948 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Aberdeen. He was also Chancellor of Aberdeen University from 1951 until his death. 

Thomas Johnston died on 5 September 1965 in Milgavie.

[lboogie1906]

Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Sheku Turay or Ture; (January 9, 1922 – March 26, 1984) was a Guinean political leader and African statesman who became the first president of Guinea, serving from 1958 until his death. He was among the primary Guinean nationalists involved in gaining independence of the country from France. A devout Muslim from the Mandinka ethnic group, he was the great-grandson of the powerful Mandinka Muslim cleric Samori Ture who established an independent Islamic rule in part of West Africa. In 1960, he declared his Democratic Party of Guinea the only legal party in the state and ruled from then on as a virtual dictator. He was re-elected unopposed to four seven-year terms in the absence of any legal opposition. Under his rule, many people were killed, including at the notorious Camp Boiro. He was born into a Muslim family in Faranah, French Guinea. He was one of seven children born to Alpha Touré and Aminata Touré, who were subsistence farmers. He was an aristocratic member of the Mandinka ethnic group. He attended the École Coranique in his hometown a French lower-primary school in Kankan. He was enrolled in the Georges Poiret Technical College in Conakry but was expelled less than a year later for leading a student protest against the quality of food and became involved in labor union activity. He studied the works of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, among others. He obtained a clerk's position with the Compagnie du Niger Français while working to complete an examination course, which would allow him to join the Post, Telegraph, and Telecommunications services (French: Postes. He went on to work for the PTT as a postal clerk in Conakry. He formed connections with the French General Confederation of Labour, a communist-dominated French labor organization. He married Binetou Touré (1944–1947), he married Marie N'Daw (1947–1952), and he married Andrée Touré (1953–1984). He had two children. #africanhistory365 #africanexcellence https://www.instagram.com/p/CnMepn9Lzn3/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[er1chartmann]

Hermann Goring

This is Hermann Goring, the Reich minister for Aviation, timeline:

1893: He was born in Rosenheim, 12 January.

1895: Albert, his younger brother, was born.

1904: He was sent to boarding school, where the food was poor and the discipline was harsh.

1909: He was sent to a military academy at Berlin Lichterfelde, from which he graduated with distinction.

1912: He joined the Prince Wilhelm Regiment (112th Infantry) of the Prussian army in 1912.

1913: His father died.

1913: He was admitted to officers' school.

1914: The First World War began.

1914: He served with his infantry regiment in the region of Mülhausen, a garrison town just a mile from the French border.

1915: He passed to the newly formed Luftstreitkräfte, the air force of the German Empire.

1915: He and his friend Loerzer were assigned as a team to FFA 25 in the Crown Prince's Fifth Army. They flew reconnaissance and bombing missions.

1915: He received the Iron Cross first class.

1918: When Manfred Von Richthofen, the legendary Red Baron, died Goring succeeded him as his successor.

1918: Highly decorated, he was also awarded the medal for valor Pour le Mérite, the highest German military decoration at the time.

1918: The First World War ended.

1920: He met his first wife, Carin von Kantzow.

1922: Göring went to Munich to study political science at university.

1922: He met Hitler and he joined the Nazi Party.

1923: He was given command of the Sturmabteilung (SA) as Oberster SA-Führer

1923: He married Carin.

1923: He take part in the failed Munich Putsch, and he was wounded in the groin.

1924: He and his wife visited Rome, passing through Florence and Siena. Göring met Mussolini.

1927: Thanks to a general amnesty, he and his wife were able to repatriate.

1928: He was elected deputy to the Reichstag.

1931: His wife died.

1931: He was sent on a mission to the Vatican, where he met Pope Pius XI.

1932: He was elected president of the Reichstag and from that position supported Hitler's bid for chancellor.

1933: He was one of the main actors in the Reichstag fire, used by the Nazis to eliminate any opposition.

1933: He was appointed Minister-President of the Free State of Prussia.

1933: He created the Gestapo.

1933: Adolf Hitler was appointed Reich Chancellor.

1933: He was appointed minister for aviation. 

1933: He was appointed General der Infanterie by President von Hindenburg.

1933: He built his home called Carinhall in honor of his first wife.

1934: He granted control of the Gestapo to the SS.

1934: He was one of the main instigators of the Night of the Long Knives together with Himmler.

1934: He was appointed Reich Minister for Forestry.

1935: He married his second wife Emmy Sonnemann.

1935: He founded the Luftwaffe.

1936: He was appointed Reich Plenipotentiary for the Four-Year Plan.

1936: He also became responsible for the plan to confiscate the assets of German Jews, which was supposed to finance the rearmament of Germany.

1938: His only child, Edda, was born.

1938: With the help of Himmler's Gestapo, he plotted first against von Blomberg and then with his successor, von Fritsch, causing them both to fall

1938: He played an important role in the Anschluss, the union between the Third Reich and Austria.

1939: He created the Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Berlin, with the task of promoting the departure of Jews from all German territories, and placed it under the direction of Heydrich.

1939: Hitler designates him as his successor.

1939: The Second World War began.

1940: Göring was given a renewed mandate to direct the "Four Year Plan" for the next four years, which made him responsible for the war economy.

1940: By a decree on 19 July , Hitler promoted Göring to the rank of Reichsmarschall des Grossdeutschen Reiches (Reich Marshal of the Greater German Reich), a special rank which made him senior to all other army and Luftwaffe field marshals.

1940: He gave directives for the plunder of the occupied territories, mainly France.

1941: It was Göring who gave, on Hitler's behalf, the order to prepare a "final solution to the Jewish problem" to Reinhard Heydrich.

1945: He was arrested by the Allies.

1946: He was tried at the Nuremberg trials.

1946: He committed suicide to avoid execution.

Sources:

Wikipedia: Hermann Goring

Military Wiki: Hermann Goring

❗❗I DON'T SUPPORT NAZISM, FASCISM OR ZIONISM IN ANY WAY, THIS IS AN EDUCATIONAL POST❗❗

[aronarchy]

https://twitter.com/butchanarchy/status/1348796277379588096

[image ID: four lines of text on a white background that read,

1923: Hitler’s failed coup

No real consequences No fundamental changes

1933: Hitler takes power

/end image ID]

Seeing this image floating around, and while the message it sends is generally true and important (that fascism unchallenged leads to fascism building power), it leaves out important political factors between 1923 and 1933 we should learn from.

So, here’s what happened:

1923 Beer Hall Putsch: Inspired by Mussolini’s March on Rome in 1922, Hitler decides that a coup is the appropriate strategy to seize power in Germany. He had the support of elements of the German military (a crucial point in any coup), most notable among them General Ludendorff.

Their intention was to kidnap leaders of the Bavarian government and to accept Hitler as their leader, and, with the support of WWI General Ludendorff, win over the German military, proclaim national revolt, and bring down the German government in Berlin.

The coup was a total failure. The Bavarian leaders wouldn’t agree to Hitler’s demands until Ludendorff came and personally convinced them to, but word came back that the Nazis’ move to take over the army barracks had failed. Then the Bavarian leaders escape.

However, this WAS an important point in Hitler gaining power. This is because, at his trail, Hitler used the media coverage to get his messages out to the entire German public. The judges for his trial were Nazi sympathizers, and allowed him to talk as long as he wanted.

The court’s verdict? Treason carried a possible life sentence, but he was only committed to 5 years, and served only 9 months, in which he wrote Mein Kampf, had a private cell with a view, was allowed to receive visitors, and had his own private secretary.

After Hitler was released in 1924, he realized that taking power would not be possible without the support of the German Army and other established institutions. So, he decided to enter the world of electoral politics.

On this strategy he said: “Instead of working to achieve power by an armed coup we shall have to hold our noses and enter the Reichstag [...] If outvoting them takes longer than outshooting them, at least the results will be guaranteed by their own Constitution!”

Also important to note the the Nazi Party was organized like a government itself. This was so when they finally seized power over the German State, the Nazi “government in waiting” could slip into place.

1926-1929: Termed “the quiet years” for the Nazi party. The German economy was recovering, and there was overall less unrest to exploit. In these years Hitler consolidated his power within the Nazi Party, but they had a poor showing in the Reichstag elections.

1929: The Wall Street stock market crashes, and decimates economies worldwide. The German economy was especially vulnerable because it was built on foreign capital after WW1. By mid-1930 the German government is totally unravelling under the pressure of the crisis.

New elections are called, and the Nazi party launched a massive campaign. Hitler held rallies and delivered speeches all over Germany. He promised to make Germany great again, stamp out State corruption, and, of course, crack down on Marxism and Jewish people.

On election day September 14, 1930, the Nazis received 6,371,000 votes—over eighteen percent of the total—and were thus entitled to 107 seats in the German Reichstag. The Nazi Party went from the smallest to the second largest political party in Germany.

After their victory, German industrialists began to invest in Hitler in the hope of getting favors when he came to power. This money was used to hire more salaried Nazis and push even more Nazi propaganda. Hitler also made strong alliances with German military leaders.

1932: Hitler runs for President against standing President Hindenburg. The Nazis run an intense campaign but ultimately lose the election and the following run-off. However, they are shown to be wildly popular, having secured 36% of the vote.

Kurt von Schleicher, a German Army officer, meets secretly with Hitler and offered him a deal: A current ban on the SA and SS would be lifted, the Reichstag dissolved, and new elections called, if Hitler would support him in a conservative nationalist government. Hitler agrees.

Schleicher worked behind the scenes (literally so much complicated political intrigue) and get President Hindenburg to fire the current Chancellor, and appoint a relatively unknown socialite, Franz von Papen, in his place.

On June 4th, the Reichstag was dissolved and new elections were called for the end of July. On June 15, the ban on the SA and SS was lifted. In the general election the Nazi party meets more success and becomes the largest party in Germany.

The ban lifted, Nazis hit the streets and are out for blood. Hundreds of gun battles between communists and Nazis erupt all over Germany. In one of the biggest shootouts, the Nazis were literally escorted by police to their attack on a communist area near Hamburg.

1933: Schleicher broke from the Nazis, in an attempt to grab power for himself, and after MUCH political wheeling and dealing, and many false starts, Papen, Hitler, and the president’s son work to convince an ailing President Hindenburg to give Hitler the Chancellorship.

Hindenburg refused and resisted repeatedly, but a false rumor that Schleicher was about to arrest Hindenburg and stage a military takeover of the government spurred him to finally give in. January 30, 1933, Hitler is named Chancellor of Germany, and takes power.

[callsigns-haze]

Loves Revolution

Prologue

Pairing: Bradley Bradshaw (as Micheal Collins) x Jake Seresin (as Harry Boland) x OC! Madison Cassidy

Word count: 500words

A/n: This is the first post to my new series so please be nice! I'm going to try to make this into a series so please show this story a bit of love and reblog!

Summary: Bradley, Jake and Maddie have been friends for many years ongoing. Bradley from Cork and Jake and Madison from the troubled Dublin, have been close for life. Now fighting in the 1916 Easter rising and the ongoing history to the Treaty and the independence of Ireland their story lives on.

History: Bradley (represents) :Michael Collins (October 16, 1890 – August 22, 1922) was an Irish revolutionary, soldier, and politician who was a key role in the early twentieth-century campaign for Irish independence. During the Irish Civil War, he served as Director of Intelligence for the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and as a government minister in the self-proclaimed Irish Republic. From January 1922, he was Chairman of the Provisional Government of the Irish Free State, and from July till his death in an ambush in August 1922, he was Commander-in-Chief of the National Army.

Jake (represents) :Harry Boland (April 27, 1887 – August 1, 1922) was an Irish republican politician who led the Irish Republican Brotherhood from 1919 to 1920. From 1918 until 1922, he was a Teachta Dála (TD).He was elected as the MP for Roscommon South in the 1918 general election, but, like other Sinn Féin candidates, he did not serve in the British House of Commons, instead sitting as a TD in the First Dáil. Boland was elected to the second Dáil as a TD for Mayo South-Roscommon South in the 1921 general election. He was re-elected as an anti-Treaty candidate in 1922, but he perished two months later during the Irish Civil War.

History :The Easter Rising (Irish: Éir Amach na Cásca), often known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurgency in Ireland in April 1916 during Easter Week. While the United Kingdom was waging the First World War, Irish republicans started the Rising against British control in Ireland with the goal of establishing an independent Irish Republic. It was Ireland's greatest important insurrection since the 1798 rebellion and the first armed battle of the Irish revolutionary period. Beginning in May 1916, sixteen of the Rising's leaders were executed. The executions' nature, as well as following political developments, eventually contributed to an upsurge in popular support for Irish independence.

Warning: Mentions of gun use, ptsd, mentions of death, mentions of shooting, flirting, mentions of abuse, description of dead body, death, blood

"Sir, we got the General Post Office surrounded, Sir! We believe that inside are De Valera, Macdonagh, Clark, Connolly and a lot of other rebellions, sir!" One of the funny dressed British soldiers replies to their head commander, with hand at forehead, ready for a salute. This is how the English planned it all along, for the most important rebellions to be stuck at one place, surrounded with no escape.

"So we have the G.P.O, good, very good, but what about O'Connells street, Stevens green, The Liffey and the four courts?" The head commander asked the young man who still held his hand above his head, not moving an inch. "The areas are empty, sir! Either captured or escaped but the rest are at the G.P.O, sir!"

They're all where they were supposed to be, all in one place, no room to escape and they'll give in to this nonsense, they had no way to continue fighting against the British or loyal Irish. The undertakers or loyal Irish were against the rebellions, fighting against them at this very moment, all they had to do now is give themselves up to the English.

"Are there any women inside, lieutenant?" Any innocent woman that had been stuck inside the G.P.O that had been inside the building for the past five days, did not deserve the faith they may face in several minutes from now. The soldiers aligned outside of the building will not hesitate to kill anyone on the inside but the women didn't deserve it.

"There's women of aid and very little volunteers, sir! We believe that one of the fellow female friends of De Valera's help is inside the building. Her parents put her off name Madison Cassidy, but to the public she's known as 'Maddie', sir!" A woman so apparently known to the public but how? No woman that the commander has heard of went by that name or was 'known to the public', no woman has ever had the might or power to be so known in the streets of Dublin or the county of Leinster. "What do you mean 'known to the public', lieutenant?" "She's a public speaker, sir!"

A female public speaker? And that was apparently known to people. Absurd. An absolute absurdity. Some young girl, that he has never heard of decided to become a public speaker. What a joke! She should be scrubbing the dishes, washing the linen, taking care of the kids or cooking and not wasting her time over public speeches. And who would even listen to her? Some sort of female, trying to put her thought into a speech that is apparently supposed to motivate people to do something.

And she believes that's gonna work, but like the lieutenant mentioned, she did work with De Valera. "Bring her to me, nobody lay a finger upon her, understood?" "Yes sir!"

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[stairnaheireann]

#OTD in 1922 – De Valera and Collins agree to a pact whereby a national coalition panel of candidates will represent the pro- and anti-Treaty wings of Sinn Féin throughout Ireland in the forthcoming general election.

#OTD in 1922 – De Valera and Collins agree to a pact whereby a national coalition panel of candidates will represent the pro- and anti-Treaty wings of Sinn Féin throughout Ireland in the forthcoming general election.

As in the Irish elections, 1921 in the south, Sinn Féin stood one candidate for every seat, except those for the University of Dublin and one other; the treaty had divided the party between 65 pro-treaty candidates, 57 anti-treaty and 1 nominally on both sides. Unlike the elections a year earlier, other parties stood in most constituencies forcing single transferable vote elections, with Sinn…