#28 April 1788

[rabbitcruiser]

Maryland became the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution on April 28, 1788.

[lickmystamp]

US postage stamp, 1988 “Maryland Bicentenary Statehood” Scott #2342

Issued: February 15, 1988 - Annapolis, Maryland Quantity: 103,325,000 Designer: Stephen Hustvedt Printed By: Bureau of Engraving and Printing (Lithographed, engraved, & photogravure)

On April 28, 1788, Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the US Constitution, an act that admitted it as America’s seventh state.

[yaggy031910]

The napoleonic marshal‘s children

After seeing @josefavomjaaga’s and @northernmariette’s marshal calendar, I wanted to do a similar thing for all the marshal’s children! So I did! I hope you like it. c: I listed them in more or less chronological order but categorised them in years (especially because we don‘t know all their birthdays). At the end of this post you are going to find remarks about some of the marshals because not every child is listed! ^^“ To the question about the sources: I mostly googled it and searched their dates in Wikipedia, ahaha. Nevertheless, I also found this website. However, I would be careful with it. We are talking about history and different sources can have different dates. I am always open for corrections. Just correct me in the comments if you find or know a trustful source which would show that one or some of the dates are incorrect. At the end of the day it is harmless fun and research. :) Pre 1790

François Étienne Kellermann (4 August 1770- 2 June 1835) 

Marguerite Cécile Kellermann (15 March 1773 - 12 August 1850)

Ernestine Grouchy (1787–1866)

Mélanie Marie Josèphe de Pérignon (1788 - 1858)

Alphonse Grouchy (1789–1864)

Jean-Baptiste Sophie Pierre de Pérignon (1789- 14 January 1807)

Marie Françoise Germaine de Pérignon (1789 - 15 May 1844)

Angélique Catherine Jourdan (1789 or 1791 - 7 March 1879)

1790 - 1791

Marie-Louise Oudinot (1790–1832)

Marie-Anne Masséna (8 July 1790 - 1794)

Charles Oudinot (1791 - 1863)

Aimee-Clementine Grouchy (1791–1826)

Anne-Francoise Moncey (1791–1842)

1792 - 1793

Bon-Louis Moncey (1792–1817)

Victorine Perrin (1792–1822)

Anne-Charlotte Macdonald (1792–1870)

François Henri de Pérignon (23 February 1793 - 19 October 1841)

Jacques Prosper Masséna (25 June 1793 - 13 May 1821)

1794 - 1795

Victoire Thècle Masséna (28 September 1794 - 18 March 1857)

Adele-Elisabeth Macdonald (1794–1822)

Marguerite-Félécité Desprez (1795-1854); adopted by Sérurier

Nicolette Oudinot (1795–1865)

Charles Perrin (1795–15 March 1827)

1796 - 1997

Emilie Oudinot (1796–1805)

Victor Grouchy (1796–1864)

Napoleon-Victor Perrin (24 October 1796 - 2 December 1853)

Jeanne Madeleine Delphine Jourdan (1797-1839)

1799

François Victor Masséna (2 April 1799 - 16 April 1863)

Joseph François Oscar Bernadotte (4 July 1799 – 8 July 1859)

Auguste Oudinot (1799–1835)

Caroline de Pérignon (1799-1819)

Eugene Perrin (1799–1852)

1800

Nina Jourdan (1800-1833)

Caroline Mortier de Trevise (1800–1842)

1801

Achille Charles Louis Napoléon Murat (21 January 1801 - 15 April 1847)

Louis Napoléon Lannes (30 July 1801 – 19 July 1874)

Elise Oudinot (1801–1882)

1802

Marie Letizia Joséphine Annonciade Murat (26 April 1802 - 12 March 1859)

Alfred-Jean Lannes (11 July 1802 – 20 June 1861)

Napoléon Bessière (2 August 1802 - 21 July 1856)

Paul Davout (1802–1803)

Napoléon Soult (1802–1857)

1803

Marie-Agnès Irma de Pérignon (5 April 1803 - 16 December 1849)

Joseph Napoléon Ney (8 May 1803 – 25 July 1857)

Lucien Charles Joseph Napoléon Murat (16 May 1803 - 10 April 1878)

Jean-Ernest Lannes (20 July 1803 – 24 November 1882)

Alexandrine-Aimee Macdonald (1803–1869)

Sophie Malvina Joséphine Mortier de Trévise ( 1803 - ???)

1804

Napoléon Mortier de Trévise (6 August 1804 - 29 December 1869)

Michel Louis Félix Ney (24 August 1804 – 14 July 1854)

Gustave-Olivier Lannes (4 December 1804 – 25 August 1875)

Joséphine Davout (1804–1805)

Hortense Soult (1804–1862)

Octavie de Pérignon (1804-1847)

1805

Louise Julie Caroline Murat (21 March 1805 - 1 December 1889)

Antoinette Joséphine Davout (1805 – 19 August 1821)

Stephanie-Josephine Perrin (1805–1832)

1806

Josephine-Louise Lannes (4 March 1806 – 8 November 1889)

Eugène Michel Ney (12 July 1806 – 25 October 1845)

Edouard Moriter de Trévise (1806–1815)

Léopold de Pérignon (1806-1862)

1807

Adèle Napoleone Davout (June 1807 – 21 January 1885)

Jeanne-Francoise Moncey (1807–1853)

1808: Stephanie Oudinot (1808-1893) 1809: Napoleon Davout (1809–1810)

1810: Napoleon Alexander Berthier (11 September 1810 – 10 February 1887)

1811

Napoleon Louis Davout (6 January 1811 - 13 June 1853)

Louise-Honorine Suchet (1811 – 1885)

Louise Mortier de Trévise (1811–1831)

1812

Edgar Napoléon Henry Ney (12 April 1812 – 4 October 1882)

Caroline-Joséphine Berthier (22 August 1812 – 1905)

Jules Davout (December 1812 - 1813)

1813: Louis-Napoleon Suchet (23 May 1813- 22 July 1867/77)

1814: Eve-Stéphanie Mortier de Trévise (1814–1831) 1815

Marie Anne Berthier (February 1815 - 23 July 1878)

Adelaide Louise Davout (8 July 1815 – 6 October 1892)

Laurent François or Laurent-Camille Saint-Cyr (I found two almost similar names with the same date so) (30 December 1815 – 30 January 1904)

1816: Louise Marie Oudinot (1816 - 1909)

1817

Caroline Oudinot (1817–1896)

Caroline Soult (1817–1817)

1819: Charles-Joseph Oudinot (1819–1858)

1820: Anne-Marie Suchet (1820 - 27 May 1835) 1822: Henri Oudinot ( 3 February 1822 – 29 July 1891) 1824: Louis Marie Macdonald (11 November 1824 - 6 April 1881.) 1830: Noemie Grouchy (1830–1843) —————— Children without clear birthdays:

Camille Jourdan (died in 1842)

Sophie Jourdan (died in 1820)

Additional remarks: - Marshal Berthier died 8.5 months before his last daughter‘s birth. - Marshal Oudinot had 11 children and the age difference between his first and last child is around 32 years. - The age difference between marshal Grouchy‘s first and last child is around 43 years. - Marshal Lefebvre had fourteen children (12 sons, 2 daughters) but I couldn‘t find anything kind of reliable about them so they are not listed above. I am aware that two sons of him were listed in the link above. Nevertheless, I was uncertain to name them in my list because I thought that his last living son died in the Russian campaign while the website writes about the possibility of another son dying in 1817. - Marshal Augerau had no children. - Marshal Brune had apparently adopted two daughters whose names are unknown. - Marshal Pérignon: I couldn‘t find anything about his daughters, Justine, Elisabeth and Adèle, except that they died in infancy. - Marshal Sérurier had no biological children but adopted Marguerite-Félécité Desprez in 1814. - Marshal Marmont had no children. - I found out that marshal Saint-Cyr married his first cousin, lol. - I didn‘t find anything about marshal Poniatowski having children. Apparently, he wasn‘t married either (thank you, @northernmariette for the correction of this fact! c:)

[holybookslibrary]

Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant

Critique of Pure Reason Critique of Pure Reason is one of the cornerstones in western philosophy. It was first published in 1781 and it was later followed by the works: Critique of Judgement and the Critique of Judgement. In Critique of Pure Reason, Kant outline his theories about space and time as a form of perceiving and causality as a form of knowing. Both space and time and our conceptual principles and processes pre-structure our experience. Download the 890 pages PDF e-book here (huge file: 28 MB):

Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant

Introduction to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason

  Who was Immanuel Kant?

Immanuel Kant was an influential German philosopher in the Age of Enlightenment, primarily known for his contributions to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. Born in Königsberg,  now occupied by Russia, on April 22, 1724, Kant spent most of his life in his hometown. Kant's philosophical work is epitomized by his "Critique" series, which includes three major works: the "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781), the "Critique of Practical Reason" (1788), and the "Critique of Judgment" (1790). These works address, respectively, the foundations and limits of human knowledge, the philosophy of moral and ethical reasoning, and the critique of aesthetics and teleology. One of his most significant contributions to philosophy is the concept of the "categorical imperative," a principle that asserts that one should act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. This idea is a cornerstone of modern deontological ethics and asserts that morality is derived from rationality and the inherent dignity of human beings. Kant's influence extends beyond philosophy into other fields such as science, politics, and psychology, shaping modern thought with his rigorous approach to systematic philosophy. He passed away on February 12, 1804, but his ideas continue to resonate and influence various academic disciplines. Read the full article

[ego-osbourne]

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect

Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide

for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure

the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do

ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of

America.

Article I.

Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be

vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist

of a Senate and House of Representatives.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

* * * * *

\1\This text of the Constitution follows the engrossed copy signed by

Gen. Washington and the deputies from 12 States. The small superior

figures preceding the paragraphs designate clauses, and were not in the

original and have no reference to footnotes.

* * * * *

The Constitution was adopted by a convention of the States on September

17, 1787, and was subsequently ratified by the several States, on the

following dates: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12,

1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788;

Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788;

Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire,

June 21, 1788.

* * * * *

Ratification was completed on June 21, 1788.

* * * * *

The Constitution was subsequently ratified by Virginia, June 25, 1788;

New York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode

Island, May 29, 1790; and Vermont, January 10, 1791.

* * * * *

In May 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an

alteration in the Articles of Confederation, but no action was taken on

it, and it was left to the State Legislatures to proceed in the matter.

In January 1786, the Legislature of Virginia passed a resolution

providing for the appointment of five commissioners, who, or any three

of them, should meet such commissioners as might be appointed in the

other States of the Union, at a time and place to be agreed upon, to

take into consideration the trade of the United States; to consider how

far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary

to their common interest and their permanent harmony; and to report to

the several States such an act, relative to this great object, as, when

ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress effectually

to provide for the same. The Virginia commissioners, after some

correspondence, fixed the first Monday in September as the time, and

the city of Annapolis as the place for the meeting, but only four other

States were represented, viz: Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and

Pennsylvania; the commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, New

Hampshire, North Carolina, and Rhode Island failed to attend. Under the

circumstances of so partial a representation, the commissioners present

agreed upon a report (drawn by Mr. Hamilton, of New York) expressing

their unanimous conviction that it might essentially tend to advance

the interests of the Union if the States by which they were

respectively delegated would concur, and use their endeavors to procure

the concurrence of the other States, in the appointment of

commissioners to meet at Philadelphia on the second Monday of May

following, to take into consideration the situation of the United

States; to devise such further provisions as should appear to them

necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate

to the exigencies of the Union; and to report such an act for that

purpose to the United States in Congress assembled as, when agreed to

by them and afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State,

would effectually provide for the same.

scared you, didn’t I?

This is MY JOKE, McTALLISTER

I’M THE ANON WHO SENDS THESE

[venicepearl]

Louise Isabelle Alexandrine Augusta, Countess of Sayn-Hachenburg, Burgravine of Kirchberg (19 April 1772, Hachenburg – 6 January 1827, Vienna, Austrian Empire) was the Princess consort of Nassau-Weilburg (28 November 1788 – 9 January 1816) through her marriage to Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg.

[brookston]

Holidays 4.28

Holidays

Astronomy Day

Biological Clock Day

Bulldogs Are Beautiful Day

Chicken Tickling Day

Clean Comedy Day

Cubicle Day

Day for Safety and Health at Work (Poland)

Day of Dialogue

Days of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust, Day 1 (US)

Eat Your Friends Day

Ed Balls Day (UK)

Flag Day (Åland Islands)

Flat White Day

Food Pyramid Day

428 Day

Global Pay It Forward Day

Gone-ta-Pott Day [every 28th]

Great Poetry Reading Day

Hyacinth Day (French Republic)

International Astronomy Day

International Automation Professionals Day

International Consanguinamory Day

International Girls in Information and Telecommunication Technologies Day

Jester’s Day (Elder Scrolls)

Kenneth Kaunda Day (Zambia)

Kiss Your Mate Day

Lawyers’ Day (India)

Mujahideen Victory Day (Afghanistan)

Mutiny On the Bounty Day

National Anger Day (UK)

National BSL Day (UK)

National Brave Hearts Day

National Cubicle Day

National Day of Mourning (Canada)

National Franklin Day

National Great Poetry Reading Day

National Headshot Day

National Heroes’ Day (Barbados)

National Kiss Your Mate Day

National Poetry and Literature Day (Indonesia)

National “Say Hi to Joe” Day

National Suck Breast Day

National Superhero Day

National Teach Children to Save Day

National Willy Fog Day (UK)

National Workplace Wellbeing Day (Ireland)

Occupational Safety & Health Day

Pastele Blajinilor (Memory or Parent's Day; Moldova)

Restoration of Sovereignty Day (Japan)

Rip Cord Day

Saint Pierre-Chanel Day (Wallis and Futuna)

Santa Fe Trail Day

Sardinia Day (Italy)

Small Car Day

Steel Safety Day

Texas Wildflower Day

Turkmen Racing Horse Festival (Turkmenistan)

Victory Day (Afghanistan)

Workers’ Memorial Day (Gibraltar)

World Art Deco Day

World Day for Safety and Health at Work (UN)

Food & Drink Celebrations

National Blueberry Pie Day

4th & Last Sunday in April

Blue Sunday [Last Sunday]

Brasseries Portes Ouvertes (Open Breweries' Day; Belgium) [Last Sunday]

Dictionary Day [Sunday of Nat’l Library Week]

Divine Mercy Sunday [Last Sunday]

Drive It Day (UK) [4th Sunday]

Family Reading Week begins [Sunday before 1st Saturday in May]

International Search and Rescue Dog Day [Last Sunday]

International Twin Cities Day [Last Sunday]

Landsgemeinde (Switzerland) [Last Sunday]

Mother, Father Deaf Day [Last Sunday]

Music Minister Appreciation Day [Last Sunday]

National Blue Sunday and Day of Prayer for Abused Children [Last Sunday]

National Pet Parents Day [Last Sunday]

Pinhole Photography Day [Last Sunday]

Sunday of the Paralytic [Last Sunday]

Turkmen Racing Horse Festival (Turkmenistan) [Last Sunday]

World Day of Marriage [Last Sunday]

World Nyckelharpa Day [Last Sunday]

Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day [Last Sunday]

Weekly Holidays beginning April 28 (Last Week)

Go Diaper Free Week (thru 5.4) [From Last Sunday]

National Auctioneers Week (thru 5.4)

National Small Business Week (thru 5.4) [1st Week of May]

Preservation Week (thru 5.4)

Stewardship Week (thru 5.5) [Last Sunday to 1st Sunday]

Independence & Related Days

Maryland Statehood Day (#7; 1788)

Restoration of Sovereignty Day (Japan)

Festivals Beginning April 28, 2024

Blessing of the Fleet & Seafood Festival (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina)

The Good Food Awards (Portland, Oregon)

Heritage Fire (Atlanta, Georgia)

St. Thomas Carnival (Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands) [thru 5.5]

Sweet Corn Fiesta (West Palm Beach, Florida)

Taste of St. Augustine (St. Augustine, Florida)

Turkmen Racing Horse Festival (Turkmenistan) [Last Sunday]

Feast Days

Aphrodisius and companions (Christian; Saint)

Blueberry Pie Day (Pastafarian)

Chicken Tickling Day (Leprechauns; Shamanism)

Cronan of Roscrea, Ireland (Christian; Saint)

Cyril of Turov (Christian; Saint)

Didymus and Theodore (Christian; Martyrs)

Elmo’s Jacket (Muppetism)

Feast of Jamál (Beauty; Baha'i)

Floralia (Old Roman Goddess of Flowers)

Gianna Beretta Molla (Christian; Saint)

Harper Lee (Writerism)

José Malhoa (Artology)

Kirill of Turov (Orthodox, added to Roman Martyrology in 1969)

L’Africaine (The African Woman), by Giacomo Meyerbeer (Opera; 1865)

Louis Mary de Montfort (Christian; Saint)

Palmer Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Pamphilus of Sulmona (Christian; Saint)

Patricius, Bishop of Pruse, in Bithynia (Christian; Saint)

Paul of the Cross (Christian; Saint)

Peter Chanel (Christian; Martyr)

Phocion (Positivist; Saint)

Pollio and others (Christian; Martyrs in Pannonia)

Terry Pratchett (Writerism)

Theodora and Didymus (Christian; Martyrs)

Vitalis and Valeria of Milan (Christian; Saint)

Walpurgisnacht, Day VI (Pagan)

Yom HaShoah (began last night; Judaism)

Yves Klein (Artology)

Orthodox Christian Liturgical Calendar Holidays

Palm Sunday

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Butsumetsu (仏滅 Japan) [Unlucky all day.]

Fortunate Day (Pagan) [17 of 53]

Umu Limnu (Evil Day; Babylonian Calendar; 20 of 60)

Premieres

Akeelah and the Beer (Film; 2006)

The Art of Excellence, by Tony Bennett (Album; 1987) [1st CD-only Release]

Bananas (Film; 1971)

Before These Crowded Street, by Crowded House (Album; 1998)

The Birth of Britain, by Winston Churchill (History Book; 1956)

Bridesmaids (Film; 2011)

Buck and the Preacher (Film; 1972)

Casino Royale (Film; 1967) [James Bond non-series film]

Chicago Transit Authority, by Chicago (Album; 1969)

The Death of the Heart, by Elizabeth Bowen (Novel; 1938)

FM (Film; 1978)

Frequency (Film; 2000)

Hair (Broadway Musical; 1968)

Hard Candy (Film; 2006)

The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy (Film; 2005)

The Hockey Champ (Disney Cartoon; 1939)

A Hound for Trouble (WB MM Cartoon; 1951)

How to Be a Latin Lover (Film; 2017)

I Kissed a Girl, by Katy Perry (Song; 2008)

I’m the One, by DJ Khaled (Album; 2017)

Iron Man 2 (Film; 2010)

Kiss Me Deadly (Film; 1955)

Leave Well Enough Alone (Fleischer Popeye Cartoon; 1939)

Love Me, Love My Mouse (Tom & Jerry Cartoon; 1966)

Loverboy (Film; 1989)

Mighty Mouse Meets Jekyll and Hyde Cat (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1944)

Mud Squad (Tijuana Toads Cartoon; 1971)s

Night (Disney Cartoon; 1930)

Odd Ant Out (Ant and the Aardvark Cartoon; 1970)

A Painted House, by John Grisham (Novel; 2001)

Passport to Pimlico (Film; 1949)

Pennsylvania 6-5000, recorded by Glenn Miller (Song; 1940)

Polite Society (Film; 2023)

The Power of Positive Thinking, by Norman Vincent Peale (Book; 1954)

The Prison Panic (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1930)

Problem, by Ariana Grande (Song; 2014)

Robinson Crusoe (WB LT Cartoon; 1956)

The Secret of the Old Clock, by Carolyn Keene (Mystery Novel; 1930) [1st Nancy Drew]

*61 (Film; 2001)

Slave to Love, by Bryan Ferry (Song; 1985)

Smoked Hams (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1947)

Starman, by David Bowie (Song; 1972)

Stick It (Film; 2006)

Suddenly It’s Spring (Noveltoons Cartoon; 1944)

Suffragette City, by David Bowie (Song; 1972)

Trailer Horn (Disney Cartoon; 1950)

Viva Las Vegas, by Elvis Presley (Song; 1964)

Today’s Name Days

Hugo, Ludwig, Pierre (Austria)

Dada, Ljudevit, Petar (Croatia)

Vlastislav (Czech Republic)

Vitalis (Denmark)

Lagle, Luige (Estonia)

Ilpo, Ilppo, Tuure (Finland)

Valérie (France)

Hugo, Ludwig, Pierre (Germany)

Valéria (Hungary)

Manilio, Pietro, Valeria (Italy)

Gundega, Gunta, Terēze (Latvia)

Rimgailė, Valerija, Vitalius, Vygantas (Lithuania)

Vivi, Vivian (Norway)

Arystarch, Maria, Paweł, Przybyczest, Waleria, Witalis (Poland)

Iason, Sosipatru (Romania)

Tamara (Russia)

Jarmila (Slovakia)

Luis, Pedro, Prudencio (Spain)

Ture, Tyra (Sweden)

Valeria, Valerian, Valerie, Valery (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 119 of 2024; 247 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 7 of week 17 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Saille (Willow) [Day 15 of 28]

Chinese: Month 3 (Wu-Chen), Day 20 (Ren-Xu)

Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]

Hebrew: 20 Nisan 5784

Islamic: 19 Shawwal 1445

J Cal: 29 Cyan; Eightday [29 of 30]

Julian: 15 April 2024

Moon: 79%: Waning Gibbous

Positivist: 7 Caesar (5th Month) [Themistocles]

Runic Half Month: Lagu (Flowing Water) [Day 4 of 15]

Season: Spring (Day 41 of 92)

Week: 4th Week of April / 1st Week of May

Zodiac: Taurus (Day 9 of 31)

[brookstonalmanac]

Holidays 4.28

Holidays

Astronomy Day

Biological Clock Day

Bulldogs Are Beautiful Day

Chicken Tickling Day

Clean Comedy Day

Cubicle Day

Day for Safety and Health at Work (Poland)

Day of Dialogue

Days of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust, Day 1 (US)

Eat Your Friends Day

Ed Balls Day (UK)

Flag Day (Åland Islands)

Flat White Day

Food Pyramid Day

428 Day

Global Pay It Forward Day

Gone-ta-Pott Day [every 28th]

Great Poetry Reading Day

Hyacinth Day (French Republic)

International Astronomy Day

International Automation Professionals Day

International Consanguinamory Day

International Girls in Information and Telecommunication Technologies Day

Jester’s Day (Elder Scrolls)

Kenneth Kaunda Day (Zambia)

Kiss Your Mate Day

Lawyers’ Day (India)

Mujahideen Victory Day (Afghanistan)

Mutiny On the Bounty Day

National Anger Day (UK)

National BSL Day (UK)

National Brave Hearts Day

National Cubicle Day

National Day of Mourning (Canada)

National Franklin Day

National Great Poetry Reading Day

National Headshot Day

National Heroes’ Day (Barbados)

National Kiss Your Mate Day

National Poetry and Literature Day (Indonesia)

National “Say Hi to Joe” Day

National Suck Breast Day

National Superhero Day

National Teach Children to Save Day

National Willy Fog Day (UK)

National Workplace Wellbeing Day (Ireland)

Occupational Safety & Health Day

Pastele Blajinilor (Memory or Parent's Day; Moldova)

Restoration of Sovereignty Day (Japan)

Rip Cord Day

Saint Pierre-Chanel Day (Wallis and Futuna)

Santa Fe Trail Day

Sardinia Day (Italy)

Small Car Day

Steel Safety Day

Texas Wildflower Day

Turkmen Racing Horse Festival (Turkmenistan)

Victory Day (Afghanistan)

Workers’ Memorial Day (Gibraltar)

World Art Deco Day

World Day for Safety and Health at Work (UN)

Food & Drink Celebrations

National Blueberry Pie Day

4th & Last Sunday in April

Blue Sunday [Last Sunday]

Brasseries Portes Ouvertes (Open Breweries' Day; Belgium) [Last Sunday]

Dictionary Day [Sunday of Nat’l Library Week]

Divine Mercy Sunday [Last Sunday]

Drive It Day (UK) [4th Sunday]

Family Reading Week begins [Sunday before 1st Saturday in May]

International Search and Rescue Dog Day [Last Sunday]

International Twin Cities Day [Last Sunday]

Landsgemeinde (Switzerland) [Last Sunday]

Mother, Father Deaf Day [Last Sunday]

Music Minister Appreciation Day [Last Sunday]

National Blue Sunday and Day of Prayer for Abused Children [Last Sunday]

National Pet Parents Day [Last Sunday]

Pinhole Photography Day [Last Sunday]

Sunday of the Paralytic [Last Sunday]

Turkmen Racing Horse Festival (Turkmenistan) [Last Sunday]

World Day of Marriage [Last Sunday]

World Nyckelharpa Day [Last Sunday]

Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day [Last Sunday]

Weekly Holidays beginning April 28 (Last Week)

Go Diaper Free Week (thru 5.4) [From Last Sunday]

National Auctioneers Week (thru 5.4)

National Small Business Week (thru 5.4) [1st Week of May]

Preservation Week (thru 5.4)

Stewardship Week (thru 5.5) [Last Sunday to 1st Sunday]

Independence & Related Days

Maryland Statehood Day (#7; 1788)

Restoration of Sovereignty Day (Japan)

Festivals Beginning April 28, 2024

Blessing of the Fleet & Seafood Festival (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina)

The Good Food Awards (Portland, Oregon)

Heritage Fire (Atlanta, Georgia)

St. Thomas Carnival (Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands) [thru 5.5]

Sweet Corn Fiesta (West Palm Beach, Florida)

Taste of St. Augustine (St. Augustine, Florida)

Turkmen Racing Horse Festival (Turkmenistan) [Last Sunday]

Feast Days

Aphrodisius and companions (Christian; Saint)

Blueberry Pie Day (Pastafarian)

Chicken Tickling Day (Leprechauns; Shamanism)

Cronan of Roscrea, Ireland (Christian; Saint)

Cyril of Turov (Christian; Saint)

Didymus and Theodore (Christian; Martyrs)

Elmo’s Jacket (Muppetism)

Feast of Jamál (Beauty; Baha'i)

Floralia (Old Roman Goddess of Flowers)

Gianna Beretta Molla (Christian; Saint)

Harper Lee (Writerism)

José Malhoa (Artology)

Kirill of Turov (Orthodox, added to Roman Martyrology in 1969)

L’Africaine (The African Woman), by Giacomo Meyerbeer (Opera; 1865)

Louis Mary de Montfort (Christian; Saint)

Palmer Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint)

Pamphilus of Sulmona (Christian; Saint)

Patricius, Bishop of Pruse, in Bithynia (Christian; Saint)

Paul of the Cross (Christian; Saint)

Peter Chanel (Christian; Martyr)

Phocion (Positivist; Saint)

Pollio and others (Christian; Martyrs in Pannonia)

Terry Pratchett (Writerism)

Theodora and Didymus (Christian; Martyrs)

Vitalis and Valeria of Milan (Christian; Saint)

Walpurgisnacht, Day VI (Pagan)

Yom HaShoah (began last night; Judaism)

Yves Klein (Artology)

Orthodox Christian Liturgical Calendar Holidays

Palm Sunday

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Butsumetsu (仏滅 Japan) [Unlucky all day.]

Fortunate Day (Pagan) [17 of 53]

Umu Limnu (Evil Day; Babylonian Calendar; 20 of 60)

Premieres

Akeelah and the Beer (Film; 2006)

The Art of Excellence, by Tony Bennett (Album; 1987) [1st CD-only Release]

Bananas (Film; 1971)

Before These Crowded Street, by Crowded House (Album; 1998)

The Birth of Britain, by Winston Churchill (History Book; 1956)

Bridesmaids (Film; 2011)

Buck and the Preacher (Film; 1972)

Casino Royale (Film; 1967) [James Bond non-series film]

Chicago Transit Authority, by Chicago (Album; 1969)

The Death of the Heart, by Elizabeth Bowen (Novel; 1938)

FM (Film; 1978)

Frequency (Film; 2000)

Hair (Broadway Musical; 1968)

Hard Candy (Film; 2006)

The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy (Film; 2005)

The Hockey Champ (Disney Cartoon; 1939)

A Hound for Trouble (WB MM Cartoon; 1951)

How to Be a Latin Lover (Film; 2017)

I Kissed a Girl, by Katy Perry (Song; 2008)

I’m the One, by DJ Khaled (Album; 2017)

Iron Man 2 (Film; 2010)

Kiss Me Deadly (Film; 1955)

Leave Well Enough Alone (Fleischer Popeye Cartoon; 1939)

Love Me, Love My Mouse (Tom & Jerry Cartoon; 1966)

Loverboy (Film; 1989)

Mighty Mouse Meets Jekyll and Hyde Cat (Terrytoons Cartoon; 1944)

Mud Squad (Tijuana Toads Cartoon; 1971)s

Night (Disney Cartoon; 1930)

Odd Ant Out (Ant and the Aardvark Cartoon; 1970)

A Painted House, by John Grisham (Novel; 2001)

Passport to Pimlico (Film; 1949)

Pennsylvania 6-5000, recorded by Glenn Miller (Song; 1940)

Polite Society (Film; 2023)

The Power of Positive Thinking, by Norman Vincent Peale (Book; 1954)

The Prison Panic (Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Cartoon; 1930)

Problem, by Ariana Grande (Song; 2014)

Robinson Crusoe (WB LT Cartoon; 1956)

The Secret of the Old Clock, by Carolyn Keene (Mystery Novel; 1930) [1st Nancy Drew]

*61 (Film; 2001)

Slave to Love, by Bryan Ferry (Song; 1985)

Smoked Hams (Woody Woodpecker Cartoon; 1947)

Starman, by David Bowie (Song; 1972)

Stick It (Film; 2006)

Suddenly It’s Spring (Noveltoons Cartoon; 1944)

Suffragette City, by David Bowie (Song; 1972)

Trailer Horn (Disney Cartoon; 1950)

Viva Las Vegas, by Elvis Presley (Song; 1964)

Today’s Name Days

Hugo, Ludwig, Pierre (Austria)

Dada, Ljudevit, Petar (Croatia)

Vlastislav (Czech Republic)

Vitalis (Denmark)

Lagle, Luige (Estonia)

Ilpo, Ilppo, Tuure (Finland)

Valérie (France)

Hugo, Ludwig, Pierre (Germany)

Valéria (Hungary)

Manilio, Pietro, Valeria (Italy)

Gundega, Gunta, Terēze (Latvia)

Rimgailė, Valerija, Vitalius, Vygantas (Lithuania)

Vivi, Vivian (Norway)

Arystarch, Maria, Paweł, Przybyczest, Waleria, Witalis (Poland)

Iason, Sosipatru (Romania)

Tamara (Russia)

Jarmila (Slovakia)

Luis, Pedro, Prudencio (Spain)

Ture, Tyra (Sweden)

Valeria, Valerian, Valerie, Valery (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 119 of 2024; 247 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 7 of week 17 of 2024

Celtic Tree Calendar: Saille (Willow) [Day 15 of 28]

Chinese: Month 3 (Wu-Chen), Day 20 (Ren-Xu)

Chinese Year of the: Dragon 4722 (until January 29, 2025) [Wu-Chen]

Hebrew: 20 Nisan 5784

Islamic: 19 Shawwal 1445

J Cal: 29 Cyan; Eightday [29 of 30]

Julian: 15 April 2024

Moon: 79%: Waning Gibbous

Positivist: 7 Caesar (5th Month) [Themistocles]

Runic Half Month: Lagu (Flowing Water) [Day 4 of 15]

Season: Spring (Day 41 of 92)

Week: 4th Week of April / 1st Week of May

Zodiac: Taurus (Day 9 of 31)

[wausaupilot]

Today in History: Today is Sunday, April 28, the 119th day of 2024.

By The Associated Press Today’s Highlight in History: On April 28, 1967, heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali was stripped of his title after he refused to be inducted into the armed forces. On this date: In 1788, Maryland became the seventh state to ratify the Constitution of the United States. In 1919, American stuntman and parachute developer Leslie Irvin (23) makes first premeditated…

[rabbitcruiser]

Maryland became the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution on April 28, 1788.

[dixiedrudge]

Maryland, My Maryland - Today In Southern History

28 April 1788   On this date in 1788… Maryland ratified the U.S. Constitution and became the 7th U.S. state. Other Years: 1635 – Virginia colony Governor John Harvey was accused of treason and removed from office. 1862 – Forts Jackson and St. Phillip on the Mississippi river surrendered to federal troops. 1871 – In response to raids near Tucson, William Oury embarked, leading 140 armed white…

[michaelcosio]

Lord Jacob Rothschild Confronted

May 31, 2012

Context

"Rothschild family, the most famous of all European banking dynasties, which for some 200 years exerted great influence on the economic and, indirectly, the political history of Europe. The house was founded by Mayer Amschel Rothschild (b. February 23, 1744, Frankfurt am Main—d. September 19, 1812, Frankfurt) and his five sons, Amschel Mayer (b. June 12, 1773, Frankfurt—d. December 6, 1855, Frankfurt), Salomon Mayer (b. September 9, 1774—d. July 27, 1855, Vienna), Nathan Mayer (b. September 16, 1777—d. July 28, 1836, Frankfurt), Karl Mayer (b. April 24, 1788—d. March 10, 1855, Naples), and Jakob, or James, Mayer (b. May 15, 1792—d. November 15, 1868, Paris)." - Britannica

from WeAreChange

[thecoinshop]

Great price on this 2000-S Maryland Proof State Quarter ONLY: $2.50 Released on March 13, 2000, this is the seventh coin released in the 50 State Quarters Program and the second released in 2000. Maryland, admitted into the Union on April 28, 1788, themed the coin, The Old Line State. It highlights the Maryland Statehouse and is surrounded by White Oak leaf clusters. President William J. Clinton was in office when this legislation was signed. Three United States Mint Directors served under President Clinton's tenure; David J. Ryder of Idaho, Philip N. Diehl of Texas, and Jay W. Johnson of Wisconsin. https://www.thecoinshop.shop/state-commemorative-quarters/2000-s-maryland-proof-state-quarter View MORE State Commemorative Quarters https://www.thecoinshop.shop/state-commemorative-quarters StatehoodQuarters StateQuarterProgram statequarters

[c-c-2]

“Of Glory” by Giulio Bussi (1),Translated by Sir Aubrey de Vere (2), Samuel Waddington, comp. “The Sonnets of Europe”. 1888.

Glory, what art thou? Thee, despite of pain,

And want, and toil, the brave heart cherisheth:

Thee the pale student courts, wasting, in vain,

His primal youth, thy worshipper in death.

Glory, what art thou? Thine imperial breath

Speaks woe to all: with pangs do men obtain

An empty boon that duly perisheth,

Whose very fear of loss outweighs the gain.

Glory, what art thou then? A fond deceit,

Child of long suffering, empty air, a sweet

Prize that is sought with toil, but never found:

In life, by every envious lip denied;

In death, to ears that hear not a sweet sound:

Glory—thou fatal scourge of human pride!

I care not whose it was, mine it is now.

Illustration: “Camillus, Allegory of Glory” (3), ceiling fresco by Mariano Rossi (4)- Galleria Borghese - Rome, Italy.(5)

Notes: Count Giulio Bussi (born March 12, 1646 in Viterbo - died April 14, 1714 in the same city) was an Italian poet. Giulio Bussi was chamberlain to Pope Clement XI, and died in Viterbo on April 14, 1714. He was a member of the Academy of Arcadia in Rome. In addition to several musical dramas, comedies, and various poems, he published a verse translation of Ovid's “Heroides: Epistole eroiche d'Ovidio” translated in terza rima, Viterbe, 1703-1711, 2 parts in-12. It has been inserted, in part, into t. 24 of the large collection of translations of classical poets, printed in Milan, 1745, in-4°

(2) Sir Aubrey (Hunt) de Vere, 2nd Baronet (28 August 1788 – 5 July 1846)[3][2] was an Anglo-Irish poet and landowner. De Vere was the son of Sir Vere Hunt, 1st Baronet and Eleanor Pery, daughter of William Pery, 1st Baron Glentworth and his first wife Jane Walcott. He was educated at Harrow School, where he was a childhood friend of Lord Byron, and Trinity College, Dublin. He married Mary Spring Rice, the daughter of Stephen Edward Rice and Catherine Spring, and sister of Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon, in 1807. He succeeded to his father's title in 1818. He and Mary had five sons, including the third and fourth baronets, Aubrey and Stephen de Vere, and the poet Aubrey Thomas de Vere, and three daughters, two of whom died in infancy.

The Hunt/de Vere family estate for 300 years (1657–1957), including the period of the de Vere Baronetcy of Curragh, is the present-day Curraghchase Forest Park, in County Limerick. De Vere spent most of his life on the estate and was closely involved in its management. He suffered much trouble from his ownership of the island of Lundy, which his father, who was a notoriously poor businessman, had unwisely purchased in 1802, and which became a heavy drain on the family's finances. Sir Vere was never able to find a purchaser for Lundy, and it took his son until 1834 (or 1830) to dispose of it.

Sir Aubrey stood for election in the 1820 General Election and came in third with 2921 votes. He changed his surname from Hunt to de Vere on 15 March 1832, in reference to his Earl of Oxford ancestors, dating back to Aubrey de Vere I, a tenant-in-chief in England of William the Conqueror in 1086. He served as High Sheriff of County Limerick in 1811.

Wordsworth called his sonnets the most perfect of the age. These and his drama, “Mary Tudor: An Historical Drama”, were published by his son the poet Mr. Aubrey Thomas de Vere in 1875 and 1884.

De Vere produced numerous works over his lifetime. The most notable are: “Ode to the Duchess of Angouleme” (1815), “Julian the Apostate: A Dramatic Poem” (1822), “The Duke of Mercia: An Historical Drama” [with] “The Lamentation of Ireland, and Other Poems” (1823), “A Song of Faith: Devout Exercises and Sonnets” and his most famous work, “Mary Tudor: An Historical Drama.”

(3) Marcus Furius Camillus (possibly c. 448 – c. 365 BC[1]) is a semi-legendary Roman statesman and politician during the early Roman republic who is most famous for his capture of Veii and defence of Rome from Gallic sack after the Battle of the Allia. Modern scholars are dubious of Camillus' supposed exploits and believe many of them are wrongly attributed or otherwise wholly fictitious.The cognomen Camillus derives from the title of an aristocratic youth who helped in religious duties; it is possible that a young Camillus served in such a position. His filiation is identical with that of the consul of 413 BC, Lucius Furius Medullinus, which may indicate that Medullinus and Camillus were brothers.

Camillus is first firmly recorded as entering public office in 401 BC. He served in that year and again in 398 BC as consular tribune against the Falisci and the Capenates. Both were tribes near Rome and Veii. His first supposed office was that of censor (before having held any other public office) in the year 403 BC. He was then supposed to have, as dictator completed a campaign against Veii which saw the city captured in 396 BC. The specific story of Veii's capture in Livy is mostly legendary. After a ten-year siege (the third Veientine war) – "obviously modelled on the Greek legend of the Trojan war" – the Alban Lake rises supernaturally after a supposed prophecy of Veii's destruction in its "Books of Fate". The Romans then extirpate the prodigy by building a tunnel to drain the lake after being so instructed by the oracle at Delphi. Camillus, as commander, then persuades Veii's goddess, Juno Regina, to leave the city and move to Rome. Archaeological remains near Veii include blocked drainage tunnels from the fifth-century, which may indicate the possibility that this story in Livy arises a Romans breakthrough into the city through them.

Following the capture of the city, Livy reports that Camillus had its free population sold into slavery before the land was resettled with Roman citizens with land allotments of seven jugera. Archaeological evidence points to Romans switching quarries: after the capture of Veii's better-quality quarries, Roman structures switch largely to using stone sourced therefrom, which may suggest enslaved Veientine quarry workers. Camillus then celebrates a triumph and dedicates a temple of Juno on the Aventine. It is likely that many of the details of his return in Livy were copied from the less historically distant triumphal entrances of Scipio Africanus or Sulla.

In 394 BC, he supposedly secured the surrender of the Falisci in their main town of Falerii Veteres (modern Civita Castellana) after refusing to accept pupils from a schoolmaster as hostages. Much of the Livian narrative about the exchange with the schoolmaster is meant to recount an exemplum which stresses the importance of Roman good will (Latin: fides) and the importance of gentlemanly aristocratic behaviour. After taking Veii and Falisci, Camillus is supposed to have been prosecuted. Accounts differ: he may have been accused by the quaestors of misappropriating spoils of war or of his extravagance in purchasing four white horses for his triumph. Whatever the charge, though a quaestorian trial for misappropriation is more likely, Camillus was reportedly convicted and sent into exile. Historians believe this story of disgrace before the courts is modelled on fates of Achilles and Scipio Africanus and is meant to draw comparison with Themistocles and Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus. The underlying source for the story likely postdates the Sullan period and is an "evident anachronism".The story of conviction, however, likely did not happen and was instead adduced to place Camillus away from Rome when the Gallic sack occurs, excusing him of any blame for Rome's defeat.

In 390 BC (Varronian), more likely in actuality 387 BC, a large group of Gauls crossed the Apennines into northern Etruria.They advanced until they reached Roman territory and there defeated Rome's army at the Battle of the Allia. In the following days, they entered Rome and sacked it. They then induced the surrender of Roman holdouts on the Capitoline hill before receiving a large ransom of gold and withdrawing north. This account is corroborated by Greek sources as early as the 4th century BC; Polybius places the sack in the same year as the Peace of Antalcidas and the siege of Rhegium.

According to Livy, after the fall of the city, Camillus is recalled from exile at Ardea by the people and appointed again as dictator – even though a consular tribune was available to nominate a dictator in the normal fashion – in the city's hour of need. Then, at the climax of the Gallic sack, when a thousand pounds of gold is being weighed out, Camillus and a hastily organised army returns and defeats the Gauls, saving the city and recovering the ransom. This story was probably a creation of Roman annalists during the first century BC; Ogilvie in his Commentary on Livy, calls it "one of the most daring fabrications in Roman history.”

Other traditions have different narratives: for example, the Livii Drusi are supposed to have by single combat with a Gaul named Drausus recovered the same ransom; Plutarch records a fragment of Aristotle asserting that "a certain Lucius" (probably a Lucius Albinius who is recorded to have secreted away the Vestal Virgins and sacred objects to Caere) having saved the city. Polybius reports that rather than being defeated by Camillus, the Gauls occupied the city for some seven months before the Romans bought them off and they departed of their own accord to deal with an invasion of their territory by the Veneti. While the literary sources assert Rome was sacked and had to be rebuilt, there is no archaeological evidence of major damage to pre-fourth century BC buildings in the forum, which indicates that the sack – if it occurred – consisted largely of stealing portable property.

After the sack, Camillus is supposed to have led the opposition to a proposal circulating among the plebs to relocate the city to Veii. This story also cannot be accepted and is more likely "a reflection of the tensions that arose concerning the distribution of the conquered territory of Veii" and to introduce "anti-plebeian elements" into the Camillan narrative. The speech does not appear in Polybius and may have been invented c. 122 BC in order to oppose by historical precedent Gaius Gracchus' proposal to establish a colony at Carthage with further embellishment of its anti-Italian themes during the time of the Social War.

Regardless, the ancient tradition records that within a year after Rome was reduced to ruins, the city had been completely rebuilt and all rebellions by Roman allies suppressed due to the extraordinary leadership of Camillus, who is therefore regarded as the city's "second founder.” In these victories, he is supposed to have dedicated three gold saucers to Juno for victory against the Volscians, Aequians, and Etruscans all the next year in 389 BC. None of these achievements are mentioned in Polybius or Diodorus.

After his probably fictitious victories, Livy next reports Rome sending Camillus to take the city of Tusculum in 381 BC. The city, already surrounded by Roman territory, immediately surrenders and the inhabitants thereof are given Roman citizenship with some level of self-rule, becoming the first Roman municipium. Later sources view this as an act of magnanimity due to the later elevated status of municipia but at the time it was likely little more than annexation; Tusculum would be one of the first to revolt in the Second Latin War. Both Camillus' role in Manlius' sedition and his later dictatorship (engaging the Gauls and plebeian reforms) may be anachronistic and fictitious insertions.

The account of Dio, coming from a Byzantine summary by Zonaras, asserts Camillus was elected dictator in 384 BC to put down the sedition of Marcus Manlius Capitolinus, who is believed to be trying to make himself king. Camillus reportedly has Manlius arrested by a slave before a trial; Manlius is convicted and then thrown from the Tarpeian Rock. No such attribution is given in the accounts of Livy and Plutarch, who note Camillus merely as one of the six consular tribunes in that year.[

According to Livy, there are ten years in which Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus were elected plebeian tribunes continuously. During the last five or six years, they blocked the election of all magistrates in an attempt to pass what would become the Licinio-Sextian rogations. Camillus is alleged to have been elected dictator in 368 BC and attempted to obstruct their attempts, without success. But the next year, he is appointed dictator again. He then reconciles the plebeians and the patricians with a proposal to appoint a patrician-only praetor and curule aediles (in exchange for plebeian eligibility to the consulship); all accept the passage of the rogations and domestic harmony is restored; Camillus then constructs a temple to Concordia. "Very little of this narrative can be accepted as it stands". While Diodorus Siculus reports the length of the anarchy to have been merely one year, it is implausible that Rome could have been without magistrates for more than a few months. More damningly, a passage of Aulus Gellius' “Attic Nights” (5.4) preserves a fragment of Numerius Fabius Pictor that shows that alleged years where tribunes blocked all elections were a late annalistic invention, likely to line up Greek and Roman chronologies.

The three alleged rogations touched on a number of topics. The first rogation was a mechanism for debt relief. The second imposed a possession limit of 500 jugera of public land. The third was the reform that abolished the consular tribunate and required the election of consuls, one of which had to be a plebeian. Gary Forsythe, in “Critical history of early Rome”, accepts that the first law is consistent with voiced concerns over indebtedness from this period, that the second (limits on public land possession) is attested to in later speeches, and that the third is reflected in the consular fasti. Livy includes in the same year of this compromise, 367 BC, another alleged victory by Camillus over the Gauls. Modern scholars are especially suspicious of this report, especially because Livy notes confusion in his own sources over this victory, which is alternatively attributed to Titus Manlius Torquatus.

According the ancient Roman tradition, Camillus died during an epidemic that hit Rome in 365 BC. However, it is unlikely that any evidence of Camillus' death was known in later times: Münzer, writing in the “Realencyclopädie,” believes later annalists simply assumed Camillus died in the epidemic.

The traditional account of Camillus' life comes from Livy and Plutarch's eponymous “Life.” But these were based on a larger annalistic tradition which painted Camillus as the dominant figure in this period of history; Livy, for his part, organised his fifth and sixth books around Camillus' career (Camillus enters public office at the start of the fifth book and leaves it at the end of the sixth). Little evidence of this tradition survives, though fragments of Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius' work indicate that the myth of Camillus was well-established by the 80s and 70s BC.

The name Camillus is attested in the Etruscan François Tomb, built c. 300 BC near Vulci. One of the paintings therein describes a "Gneve Tarchunies Rumach" (probably Gnaeus Tarquinius the Roman) being killed by a "Marce Camitlnas" (possibly Marcus Camitilius or Marcus Camillus). It is not known, however, what specific legend the tomb depicts. Some scholars have suggested that Camitlnas refers to the Camillus of this article, but such attribution is problematic. Scholars believe Camillus qua person probably existed: the fasti, if believed, record his importance and influence in Roman public life at this time. But, in general, the quality of the sources – which interject "plenty of myth, embellishment, and fantasy" – led Mary Beard, in the book “SQPR,” to write "Camillus is probably not much less fictional than the first Romulus". Mommsen, writing in “Römisches Strafrecht,” called Camillus' legend "the most dishonest of all Roman legends". Tim Cornell, writing of Camillus, calls him "the most artificially contrived of all Rome's heroes". The source of scholars have suggested that Camillus emerged from a popular oral tradition which linked the names Camillus, Manlius Capitolinus, and Sulpicius to inscriptions placed on the temple of Juno Moneta (erected in 345 BC by Lucius Furius Camillus).

By the late republic, after centuries of embellishment from the fourth to the first century BC, the Romans believed that Camillus had captured Veii, saved the city from the Gallic sack, saved the city from foreign threats on all sides, opened the highest magistracies to the plebeians, ensured domestic harmony, and largely settled the struggle of the orders. Through it all, they believed he had held six consular tribunates and been dictator five times. For these reasons, he was hailed as the second founder of the city. A bronze statue of Camillus also bedecked itself on the rostra in the Forum.

His reputation by the Late Republic and Early Empire was such that Camillus was a source of exempla: fables giving lessons for Romans on how to act in line both with morals and with Roman tradition and procedures. One of the most famous ones is during Camillus' capture of Faliscii: one of their schoolmasters defects, bringing with him to the camp his pupils who are Faliscan nobles' children. Camillus, displaying his exemplary fides, has the schoolmaster reprimanded and punished by the pupils; the Faliscans then surrender the city before Camillus' good faith. Camillus is similarly alleged to have resigned a dictatorship to which he was appointed merely because of faulty procedure; Livy mentions it – an event that "almost certainly never took place" – as an example of Roman legal scruples. In all, Camillus is mentioned in Livy's “Ab urbe condita” as an example to be followed eight times, an "unusually high frequency", usually in relation to his alleged successes as a general, moderation in the face of hot-headed colleagues, and triumphant recall from exile.

The memory of Camillus became part of the public image of the first Roman emperor Augustus. The history of Livy, for example, may have been written to coincide at the beginning of a great year consisting of 360–365 years. Starting with Romulus, the cycle reaches a peak under King Servius Tullius before a second founding under Camillus, completing the cycle. The next cycle has a second peak in the time of Scipio Africanus before Augustus enters as the figure to re-found Rome again and restart the great year, with Livy suggesting that Romulus, Camillus, and Augustus are coequal heroic figures.

(4) Mariano Rossi (7 December 1731 - 24 October 1807) was an Italian painter, persisting in what had become an anachronistic Rococo style amid an ascendant neoclassical environment. His placement legions of figures in a complex scenography and quadrature recalls the work of Pietro da Cortona.

Mariano was born to poor parents in Sciacca, Sicily. He trained first in Palermo, then in Naples, and finally in Rome, where he studied under Marco Benefial. He was patronized by the illuminated charity of men of fashion (that is, wealthy individuals) He was paid 400 zecchini by the Cardinal Cardinal Bernis for a canvas depicting Joshua commanding Sun to stand still. He painted for the churches of Purgatorio and Santa Lucia in Sciacca, Sicily. In 1766, he was called to paint frescoes for the royal court in Turin. He then returned to Rome, where he painted a fresco in the grand salon of the Villa Borghese. During 1775-1779, he painted a large ceiling fresco depicting Marcus Furius Camillus Fighting Brennus and his Gauls, while Romulus Entreats Jupiter to Help Rome. The room displays some of the ancient Roman statuary, previously collected by Camillo Borghese. Other contemporary painters active in the Villa were Laurent Pecheux and Domenico de Angelis. Mariano joined the Academy of St Luke in 1776.

The Napoleonic invasion of Rome caused him to leave for Sicily. There he painted a Roger I Liberating of Sicily from the Saracens for the Palermo Cathedral. With the Bourbon restoration in Naples, he briefly painted again at the Palace of Caserta. But on moving back to Rome in 1804, he died and was buried in the church of Santa Susanna, Rome.

(5) The great hall of the Casino in the Villa Borghese, whose interiors were remodeled in a Neoclassical style by Antonio Asprucci, was adorned with a ceiling fresco that constitute a finale to the Baroque idiom, by that time altogether passé in Rome. The pictorial program takes up the theme of the classical forebears that great Roman families had so successfully invoked to create historical legitimacy for themselves. The Sicilian painter Mariano Rossi blended the legend of the victorious hero Furius Camillus with an allegory on Rome, its founders, its virtues, and its glory.

[mortonmattd]

Amazing Historical Events That Occurred on 4/28🎉 #shorts #history

Are you interested in history? If so, you'll be fascinated to learn about the amazing historical events that occurred on April 28th! Let's begin with the year 1202 when King Philip II of France expelled King John of England from his French territories. This was a pivotal moment in the conflict between the two monarchs and set the stage for further tensions to come.

Fast forward to 1635 when Virginia Governor John Harvey was accused of treason and subsequently removed from office. This event highlighted the political tensions of the time and shed light on the challenges faced by those in positions of power.

Moving on to 1788, we see a significant step in the formation of the United States as Maryland became the seventh state to ratify the US Constitution. This was a crucial moment in the country's history and laid the foundation for the freedoms and rights we enjoy today.

In 1796, the Ceasefire of Cherasco was signed between Sardinia and Napoleon Bonaparte, ending hostilities between the two parties. This was a moment of peace in an otherwise tumultuous time and marked a turning point in the relationship between these two powers.

Finally, we come to 1952 when Dwight D. Eisenhower resigned as the Supreme Commander of NATO, a position he had held for two years. This event had a significant impact on the Cold War and the diplomatic relations between the United States and its allies.

Overall, the historical events that occurred on April 28th demonstrate the complex and interconnected nature of the world we live in. They remind us of the challenges faced by those who came before us and the importance of working towards a better future. So sit back, relax, and enjoy this fascinating journey through history!

[housingconcierge]

Maryland 235th Anniversary of Statehood

Happy 235th Anniversary of Statehood to Maryland! Maryland is a state with a rich history, diverse culture, and natural beauty#Maryland235 #RealEstate #FindABroker #DreamHome #Relocation #Moving #StatehoodAnniversary

Maryland ratified the U.S. Constitution on April 28, 1788; it was the seventh of the original 13 states to join the Union. Its area was reduced with the cession in 1788 and formation in 1791 of the District of Columbia, resulting in generally the same boundary as the present state. Moving to Montgomery County, Maryland: A Guide to the Best Neighborhoods If you’re considering a move to…