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lolagrau95 · 1 year

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History Of Yoga Exercise

No person understands exactly just how old yoga exercise is. It originated as long as 10,000 to 5000 years ago. It was passed down orally and has actually experienced much advancement. The earliest recommendation to Yoga exercise was located when ancient excavations were made in the Indus valley - an outstanding effective and prominent people in the very early antique duration of amachi george. This advanced culture established around the Indus river and the long gone Sarasvati river in north India, on the boundary in the direction of Pakistan as well as had sewer system, baths as early as 2,600 BC.

While lots of religious beliefs remain to wish to make yoga their own creation, it comes from everyone. It has many elements that can be located in the Hindu and also Buddhist belief, but the basic principals are universal and based upon "the eight arm or legs of yoga exercise", which can be discovered in all faiths.

The Background of Yoga exercise is specified as four durations:

Vedic Duration, Pre-Classical Duration, Classical Duration, Blog Post Classical Period and also the Modern Duration

History Of Yoga Exercise

Yoga is said to be as old as world itself however the oral transmission of the technique, has left numerous voids in its history. Earliest archeological proof relating to yoga exercise's existence is found in Mohenjodaro seals dug deep into from the Indus valley, illustrating a figure seated in a typical yoga exercise posture. The stone seals position Yoga's presence around 3000 B.C

The Vedic Period

The next recommendation to yoga exercise is located in the Gear Veda, the oldest spiritual message on the planet. The Vedas, going back to 1500 and 1200 BC, are a collection of hymns, mantras as well as brahmanical routines that applauded a higher being. Yoga is described in guide as yoking or discipline with no mention of a technique or a technique to attain this discipline. The Atharva Veda as well states yoga with a recommendation to controlling the breath.

Pre-Classical Duration

The creation of the Upanishads, between 800 to 500 BC, marks the period called Pre-Classical Yoga. Words Upanishad indicates to rest close to and implies that the only means a student might learn the truths inscribed in the texts was by resting near a master.

The Maitrayaniya Upanishad outlined a six-fold course to freedom. This six-fold yoga path consisted of controlling the breath (pranayama), taking out the senses (pratyahara), meditation (dhyana), concentration (dharana), reflection (tarka), and absorption (samadhi). Patanjali's Yoga exercise Sutra was later to mirror these paths with higher clarification and also a few enhancements.

Two yoga self-controls gained prominence at this time: fate yoga exercise (course of activity or ritual) and jnana yoga (path of expertise or research of the scriptures). Both paths resulted in freedom or knowledge. The Bhagavad-Gita, made up around 500 BC later on included the bhakti yoga exercise (the path of dedication) to this course.

It was at the time of the Upanishads that the idea of ritual sacrifice was internalized and also became the suggestion of sacrifice of the vanity via self-knowledge, activity and also wisdom of amachi george. This continues to be a vital part of yoga's philosophy today. Similar to the Vedas, the Upanishads included nothing of what we would call as yoga exercise asana method today. The very first and also possibly most important discussion of yoga exercise can be found in the next period.

Timeless Duration

Written time in the second century, Patanjali's Yoga exercise Sutras developed a milestone in the background of yoga exercise, defining what is currently called the Timeless Duration This collection of 195 sutras (morals) is considered to be the first organized discussion of yoga exercise, as well as Patanjali is respected as the papa of yoga.

Patanjali defined the eight-limbed path of yoga (ashtanga yoga exercise), which explained a practical writing on living and laid out a course for achieving consistency of the mind, heart and soul. Rigorous adherence to which would certainly lead one to knowledge. The sutras still serve as a standard for staying in the globe, although modern-day yoga exercise no more sees the requirement to understand the eight limbs one by one.

Post-Classical Period

It was in this period that the belief of the body as a holy place was revived and also yogis designed a technique to invigorate the body and also to lengthen life. It was no more needed to get away from fact; instead the emphasis was much more living in the minute and also on the proper course. The exploration of the spiritual as well as the physical halves and also the requirement to harmonize the mind, body and also spirit resulted in the production of Tantra yoga exercise, to cleanse the body and mind, as well as to Hatha yoga in the nine or tenth century.

Modern Period

Yoga exercise in its present character owes a whole lot to discovered gurus that took a trip west to spread out the advantages of yoga exercise, or looked into and also produced different schools of yoga. In 1893 Swami Vivekanada dealt with the Parliament of Globe Religions in Chicago and also discussed Raja yoga about amachi george. Swami Sivanada created a number of books on yoga and also viewpoint and presented the 5 concepts of yoga. J.Krishnamurti, the prolific Indian theorist, affected thousands with his writings and also trainings on Jnana yoga exercise.

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ultraheydudemestuff · 1 year

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Beam Farm Woodland Archeological District

3983 Stone Rd. southwest

Sabina, OH

The Beam Farm Woodland Archaeological District is a group of archaeological sites in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. Located at 3983 Stone Road near the village of Sabina in Wilson Township, Clinton County, the district is composed of one Native American mound and two other archaeological sites spread out over an area of 2 acres. Known as the Beam Farm Mound and the Beam Sites 9 and 12 (designated 33-CN-194, 33-CN-195, and 33-CN-208 respectively), the sites that compose the district have yielded artifacts from the Adena culture and the Hopewell tradition, both of which inhabited southwestern Ohio during the Woodland period. Because both the Adena and the Hopewell lived around the mound, and because both cultures built mounds, the identity of the people who constructed the Beam Farm Mound cannot be established; all that can be known with reasonable certainty is that it was raised during the early or middle portion of the Woodland period, or between 800 B.C. and A.D. 500.

Built by people of the Adena or Hopewell cultures during the Early to Middle Woodland era (circa 800 B.C - 500 A.D), the Beam Farm Mound has stood on the uplands overlooking Anderson Fork for two thousand years. Although small, the Beam Farm Mound is significant as a well-preserved relic of Native American prehistory. The Beam family, which owns the property on which the district is located, has never permitted any excavation of the mound; while this has prevented conclusive identification of its builders, they have ensured that the mound remains undisturbed and pristine in the fields above the Anderson Fork. The owners, Marvin Beam Farms Ltd., and the Ohio Historical Society cooperated to place a historical marker at the site in 2001.

Notable among the thousands of commemorative burial mounds built by these associated prehistoric cultures throughout the Ohio Valley, the Beam Farm Mound has been protected by its caretakers and remains unexcavated. Similar mounds have revealed formal tombs and evidence of elaborate funerary rituals. Because of the archaeological value of the mound and the other sites, they were declared a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 22, 2006. It joined four other Clinton County archaeological sites that were already on the Register, the Cowan Creek Circular Enclosure and the Keiter, Hurley, and Hillside Haven Mounds.

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bookoformon · 1 year

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2 Nephi Chapter 12. "The Cedar."

Isaiah sees the latter-day temple, gathering of Israel, and millennial judgment and peace—The proud and wicked will be brought low at the Second Coming—Compare Isaiah 2. About 559–545 B.C.

1 aThe word that Isaiah, the son of Amoz, saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem:

Isaiah is Hebrew for what is called Iswara in Sanskrit, "ish-yashah", "unity of mankind with the Most High."

Amoz means "strong."

Isaiah Ben Amoz was the prophet's name, and both were "transition prophets" between the time the Jews were pagans under David and Solomon and then, around 800 BCE after the Empire split and fell, began speaking of Yah the Great God, called Ra in Egypt as if He were a solitary person, a being of great intellect that spoke and cared directly for humanity on a one-to-one basis.

Once Amoz and Isaiah Ben Amoz began prophesying on behalf of this Being without the use of gods, goddesses, statues, pictures and myths, everything on this world changed.

Judaism was born, a people called Israel were imagined into reality and given a mission: create a civilization that outwits bloody human history and abides in a caring God that is willing to provide without the tollgate of sacrifice.

At the time the Books of Amoz and Isaiah were being written, the Assyrians were asserting themselves across the Middle East. Solomon's decadence left the Hebrew people adrift, unable to confront or adapt to a fiercely legalistic and monotheistic culture.

The Torah, which began circa 500 BCE, with most of the books being finalized by 250 BCE when the Book of Genesis was completed, is the result. The Prophet Maimonedes rekindled the study of the Torah in the 12th Century, the Old Testament which put a stop to that was printed for the first time in 1453 CE when it was compiled alongside the books of the Tanakh inside the first printing of the Bible alongside the New Testament completely overshadowing the Torah in its sole and significant purpose, given by God not to mankind but to the Jew.

As the Prophet in the Book of Mormon says the logic is universal. The Torah, however, is Jewish. As we have seen and read, there are good reasons for this, hence the re-treading of the Book of Isaiah, the real gamechanger on this planet here:

2 And it shall come to pass in the last days, awhen the bmountain of the Lord’s chouse shall be established in the top of the dmountains, and shall be exalted above the hills, and all nations shall flow unto it.

3 And many people shall go and say, Come ye, and let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us of his ways, and we will walk in his paths; for out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.

4 And he shall ajudge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their swords into plow-shares, and their spears into pruning-hooks—nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.

5 O house of Jacob, come ye and let us walk in the light of the Lord; yea, come, for ye have all agone astray, every one to his bwicked ways.

6 Therefore, O Lord, thou hast forsaken thy people, the house of Jacob, because they be replenished from the east, and hearken unto asoothsayers like the bPhilistines (weakener), and they please themselves in the children of strangers.

7 Their land also is full of silver and gold, neither is there any end of their atreasures; their land is also full of horses, neither is there any end of their chariots.

Horse drawn chariots are inferior to a man who is mature and in charge of his behavior as often as possible.

8 Their land is also full of idols; they worship the work of their own hands, that which their own fingers have made.

9 And the mean man aboweth bnot down, and the great man humbleth himself not, therefore, forgive him not.

10 O ye wicked ones, enter into the rock, and ahide thee in the dust, for the fear of the Lord and the glory of his majesty shall smite thee.

11 And it shall come to pass that the alofty looks of man shall be humbled, and the haughtiness of men shall be bowed down, and the Lord alone shall be exalted in that day.

12 For the aday of the Lord of Hosts soon cometh upon all nations, yea, upon every one; yea, upon the bproud and lofty, and upon every one who is lifted up, and he shall be brought low.

13 Yea, and the day of the Lord shall come upon all the cedars of Lebanon, for they are high and lifted up; and upon all the oaks of Bashan;

Bashan is the place of oaks which "protrude" where as Cedars are tall. Og "the king of the gossipers" was the king of Bashan.

Cedars which were found in Lebanon the place of purity "brothers of Laban" are therefore the sacred tree.

Exalting God makes the cedar grow tall. To worship a man as if he were a god and pervert the kids of strangers, these are the oaks.

14 And upon all the high mountains, and upon all the hills, and upon all the nations which are lifted up, and upon every people;

15 And upon every ahigh tower, and upon every fenced wall;

16 And upon all the ships of the asea, and upon all the ships of Tarshish "a white dove seeking entry", and upon all pleasant pictures.

17 And the loftiness of man shall be bowed down, and the ahaughtiness of men shall be made low; and the Lord alone shall be exalted in bthat day.

18 And the idols he shall utterly abolish,

We read earlier about Zenock and Zenos, "God within the man" and "free floating knowledge", instituted the the culmination of mankind. It took place first in a Christ, and then became free floating again.

The name "Isaiah" is another term for the relationship between Zenos and Zenock. As the knowledge in the Writing enters the animal-man and is expressed, it becomes torah, or "efforts". Torahs continually educate mankind about the nature of civilized existence. They are found in between the ears, "the holes in the rocks", not between men and their idols:

19 And they shall go into the holes of the rocks, and into the caves of the earth, for the fear of the Lord shall come upon them and the aglory of his majesty shall smite them, when he ariseth to shake terribly the earth.

20 In that day a man shall cast his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which he hath made for himself to worship, to the moles and to the bats;

Idol worship is considered the practice of an immature mankind, for the "moles" AKA the under age:

From Ishut:

10.

A male, from birth until the age of thirteen, is called a katan (minor) and/or a tinok (baby). Even if several [pubic] hairs grow [on his body] during this time, they are [not significant according to Jewish law] and are considered to be merely hairs growing from a mole. If, however, two hairs grow in the pubic area after he attains the age of thirteen years and one day, [his status changes, and] he is considered a gadol (adult male) and/or an ish (man).

The God of Israel, subsequently, cannot be found in the mole's hole, only in the rocks at the top:

21 To go into the clefts of the rocks, and into the tops of the ragged rocks, for the fear of the Lord shall come upon them and the majesty of his glory shall smite them, when he ariseth to shake terribly the earth.

22 Cease ye from man, whose breath is in his nostrils; for wherein is he to be accounted of?

So long as mankind believes in man shaped Gods or murder is an acceptable way of becoming fit before God, the Walls of Jerusalem will remain unbreakable.

Idols, like Jesus Christ belong between the ears and behind the eyes in the House of God where they belong, as they can never be a part of the phenomenal world, only His Laws about which we speak:

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tvdmmedia · 1 year

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vimeo

Ijzertijd komt to leven from Ton van de Merwe on Vimeo.

A video from my visit to the Iron age farm Dongen in the Netherlands on May 21 2023

The following music was used for this media project: Music: Childhood by Sascha Ende Free download: filmmusic.io/song/448-childhood License (CC BY 4.0): filmmusic.io/standard-license

In 2000, the archaeological working group of the Heemkundekring De Heerlyckheit Dongen picked up the plan to make a reconstruction of an Iron Age farm and to connect public activities to it. In 2003 the land became available and work began on the wooded banks and the fence. In 2004, construction began on a gazebo and later the farm building. In 2004, the Dongen Iron Age Farm Foundation was also established to take charge of the organization. In 2005, the farm opened to the public.

The Iron Age began when bronze was largely replaced by iron (800 BCE) and ended with the arrival of the Romans in our country (50 BCE). However, bronze and flint objects continued to be used during the Iron Age as well. The Iron Age constitutes the youngest prehistoric period because history was written down with the arrival of the Romans. The Iron Age has three periods: Early (800 - 500 B.C.), Middle (500 - 250 B.C.) and Late Iron Age (250 - 50 B.C.).

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k00279204-student-lit · 2 years

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Research- Roman Numerals

Roman numerals obviously originated in ancient Rome. They first came up with these seven symbols between 900 and 800 B.C. (I, V, X, L, C, D and M) they got tired of constantly counting everything on their hands and getting confused when they got to ten. it was essential for communication and trading. this counting system was made based on a person's hand.

"I" was one unit or finger, and the "V" represented five fingers. The V-shape was made by the thumb and forefinger. "X" equalled 10. (two hands)

M = 1,000 — Φ — Mille is the Latin word for a thousand. another symbol used — CIƆ

D = 500 — IƆ — half of CIƆ.

C = 100 theta — Θ — centum is the Latin word for a hundred.

L = 50 — Ψ

There are still many examples of Roman numerals on building cornerstones, movie credits, monarchs, popes, the Olympics and the Super Bowl. It is still even taught in school through the use of periodic tables in science and can be seen in astronomy.

Music theory employs Roman numerals in notation symbols

The Roman system was fine for recording amounts of things, but not so useful for multiplying these amounts. The abacus was also useful at this time but still was very limited.

it is still seen daily in peoples’ names, it is a tradition in some families that names get passed down. it happened mostly in boys being named after the father. Eg. John Smith Jr, then John Smith II. Then his son is named John Smith III, etc. I remember finding it interesting in a series called Gilmore girls where the main character Lorelei named her daughter Lorelei because while in labour she thought it was sexist of only men to name their sons after themselves.

#roman numerals #abacus #movement #elements

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preppernewstoday · 2 years

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(Continued from Part 2.) Reloading for a Chilean Mauser Converted to 7.62 NATO In my experience reloading for another Ludwig Loewe Chilean Mauser, I found good accuracy and top velocities that duplicated some of the most accurate 7.62×51 NATO ammunition using IMR3031 for both 150 and 165 grain bullets. Using military brass, somewhere between 38 to 40 grains of IMR3031 under a 165 to 168 grain bullet, will duplicated the old Navy Match Load. A maximum of 42 grains of IMR3031 will duplicate 7.62×51 NATO trajectories with good accuracy, and that also happens to be close to where these rifles originally had their sights adjusted when they are re-arsensalized and the new 76.2 barrel installed. If the sights have not been altered in some way, the 165 grain load could be close to dead on at 25 yards. To take full advantage of the long barrel, use 168 to 175 grain projectiles with modern ballistic coefficients. The military ball ammunition with the designation of M118 is designed for accuracy at long range. M80 ball ammunition uses a 150 grain bullet is intended for box fed automatic or semi automatic rifles for shorter ranges, usually less than 500 meters. M80 is in general, not as accurate as M118. For moderately long ranges out to 800 yards, and further if you can, M118 ball ammunition would be ideal in this rifle. M118 ball ammunition is made for hitting small targets at extended distances. I would not be surprised to chrongraph a 173 grain projectile at 2,700fps out of this rifle. And this would simply be outstanding. A reloader could install a 176 grain Hornady A-tip with a G1 B.C. of .564, and nearly duplicate the trajectory of 140 grain 6.5 Creedmor load out of a 22 or 24 inch barrel. Modern powders and bullets are changing the game for older rifles. Too bad they do not make a magic powder for aging hermits! Unfortunately, I can not recommend any commercially produced ammuntion that offers soft point bullets. Hunting ammunition may only be available to those who can reload using soft point bullets. A reloader can remove the FMJ military bullet and install a soft point or polymer-tipped bullet of the same weight if the length of the bullet and the C.O.L., cartridge overall length remains the same. However, one should proceed as if they are working up a new load and reduce the powder charge by 10 percent and work up. If reloading for this action with a carbine length barrel that yields lower velocities that produces at most 2300 to 2,400fps, I recommend expensive premium expanding bullets such as Nosler Ballistic Tips and Hornady GTX bullets design for the .30-30 that will still expand at velocities as low as 1,600fps. Yet ideally, for faster kills, velocity at impact should be no lower than 2,200fps as the effect of hydrostatic shock greatly diminishes thereafter. A softer bullet that expands quickly at velocities below 2,400fps help compensate for a lack of hydrostatic shock that be diminished inside of 100 yards. Bullet construction and other aspects of cartridge design is a much-misunderstood part of reloading. that becomes more of an issue at longer ranges when fired using lower pressure cartridges and through very short 18 inch carbine length barrels. The carbine has it’s place however, and is wonderfully handy. It would be a good home defense and woods rifle where ranges are particularly short. Factory 7.62 NATO Ammuntion for Converted 7.62 NATO M95 Mausers Use only genuine 7.62×51 NATO military ball ammuntion as produced by well-respected manufacturers such as Lake City Arsenal, and IMI. Do not use any factory ammunition with a designation for .308 Winchester. Stick with only the recommend 7.62 NATO ammunition. .308 Winchester will produce dangerously high pressures and likely ruin the action by setting the bolt back, and possibly rupture a case and leak high-pressure gasses into the face of the shooter. The action of the Ludwig Loewe Chilean Mauser can indeed safely handle genuine 7.62 NATO ammunition, yet

the buyer of this rifle needs to understand the difference in ammunition types, and only purchase only genuine military ball ammunition, and not commerical ammunition that is labeled as 7.62×51 NATO. I can only recommend this rifle if the buyer has a clear understanding of the different types of ammunition. If there is any question about what ammunition is appropriate for this rifle, then consult your local gunsmith. Here are two excellent choices and examples of ammuntion for this rifle: From Midway: To reitierate and reinforce, the appropriate ammunition for this rifle is 7.62×51 NATO that is loaded to a considerably lower pressure, 46,000CUP, or 51,000psi versus .308 Winchester, 62,000psi, and uses a cartridge case that is significantly thicker and stronger at the base portion of the case, or case head. As I have reloaded for this and other antique rifles, I’ve concluded via experience with commercial ammunition, that some manufacturers have allowed their marketing departments too much artistic license in describing their ammunition that can be labeled incorrectly, or inadvertently confused with higher pressured .308 Winchester ammunition that is dangerously high for antique actions. And their ammunition is not necessarily held the strict standards and design parameters required to meet exacting specifications for genuine 7.62 NATO ammunition. The result is that over time, the distinction between the ammunition types has been blurred, and some shooters of this rifle became understandably confused. 7.62 NATO Ammo is Not the same as .308 Winchester IHMO, this trend persisted because modern gas operated semi auto rifles are indeed strong enough to tolerate the higher pressures, whereas that the M14 that the cartridge was designed for, required that only specific powders and lower pressures be used to avoid damaging the mechanical parts, primarily the op rod that is heart of it’s gas operated action. The M14 is essentially a modified and improved M1 Garand. The Navy’s version of the M1 Grand was the first service rifle to used 7.62×51 NATO spec ammunition. All the powders used in this ammunition will not harm the M1 Grand that was the platform used to develop this ammunition. The op-rod could be damaged by the duration and intensity of peak pressures within the barrel that needed to occur before reaching the gas port at the end of the barrel, so as not to overdrive the operating rod (“op rod”) and bend it. The M1 Garand, and its relations, the M14 and the M1A — the civilian semi-automatic version of the M14, cannot tolerate an over-gassed system, a condition that is caused by the use of incorrect rifle powders, cartridge pressures, and bullet weights. Therefore 7.62×51 NATO cartridges are held to strict design specifications. Now you know that .308 Winchester is not the same as 7.62 NATO, and why “7.62 N” is stamped on the receiver of this Mauser. And to further reiterate, we can see why modern military gas-operated rifles must only use an ammunition type that is specifically designed for these fine machines. Modern gas-operated rifles such as semi-auto LR308, or AR-10 pattern rifles, FN FALs, PTR91s, and other gas-operated semi-autos that use 7.62×51 NATO, do not necessarily have the same exact vulnerabilities as did the M14 (M1A), and M1 Garand, yet these others are designed to operate using this ammunition. They design to a standard that is 7.62 NATO ammunition sets, and for a reason. As 7.62 NATO is the ammunition that is part of an ammunition supply to most western countries’ armed forces, there is a massive amount of the ammunition type in existence that it essentially set the standard for armies of western civilization. The FN FAL has a gas adjustment at the gas block, so that it can tolerate heavy 7.62 ball for machine guns and for 7.62 NATO that might be a bit stout for its action. These military rifles are not designed for .308 Winchester. If used, if not sooner, over time, the mechanisms of various gas-operated

rifles, and their barrels can experience accelerated wear, or can become damaged at an accelerated rate, if the higher in pressure .308 Winchester ammunition is used in large or smaller quantitiy. Semi-automatic rifles are finely tuned machines comprised of levers and springs that once worn, or damaged by excessive force, becasue the system is ‘over gassed’, can eventually fail to operate as designed. Use only the highest quality 7.62 NATO ammunition you can find, and not ammo made in Turkey or Timbucktoo. Even though there exists a standard, you may never really know what you are going to get. Lake City ball is the best way to go. As discretion is the better part of valor, if you are unsure about these matters, take it to a gunsmith and let him determine the best ammunition for this rifle for you, then buy a lifetime supply of that. It’s like taking your car to a mechanic. Ammunition for Antique Rifles in 6.5×55 “The 6.5×55 is a forgiving, well balanced cartridge and practically any medium-slow burning rifle powder will prove suitable. Among the powders tested that provided top accuracy for Nosler technicians were VARGET (with 100 grain bullets), AA-3100 (with 120 grain bullets), IMR 4350 (with 125 grain bullets), and RL-22 (with 140 grain bullets). The Speer Reloading Manual No. 13 shows that their 120 grain spitzer bullet (BC .433) can be driven to a MV of 2650 fps with 45.0 grains of IMR 4831 powder, and 2886 fps with 49.0 grains of the same powder. The Speer 140 grain spitzer (BC .496) can be driven to a MV of 2449 fps by 44.0 grains of RL22 powder, and 2671 fps by 48.0 grains of RL22. Speer recommends the 120 grain bullet for antelope and the smaller deer, and the 140 grain bullet for large deer and black bear. The good old boys at Speer tested these loads in a Ruger M77 rifle with a 22″ barrel, and used Federal cases and CCI 200 primers. The Hornady Handbook of Cartridge Reloading, Sixth Edition shows that their sleek 129 grain Spire Point and SST bullets can be driven to a MV of 2700 fps by all eight powders listed. Examples would be 42.4 grains of IMR 4350, 45.5 grains of H450, 42.1 grains of Win. 760, or 45.4 grains of RL-22. A typical starter load would be represented by 34.4 grains of RL-22 for a MV of 2300 fps. These loads used Hornady brass and Winchester WLR primers, and were chronographed in a Model 1896 Mauser with an 29″ barrel. The fifth edition of the Nosler Reloading Guide lists loads for their excellent 125 grain Partition bullet in front of 41.5 grains of IMR 4350 powder at a MV of 2592 fps, and 45.5 grains of 4350 at a MV of 2910 fps. Norma cases and Remington 9 1/2 primers were fired in a 23″ barrel to develop these loads. The Sierra Edition V data manual shows that 36.5 grains of RL-22 behind their 160 grain bullet is good for a MV of 2200 fps, while 40.5 grains of RL-22 can drive the same bullet to a MV of 2400 fps. Federal cases and Federal 210 primers along with a Model 96 Swedish Mauser rifle with a 29″ barrel was used to develop these loads. The 6.5×55 is one of my very favorite hunting cartridges and very easy to reload. Almost any hunter/reloader who tries it is bound to be pleased.” Everything Chuck Hawks said then is still true today, and it is hard to add more to his description, yet as decades have passed, more experience with this cartridge has caused reloaders to discover modern powders that are much less temperature sensitive, and we now have modern bullets to work that offer extreme high ballistic coefficients. These will further improved the Swedish Mauser’s legendary performance. The real 6.5 Swede fans call the 6.5 Creedmoor (6.5×48), the “6.5 Cost More”. The 6.5×55 is still king in Sweden. With the advent of 6.5CM came with it, a rush to develop the very best 6.5 bullets created in the history of mankind. Folks like me who are Swedish at heart will take the best projectiles that the 6.5CM crowd has to offer. Yet higher ballistic coefficient bullets are not all that we should be after to improve our game and rifle’s performance.

An Antique M96 Swedish Mauser Versus a Brand New 6.5 Creedmoor In a cut down version of a table previously used is the proof that the old long barreled Swede is not long in the tooth. In a comparison, I used proven data for RL22 that delivers top accuracy at top velocities that exemplifies the most competitive loading that the old Swede can shoot to blow away the best examples that the 6.5CM can bring into the ring. This load is right near the maximum allowable pressures for an antique M96, that is at 46,000 CUP (Approximately 51,000 psi). The craftsmanship that went into the early Mauser M93s, M95s, and M96s is top shelf, but the Swedish Government insisted that the Germans make the M96 with naturally occurring and superior Swedish steel alloy that contained nickel and other elements that differentiates the M96 from the other Mausers of that era. Swedish steel notwithstanding, the pressure limits are limits to be respected. The 29-inch M96 barrel compensates for the lack of pressure use to accelerate a 140 grain mass, where as the 6.5 Creedmoor uses modern high chamber pressures near 62,000 psi. Swedish Mauser barrels, antique or not, not only have superior metallurgy of that time, but because of the lower pressure cartridges, excellent armory maintenance, and use of non corrosive primers, the barrels in these rifles are some of the best in condition that can be found on antique. My 1905-dated Model 1896 Mauser has a ‘zero’ bore that is essentially new in condition that I believe was made on the same production line that a 1898 M96 was put together on. It is sub MOA with H4350, using an inexpensive 140 grain hunting bullet. Some believe that Swedish Mauser barrels never completely wear out. They do, but only after an inordinate amount of rounds, perhaps after 10,000 rounds or more. Because of the very high pressures, and the almost over-bore caliber, the 6.5CM could be expected to lose its fine accuracy after only a few thousand rounds. Old Swedes just keep on a-goin’, round after round. With this fact in hand, embrace the long barrelled antique rifles if your aim is to put rounds down range at greater distances. Swedish Mausers will be in any serious rifle enthusiaist’s inventory making scarcity of these fine rifles a real issue, and a rifle that naturally fetches a premium price. Some consider it the finest Mauser ever produced. Range Drop Windage Velocity Energy 6.5 Creedmoor 500yd -46.9 9.6 1900.1 1122.1 Ammunition, Hornady, 140 gain Super Shock Tip, 24″ barrel at 2,717 fps 6.5×55, M96 500yd -43.2 7.6 2047.1 1330.4 Handload, 46.5 grains RL22, Hornady 143 grain ELD-X (Extremely Low Drag-eXpanding) bullet used in a 29″ barrel at 2,754 fps. Commercial Ammunition is easily found at a competitive price as compared to the least expensive common calibers. The best premium ammunition might be Lapua, but be sure not to purchase ammunition from European manufacturers that also sell 6.5×55 for modern rifles. This ammunition is labeled discretely as 6.5x55SE, or SKAN. Do not use this ammunition. first try a box of Privi Partizan 140 grain SP, or their 120 grain match load before spending the big bucks on Lapua. A M96 with a good bore is not picky. This could be a good economical and techical best choice for ranges that are 600 yards and less, as the 120 grain round shoots flatter than loads that use 140 grain bullets. Ammoseek.com is still the best way to find ammuntion at the lowest prices. Buy 5 differnt box of 20 rounds and shoot two groups of 10 with each box to determine the ammunition the shoots the most accurately in your rifle. Privi Paritizan 6.5×55 120 grain Match load, $1.36/rd This is an affordable general purpose hunting round that may also shoot close to MOA or even tighter. I would expect the M96 to shoot 1.5 MOA groups or better with commercial ammunition. 1.5 MOA is accurate enough for targets out to around 500 yards. If you’ve got a sub-MOA load, then you are good out to 1,000 yards.

Prvi Partizan Ammo 6.5×55 139gr SP 20 per box. $1.25/rd At the time of this writing, I use ammoseek.com to find the lowest cost per round available and found some at $0.95 cents/rd. Sellier & Bellot SB6555C Rifle 6.5×55 Swedish 140 gr Full Metal Jacket (FMJ) 20 Bx/ 20 Cs $19.04/box. Try some more expensive offerings if you need precision level accuracy. The worn barrel on my M1938 Swedish Mauser is a bit picky, so it takes longer to find an accurate load out of that barrel, but it can still shoots MOA once the correct ammunition is found. The 140 grain is the best choice if one is looking for accuracy. If your Swede is a M94 carbine, then for the most accurate and best hunting ammunition, I would use 160-grain Hornady soft points. Essentially you would then have .30-30 trajectories and punch, and a good brush gun. (To be concluded tomorrow, in Part 4.)

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friendswithclay · 2 years

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CHAVÍN CULTURE, CUPISNIQUE STYLE

Stirrup-spout vessel with feline faces ca. 800-500 B.C. Burnished and stippled black ceramic; height 22.5 cm.

North coast, Chicama Valley National Museum of Anthropology and Archacology, Lima

#friendswithclay #pottery #peruvian pottery #peru

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blueiscoool · 3 years

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Norwegian Archaeologists Find Late Iron Age Longhouses

Copenhagen, Denmark - Norwegian archaeologists said Monday they have found a cluster of longhouses, including one of the largest in Scandinavia, using ground-penetrating radar in the southeastern part of the country - in an area that researchers believe was a central place in the late Nordic Iron Age.

The longhouses - long and narrow, single-room buildings - were found in Gjellestad, 86 kilometers (53 miles) southeast of Oslo near where a Viking-era ship was found in 2018 close to the Swedish border.

"We have found several buildings, all typical Iron Age longhouses, north of the Gjellestad ship. The most striking discovery is a 60-meter (197-foot) long and 15-meter (49-foot) wide longhouse, a size that makes it one of the largest we know of in Scandinavia," archaeologist Lars Gustavsen at Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research said in a statement.

The importance of Gjellestad during that time period wasn't immediately known. But the body, known by its Norwegian acronym NIKU, said it was working on finding that out.

This autumn, archaeologists covered 40 hectares (about 100 acres) south, east and north of were the Gjellestad ship was found with the radar system, and one of the next steps are archaeological excavations, NIKU said.

The surveys are the first part of a research project called "VikingNativity: GjellestadAcrossBorders" where archaeologists, historians and Viking age specialists have examined the development of the area during the Nordic Iron Age that began at around 500 B.C. and lasted until approximately A.D. 800 and the beginning of the Viking Age.

"We do not know how old the houses are or what function they had. Archaeological excavations and dating will help us get an answer to this," said Sigrid Mannsaaker Gundersen, another archaeologist.

They have also found several ploughed-out burial mounds in nearby fields.

"We are not surprised to have found these burial mounds, as we already know there are several others in the surrounding area," Gustavsen said. " Still, these are important to know about to get a more complete picture of Gjellestad and its surroundings."

#Norwegian Archaeologists Find Late Iron Age Longhouses #vikings #viking age #archeology #history #history news #ancient history #ancient civilizations

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world-miracles · 2 years

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New Seven Wonders of the World

Great Wall of China (China) Built between the 5th century B.C. and the 16th century, the Great Wall of China is a stone-and-earth fortification created to protect the borders of the Chinese Empire from invading Mongols. The Great Wall is actually a succession of multiple walls spanning approximately 4,000 miles, making it the world's longest manmade structure.

Christ the Redeemer Statue (Rio de Janeiro)

Sam Valadi via Flickr Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 2.0

The Art Deco-style Christ the Redeemer statue has been looming over the Brazilians from upon Corcovado mountain in an awe-inspiring state of eternal blessing since 1931. The 130-foot reinforced concrete-and-soapstone statue was designed by Heitor da Silva Costa and cost approximately $250,000 to build - much of the money was raised through donations. The statue has become an easily recognized icon for Rio and Brazil.

Machu Picchu (Peru)

Bruce Tuten via Flickr Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 2.0

Machu Picchu, an Incan city of sparkling granite precariously perched between 2 towering Andean peaks, is thought by scholars to have been a sacred archaeological center for the nearby Incan capital of Cusco. Built at the peak of the Incan Empire in the mid-1400s, this mountain citadel was later abandoned by the Incas. The site remained unknown except to locals until 1911, when it was rediscovered by archaeologist Hiram Bingham. The site can only be reached by foot, train or helicopter; most visitors visit by train from nearby Cusco.

Chichen Itza (Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico)

Pavel via Flickr Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 2.0

The genius and adaptability of Mayan culture can be seen in the splendid ruins of Chichen Itza. This powerful city, a trading center for cloth, slaves, honey and salt, flourished from approximately 800 to 1200, and acted as the political and economic hub of the Mayan civilization. The most familiar ruin at the site is El Caracol, a sophisticated astronomical observatory

The Roman Colosseum (Rome)

Sam Valadi via Flickr Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 2.0

Rome's, if not Italy's, most enduring icon is undoubtedly its Colosseum. Built between A.D. 70 and 80 A.D., it was in use for some 500 years. The elliptical structure sat nearly 50,000 spectators, who gathered to watch the gladiatorial events as well as other public spectacles, including battle reenactments, animal hunts and executions. Earthquakes and stone-robbers have left the Colosseum in a state of ruin, but portions of the structure remain open to tourists, and its design still influences the construction of modern-day amphitheaters, some 2,000 years later.

Taj Mahal (Agra, India)

Brandon Price via Flickr Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 2.0

A mausoleum commissioned for the wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, the Taj Mahal was built between 1632 and 1648. Considered the most perfect specimen of Muslim art in India, the white marble structure actually represents a number of architectural styles, including Persian, Islamic, Turkish and Indian. The Taj Mahal also encompasses formal gardens of raised pathways, sunken flower beds and a linear reflecting po

Petra (Jordan)

Dennis Jarvis via Flickr Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 2.0

Declared a World Heritage Site in 1985, Petra was the capital of the Nabataean empire of King Aretas IV, and likely existed in its prime from 9 B.C. to A.D. 40. The members of this civilization proved to be early experts in manipulating water technology, constructing intricate tunnels and water chambers, which helped create an pseudo-oasis. A number of incredible structures carved into stone, a 4,000-seat amphitheater and the El-Deir monastery have also helped the site earn its fame.

#worldmiracles #History

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shalomanna · 3 years

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In Maya, ca means “two”, lak means “adjacent”, and mul signifies any artificial mound or pyramid, so Calakmul is the “City of the Two Adjacent Pyramids”. In ancient times, the city core was known as Ox Te’ Tuun, meaning “Three Stones”. The city existed for twelve centuries from (550 B.C. – 900 A.D.).

Calakmul’s southern location in the state of Quintana Roo places it in the center of the Peten Mayan Region. The inhabitants were influenced from both the north and south and belonged to a coalition that included the Maya settlements of El Mirador, Nakbé, and Uaxactún in the Maya lowlands. Calakmul was the largest and most powerful settlement in the coalition. This alliance was in constant conflict with its southern neighbors, especially Tikal located across the contemporary border of Guatemala.

During its heyday in the Classic Period 500 A.D. to 800 A.D., Calkmul was a powerhouse, with over 50,000 inhabitants, 6700 structures and various sacbes for commerce. The entire site is over 70 square kilometers (27 sq mi), though only a portion is open to the public. It is thought that the governing body of Calamkul had direct influence over settlements located up to 150 kms away, growing its direct impact from 50,000 inhabitants to over 200,000. If additional outer lying areas are included, Calakmul influenced over 1.5 million people. How the settlement was structured and built feels similar to Coba in the Yucatan, with a main plaza that led to various secondary urban centers. Its influence stood over 12 centuries and is thought to have more structures than any other excavated Maya settlements in the region.

#culturamaya #mayas #calakmul #pyramid #temple #México

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dailyaudiobible · 4 years

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12/09/2020 DAB Transcript

Joel 1:1-3:21, Revelation 1:1-20, Psalms 128:1-6, Proverbs 29:18

Today is the 9th day of December welcome to the Daily Audio Bible I am Brian and it is a joy and an honor and a privilege to be here with you today just like it is every day of the year. I'm excited for us to take our next step forward in the Scriptures. That next step forward is actually going to lead us into new territory in both old and new Testaments. So, we have two books that we are entering into today that we need to talk about and the first one that we will encounter is the next of the minor prophets in the Old Testament, and this book is known as Joel and we’ll read the entire book of Joel in our reading today. So, let’s just kind of get a little bit of understanding of what we’re reading.

Introduction to the book of Joel:

Nobody really knows exactly which Joel wrote the book of Joel. There are people…other people in the Bible that have the name Joel but…but scholars believe that these are the…any of them are the author of this prophetic book although the language of the book does share kind of a style with other prophets, prophets, like Ezekiel or Jeremiah or Amos or Micah in the minor prophets or Zephaniah. So, that leads to conjecture like so much of the scholarship that surrounds the origins of the Bible. On the one hand it…it could be that the book of Joel is the work of more than one prophet or it could be that the writer of Joel, Joel, this Joel that we’re talking about was in fellowship with other prophets, maybe even in close proximity to other prophets, so they shared kind of a common vernacular. And, so, with repeated readings of these texts these similarities become apparent. But those are like plausible ideas. The text itself doesn't really give any historical clues. So, dating the book is really, really difficult at least with any precision. If we’re just kind of like aggregating the ideas, somewhere between 500 and 800 B.C. like a three-century span here, somewhere between 500 and 800 years before Jesus came. And what we’ll see is that Joel wrote of this massive overwhelming horde of locusts that invaded the land and just destroyed the vegetation of the land, including all the crops. And, so, following that, as you can imagine, famine because there's no food. And, so, a plague and then a great famine. And Joel uses this as the backdrop to call the children of Israel to repentance. And its thought that the locusts…like this isn’t a vision, this isn't like a metaphor or an allegory. There probably was this type of locust invasion and people knew of the circumstances and had endured these things. And, so, when Joel's speaking of these things people know exactly what he's talking about and so they’re listening. And as is the case with the other prophets, the prophet is essentially announcing a fork in the road like that. Things have reached a point where like this is the last stop. This is where you either get off the train or you stay on the train and go straight into destruction. And if they stay on the train headed for destruction, then…then they will encounter the great and terrible day of the Lord as Joel describes it. But there is an alternative path as there typically is in the prophets, a path of restoration, a path of repentance. And following that path in the book of Joel leads us to some of the most encouraging and famous passages in the Scriptures, things like “I'll pour out my spirit upon all people and your sons and your daughters will prophesy, and your old men will dream dreams, and your young men will see visions”, stuff like that. So, God through Joel is saying, “you can have the great and terrible day of the Lord, or you can have Me pouring out my spirit upon all of you. The choice is yours.” And friends, the choice is still ours. And, so, let's dive into the book of Joel understanding that not matter what's been going on, no matter what the locusts have eaten, restoration is still always possible. And, so, we’re reading from the English Standard Version this week. Joel its entirety, which is three chapters.

Introduction to the book of Revelation:

Okay. So, that is Joel in its entirety and now we flip the page or flip several pages into the New Testament, and we find ourselves at the very final book in the New Testament, and this book is called Revelation. And there isn’t a book in the Bible that seems to have captured the fascination of…of its readers more than this book. And it's been interpreted many, many various ways through many various lenses over many centuries, in fact, over thousands of years. And these interpretations can be fantastic just wild stuff and then there are more pragmatic attempts to try to find out what's going on in this book. And, so, revelation tells us, it self-identifies the author as is John. It's just…we don’t have like a last name. We didn't have those then. And, so, which John are we talking about because this is not particularly an uncommon name? So, traditionally we would accept the author being the apostle John who wrote other portions of the New Testament as well - the gospel of John and first, second and third John. But this isn’t like a straight line and this isn't like modern scholarship trying to tear things apart. that's been questioned since at least the third century and that debate continues to the presence but without, you know, without new evidence, without something archaeologically being discovered that would give more clues or that would paint a more complete picture, the tradition…the tradition holds just as strongly as any other explanation that the…it was the apostle John who probably wrote this text. So, this being the case, it's not just any John who was exiled to the island of Patmos it's…it’s John the evangelist, the disciple of Jesus who was banished to the island of Patmos where Revelation was written. And it’s believed that Patmos, it…Patmos still exists, it’s still an island today. But at the time it's…it's like a Roman penal colony, a place of criminal and political exile. So, rather than just dealing with all these people they just put em’ on this island and let them sort it out under the guard of the Roman…Roman military. And like I said, it’s still an island. You can still go there. You can visit Patmos. It’s in the Aegean Sea. It’s like between modern-day Greece and Turkey and not too far actually from Ephesus where the tradition holds that John spent the elder…elderly years of his life. But here's where it gets interesting. Here's where the intrigue about the book of Revelation begins. It is a work in the genre of literature known as apocalyptic literature. This type of literature is highly symbolic, highly allegorical. And, so, when you read the book of Revelation and you have to kind of have your discerner…if that’s a word…you have to have discernment, you have to be paying attention because you find that as you go through this, you're taking certain things to be literal, you’re taking other things to be allegorical or symbolic and you have to wonder why you're doing that. How is that happening? How do you decide? And because we have so much seemingly symbolic language and be…because it appears that the subject matter here is the end of all things as we know it, like the end of the world and the beginning of the next, well then you’ve got a good recipe because everybody’s interested in that topic. Like if there's going to be the end of the world then we should probably have as much understanding about that as we can get. So, we would read this at different than say a poetic allegorical poem like the Song of Songs, right? So, we can read Song of songs and put different lenses on and go, “this is Christ's love for His bride, this is God's love for His people. This is just a beautiful portrayal of love between a man and a woman.” And we could be fine with that but you overlay the end of the world into that mix and you’re paying attention, but you still have highly symbolic language to…to discern and work your way through. And, so, as you can imagine, there have been thousands of very unique diverse interpretations over thousands of years. So, some scholars would say this is a very, very important book. Obviously, it's in the New Testament. Pulling it apart and trying to lay the pieces, the components out and then put them back together, this is indeed a prophetic utterance, but it is meant for people in the first century and contains a first century perspective and the sym…symbolism is something that would be understood better in the first century context. And, so, they conclude that the book of Revelation is already been completely fulfilled. That's like one way of looking at it. Others see like that Revelation outlines a chain of events that starts when this was written in the first century but lasts until…well…until the end of the world. And then others believe that the symbolism is the thing that keeps the relevance. It's…it's poetic and so can be interpreted and brought into any time period. So, it's timeless, and is ultimately describing the overarching cosmic struggle that we find in the Bible between good and evil. And the thing is, all of that can be legitimate. Like all of that can be right but even knowing that we still pretty much have only ever gotten it wrong because what happens is that we get intrigued in all these details and we’re trying to fit them together and overlay them into the time that we live in and come to some sort of conclusion that this is it…this is all going down right now. The problem is that's what's been going on for 2000 years. So many, many, many, many generations have looked into this and overlaid it into their time and said this is happening now. And yet 100% of the time until right now they've been wrong. One thing that I can tell you that is a right though, remember when we started getting into the letters and started to move to Paul and I'm telling you like this theme of endurance is going to show up and it's going to be unrelenting all the way until we end the Scriptures and understand how important that word, endurance, actually is to our faith journey, that is probably as clear as it can get in the book of Revelation, the final book of the Bible because it's a fundamental theme in the book of Revelation. In some ways, it almost feels like we've been pulled forward in this theme of endurance all the way to this point where we can see its enduring, not just kind of enduring healing because you broke your leg or enduring the transition of a job. It's…it's enduring until the very, very end, enduring until the end of all things. And Revelation ultimately tells us that those who stay faithful, those who endure and stay faithful to the testimony of Jesus until the very end will then experience eternal victory. And that brings us to one of the famous passages in the book of Revelation –“they overcame, they defeated evil by the blood of the Lamb and the word of their testimony.” Here's the thing, this theme of endurance that we’ve been working our way through for months, and it has probably encouraged us on days that we needed to endure and enduring is never easy, but as we kind of come to the end of the Bible and this theme becomes dominant, we begin to realize that this is…endurance isn't just sitting still and suffering until something is over. It’s not a passive waiting thing. It's not like some sort of defensive posture. It's actually a very conscious active thing that we are doing understanding that it's going somewhere. It's our endurance in the face of deception, our holding true to the blood of the lamb and the word of our testimony. In the face of the entire world being dissected around us, we’re to remain true. When I say, “we are to remain true” I’m talking about the people at the very end that are spoken of in this book. It's their witness that remains until the very end so that there was always a chance for anyone to turn. And when everyone who is going to turn has turned then things get very bleak and they come to an end and a new beginning emerges. And, so, let's dive into the book of Revelation. This will carry us until December 31st in the New Testament, until the end of our year. And we will notice that as we begin the book of Revelation, we begin by hearing from Jesus. Jesus writes some letters to some churches and that sets the backdrop. Revelation 1.

Prayer:

Father, we thank you for your word. We thank you for bringing us into this territory, this new territory across the board…board in both old and new Testaments. And Lord we invite your Holy Spirit as we now encounter and move into and move through the final book in the New Testament, the book of Revelation. Show us what we need to see. Give us what we need to take with us into the future. From the very beginning of this year we've been asking for something specific because it's something that you told us Jesus that we need - eyes to see, ears to hear. And, so, this is again our prayer as we move through the rest of this month, as we move through the territory that we’re moving through in the Bible. Give us eyes to see and ears to hear what you're saying. We pray this in the incomparable immeasurable name of our Savior Jesus. Amen.

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And really, the things to talk about are Christmas related because that's where this is headed. That's where we’re going. And, so, the first thing is we have an annual program and …sort of like our annual Christmas party. And, so, for the next week beginning yesterday you can call in your holiday greetings to the community that you’ve been spending the year going to the Bible together with. And you can use the Hotline button for that or the phone number 877-942-4253. And that might sound familiar because that's how we send in our prayer requests and encouragements to each other. And, so, we’re gonna use that same apparatus to collect our holiday greetings. There's just one kind of rule…rule about it. Don’t call a holiday greeting mixed with a prayer request or anything like that. If you’re gonna call in a holiday greeting, call in a holiday greeting and let that be that. If you have some other things going on or you wanna pray for somebody or you want to ask for prayer, do that separately. This is like the only time year that you can do like multiple…like you can do that, call and then call right back. We’ll take those calls for the next week and then we’ll start assembling everything and create our annual Christmas gathering and I can't wait for it. It's always virtual because we’re a virtual community but this year, especially. It’s like we get to do this without a…we don’t have to change a thing. There can be viruses running around the world or pandemics. We don't have to change a thing. We’re gonna do what we always do and it’s gonna be beautiful as it always is. So, you can call those in now.

And then the other thing is the Daily Audio Bible Shop and shopping. Go there and look for resources that you might want to use to invite others along for the journey, or just to encourage their…their faith. There are written resources in book form, like the God of Your Story or Sneezing Jesus or Reframe or Passages. Like, there's there are books there. There are all kinds resources from things to wear to things to write with, to things to write in. Our Global Campfire candle is in the Shop. We worked so hard on that with a perfumer last year, with a sent a designer to get a candle that smells like a campfire but still smells good, not like ashy, like still smells good like a campfire to remind us. It's amazing how aroma actually brings us to a place. And, so, to have the Global Campfire candle reminds us that we’re in community together. All kinds resources like that. The Daily…or the Wind Farm coffee, our entire line of coffee that we roast fresh and send you our entire line of tea because these are activities that we do most every day. We drink something warm…not everybody…but most people drink either a cup of coffee or a cup of tea in the morning and maybe even throughout the day. I do. Everyone around here does. And, so, we created this line well over a decade ago because it's kind of part of the journey. It's nice to have a cup of coffee and allow God's word to be spoken over us and gives some things to think about and move into our day. It’s just part of the rhythm. All those resources and more are available in the Shop. If you spend $40 or more in the Shop, we will send you this year the 2020 Christmas ornament for the Daily Audio Bible included in your order. So, check that out.

If you want to partner with the Daily Audio Bible here in the latter part of the year, then thank you. Thank you humbly and deeply. Sincerely, we wouldn't be here if we weren't in this together. So, thank you. If this has made a difference, then thank you for your partnership. There is a link on the homepage at dailyaudiobible.com. If you’re using the app, you can press the Give button in the upper right-hand corner, or the mailing address is PO Box 1996 Spring Hill Tennessee 37174.

And, as always, if you have a prayer request or encouragement, or right now holiday greeting then you can hit the Hotline button in the app, or you can dial 877-942-4253.

And that's it for today. I’m Brian I love you and I'll be waiting for you here tomorrow.

Community Prayer ad Praise:

Hi everybody it’s Lisa the Encourager I just wanted to remind everyone of something that I wrote down after Brian read the last part of second Peter and I just called it when I wrote it down in my notes I just wrote it down as Peter’s charge. And I thought it’s…it was so good the way he reminded us that, you know, we should honor Peter in this last message that he gave to us as followers of Christ and basically telling us that, you know, this would be things that you would follow in the gift of having the rich welcome into the kingdom of Jesus Christ. And, so, I love that. And, so, there are seven beautiful principles to follow. And, so, the first one is goodness and the second one is knowledge. And we’re certainly getting all that through Brian and also reading the Bible every day. Self-control, which we could all use that especially with the busy holidays and busy traffic and even with our families continuing to have self-control with those that we love the most. Perseverance and walking with Christ, mutual affection and respect for all. I love that…just…just having mutual affection for, you know, people that we interact with. And then godliness, mirroring the way we are like Jesus, so continuing to have godliness. And then the last one is love. Again, just reminding us to show love to all and everything we do and all of our actions, like put those word to action. So, I wrote them down because I need reminding of this. So, I hope it helps you. I also shared them with my children…

Good morning DAB family my name is Pamela and I’m calling from Toronto Canada. It’s December 5th 130 in the morning and I’m calling for prayers, to ask for prayers for my son in Jamaica. His name is Ray. For him to turn his life over to Jesus because it’s the only way. And I’m praying for my other family members, nephews, and nieces, sisters, brothers. And I am also praying…asking for prayer for myself. I’m having pain all over my body. Sciatica pain, arthritis pain. So, I’m asking for your prayers and I just want to say thank you Brian and your family for the beautiful work you’ve been doing through Jesus. Thank you. I love you all. In Jesus name. Amen.

Hi DAB family this is Radiant Rachel and like Jane in the Everglades I’m going to pray Psalm 191 over us and with us for anybody who is in battle against demonic attacks. And I’m also specifically calling out protection and clarity for Janna and her family - Billy, Amber, Roland, Braden and Izzy. I may have one of those names wrong, but God knows his name and also over the state of Washington where they currently reside. Lord, we choose to live in the shelter of the most-high where we will find rest in the shadow of the Almighty. You alone Lord are our refuge, our place of safety. You are our God we trust You. Thank You, Lord for rescuing us from every trap and protecting us from deadly disease. We are covered with Your feathers. You shelter us with Your wings. Your faithful promises Lord are our armor and protection. We will not be afraid of the terrors of the night nor the arrows that fly in the day. We do not dread the disease that stocks in the darkness nor the disaster that strikes at midday. Though 10,000 fall at our side, though 10,000s are dying around us these evils will not touch us. Open our eyes Lord that we may see all the wicked are punished. You are our refuge. You Lord are the most-high and You are our shelter. No evil will conquer us. No plague will come near our home. You Lord have ordered the angels to protect us wherever we go. They hold us up with their hands so that we won’t hurt our foot on the stone. Thank You, Lord for the strength to trample lions and cobras and the strength to crush fierce lions and serpents under our feet. You tell us Lord that You will rescue those that love You. We love You Lord. You will protect those who trust in You name. We trust in You. Thank You for answering when we call on Your name. Thank You for being with us when we are in trouble. Lord, thank You for rescuing and honoring us and rewarding us with a long life and giving us salvation. In Jesus’ name we pray all these things. And we thank You for all these things. Amen.

I recently learned the lesson of the bamboo tree and the many parallel analogies between that tree and me that tree can grow so tall so fast that it mystifies the mind 90 feet or more in the first five years much faster than any other tree you’ll find but for the first 4 ½ years you’ll only see a sprout just a tiny shoot above the ground is all that’ll be sticking out but in the last six months of that last 5th year it grows 90 feet and more only the most faithful and loyal cultivators would stick it out to see what’s in store but God is like that in our lives he’s faithful and he’s true and even when we show little or no growth he still gives grace and mercy too most would say just let it die it looks like it’s dead already but God never loses hope for us his hands are true and steady great is his faithfulness morning by morning new mercies we see God changes not his compassions they fail not and as he has been he forever will be and when all our worldly hope is gone and no more friends are left around that sprout we had left for dead becomes a tree high above the ground with roots so deep that the fiercest of storms could never erode its grip it bends it sways some branches may break but mostly it’ll just dip while we see nothing above the ground there’s continual growth below only God can make a tree there so much that we just don’t know but I also know that sometimes it looks like there’s little or no growth in me so I’m thankful for his loving hands and I’m sure in time all will see that growth was present all the time and God was present too carefully nurturing day by day so my roots would hold fast too don’t be so quick to judge that shoot that’s barely out of the ground God has the power to make it as strong as any of the tree that’s around

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This is from junk to treasure. I want to talk about our voices for couple minutes. I have heard so many people on the DAB mention of a miss the voice of someone who used to call in for prayers or someone who will comment about how they love to hear from those who call in regularly. The study of the voice and the ability to recognize voices is so complex and amazing. Like our unique fingerprints everyone has a voice identity due to pitch and tone rhythm and tempo and texture and so on. Also, many of us have little catchphrases that are used for their own special way of expression like when I say “kiss kiss”, “shalom shalom”, “okay Holy Spirit let’s roll”, or “in the name of Jesus!” You would know exactly who I’m referring to without me even using their name. I love to hear Grandpa Bob on here. His voice is so calming and soothing. He expresses such a sense of sincerity that you want to hear from him more and more. But there is one voice that is above all others and that is the voice of the One who has the power of creation and judgment, that of healing and forgiveness. It calms a raging storm and raises people from the dead. How do we recognize the voice of the Lord? By spending quiet time contemplating in His word. I believe we also hear from God in the voices of those who call in for prayer and encouragement every time they throw their log in the community campfire. Each day I find that I long to hear and get into the word with Brian every day and to hear the wonderful unique voices of my DAB family and I praise God for the ability to recognize and to hear from each and every one of you.

Hello DAB family this is Russell from superior. I just had a call talking to my daughter. She told me she’s injecting drugs. Ask you all to pray for her and keep her safe. Thank you.

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helshades · 5 years

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Howdy! Are all Europeans speaking really crappy Latin today? Might English speakers today be speaking really crappy German? 🙂

Depends on how you’d define ‘crappy’, of course. English today contains a solid third of (Middle) French, from when a certain bastard Duke of Normandy got a tad antsy and decided to cross the Channel. It also derives from Latin directly, as a matter of fact, albeit in a much smaller capacity. The rest, of course, is of Germanic origin, via Old English, which derived from Anglo-Saxon dialects...

French itself is the most Germanic of all Romance (Latin-based) languages; first, its very name hails from the name of the Frankish tribes that crossed the Rhine river after the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 A.D.) and invaded and colonised Western Europe. French’s Germanic substrate is around 17%, which is a ginormous lot. Basically, modern French is Latin plus a sizeable amount of ‘Germanic’ after being spoken by people whose first languages were continental Celtic dialects.

But let me rewind that a bit.

A schematic map of the expansion of Indo-European languages according to the Kurgan model, or steppe theory, which is the (prudently) conventional hypothesis on the way languages evolved in Europe from a mother-language referred to as ‘Proto-Indo-European’, which would have been spoken by people living in the Pontic-Caspian steppe near the end of the Stone Age era (around 6,000 B.C.), who spread across Eurasia, creating peoples who spoke various languages issued from the same origin.

Generally, the Indo-European languages are divided into 8 branches:

Albanian

Armenian

Balto-Slavic

Celtic (Gallic, Breton, Welsh, Irish, etc.)

Germanic (> German, Frankish, Old English)

Hellenic (> Greek)

Indo-Iranian/Aryan

Italic (> Latin > Romanic languages > Italian, French, Spanish...)

In addition to these eight, two have been long extinct: the Anatolian & Tokharian branches; and then you’ve got a few languages linguists aren’t sure how to place (yet?) since they’re only attested in a fragmented capacity, like Phrygian and Illyrian dialects, for instance.

One of the fundamental oppositions between the Western-Central branches and the rest is the way they form the word for ‘hundred’: this permits to distinguish between the satem languages (eastern & south-eastern: Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic & Indo-Iranian languages) and the centum languages (Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Italic & Tokharian languages—the latter being the only centum language spoken in Central Asia). Note that Germanic (centum) and Balto-Slavic (satem) languages both hold distinctive syntactic traits setting them apart from all other Indo-European languages. And yes, hundred actually is a form of centum.

I won’t go into more details as it’s best to keep things simple here, and as you can see I only listed the branches alphabetically. Bolded above are the Western branches, not out of chauvinism, I hope you’ll understand, but as I intend to focus on languages issued from Latin.

(Actually readable version here)

Now, this is a map showing the repartition of Latin-based languages across Europe, also known as the ‘Romance languages’ (sometimes even as ‘Neo-Latin languages’). The term ‘romance’ derives from the Late Latin adverb romanice, literally ‘in Roman’, referring to the vernacular (popular, non-written) language, as opposed to the literary language, referred to as Latin, spoken by the elite and the clergy, and which was more conservative because it had a written form and fixed grammar rules. The Romance languages descend from Vulgar/popular Latin, as spoken by the inhabitants of the Western Roman Empire, and which evolved into distinct languages after centuries of foreign invasions as well as relative geographical and political isolation.

Timeline of Latin:

6th–4th centuries B.C., the Archaic period (’Proto-Latin’), from which several inscriptions, fragments of the oldest laws and from sacral anthems were preserved.

3rd–2nd c. B.C., the Pre-Classical period. The literary Latin language (the comedies of Plautus and Terence, the agricultural treatise of Cato the Elder, fragments of works by a number of other authors) was based on the dialect of Rome.

1st c. B.C.–1st c. A.D., Classical Latin. The development of vocabulary, the development of terminology, the elimination of old morphological doublets, the flowering of literature: Cicero, Caesar, Sallust, Virgil, Horace, Ovid) was particularly distinguished. In the late period, the phonetic, morphological and spelling norms were finally formed.

As the Roman Republic (509–27 B.C.) extended its political dominion over the whole of the Italian peninsula, Latin became dominant over the other Italic languages, which ceased to be spoken perhaps sometime in the 1st century A.D.—Latin was originally used (from the 8th century B.C.) by the tribe of the Latins, who inhabited Latium, the region around Rome, in west-central Italy; it belonged to the Western Italic subgroup (the Latino-Faliscan languages), which was rather diminutive, but no other Italic idiom survived Rome’s expansion.The Romanisation of the Italian Peninsula was basically complete by the 1st century B.C.; except for the south of Italy and Sicily, where the dominance of Greek was preserved.

Rome’s massive territorial expansion ensured Latin of a vast diffusion, larger and larger still after the 3rd century A.D., when it was the Roman Empire’s official language, used in all administration (legal, civil, military) spreading in most of Western Euope, North Africa, Middle Asia and the Danubian regions, where it cohabited with local dialects as well as Greek, the former ‘universal’ language. Some even speak of this period as Imperial Latin (1st–5th centuries A.D.)

2nd–6th c., Late Latin. a period mostly characterised by a gap between written and folk-spoken language: the regional differentiation of popular Latin(s) was accelerated, the formation of Romance languages, finally separated by the 9th century, began on its basis; meanwhile, written Latin continued to be used for a long time in the administrative sphere, religion, diplomacy, trade, school, medicine, science and literature.

9th–14th c., Mediaeval Latin. One may argue that Ecclesiastic Latin began in the 4th century with the writings of the ‘Fathers of the Church’, but from a linguistic standpoint I’d rather focus on the great reform of Latin that took place in 800, which aimed to ‘reclassicalise’ Latin—the language of the learnèd elite—to distinguish it from popular dialects. It was also the Church’s only language for a long while, and the one that was spoken in universities (the first of which were created in the 12th century).

The first mention we’ve ever found of Romance languages distinct from Latin dates back to the 813 Council of Tours, during which it was officially decided that decided that priests in Charlemagne’s Holy Roman Empire should preach their sermons to the ordinary folk in a ‘rustic romance language’ (rusticam romanam linguam) or in ‘Tudisc’ (Theodiscam, commonly referring in the Middle Ages to Germanic dialects), which only they could understand.

The first ever complete text written in a Romance dialect dates back to 842, when two of Charlemagne’s grandsons, half-brothers Louis II the German (king of Bavaria) and Charles II the Bald (king of Aquitaine), met in Strasbourg to make a pledge of mutual allegiance against their older half-brother Lothair I (king of Italy), whose supreme authority they refused to recognise (wanting their fair share of their father’s heritage, rather than leaving the whole empire to their eldest). Both allied kings came to the meeting at the head of an army: Louis of Bavaria commanded men who spoke in Germanic (Frankish) dialects, whereas the soldiers of Charles of Aquitaine spoke in a ‘Gallo-Romance’ idiom, still very close to Latin, but unmistakably distinct from it. And each in his turn, the kings and their armies swore their oaths in the others’ language, Charles in a Rhine Franconian dialect, and Louis/Ludwig in this Romance dialect that announced French and the northern langues d’oïl.

200–400 A.D., Vulgar Latin is spoken everywhere around the Roman Empire, with many regional variants;

500–600: the variants are beginning to sound more or less different;

early 800s: ordinary people have become largely unable to understand Latin the way it is written, which is the way it used to be spoken;

842: first sizeable evidence of a distinct Romance language, written down by a clerk who provides a Latin translation of the text.

Romance languages are characterised by the following common traits:

their lexicon, mostly stemming from late Vulgar Latin;

a massive reshaping of Latin’s vowel system;

great changes to the way certain consonants are articulated (palatalisation)

the complete eradication of the neutral grammatical gender (with the exception of Rumanian)

a massive reorganisation of the verbal system, through the suppression of the Latin future tense, replaced by a periphrastic future formed with verb ‘to have’; the development of a conditional mode; the development of auxiliary verbs...

the development of articles, which didn’t exist in Latin.

The first to propose a classification system for the Romance languages was Florentine poet Dante Alighieri (of Divine Comedy fame) in the 13th century. He divided them into three subgroups: the oïl languages; the oc languages; and the sì languages (which he separates from the Germanic jo languages, about which he unfortunately no further details), based on the word the idioms within these three subgroups use to say ‘yes’.

oïl languages: Old French (from Gallo-Roman o-il (‘this one’), from Latin pronouns hoc (‘this’) & ille (‘that’)

oc languages: Occitan & Catalan

sì languages: Italian dialects (from Latin sic, ‘as such’, ‘so’)

Dante’s main idea was to replace Latin as a literary language with one of these three ‘languages’ (to him, each ensemble of dialects was a single idiom, but to modern linguists, they are not). In the Middle Ages, oïl was the language used traditionally to write epics, while what Dante referred to as lingua d’oco was the language of the troubadours, lyrical poets of Occitania. As for sì languages, well, in the end Dante famously opted, for the composition of the illustrious Divine Comedy, for a local Florentine Toscan dialect—and the success of the poem was such that it was the act of foundation of modern Italian.

Parallel evolution of southwestern European languages, 1000–2000 A.D.:

Classification of the Romance languages:

Ibero-Romance: Portuguese, Galician, Mirandese, Asturian, Leonese, Spanish (Castilian), Aragonese, Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish);

Occitano-Romance: Catalan/Valencian, Occitan (langue d'oc), Gascon;

Gallo-Romance: French/Oïl languages, Franco-Provençal (Arpitan);

Rhaeto-Romance: Romansh, Ladin, Friulian;

Gallo-Italic: Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, Emilian-Romagnol;

Italo-Dalmatian: Italian, Tuscan and Corsican, Sassarese, Sicilian, Neapolitan, Dalmatian (extinct in 1898), Venetian, Istriot;

Sardinian;

Eastern Romance: Romanian (standard known as Daco-Romanian), Istro-Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian.

Mutual intelligibility in Europe:

Details and a bigger map here.

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Still alive? Well, allow me to remedy that to pursue.

Roman territories during the 1st century B.C. civil war, after the conquest of the Gauls. Larger map here.

The Roman Empire at its greatest extent. Larger map here.

Following the death of emperor Theodosius I the Great in 395, the Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire, whose capital was Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire, whose capital was Constantinople (once named Byzantium, and which used to be a Greek colony). In those times, Rome had long ceased to be the political capital of the Roman Empire anyway, officially replaced with Constantinople by the action of Constantine I the Great in 330—who also was the first emperor to convert to Christianity, albeit on his deathbed (yet his influence was decisive for the rise of Christian faith across Europe). The Byzantine Empire eventually fell in 1453 when Constantinople was conquered by the powerful Ottoman Empire.

‘Barbarian’ Invasions of the Roman Empire:

As you see, we’re circling back to what I was saying earlier concerning the emergence of the Romance and Germanic languages; and seeing all these maps, you’ll easily understand how, at the same time, very distinct languages came into being, and how mutual influences could happen. You’ll also see why French ended up being so influenced by Germanic languages, especially in its pronunciation, even though the lexicon remained largely Latin-based. I’ll come back in details to the evolution of French itself from Latin, as I’ve got a previous Ask on the topic which I really must answer, but in the meantime, I can make a few other remarks concerning the linguistic influences at play in Western Europe, because so far I’ve conscientiously avoided the subject of Celtic languages, haven’t I.

Rome all but annihilated Celtic cultures, although this wasn’t necessarily regarded by the Celts themselves as a loss; there was no sense of a ‘Celtic nation’ and continental Celts were organised in tribes with pretty distinct systems of government, some of them collaborating freely with Rome long before Caesar’s conquest of the Gauls. Latin was the Empire’s official language, in a sense playing the role that English plays today, but it also was the language of Roman law and administration, meaning that if a person wanted to have a political career within the Empire, he must follow a certain number of steps which led to near-complete acculturation. Gaulish elites assimilated with fair ease, like the rest of the world. They all spoke Latin. On the other hand, ordinary folk, even though they ended up speaking Latin as well, spoke much less ‘pure’ variants, heavily accentuated, mixed with words borrowed from their ancestral idioms. A very similar thing occurred later on after the Frankish conquest of the former Western Roman territories.

Entertainingly enough for the amateur linguist, if the Celtic influences are practically absent from the French language, many French patois and, of course, toponomy, carry transparent traces of the Gaulish peopling. A number of surnames even bear that heritage, usually because they were given to people in the Middle Ages after places where they family dwelt.

(And speaking of patois, French people over 80 had to be taught French in school like a foreign language. Nowadays many local dialects have gone extinct for lack of practice but mid-20th century, regional languages were still very much alive, overall. Although it should be noted that Occitan has been revived in the recent decades, and seems to be thriving... [Breton and Corsican are outliers, definitely.] In any case, the French situation isn’t necessarily universal. In Italy, for instance, regional dialects are still frequently spoken.)

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As a temporary conclusion... I reckon we could say that the Latin peoples of Europe are speaking super-crappy Latin with a heavy Gaulish redneck accent, mixed with slurry Rhenan. English speakers are really speaking very crappy French.

#the terrifying thing about this is that i could have written so much more #la linguistique c'est chic #european history #europe #european culture #roman empire #roman history #latin

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