#Architectural Libration

[aduramigbamc]

Architectural Libration: Unveiling the Dynamic Innovation in Building Design

Architectural libration is a concept by Aduramigba Olayinka introducing a dynamic variability to building design, creating a captivating interplay of light, shadow, and form.

Architectural Libration: Unveiling the Dynamic Innovation in Building Design Aduramigba Olayinka Introduction:Architectural libration is a captivating phenomenon that infuses life and movement into the static nature of buildings. Unlike fixed structures, architectural libration introduces subtle variations in perspective, creating a dynamic visual experience. In this exploration, we unravel the…

[commodoresigma]

[original drawing date: 7th, 16th, 20th, 21st Oct, 2nd Nov 2023]

Some character portraits for a Lancer campaign I'm currently running where the PCs are a Department of Justice and Human Rights Libration Team. It's been a blast running it, kinda wanna play in a campaign though lmao

In order:

Watcher (Deeja Sharvanoceda), an NHP Specialist who joined a DoJ/HR Liberation Team. DMPC. A huge dork.

Holographic form of ISHTAR, Watcher's custom NHP partially designed using her neural architecture. Caring and motherly, but willing to fight to protect those she protects (mostly Watcher)

Ronin (Rhosen Haruka), an allied DoJ/HR mech pilot who helps the team sometimes. Quiet and withdrawn, rarely seen. Does not speak Union Common.

Baldur (Hadrian Lasher), a flash-cloned soldier from a secretive facility only known as The Daycare. One of the PCs. Sounds gruff and soldierly, but is kind of a weirdo who picks up random hobbies.

Huntress (Selene Montoya), an ex-cop outlaw from a distant frontier Diasporan world. One of the PCs. A bit of a violent oddball, who enjoys streaming her mech combat fights.

Duke (Stephan Winterwoods), a prince from a monarchistic Diasporan world who escaped one of his siblings' murderous bids to power. One of the PCs. Shy and paranoid outside of the mech, bold and confident within.

Siren (Moira Dante-Lehrmann), a former celebrity from the Core world of Chenoliv. One of the PCs. Confident and charming, and designated combat leader, but seems to enjoy giant cannons a bit too much.

Siren belongs to @badgerthethirteenth

[spacenutspod]

Screenshot of Copernicus with the Artemis I trajectoryNASA/JSC Copernicus, a generalized spacecraft trajectory design and optimization system, is capable of solving a wide range of trajectory problems such as planet or moon centered trajectories, libration point trajectories, planet-moon transfers and tours, and all types of interplanetary and asteroid/comet missions. Latest News August 13, 2024: Copernicus Version 5.3.2 is now available. December 18, 2023: Copernicus Version 5.3.1 is now available. This is a bugfix release. November 15, 2023: Copernicus Version 5.3 is now available. This update includes many bug fixes and various new features and refinements. Including: a new Copernicus mission file format, updates to kernels, a significant expansion of the beta Python API, and various new integration methods. In addition, we have upgraded to Python 3.10, and all dependencies are now obtained via conda. January 21, 2022: Copernicus Version 5.2 is now available. This update includes many bug fixes and various new features and refinements. June 17, 2021: Copernicus was selected as winner of the 2021 NASA Software of the Year Award. March 4, 2021: Copernicus Version 5.1 is now available. This update includes many bug fixes and various new features and refinements. June 26, 2020: Copernicus Version 5.0 is now available. This is a significant update to Copernicus and includes: A new modern Python-based GUI that is now cross-platform and fully functional on Windows, Linux, and macOS, 3D graphics upgrades including antialiasing and celestial body shadowing, a new Python scripting interface, many other new features and options, and bug fixes. May 1, 2018: Copernicus Version 4.6 is now available. The release includes the following changes: a new cross-platform JSON kernel file format, various new reference frame features, including new capabilities for user-defined reference frame plugins, and numerous bug fixes and other minor enhancements. January 24, 2018: Copernicus Version 4.5 is now available. The new version includes a new experimental Mac version, faster exporting of segment data output files (including the addition of a new binary HDF5 format), some new GUI tools, new plugin capabilities, and numerous other new features and bug fixes. October 1, 2016: Copernicus Version 4.4 is now available. The new version includes 3D graphics improvements and various other new features and bug fixes. February 8, 2016: Copernicus Version 4.3 is now available. The new version includes updates to the plugin interface, a new differential corrector solution method, updated SPICE SPK files, updates to the Python interface, new training videos, as well as numerous other refinements and bug fixes. July 21, 2015: Copernicus Version 4.2 is now available.  The update includes further refinements to the new plugin feature, as well as various other new features and some bug fixes. April 13, 2015: Copernicus Version 4.1 is now available.  This update includes a new plugin architecture to enable extending Copernicus with user-created algorithms.  It also includes a new Python interface, as well as various other new features and bug fixes. August 13, 2014: Copernicus Version 4.0 is now available.  This is an update to version 3.1, which was released in June 2012.  The new release includes many new features, bug fixes, performance and stability improvements, as well as a redesigned GUI, a new user guide, and full compatibility with Windows 7.  The update is recommended for all Copernicus users. Development The Copernicus Project started at the University of Texas at Austin in August 2001. In June 2002, a grant from the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) was used to develop the first prototype which was completed in August 2004. In the interim, support was also received from NASA’s In Space Propulsion Program and from the Flight Dynamics Vehicle Branch of Goddard Spaceflight Center. The first operational version was completed in March 2006 (v1.0). The initial development team consisted of Dr. Cesar Ocampo and graduate students at the University of Texas at Austin Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics. Since March 2007, primary development of Copernicus has been at the Flight Mechanics and Trajectory Design Branch of JSC. Request Copernicus The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 and a series of subsequent legislation recognized transfer of federally owned or originated technology to be a national priority and the mission of each Federal agency. The legislation specifically mandates that each Federal agency have a formal technology transfer program, and take an active role in transferring technology to the private sector and state and local governments for the purposes of commercial and other application of the technology for the national benefit. In accordance with NASA’s obligations under mandating legislation, JSC makes Copernicus available free of charge to other NASA centers, government contractors, and universities, under the terms of a US government purpose license.  Organizations interested in obtaining Copernicus should click here. For Copernicus-based analysis requests or specific Copernicus modifications that would support your project, please contact Gerald L. Condon (gerald.l.condon@nasa.gov) at the NASA Johnson Space Center. Current Version The current version of Copernicus is 5.3.2 (released August 13, 2024). References Publications about Copernicus C. A. Ocampo, “An Architecture for a Generalized Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Libration Points and Missions, June, 2002. C. A. Ocampo, “Finite Burn Maneuver Modeling for a Generalized Spacecraft Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, May 2004. C. A. Ocampo, J. Senent, “The Design and Development of Copernicus: A Comprehensive Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress, 2006. IAC-06-C1.4.04. R. Mathur, C. A. Ocampo, “An Architecture for Incorporating Interactive Visualizations into Scientific Simulations”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, Feb. 2007. C. A. Ocampo, J. S. Senent, J. Williams, “Theoretical Foundation of Copernicus: A Unified System for Trajectory Design and Optimization”, 4th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques, May 2010. J. Williams, J. S. Senent, C. A. Ocampo, R. Mathur, “Overview and Software Architecture of the Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, 4th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques, May 2010. J. Williams, J. S. Senent, D. E. Lee, “Recent Improvements to the Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, 2012. J. Williams, “A New Architecture for Extending the Capabilities of the Copernicus Trajectory Optimization Program”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, 2015, volume 156. J. Williams, R. D. Falck, and I. B. Beekman. “Application of Modern Fortran to Spacecraft Trajectory Design and Optimization“, 2018 Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, AIAA SciTech Forum, (AIAA 2018-1451) J. Williams, A. H. Kamath, R. A. Eckman, G. L. Condon, R. Mathur, and D. Davis, “Copernicus 5.0: Latest Advances in JSC’s Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization and Design System”, 2019 AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Portland, ME, August 11-15, 2019, AAS 19-719 Some studies that have used Copernicus C. L. Ranieri, C. A. Ocampo, “Optimization of Roundtrip, Time-Constrained, Finite Burn Trajectories via an Indirect Method”, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 28, No. 2, March-April 2005. T. Polsgrove, L. Kos, R. Hopkins, T. Crane, “Comparison of Performance Predictions for New Low-Thrust Trajectory Tools”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2006. L. D. Kos, T. P. Polsgrove, R. C. Hopkins, D. Thomas and J. A. Sims, “Overview of the Development for a Suite of Low-Thrust Trajectory Analysis Tools”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2006. M. Garn, M. Qu, J. Chrone, P. Su, C. Karlgaard, “NASA’s Planned Return to the Moon: Global Access and Anytime Return Requirement Implications on the Lunar Orbit Insertion Burns”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference and Exhibit, August, 2008. R. B. Adams, “Near Earth Object (NEO) Mitigation Options Using Exploration Technologies”, Asteroid Deflection Research Symposium, Oct. 2008. J. Gaebler, R. Lugo, E. Axdahl, P. Chai, M. Grimes, M. Long, R. Rowland, A. Wilhite, “Reusable Lunar Transportation Architecture Utilizing Orbital Propellant Depots”, AIAA SPACE 2009 Conference and Exposition, September 2009. J. Williams, E. C. Davis, D. E. Lee, G. L. Condon, T. F. Dawn, “Global Performance Characterization of the Three Burn Trans-Earth Injection Maneuver Sequence over the Lunar Nodal Cycle”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 135, 2010. AAS 09-380 J. Williams, S. M. Stewart, D. E. Lee, E. C. Davis, G. L. Condon, T. F. Dawn, J. Senent, “The Mission Assessment Post Processor (MAPP): A New Tool for Performance Evaluation of Human Lunar Missions”, 20th AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, Feb. 2010. J. W. Dankanich, L. M. Burke, J. A. Hemminger, “Mars sample return Orbiter/Earth Return Vehicle technology needs and mission risk assessment”, 2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference, March 2010. A. V. Ilin, L. D. Cassady, T. W. Glover, M. D. Carter, F. R. Chang Diaz, “A Survey of Missions using VASIMR for Flexible Space Exploration”, Ad Astra Rocket Company, Document Number JSC-65825, April 2010. J. W. Dankanich, B. Vondra, A. V. Ilin, “Fast Transits to Mars Using Electric Propulsion”, 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 2010. S. R. Oleson, M. L. McGuire, L. Burke, J. Fincannon, T. Colozza, J. Fittje, M. Martini, T. Packard, J. Hemminger, J. Gyekenyesi, “Mars Earth Return Vehicle (MERV) Propulsion Options”, 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 2010, AIAA 2010-6795. J. S. Senent, “Fast Calculation of Abort Return Trajectories for Manned Missions to the Moon”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August 2010. D. S. Cooley, K. F. Galal, K. Berry, L. Janes, G. Marr. J. Carrico. C. Ocampo, “Mission Design for the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2010. A. V. Ilin, L. D. Cassady, T. W. Glover, F. R. Chang Diaz, “VASIMR Human Mission to Mars”, Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum, March 15-17, 2011. J. Brophy, F. Culick, L. Friedman, et al., “Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study,” Technical Report, Keck Institute for Space Studies, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, April 2012. A. V. Ilin, “Low Thrust Trajectory Analysis (A Survey of Missions using VASIMR for Flexible Space Exploration – Part 2), Ad Astra Rocket Company, Document Number JSC-66428, June 2012. P. R. Chai, A. W. Wilhite, “Station Keeping for Earth-Moon Lagrangian Point Exploration Architectural Assets”, AIAA SPACE 2012 Conference & Exposition, September, 2012, AIAA 2012-5112. F. R. Chang Diaz, M. D. Carter, T. W. Glover, A. V. Ilin, C. S. Olsen, J. P. Squire, R. J. Litchford, N. Harada, S. L. Koontz, “Fast and Robust Human Missions to Mars with Advanced Nuclear Electric Power and VASIMR Propulsion”, Proceedings of Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space, Feb. 2013. Paper 6777. J. Williams, “Trajectory Design for the Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission”, JSC Engineering, Technology and Science (JETS) Contract Technical Brief JETS-JE23-13-AFGNC-DOC-0014, July, 2013. J.P. Gutkowski, T.F. Dawn, R.M. Jedrey, “Trajectory Design Analysis over the Lunar Nodal Cycle for the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2)”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences Guidance, Navigation and Control, Vol. 151, 2014. AAS 14-096. R. G. Merrill, M. Qu, M. A. Vavrina, C. A. Jones, J. Englander, “Interplanetary Trajectory Design for the Asteroid Robotic Redirect Mission Alternate Approach Trade Study”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, 2014. AIAA 2014-4457. J. Williams, G. L. Condon. “Contingency Trajectory Planning for the Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission”, SpaceOps 2014 Conference (AIAA 2014-1697). J. Williams, D. E. Lee, R. J. Whitley, K. A. Bokelmann, D. C. Davis, and C. F. Berry. “Targeting cislunar near rectilinear halo orbits for human space exploration“, AAS 17-267 T. F. Dawn, J. Gutkowski, A. Batcha, J. Williams, and S. Pedrotty. “Trajectory Design Considerations for Exploration Mission 1“, 2018 Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, AIAA SciTech Forum, (AIAA 2018-0968) A. L. Batcha, J. Williams, T. F. Dawn, J. P. Gutkowski, M. V. Widner, S. L. Smallwood, B. J. Killeen, E. C. Williams, and R. E. Harpold, “Artemis I Trajectory Design and Optimization”, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August 9-12, 2020, AAS 20-649

[sunaleisocial]

Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System - NASA

New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/copernicus-trajectory-design-and-optimization-system-nasa/

Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System - NASA

Copernicus, a generalized spacecraft trajectory design and optimization system, is capable of solving a wide range of trajectory problems such as planet or moon centered trajectories, libration point trajectories, planet-moon transfers and tours, and all types of interplanetary and asteroid/comet missions.

August 13, 2024: Copernicus Version 5.3.2 is now available.

December 18, 2023: Copernicus Version 5.3.1 is now available. This is a bugfix release.

November 15, 2023: Copernicus Version 5.3 is now available. This update includes many bug fixes and various new features and refinements. Including: a new Copernicus mission file format, updates to kernels, a significant expansion of the beta Python API, and various new integration methods. In addition, we have upgraded to Python 3.10, and all dependencies are now obtained via conda.

January 21, 2022: Copernicus Version 5.2 is now available. This update includes many bug fixes and various new features and refinements.

June 17, 2021: Copernicus was selected as winner of the 2021 NASA Software of the Year Award.

March 4, 2021: Copernicus Version 5.1 is now available. This update includes many bug fixes and various new features and refinements.

June 26, 2020: Copernicus Version 5.0 is now available. This is a significant update to Copernicus and includes: A new modern Python-based GUI that is now cross-platform and fully functional on Windows, Linux, and macOS, 3D graphics upgrades including antialiasing and celestial body shadowing, a new Python scripting interface, many other new features and options, and bug fixes.

May 1, 2018: Copernicus Version 4.6 is now available. The release includes the following changes: a new cross-platform JSON kernel file format, various new reference frame features, including new capabilities for user-defined reference frame plugins, and numerous bug fixes and other minor enhancements.

January 24, 2018: Copernicus Version 4.5 is now available. The new version includes a new experimental Mac version, faster exporting of segment data output files (including the addition of a new binary HDF5 format), some new GUI tools, new plugin capabilities, and numerous other new features and bug fixes.

October 1, 2016: Copernicus Version 4.4 is now available. The new version includes 3D graphics improvements and various other new features and bug fixes.

February 8, 2016: Copernicus Version 4.3 is now available. The new version includes updates to the plugin interface, a new differential corrector solution method, updated SPICE SPK files, updates to the Python interface, new training videos, as well as numerous other refinements and bug fixes.

July 21, 2015: Copernicus Version 4.2 is now available.  The update includes further refinements to the new plugin feature, as well as various other new features and some bug fixes.

April 13, 2015: Copernicus Version 4.1 is now available.  This update includes a new plugin architecture to enable extending Copernicus with user-created algorithms.  It also includes a new Python interface, as well as various other new features and bug fixes.

August 13, 2014: Copernicus Version 4.0 is now available.  This is an update to version 3.1, which was released in June 2012.  The new release includes many new features, bug fixes, performance and stability improvements, as well as a redesigned GUI, a new user guide, and full compatibility with Windows 7.  The update is recommended for all Copernicus users.

The Copernicus Project started at the University of Texas at Austin in August 2001. In June 2002, a grant from the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) was used to develop the first prototype which was completed in August 2004. In the interim, support was also received from NASA’s In Space Propulsion Program and from the Flight Dynamics Vehicle Branch of Goddard Spaceflight Center. The first operational version was completed in March 2006 (v1.0). The initial development team consisted of Dr. Cesar Ocampo and graduate students at the University of Texas at Austin Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics. Since March 2007, primary development of Copernicus has been at the Flight Mechanics and Trajectory Design Branch of JSC.

The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 and a series of subsequent legislation recognized transfer of federally owned or originated technology to be a national priority and the mission of each Federal agency. The legislation specifically mandates that each Federal agency have a formal technology transfer program, and take an active role in transferring technology to the private sector and state and local governments for the purposes of commercial and other application of the technology for the national benefit. In accordance with NASA’s obligations under mandating legislation, JSC makes Copernicus available free of charge to other NASA centers, government contractors, and universities, under the terms of a US government purpose license.  Organizations interested in obtaining Copernicus should click here.

For Copernicus-based analysis requests or specific Copernicus modifications that would support your project, please contact Gerald L. Condon (gerald.l.condon@nasa.gov) at the NASA Johnson Space Center.

The current version of Copernicus is 5.3.2 (released August 13, 2024).

Publications about Copernicus

C. A. Ocampo, “An Architecture for a Generalized Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Libration Points and Missions, June, 2002.

C. A. Ocampo, “Finite Burn Maneuver Modeling for a Generalized Spacecraft Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, May 2004.

C. A. Ocampo, J. Senent, “The Design and Development of Copernicus: A Comprehensive Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress, 2006. IAC-06-C1.4.04.

R. Mathur, C. A. Ocampo, “An Architecture for Incorporating Interactive Visualizations into Scientific Simulations”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, Feb. 2007.

C. A. Ocampo, J. S. Senent, J. Williams, “Theoretical Foundation of Copernicus: A Unified System for Trajectory Design and Optimization”, 4th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques, May 2010.

J. Williams, J. S. Senent, C. A. Ocampo, R. Mathur, “Overview and Software Architecture of the Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, 4th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques, May 2010.

J. Williams, J. S. Senent, D. E. Lee, “Recent Improvements to the Copernicus Trajectory Design and Optimization System”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, 2012.

J. Williams, “A New Architecture for Extending the Capabilities of the Copernicus Trajectory Optimization Program”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, 2015, volume 156.

J. Williams, R. D. Falck, and I. B. Beekman. “Application of Modern Fortran to Spacecraft Trajectory Design and Optimization“, 2018 Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, AIAA SciTech Forum, (AIAA 2018-1451)

J. Williams, A. H. Kamath, R. A. Eckman, G. L. Condon, R. Mathur, and D. Davis, “Copernicus 5.0: Latest Advances in JSC’s Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization and Design System”, 2019 AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Portland, ME, August 11-15, 2019, AAS 19-719

Some studies that have used Copernicus

C. L. Ranieri, C. A. Ocampo, “Optimization of Roundtrip, Time-Constrained, Finite Burn Trajectories via an Indirect Method”, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 28, No. 2, March-April 2005.

T. Polsgrove, L. Kos, R. Hopkins, T. Crane, “Comparison of Performance Predictions for New Low-Thrust Trajectory Tools”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2006.

L. D. Kos, T. P. Polsgrove, R. C. Hopkins, D. Thomas and J. A. Sims, “Overview of the Development for a Suite of Low-Thrust Trajectory Analysis Tools”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2006.

M. Garn, M. Qu, J. Chrone, P. Su, C. Karlgaard, “NASA’s Planned Return to the Moon: Global Access and Anytime Return Requirement Implications on the Lunar Orbit Insertion Burns”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference and Exhibit, August, 2008.

R. B. Adams, “Near Earth Object (NEO) Mitigation Options Using Exploration Technologies”, Asteroid Deflection Research Symposium, Oct. 2008.

J. Gaebler, R. Lugo, E. Axdahl, P. Chai, M. Grimes, M. Long, R. Rowland, A. Wilhite, “Reusable Lunar Transportation Architecture Utilizing Orbital Propellant Depots”, AIAA SPACE 2009 Conference and Exposition, September 2009.

J. Williams, E. C. Davis, D. E. Lee, G. L. Condon, T. F. Dawn, “Global Performance Characterization of the Three Burn Trans-Earth Injection Maneuver Sequence over the Lunar Nodal Cycle”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 135, 2010. AAS 09-380

J. Williams, S. M. Stewart, D. E. Lee, E. C. Davis, G. L. Condon, T. F. Dawn, J. Senent, “The Mission Assessment Post Processor (MAPP): A New Tool for Performance Evaluation of Human Lunar Missions”, 20th AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, Feb. 2010.

J. W. Dankanich, L. M. Burke, J. A. Hemminger, “Mars sample return Orbiter/Earth Return Vehicle technology needs and mission risk assessment”, 2010 IEEE Aerospace Conference, March 2010.

A. V. Ilin, L. D. Cassady, T. W. Glover, M. D. Carter, F. R. Chang Diaz, “A Survey of Missions using VASIMR for Flexible Space Exploration”, Ad Astra Rocket Company, Document Number JSC-65825, April 2010.

J. W. Dankanich, B. Vondra, A. V. Ilin, “Fast Transits to Mars Using Electric Propulsion”, 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 2010.

S. R. Oleson, M. L. McGuire, L. Burke, J. Fincannon, T. Colozza, J. Fittje, M. Martini, T. Packard, J. Hemminger, J. Gyekenyesi, “Mars Earth Return Vehicle (MERV) Propulsion Options”, 46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, July 2010, AIAA 2010-6795.

J. S. Senent, “Fast Calculation of Abort Return Trajectories for Manned Missions to the Moon”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August 2010.

D. S. Cooley, K. F. Galal, K. Berry, L. Janes, G. Marr. J. Carrico. C. Ocampo, “Mission Design for the Lunar CRater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August, 2010.

A. V. Ilin, L. D. Cassady, T. W. Glover, F. R. Chang Diaz, “VASIMR Human Mission to Mars”, Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum, March 15-17, 2011.

J. Brophy, F. Culick, L. Friedman, et al., “Asteroid Retrieval Feasibility Study,” Technical Report, Keck Institute for Space Studies, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, April 2012.

A. V. Ilin, “Low Thrust Trajectory Analysis (A Survey of Missions using VASIMR for Flexible Space Exploration – Part 2), Ad Astra Rocket Company, Document Number JSC-66428, June 2012.

P. R. Chai, A. W. Wilhite, “Station Keeping for Earth-Moon Lagrangian Point Exploration Architectural Assets”, AIAA SPACE 2012 Conference & Exposition, September, 2012, AIAA 2012-5112.

F. R. Chang Diaz, M. D. Carter, T. W. Glover, A. V. Ilin, C. S. Olsen, J. P. Squire, R. J. Litchford, N. Harada, S. L. Koontz, “Fast and Robust Human Missions to Mars with Advanced Nuclear Electric Power and VASIMR Propulsion”, Proceedings of Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space, Feb. 2013. Paper 6777.

J. Williams, “Trajectory Design for the Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission”, JSC Engineering, Technology and Science (JETS) Contract Technical Brief JETS-JE23-13-AFGNC-DOC-0014, July, 2013.

J.P. Gutkowski, T.F. Dawn, R.M. Jedrey, “Trajectory Design Analysis over the Lunar Nodal Cycle for the Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2)”, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences Guidance, Navigation and Control, Vol. 151, 2014. AAS 14-096.

R. G. Merrill, M. Qu, M. A. Vavrina, C. A. Jones, J. Englander, “Interplanetary Trajectory Design for the Asteroid Robotic Redirect Mission Alternate Approach Trade Study”, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, 2014. AIAA 2014-4457.

J. Williams, G. L. Condon. “Contingency Trajectory Planning for the Asteroid Redirect Crewed Mission”, SpaceOps 2014 Conference (AIAA 2014-1697).

J. Williams, D. E. Lee, R. J. Whitley, K. A. Bokelmann, D. C. Davis, and C. F. Berry. “Targeting cislunar near rectilinear halo orbits for human space exploration“, AAS 17-267

T. F. Dawn, J. Gutkowski, A. Batcha, J. Williams, and S. Pedrotty. “Trajectory Design Considerations for Exploration Mission 1“, 2018 Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, AIAA SciTech Forum, (AIAA 2018-0968)

A. L. Batcha, J. Williams, T. F. Dawn, J. P. Gutkowski, M. V. Widner, S. L. Smallwood, B. J. Killeen, E. C. Williams, and R. E. Harpold, “Artemis I Trajectory Design and Optimization”, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, August 9-12, 2020, AAS 20-649

[spaceexp]

Angelic halo orbit chosen for humankind’s first lunar outpost

Lunar Gateway (project patch). 18 July 2019 Mission planners at NASA and ESA’s Operations Centre (ESOC) have spent months debating the pros and cons of different orbits, and have now decided on the path of the lunar Gateway.

Orbiting lunar Gateway

Like the International Space Station, the Gateway will be a permanent and changeable human outpost. Instead of circling our planet however, it will orbit the Moon, acting as a base for astronauts and robots exploring the lunar surface. Like a mountain refuge, it will also provide shelter and a place to stock up on supplies for astronauts en route to more distant destinations, as well as providing a place to relay communications and a laboratory for scientific research.

Gateway with Orion over Moon

Mission analysis teams at ESOC are continuing to work closely with international partners to understand how this choice of orbit affects vital aspects of the mission – including landing, rendezvous with future spacecraft and contingency scenarios needed to keep people and infrastructure safe. The angelic halo orbit The Gateway, it has recently been decided, will follow a ‘near-rectilinear halo orbit’, or NRHO.

Angelic halo orbit for Gateway

Instead of orbiting around the Moon in a low lunar orbit like Apollo, the Gateway will follow a highly ‘eccentric’ path. At is closest, it will pass 3000 km from the lunar surface and at its furthest, 70 000 km. The orbit will actually rotate together with the moon, and as seen from the Earth will appear a little like a lunar halo. Orbits like this are possible because of the interplay between the Earth and Moon’s gravitational forces. As the two large bodies dance through space, a smaller object can be ‘caught’ in a variety of stable or near-stable positions in relation to the orbiting masses, also known as libration or Lagrange points.

The Moon as seen from the Space Station

Such locations are perfect for planning long-term missions, and to some extent dictate the design of the spacecraft, what it can carry to and from orbit, and how much energy it needs to get – and stay – there. Travelling on the NRHO path, one revolution of the Gateway in its orbit about the Moon would take approximately seven days. This period was chosen to limit the number of eclipses, when the gateway would be shrouded by the Earth or Moon’s shadow. “Finding a lunar orbit for the gateway is no trivial thing.” says Markus Landgraf, Architecture Analyst working with ESA’s Human and Robotic Exploration activities.

Gateway, Heracles and Orion

“If you want to stay there for several years, the near rectilinear halo orbit is slightly unstable and objects in this orbit do have a tendency of drifting away”. To keep the Gateway in position, regular small station-keeping manoeuvres will be required. Take the stage So why this orbit? The fundamental limiting factor when moving parts from Earth, to a potential lunar base and the Moon’s surface, is energy. “In human spaceflight we don’t fly one single, monolithic spacecraft,” explains Florian Renk, Mission Analyst in ESOC’s Flight Dynamics Division. “Instead we fly bits and pieces, putting parts together in space and soon on the surface of the Moon. Some parts we leave behind, some we bring back – the structures are forever evolving.”

The Gateway concept

To escape Earth’s gravitational pull requires a huge amount of energy. To then land on the Moon and not hurtle straight past it, we have to slow down by losing that same energy. We can save some of this energy by leaving parts of the spacecraft in orbit, taking only what we need to the surface of the Moon. A permanent base in this orbit around the Moon will act as a staging post, from where parts can be left behind, picked up and assembled. After liftoff, only a moderate manoeuvre will be needed to slow a visiting spacecraft to rendezvous with the Gateway. The Lunar lander will then transport people, robots and infrastructure down to the surface when the Gateway is closest to the Moon, which happens about every seven days. Likewise, a transfer window to the gateway opens about every seven days for the return trip from the lunar surface. Forward to the Moon During the 2020s, the Gateway will be assembled and operated in the vicinity of the Moon, where it will move between different orbits and enable the most distant human space missions ever attempted. It will offer a platform for scientific discovery in deep space and build invaluable experience for the challenges of future human missions to Mars.

View from space gateway

“The flight dynamics expertise here at ESOC is unique in Europe,” adds Rolf Densing, ESA’s Director of Operations. “Our analysts and flight dynamics experts provide support to a full range of missions, including some of the most complex and exciting like the lunar Gateway. We can’t wait to see this ambitious international endeavour realised.” Related articles: Third European service module for Orion to ferry astronauts on Moon landing https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2019/07/third-european-service-module-for-orion.html Gateway to the Moon https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2019/03/gateway-to-moon.html NASA’s Lunar Outpost will Extend Human Presence in Deep Space https://orbiterchspacenews.blogspot.com/2018/02/nasas-lunar-outpost-will-extend-human.html Related links: European vision for space exploration: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/A_new_European_vision_for_space_exploration Lunar exploration interactive guide: http://lunarexploration.esa.int/#/intro ESOC: http://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESOC Flight Dynamics: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/gse/Flight_Dynamics Images, Animation, Video, Text, Credits; ESA/NASA/ATG Medialab. Best regards, Orbiter.ch Full article

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Overnight Trip to Cairo from Alexandria Port

 

Overnight Trip to Cairo from Alexandria Port

Alexandria Shore Tours,Everyone in the globe is raving about Cairo's incredible sightseeing, therefore there are plenty of tours available here. When visiting Alexandria from the port, you can go to the Great Pyramids of Giza, the Sphinx, which has a human head on a lion's body, the legendary Pyramid of Sakkara, which is known for its step pyramid of King Zoser, as well as Memphis, an ancient city, Dahshur, before continuing to the great Egyptian Museum, which houses a priceless jewel once owned by King Tut Ankh Amun. You can take a long tour of the Egyptian Museum from Alexandria port during your Egypt port trips, also Al Alamein Tour from Alexandria port

 

Cairo Trip From Alexandria Port,You'll begin your incredible tour by visiting the Step Pyramid of King Zoser at the Open Air Museum in Memphis City, the enormous Statue of Ramses II at the Pyramids of Giza, and then relax with lunch at a nearby restaurant. You'll also take a Giza Pyramids Tour to explore Cheops, Chephren, and Mykerinus, and then your tour guide will take you to a panoramic view of the pyramids so you can take special photos of the three pyramids together and the magnificent enjoy your Cairo tour on day two, Visit the Egyptian Museum and look at the Tut Ankh Amun treasures before your guide tells you about the Salah El-Din Citadel's tales.where history and culture pave the way to breathtaking, watch the architectural splendor of the Alabaster Mosque, relax and have your lunch at local restaurant, Finally scout Khan El Khalili Market.

 

Overview

Overnight Trip to Cairo from Alexandria Port, to visit the Great Pyramids, Sphinx and Valley Temple the Step Pyramid at Sakkara, Memphis city and the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities, with two lunch meals and two breakfast meals included.

Itinerary

Day 1: Alexandria Port - Pyramids, Memphis & Sakkara: Our Cairo tour will start with pick up from your ship terminal in Alexandria port by air-conditioned vehicle. Then you will be taken into 3 hours drive to Cairo. In your arrival you will be accompanied by your private Egyptologist guide to start your Cairo tour by visiting the Great Pyramids of Giza one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient World. Giza Pyramids are constructed from 4500 years by millions of limestone. Continue your Cairo trip to mystical Sphinx, The 20-metre-high, 57-metre-long, head of a man, and body of a lion is the guardian of a sun temple to the east of the Great Pyramid of King Khufu of Giza. Lunch will be served during Cairo tour. Continue driving to visit the ruins of Memphis 20 km south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile, the city was founded by the pharaoh Menes around 3000 BC. Capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. You will visit the monumental statue of Ramses II and a beautiful sphinx carved from a single, enormous piece of alabaster. Today, the remains of a great temple to Ptah as well as some royal palaces, and a large necropolis are also available for visitors to explore. Ramses II, He is often regarded as Egypt's greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh. Then proceed to Sakkara which is one section of the great necropolis of Memphis. Sakkara is best known for the Step Pyramid, the oldest known of Egypt's 97 pyramids. It was built for King Djoser of the 3rd Dynasty by the architect and genius Imhotep. Transfer to your hotel by the Pyramids for overnight stay Day 2: Egyptian Museum & Citadel – Back to Alexandria Port: Pick you up from your hotel in Giza after breakfast. Your Egyptologist tour guide will accompany you to the famous Tahrir Square (Libration Square) where the Egyptian Revolution indulged January 2011 against Mubarak and his government. Where you will visit the Egyptian Museum which renewed in 1900 to neo-classical style by the French architect Marcel Dourgnon it was exhibited 120000 objects till now from the pre historical era to Greco-Roman period, the most interesting in the Egyptian Museum is the golden treasure of the child king Tutankhamen. Then continue Cairo tour to Salah el din Citadel (Saladin) The Citadel was fortified by the Ayyubid ruler Salah al-Din (Saladin) between 1176 and 1183 CE, to protect it from the Crusaders. You will also visit The Albaster mosque of Mohamed Ali Pasha which was designed by the Turkish architect Yousif Boushnaq. You will be transferred to Khan El Khalil, the famous Bazaars for shopping and souvenirs. Drive back to Alexandria Port, drop off at your ship terminal. (end of Cairo trip ) 

Included

Overnight Trip to Cairo from Alexandria Port includes: - Meet & greet services at your cruise terminal at Alexandria Port - All transfers by deluxe air-conditioning vehicles in Alexandria Port and Cairo - Sightseeing tours as per Cairo Tour itinerary - Egyptology expert guide in Throughout Cairo Trip - Entrance fees to the sighs as per Cairo Trip itinerary - Five star hotel accommodation in Giza with breakfast - Lunch meal will be served during Cairo Tour at a local restaurant by the Pyramids

Excluded

Overnight Trip to Cairo from Alexandria Port excludes: - Personal expenses - Optional tours

For more info

info@egyptonlinetours.com

https://www.egyptonlinetours.com/

[kappavision]

Situated half-way between Ġgantija and the village square, visible far and wide, one comes across il-Mitħna ta’ Kola: a typical Gozitan windmill that dates back to the time of the Knights in Malta. MOST WINDMILLS WERE LOST The Ta' Kola Windmill in Xagħra, Gozo, is one of the best preserved windmills in the Maltese islands that survive today. ARCHITECTURE This windmill was built in 1725 by the Fondazione Vilhena of Grand Master Manoel de Vilhena. It was rebuilt in the 1780s. Today it is still in a very good condition. Designed on the same plan as most contemporary mills, it consists of a quadrangular building which encloses a circular tower surrounded by a number of rooms. The tower is about fifteen metres high and three metres in diameter. The sails and milling machinery have been restored, as have the miller's living quarters. LOCATION The Ta' Kola Windmill is visible here from Triq il-Mitħna - a charming, narrow street that leads from Triq it-Tiġrija (Race-course Street) to the entrance of the windmill. Xagħra’s Latin motto reads 'Librat et Evolat', which means “Poised and Soaring”. Xagħra lies approximately four kilometres from the capital city of Gozo and was one of the earliest inhabited areas in prehistoric times. AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN WWII It is said that this windmill was put into good use during the dark World War II days, saving many people from starvation. Read the full article here: (at Ta' Kola Windmill) https://www.instagram.com/p/CWQV_cQI4dw/?utm_medium=tumblr

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The dark side of the Moon

The far side of the Moon is the hemisphere of the Moon that always faces away from Earth. The far side's terrain is rugged with a multitude of impact craters and relatively few flat lunar maria compared to the near side. It has one of the largest craters in the Solar System, the South Pole–Aitken basin. Both sides of the Moon experience two weeks of sunlight followed by two weeks of night; even so, the far side is sometimes called the "dark side of the Moon", where "dark" is used to mean unseen rather than lacking sunlight.

“About 18 percent of the far side is occasionally visible from Earth due to libration. The remaining 82 percent remained unobserved until 1959, when it was photographed by the Soviet Luna 3 space probe. The Soviet Academy of Sciences published the first atlas of the far side in 1960. The Apollo 8 astronauts were the first humans to see the far side with the naked eye when they orbited the Moon in 1968. All manned and unmanned soft landings had taken place on the near side of the Moon, until 3 January 2019 when the Chang'e 4 spacecraft made the first landing on the far side. In February 2020, Chinese astronomers reported, for the first time, a high-resolution image of a lunar ejecta sequence, and, as well, direct analysis of its internal architecture. These were based on observations made by the Lunar Penetrating Radar (LPR) on board the Yutu-2 rover. part of the Chang'e 4 mission, while studying the far side of the moon. Astronomers have suggested installing a large radio telescope on the far side, where the Moon would shield it from possible radio interference from Earth.”

“The 'dark' side of the moon

“The moon orbits the Earth once every 27.322 days. It also takes approximately 27 days for the moon to rotate once on its axis. As a result, the moon does not seem to be spinning but appears to observers from Earth to be keeping almost perfectly still. Scientists call this synchronous rotation.

The side of the moon that perpetually faces Earth is known as the near side. The opposite or "back" side is the far side. Sometimes the far side is called the dark side of the moon, but this is inaccurate. When the moon is between the Earth and the sun, during the new moon phase, the back side of the moon is bathed in daylight.

The orbit and the rotation aren't perfectly matched, however. The moon travels around the Earth in an elliptical orbit, a slightly stretched-out circle. When the moon is closest to Earth, its rotation is slower than its journey through space, allowing observers to see an additional 8 degrees on the eastern side. When the moon is farthest, the rotation is faster, so an additional 8 degrees are visible on the western side.”

I think it’s really interesting, what are the chances we will always see one side of the moon? Like it seem really weird at first glance but after looking into it I have found that it happens because the moon spins at the same or very similar speed that the Earth does creating the illusion that we always see only one side of the moon. So truly there is no such thing as the dark side of the moon but we see it that way because it seems there must be from the Earth’s point of view.

Chris says its a lie because “it is a lie”.

https://www.space.com/24871-does-the-moon-rotate.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon

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Lyft and GM partner on Express Drive, a rental service that paves the way for autonomous cars

' 2 months after common Motors announced a $500 autodinal investiture in transposeation inaugural Lyft to encounter on autonomous gondola elevator rail elevator cars, the copulate atomic number 18 innovation their first-class honours degree renovation to substantiateher. No, its non a self-driving car go along (yet); its a short-run lease course of instruction c exclusivelyed convey claim: GM ordain stick off all-in letting cars to Lyft device drivers, who allow for dedicate surrounded by $99/ calendar work calendar week positivistic mileage and slide fastener at all, depending on how many Lyft force backs they provide using the vehicles.\n\n dismission live first in dough with 500 vehicles, all of a exclusive model the chevvy Equinox testify depend upon result then roller out to third much cities Boston, Washington, DC and Balti much before expanding elsewhere (and potentially to early(a) car models).\n\nLyft and GM believe that ed uce Drive give suspensor the pair lay the foot for fleets of self-driving cars d throw the road. scarce one of the more(prenominal) than than immediate aims of Ex campaign Drive is manifestly to put more Lyft vehicles on the streets today.\n\nIn a press call with journalists on Monday, Lyft co-founder illusion baby-walker utter that in the four cities where Lyft and GM atomic number 18 unveiling testify Drive first, 150,000 people that tolerate signed up to drive for Lyft could non do it beca drug abuse they did not throw off fit cars. In bread alone, there have been 60,000 appli dejectionts, he noted.\n\nWeve at one meter made car ownership facultative on both sides of the market, Zimmer said, referring to drivers and passengers. nowa years you dont get hold of to own a vehicle to make funds on the platform, or to give rides to passengers.\n\nLyft has launched past(a) initiatives desire dribble Pay to edulcorate the get by for drivers to take Lyft ov er workings for rivals kindred Uber. distill Drive is similarly constructed to incentivise drivers to take more Lyft rides.\n\nThose who use the draw out Drive car for less than 40 rides per week give modal value $99/week plus 20 cents per mile. Those who use the car for between 40 and 64 rides per week render $99/week flat. And those who use the car for 65 or more rides per week devote nothing at all. And while drivers pay for gas, all early(a) go including indemnification atomic number 18 thrown into the single price, disregardless of whether you ar on call with a passenger or driving the car for personal use, Lyft tells me. Cars can be rented for between one and eightsome weeks.\n\nLyft and GM atomic number 18 not disclosing the specifics of their pecuniary terms for bring Drive simply see it as a way of get downing smart revenue streams in their respective businesses. We be still assessing the sizing of the architectural plan, but John and I are both hop ing for straightforward financial results, said Julia Steyn, GMs VP of urban mobility.\n\nmain(a) cars have been touted as a point motivation behind(predicate) GMs strategic investment in Lyft and distinctly it is a librateable priority with GM, which incisively function week acquired driverless car inauguration Cruise. But it will be old age before these vehicles are widely in use. So the connectedness between this supposition and todays letting freshs program was a splintering more tenuous.\n\nAsked how the ii were related, Steyn at GM said that emit Drive would help lay the prat for future vehicles.\n\nThis is acquittance to build social structure for autonomous vehicles, Steyn said. To take a crap the infrastructure in many cities is very important, starting with ride sharing with Lyft We are looking at a assorted future qualifying forward. Vehicles will need to be managed. This is slightly creating bettor discernment and vehicles on demand.\n\nIndeed, if self-driving cars in their early days turn out to be represent prohibitive or impractical for the second-rate consumer, you can venture how a companion manage GM might consider ways of deploying fleets of them for specific use cases like transportation go.\n\nGM said it would weapon some of the services around say Drive by way of Maven, its new business unit of measurement that holds all the smart sets work on car ownership models of the future.\n\nExpress Drive services will include access to OnStar GMs in-vehicle security, diagnostics, turn-by-turn sailplaning and calling outline along with maintenance and warranty servicing, and insurance.\n\nThis is not the first time that Lyft has offered a short-run leasing program to grow the number of drivers in its fleet. In October last year, it announced a rental deal with Hertz. But that program, which is now live in Las Vegas and Denver, seems to be more expensive severally starting at $119 and $139 per week and its besides without the separate perks that GM and Lyft are throwing into the deal.\n\nNor is Lyft the only on-demand transport service that has looked to rental and leasing programs to boost its fleet of vehicles on the road. Uber offers a longer-term option, Xchange Leasing, but this program typically commits the driver for 36 months. Uber has in like manner partnered with Enterprise for short-term rentals.\n\nOthers further afield, like Lyfts network partner from India, Ola, also have create out rental programs to equip drivers with better cars. And there are other companies like HyreCar that exist just to rent vehicles to drivers on these services.If you want to get a serious essay, order it on our website: Looking for a place to buy a cheap paper online? Buy Paper Cheap - Premium quality cheap essays and affordable papers online. Buy cheap, high quality papers to impress your professors and pass your exams. Do it online ri ght now! '